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Essentials of APA Documentation

from

The Writing Center

524 West 59th Street

Room 1.68

212-237-8569

John Jay College of Criminal Justice

APA DOCUMENTATION 2

Table of Contents

Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 5

Setting Up Your Document ............................................................................................................ 6

APA Style Research Paper Format ................................................................................................. 7

Formatting Titles ............................................................................................................................. 9

In Text ......................................................................................................................................... 9

In the Reference List ................................................................................................................... 9

Levels of Heading ......................................................................................................................... 10

Citing Sources in the Text of the Paper ........................................................................................ 11

In-text Citations Chart ............................................................................................................... 11

Two Authors .............................................................................................................................. 11

Three, Four, or Five Authors ..................................................................................................... 12

Six or More Authors .................................................................................................................. 12

No Author or Listed by Title ..................................................................................................... 12

Groups as Authors ..................................................................................................................... 12

Multivolume Works .................................................................................................................. 12

Classic Literary and Religious Works ....................................................................................... 13

Personal Communications ......................................................................................................... 13

Class or Lecture Notes and Handouts ....................................................................................... 14

Handouts Retrievable Online .................................................................................................... 14

Citing Quotations and Specific Parts of Sources .......................................................................... 15

A Specific Part of a Source ....................................................................................................... 15

Quotations of Fewer than 40 Words ......................................................................................... 15

Quotations of 40 Words or More .............................................................................................. 15

Secondary Sources .................................................................................................................... 16

Electronic and Multimedia Sources .......................................................................................... 16

Further Examples of Reference Citation in Text .......................................................................... 18

Arranging Sources in the Reference List ...................................................................................... 20

Books ............................................................................................................................................ 21

Single Author ............................................................................................................................ 21

Multiple Authors ....................................................................................................................... 21

APA DOCUMENTATION 3

Electronic Book ......................................................................................................................... 21

Corporate Author....................................................................................................................... 21

Edited Book ............................................................................................................................... 22

No Author Given ....................................................................................................................... 22

Article or Chapter in an Anthology or Course-pack ................................................................. 22

Edition Other than the First ....................................................................................................... 23

Republished Work ..................................................................................................................... 23

Translated Work ........................................................................................................................ 23

Multi-Volume Work .................................................................................................................. 23

Doctoral Dissertations ............................................................................................................... 23

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords ................................................................ 24

Non-English Book ..................................................................................................................... 24

Reprint from Another Source .................................................................................................... 24

Encyclopedia Article or Dictionary Entry ................................................................................. 24

Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 25

Graphic Data ............................................................................................................................. 26

Periodicals ..................................................................................................................................... 27

Journal Article ........................................................................................................................... 27

Magazine or Newsletter Article ................................................................................................ 28

Newspaper Article ..................................................................................................................... 28

Letter to the Editor .................................................................................................................... 29

Review ....................................................................................................................................... 29

Non-English Source .................................................................................................................. 29

Technical, Research, and Government Reports ............................................................................ 30

Audiovisual Media ........................................................................................................................ 31

Motion Picture Widely Available ............................................................................................. 31

Motion Picture of Limited Circulation ...................................................................................... 31

Television Series ....................................................................................................................... 31

Music Recording ....................................................................................................................... 31

Podcast ...................................................................................................................................... 31

Legal Materials ............................................................................................................................. 32

APA DOCUMENTATION 4

The U.S. Constitution ................................................................................................................ 32

Court Decisions ......................................................................................................................... 33

Statutes ...................................................................................................................................... 33

Testimony and Hearings............................................................................................................ 34

Bills and Resolutions ................................................................................................................. 34

Executive Order......................................................................................................................... 34

Federal Regulation .................................................................................................................... 35

Citing Electronic Sources ............................................................................................................. 36

Digital Object Identifier ............................................................................................................ 36

Article from an Online Periodical with an Assigned DOI ........................................................ 36

Article from an Online Periodical without an Assigned DOI ................................................... 36

Citing Specific Documents Available on the Web.................................................................... 37

Citing Archived Messages (Discussion Group, Newsgroup, and Electronic Mailing Lists) ........ 38

Blog (Weblog) and Video Blog Post ............................................................................................ 38

Wikis ............................................................................................................................................. 39

APA DOCUMENTATION 5

Overview

The examples of bibliographic form which follow may be used as guides in preparing

academic papers. These examples are based on the style manual that has been approved for all

classes at John Jay College: American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication Manual of

the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) Washington, DC: Author. 1

There are two steps in the APA style of the documentation:

1. Works are cited in the abbreviated form in the body of the paper. These are in-text citations.

2. Full information about all works cited in the text is given at the end of the paper in a section

headed References.

