ESSENTIALS OF GOOD EMERGENCY PRACTICEESSENTIALS OF GOOD EMERGENCY PRACTICE

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International spread of International spread of diseasesdiseases

Historically, diseases have spread across Historically, diseases have spread across international borders due to the movement international borders due to the movement of animals and animal productsof animals and animal products

Global consideration of animal Global consideration of animal diseasesdiseases

Diseases with a fast spread potentialDiseases with a fast spread potential Diseases with serious socioeconomic Diseases with serious socioeconomic

and health consequencesand health consequences Diseases important for international Diseases important for international

tradetrade Emerging and new emerging diseasesEmerging and new emerging diseases

Examples....Examples....

FMD in Taiwan, 1997, culling of 8 mil. swine (25 FMD in Taiwan, 1997, culling of 8 mil. swine (25 bln.bln. US $) US $)

CSF in Netherlands, culling of 4 mil. swineCSF in Netherlands, culling of 4 mil. swine FMD in UK, 2001, culling of 6 mil. animalsFMD in UK, 2001, culling of 6 mil. animals BSE: Trojan cowsBSE: Trojan cows ND in USAND in USA HPAI in Netherlands 2003, culling of 28 mil. of HPAI in Netherlands 2003, culling of 28 mil. of

birdsbirds HPAI in Asia, 2004, culling 120 mil. poultryHPAI in Asia, 2004, culling 120 mil. poultry

                                                                                                        

Rinderpest

FMD

ASF

Screwworm

FMD

FMD

BSE

?

Economic coEconomic connsequences of sequences of animal diseasesanimal diseases

Death, decreased production and treatment costsDeath, decreased production and treatment costs Human disease costsHuman disease costs Food safety and environmental costsFood safety and environmental costs Decresased food supply with higher prizeDecresased food supply with higher prize Adoption of less productive and more costly system do Adoption of less productive and more costly system do

decrease disease risk decrease disease risk Constraints on national and international trade due to Constraints on national and international trade due to

zoosanitary restrictionszoosanitary restrictions Indirect costs to tIndirect costs to tururism and other related activitiesism and other related activities

ConsequencesConsequences: in conclusion: in conclusion

Social and political impact can outgrow the Social and political impact can outgrow the technical and scientific considerationstechnical and scientific considerations

Need for effective risk communication in order to Need for effective risk communication in order to minimize/have objective approach in concern minimize/have objective approach in concern related animal diseases related animal diseases

E.g. BSE, is causing serious concern even if so E.g. BSE, is causing serious concern even if so far less than death 200 cases was noted in the far less than death 200 cases was noted in the worldworld

In the other hand, SARS epidemics have caused In the other hand, SARS epidemics have caused 8096 cases, of which 774 with lethal 8096 cases, of which 774 with lethal consequences (WHO, 2004)consequences (WHO, 2004)

Global disease surveillance and Global disease surveillance and monitoringmonitoring

OIE – International animal health OIE – International animal health organizationorganization

FAO – UN Food and Agriculture FAO – UN Food and Agriculture OrganizationOrganization

WHO – World Health OrganizationWHO – World Health Organization

1920 Rinderpest 1920 Rinderpest from India to Belgiumfrom India to Belgium

Animals originating from India in transit Animals originating from India in transit towards Braziltowards Brazil

Outbreaks of Rinderpest in EuropeOutbreaks of Rinderpest in Europe Large scale spread of the diseaseLarge scale spread of the disease Cause of concern of the Cause of concern of the IInternational nternational

CCommunity ommunity

The need for international animal health The need for international animal health regulations and standardsregulations and standards

The need for sound national animal health The need for sound national animal health programsprograms

World Animal Health World Animal Health OrganizationOrganization (OIE)(OIE)

Rinderpest outbreak in Belgium 1920 has Rinderpest outbreak in Belgium 1920 has identified the need to establish identified the need to establish international body in charge for regulation international body in charge for regulation of animal and animal byproducts tradeof animal and animal byproducts trade

1924 establishing of the 1924 establishing of the Office Office International des EpizootiesInternational des Epizooties (OIE) (OIE) 28 countries28 countries

Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture OrganizationOrganization

Emergency Prevention System – Livestock Emergency Prevention System – Livestock (EMPRES – Livestock program)(EMPRES – Livestock program)

Rinderpest, CBPP, FMD, ND, African swine Rinderpest, CBPP, FMD, ND, African swine Fever,...Fever,...

Goals:Goals: Early warningEarly warning Early responseEarly response ResearchResearch CCollaborationollaboration

World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization

Global Public Health Intelligence Global Public Health Intelligence NetworkNetwork

Diseases which influence human health Diseases which influence human health and zoonotic diseasesand zoonotic diseases

WTO WTO andand OIE OIE

1994 Final Act of GATT’s Uruguay Round1994 Final Act of GATT’s Uruguay Round

World Trade Organization, January 1995 World Trade Organization, January 1995 Agreement on application of Sanitary and Agreement on application of Sanitary and

Phytosanitary (SPS) measuresPhytosanitary (SPS) measures OIE responsibility to draft international animal OIE responsibility to draft international animal

health standardshealth standards

SPS AgreementSPS Agreement

Basic principlesBasic principlesSPS measures should be:SPS measures should be:

scientifically basedscientifically based the least restrictive as long as they achieve the the least restrictive as long as they achieve the

desired level of protectiondesired level of protection non discriminatorynon discriminatory consistentconsistent

SPS measures should not be used as SPS measures should not be used as unjustifiable barriers to tradeunjustifiable barriers to trade

Key conceptsKey concepts of SPSof SPS

RegionalizationRegionalization Risk analysis Risk analysis Harmonization Harmonization EquivalenceEquivalence TransparencyTransparency

SPS Agreement

Food safety Animal health Plant health

Basic questions that have to be Basic questions that have to be resolved by the national veterinary resolved by the national veterinary

serviceservice

Prioritization: Which are the most Prioritization: Which are the most important diseases?important diseases?

