essentials of light microscopy connective tissue
DESCRIPTION
Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissue. Instructions. Turn on the light. Lower the stage all the way using the coarse focus knob. Start with the 4x objective. Put the slide on the stage , held in place by the little spring clip. Make sure both the slide and the stage are dry. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Essentials of light microscopy
Connective tissue
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• Turn on the light. • Lower the stage all the way using the coarse focus knob. • Start with the 4x objective. Put the slide on the stage, held in place by the little spring clip. Make sure both the slide and the stage are dry. • Move your sample until you can see that the light is shining through it. Do this before you even put your eyes to the oculars. • Look through the scope and focus. Use the coarse focus knob at first, until the image is more or less in focus; then switch to the fine focus. • Look at the whole slide on the lowest power, so you get an overview before you switch to higher magnification. • Adjust the light. Not too bright, not too dim. • Adjust the oculars. • Don't use the 100x! • Switch to the 10x objective. If the slide is in focus with the 4x, it should be more or less in focus when you switch to the 10x. A slight adjustment with the fine focus knob should get it just right. If you lose the focus and can't see your specimen at all, go back to the 4x and start again. • Switch to the 40x objective if you want to see more detail. It's up to you to decide what magnification is best for what you want to see. • When you want to look at a new slide, switch back to the 4x before changing slides. • When you're done with the scope, switch to the 4x, turn the light all the way down before turning it off, and bring the stage all the way down. Don't put away the scope with a slide still on the stage! • Only one slide is out of the box at the moment. Do not remove more!• At the end of lesson, the box with slides is checked in your presence before you leave your place
Instructions
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Tissues
Connective tissue
connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Nerve tissue
types of the connective tissue
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Connective tissue proper
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Connective tissue cells
Fixed cells
fibroblasts and fibrocytes
reticular cells
pigment cells
undiferentiated mesenchymal cells
adipocytes /fat cells/
univacuolar
multivacuolar
Wandering cells /mobile/
histiocytes /makrophages/
heparinocytes /mast cells /
plasma cells
leukocytes
lymphocytes
eosinophils
neutrophils
responsible for production extracellular components involved in tissue reaction to
injury, defensive reaction
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Fibrocytes
spindle-shaped, long processes, ovoid pale nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm, the components of the ground substance, collagen, elastic and reticular fibres are synthesised by cells of the c.t. - the fibroblasts /fibrocytes/.
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Reticular cells
Reticular cells are usually larger than an average fibrocyte. They are the "fibrocytes" of reticular connective tissue and form a network of reticular fibres, for example, in the lymphoid organs. Some of them are able to phagocytose.
Their nuclei are typically large and lightly stained.
X not RETIKULOCYTES
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Pigment cells
long branched cytoplasmic projections
melanin granules
derived from neural crest /neuroectodermal origin/
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Adipocytes
univacuolar
multivacuolar
large – up to 100 µm, spherical shape
are present in brown adipose tissue – embryo, child to 3 years
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Macrophages /histiocytes/
They have irregular shape, small hyperchromatic /dark/ nucleus, numerous secondary lysosomes /phagocytic vacuoles/
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Mast cells /heparinocytes/
The cytoplasm of mast cells is filled by numerous granules. Mast cells discharge the contents of these granules if they come in contact with antigens.
The most prominent substances contained in the vesicles are heparin and histamine. They increase blood flow and the permeability of the vessel walls.
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Mast cells
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Plasma cells
plasma cells are lymphocytes which produce antibodies to accommodate the necessary organelles for this function the size of the cytoplasm
increases dramatically and the cells become basophilic /GER/ nucleus is ovoid, located peripherly, clumps of peripheral heterochromatin – like a
wheel or clockface
B-lymphocyte
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collagen fibres
Extracellular substance
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in LM AZAN
HES
HE
collagen fibres
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reticular fibres
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reticular fibres
lien /spleen/
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elastic fibres
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elastic fibres
aorta
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Ground substance
is found in all cavities and clefts between the fibres and cells of connective tissues
glycosaminoglycans /GAGs/
hyaluronic acid
chondroitin 4-sulfate / chondroitin 6-sulfate/
dermatan sulfate
heparan sulfate
proteoglycans /protein core to which GAGs are covalently bound/ - aggrecan, syndecan, fibroglycan
glycoproteins – fibronectin, laminin, osteonectin, osteopontin, chondronectin..
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Connective tissue - types
MesenchymeMucous connective tissue - occurence: umbilical cord, dental pulp, iris of eyeLoose /areolar/ connective tissue
wide spread, within various parenchymal organs /kidney, glands,../, parts of mucosa, submucosa of hollow organs../
Dense connective tissueIrregular arranged – dermis, capsules of organs, periosteum, fasciae..Regular arranged – tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses..
Elastic connective tissue – vocal cords, large arteries..Reticular connective tissue – lymphatic organs, bone marrowAdipose tissue
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Mesenchyme
Components: mesenchymal cells, fluid ground substance, reticular fibers
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Mucous connective tissue
Wharton's jelly Occurence: dental pulp, iris of eye
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Loose connective tissue
gullet
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Loose connective tissue
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Dense connective tissue - regular
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Dense connective tissue - irregular
sclera
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Dense connective tissue - irregular
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Elastic connective tissue
aorta
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Reticular connective tissue
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Adipose tissue
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