Follow these general guidelines when completing your APA style citations:

APA requires in-text citations (author’s last name, year, and page) for quotations,

paraphrasing, and references to specific passages.

APA documents are double-spaced from beginning to end, from title page to reference

page, including all longer quotations.

APA reference list entries emphasize the author and date of publication by placing them

near the beginning of the entry.

Always initialize authors’ first and middle names; unlike surnames, first and middle

names can identify an author’s gender, so minimize bias by avoiding them.

1 The information is this handout is taken from a variety of sources, including: Publication

Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th

ed.), websites sponsored by John Jay

College of Criminal Justice, Columbia University, Purdue University, et cetera.

APA DOCUMENTATION 6

Setting Up Your Document

Prepare the text of the paper using Microsoft Word 2007/2010 by following these steps:

1. Set margins to 1 inch on each side, top, and bottom: Select Page Layout, Margins,

Normal.

2. Set the typeface to 12pt Times New Roman: Select Home then change the typeface and

size in the box labeled Font on the toolbar.

3. Set the line spacing to double space between all lines in the paper, including block

quotations: Select the Home tab, click the button next to Paragraph. Under Spacing, in

the After box, the default setting is 10 pt, change it to 0 pt. Now, under Line Spacing,

click Double.

4. Indent the first line of every paragraph .5 inches: Use the Tab button or the ruler feature,

not the space bar.

5. Set the header to include a shortened version of the title and the page number. Double

click in the space above the top line of your document to bring up the header. Type a

shortened version of your title in all caps flush left. Press tab two times to move the

cursor to the right side of the page. Select the Insert tab, click Page Number, Current

Position, Plain Number. Make sure the header and page number are both in 12 pt Times

New Roman font. Double Click on the body of the paper to close the header.

APA DOCUMENTATION 7

APA Style Research Paper Format

Running head: APES AND LANGUAGE 1

Apes and Language:

A Review of the Literature

John Smith

Psychology 101

Professor Ford

April 10, 2010

Research paper header (i.e.

short title consisting of 3-5

words) flush left in all caps

and page number in the top

right corner. Include

“Running head:” at the

beginning of the header on

the first page only.

Page numbering starts on the

title page.

Full title

and

subtitle

And

center

ed

Student’s name, centered

Course number

Instructor’s name

Date submitted

Double space between all lines

APES AND LANGUAGE 2

Abstract

The abstract should be written in a block

paragraph format (i.e. a paragraph that

looks like this one). The abstract offers a

synopsis or summary of the gist of your

paper. It lets the reader get a bird’s eye

view of the entire paper. For longer

papers, ten pages or more, the abstract

should be about 100 words, though a

shorter abstract would be appropriate for

shorter papers. Like the rest of the paper,

the abstract should be double spaced.

APES AND LANGUAGE 3

Apes and Language:

A Review of the Literature

Over the past thirty years,

researchers have demonstrated that.........

....................................................................

....................................................................

....................................................................

....................................................

How Spontaneously Have Apes Used

Language?

In his famous book Brown (1997)

argues.........................................................

....................................................................

....................................................................

....................................................................

................................

Research paper header and

page number appear on each

page with the header in all caps

flush left and the page number

flush right.

The full title

appears for the

second and

last time at the

top of the first

page of the

text of your

essay.

See page 10 for

details on

subheadings.

APA DOCUMENTATION 8

APES AND LANGUAGE 15

References

Ape said to have used sign language dies at 27. (2000, April 21). New York Times, p.

A 18.

Begley, S. (1998, January 19). Aping language. Newsweek, 131, 56-58.

Cohen, J. (2010). Boxed about the ears, ape language research field is still standing.