Decision making: Which strategies Decision making: Which strategies have to be adopted in control or have to be adopted in control or eradication of certain disease?eradication of certain disease?

Disease control implementation: How to Disease control implementation: How to achieve optimal implementation of achieve optimal implementation of aappproved interventions?proved interventions?

Purpose of manualPurpose of manual

Focused on Transboundary animal Focused on Transboundary animal diseases (TADs)diseases (TADs)

May be helpful in preparing for food safety, May be helpful in preparing for food safety, zoonotic and even non infectious zoonotic and even non infectious diseases emergenciesdiseases emergencies

EMPP should provide the key to EMPP should provide the key to identifying and prioritizing diseases threatsidentifying and prioritizing diseases threats

Cycle of good emergency management Cycle of good emergency management practice and disease control: FAO approachpractice and disease control: FAO approach

PreparationPreparation

Establish a national disasase emergency Establish a national disasase emergency planning committeeplanning committee

Determine command structure and Determine command structure and responsibilitiesresponsibilities

Ensure that required legal powers are in Ensure that required legal powers are in placeplace

Ensure that source of financing have been Ensure that source of financing have been identifiedidentified

EEstablish compensation policystablish compensation policy

Establish sourcing for any required Establish sourcing for any required vaccines and other critical suppliesvaccines and other critical supplies

Undertake risk analysis to identify and Undertake risk analysis to identify and prioritize potential disease risksprioritize potential disease risks

Prepare, practise and refine contigency Prepare, practise and refine contigency plans and operational manualplans and operational manual

The Required Elements Of The Required Elements Of Preparedness PlanningPreparedness Planning

An Emergency preparedness plan (what to An Emergency preparedness plan (what to do before outbrake)do before outbrake)

A response or “contigency plan”(what will A response or “contigency plan”(what will be done after outbrake)be done after outbrake)

An operations manual or manuals An operations manual or manuals (comprehensive set of instruction – SOPs)(comprehensive set of instruction – SOPs)

A recovery plan (plan for safe recovery or A recovery plan (plan for safe recovery or restoration of normal activities)restoration of normal activities)

Comparing the required plans Comparing the required plans and documentsand documents

Preparedness: a state of readiness, Preparedness: a state of readiness, preparation for an eventpreparation for an event

Contigency: An unusual and unpredictable Contigency: An unusual and unpredictable event; something liable but not certain, to event; something liable but not certain, to occuroccur

PreparePrepare

Includes both planning and practisingIncludes both planning and practising ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities Command structures: gold, silver and Command structures: gold, silver and

bronzebronze

National monitoring, surveillance National monitoring, surveillance and responseand response

Responsibility of the national veterinary service Responsibility of the national veterinary service is to protect and improve:is to protect and improve: healthhealth welfarewelfare qualityquality marketing for animals and products marketing for animals and products

These goals are to be achieved trough These goals are to be achieved trough prevention, control and / or elimination of animal prevention, control and / or elimination of animal diseases and promoting of health and diseases and promoting of health and productivity. productivity.

Organization and managementOrganization and management Legislation Legislation ResourcesResources Trainnings and knowledge Trainnings and knowledge Infrastructure (laboratories)Infrastructure (laboratories) MotivationMotivation ..........

Global risk of animal diseases is increasingGlobal risk of animal diseases is increasing Epidemic diseases (FMD, CSF,..)Epidemic diseases (FMD, CSF,..) Zoonotic diseasesZoonotic diseases (BSE, E coli O157 H7, West Nile virus, (BSE, E coli O157 H7, West Nile virus,

HPAI, ..)HPAI, ..) A huge advance was made in scientific understanding A huge advance was made in scientific understanding

and improvement of health standards in production, and improvement of health standards in production, however, some of the latest epidemics have caused however, some of the latest epidemics have caused serious economic and public health consequences serious economic and public health consequences

Establishing of the partnership between producers, Establishing of the partnership between producers, veterinarians, national institutions and international veterinarians, national institutions and international organizations with the aim of disease control and organizations with the aim of disease control and prevention of disease spreadprevention of disease spread

Conclusions Conclusions

Trade globalization, growth of world population, Trade globalization, growth of world population, intensive production, importance of wildlife intensive production, importance of wildlife animals, environmental changesanimals, environmental changes, ..., ...

Rapid reactions in developed countries (masRapid reactions in developed countries (masiveive depopulation) in order to preserve health statusdepopulation) in order to preserve health status

Lack of resources in countries in development Lack of resources in countries in development and undeveloped countriesand undeveloped countries