Science, 328, 38–39. Retrieved from http://www.sciencemag.org/

Endress, A.D., Carden, S., Versache, E., & Hauser, M.D. (2010). The apes’ edge:

Positional learning in chimpanzees and humans. Animal Cognition, 13, 483–

495. doi:10.1007/s10071-009-0299-8

Greenfield, P.M. & Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S. (1990). Grammatical combination in

Pan paniscus. In S.T. Parker & K.R. Gibson (Eds.), “Language” and

intelligence in monkeys and apes: Comparative developmental perspectives

(pp. 540-578). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Patterson, F. & Linden, E. (1981). The education of Koko. New York, NY: Holt,

Rinehart & Winston.

Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S., Murphy, J., Sevcik, R.A., & Brakke, K.E. (2000).

Language comprehension in ape and child (Monographs of the Society for

Research in Child Development). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Entries are alphabetized by authors’ last

names.

If there is no author, the title moves to the

author position and the entry is

alphabetized by the first significant word

of the title.

The first significant word is any word

except The, An, and A.

References are arranged in

a hanging indent format,

i.e. the first line of an entry

is flush with the left

margin; subsequent lines

are indented ½ inch.

To create a hanging indent in

Microsoft Word 2007/2010, select

your text, right click, and select

paragraph. Under Indentation, find

Special. Select Hanging in the

dropdown box and ensure that the

number next to the word Hanging is

0.5.

APA DOCUMENTATION 9

Formatting Titles

In Text

Short stories, essays, articles, and

poems

“The Story of an Hour” “Black Men and Public Space”

“Salvation”

“Harlem”

“The Man to Send Rain Clouds”

“To His Coy Mistress”

“Everyday Use”

“Araby”

Plays Trifles

A Raisin in the Sun

Newspapers, journals, magazines

New York Times

Journal of American Psychology

Time

Novels and books in general Feudal Society

The Sociology of Art

Literature for Composition

Wuthering Heights

Jane Eyre

The Rhetorical World of Augustan

Humanism: Ethics and Imagery from

Swift to Burke

In the Reference List

Short stories, essays, articles, and

poems

The story of an hour Black men and public space

Salvation

Harlem

The man to send rain clouds

To his coy mistress

Everyday use

Araby

Plays Trifles

A raisin in the sun

Newspapers, journals, magazines

New York Times

Journal of American Psychology

Time

Novels and books in general Feudal society

The sociology of art

Literature for composition

Wuthering Heights

Jane Eyre

The rhetorical world of Augustan

humanism: Ethics and imagery from

Swift to Burke

APA DOCUMENTATION 10

Levels of Heading

Level of Heading Format

1 Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

2 Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

3 Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending

with a period.

4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading

ending with a period.

5 Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with

a period.

Example of Level One Heading

Example of Level Two Heading

Example of level three heading.

Example of level four heading.

Example of level five heading.

The number of levels needed in a paper will be determined by that paper’s length and

complexity. If only one level is needed, use level 1 only; if two levels are needed, use levels 1

and 2; if three levels are needed, use levels 1, 2, and 3; and so forth.

Example:

Method

Sample and Participant Selection

Assessments and Measures

Q-sort measures of inhibition and aggressiveness.

Life History Calendar.

Results

Outcome of Inhibited Children at 23 Years

Personality and self-esteem.

Social network.

Life history and IQ.


Citing Sources in the Text of the Paper

To document the source of information within the text of your paper, follow the author, year

method of citation; that is, the author’s last name and the year of publication should appear in the

text. This documentation can be provided in a variety of ways, depending on the flow of the

sentence, but the author, year format must be followed for all citations, including internet

citations, unless otherwise noted.

Niederhoffer (1967) found that . . . .

In a later study (Niederhoffer, 1972), researchers indicated . . . .

Several studies (Brown, 1975; Funk, 1980; Pepper & Smith, 2001) support the idea . . . .

In-text Citations Chart

Two Authors

When a work has two authors, cite both names every time the reference occurs in text. Use an

ampersand (&) between the names of the authors if you are using a parenthetical citation, and

use the word and between them if you are mentioning the authors’ names in your own prose.

As suggested in a famous sociological study (Brown & Turner, 1967) . . . .

Basu and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest . . . .

Type of citation First citation in

text

Subsequent

citations in text

Parenthetical

format, first

citation in text

Parenthetical

format,

subsequent

citations in text

One work by one

author Walker (2007) Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007) (Walker, 2007)

One work by two

authors

Walker and Allen

(2004)

Walker and Allen

(2004)

(Walker & Allen,

2004)

(Walker & Allen,

2004)

One work by three,

four, or five authors

Bradley, Ramirez,

Soo, and Walsh

(2006)

Bradley et al.

(2006)

(Bradley, Ramirez,

Soo, & Walsh,

2006)

(Bradley et al.,

2006)

One work by six or

more authors

Wasserstein et al.

(2005)

Wasserstein et al.

(2005)

(Wasserstein et al.,

2005)

(Wasserstein et al.,

2005)

Groups (readily

identified through

abbreviation) as

authors

National Institute

of Mental Health

(NIMH, 2003)

NIMH (2003)

(National Institute

of Mental Health

[NIMH], 2003)

(NIMH, 2003)

Groups (no

abbreviation) as

authors

University of

Pittsburgh (2005)

University of

Pittsburgh (2005)

(University of

Pittsburgh, 2005)

(University of

Pittsburgh, 2005)


Three, Four, or Five Authors

When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs in

text. In subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not

italicized and with a period after “al”).

[first citation in text] Crawford, Stewart, Cochran, Parker, and Besson (1989) proved . . . .

[subsequent citations] Crawford et al. (1989) found that . . . .

Six or More Authors

When a work has six or more authors, cite in text only the surname of the first author followed

by et al. (not italicized and with a period after “al”).

Kosslyn et al. (1996) explain that . . . .

Groups as Authors

Always write out group authors in full in the first citation, followed by the abbreviation; you may

then shorten the name to the abbreviation in subsequent citations.

[first citation]

According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003) . . . .

Another source (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2003) indicated that . . . .

[subsequent citations]

The NIMH (2003) indicated that . . . .

One source (NIMH, 2003) revealed . . . .

No Author or Listed by Title

If there is no author, use the first few words of the title in double quotation marks if it is an

article, chapter, or web page or italics if it is a periodical, book, brochure, or report.

In one incident (“Music and Learning,” 1999, p. A2) the researchers found . . . .

Critics have recently taken exception to the decision by the Joliet City Council to allow a

new minor-league baseball stadium to be named after a local hospital (“This Stadium

Available,” 2002).

Multivolume Works

Most of Plato's ideas about love are recorded in the Symposium (Singer, 1948, vol. 1, p.


48), while Ficino's are mainly to be found in the Commentary on Plato's Symposium

(Singer, 1948, vol. 2, p. 168).

Classic Literary and Religious Works

When a date of publication is inapplicable, such as for some very old works, cite the year of the

translation you used, preceded by trans., or the year of the version you used, followed by version

(without italics). When you know the original date of publication, include it in the citation.

(Aristotle, trans. 1931)

James (1890/1983)

Reference list entries are not required for major classical works, such as ancient Greek and

Roman works or classical religious works; simply identify in the first citation in the text the

version used. Parts of the classical works (e.g. books, chapters, verses, lines, cantos) are

numbered systematically across all editions, so use these numbers instead of page numbers when

referring to specific parts of your source:

1 Cor. 13:1 (Revised Standard Version)

Qur’an 5:3-4 (Authorized English Version with Arabic Text, Revised Edition IV)

The Bible enumerates these virtues: “And now these three remain: faith, hope and love.

But the greatest of these is love” (1 Cor. 13:13 New International Version).

The Qur’an specifies some dietary restrictions, such as forbidding Muslims to eat pork

(Qur’an 5:3).

When making a general reference to the Bible, include the version name the first time only.

The researchers consulted the Bible (King James Version) to provide items for the

development of their religious values assessment.

Personal Communications

Personal communications, including emails, class notes, and other non-retrievable sources, are

only documented in the text; they are not included in the references list.

T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001)

(V.G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 1998)


Class or Lecture Notes and Handouts

Refer in your paper to information learned in a class lecture or discussion as you would any other

non-retrievable personal communication. This also applies to unpublished handouts distributed

in class.

According to Professor Robert Greco (personal communication, September 25, 2012). . . .

Handouts Retrievable Online

If you need to cite handouts, PowerPoint slides, or other informally published class materials,

include a reference list entry using the following format:

Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from http://URL

Stevens, R. (2010). Major concepts in grammar [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from

http://www.lecturenotes .com/stevens/grammar.html


Citing Quotations and Specific Parts of Sources

A Specific Part of a Source

To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the

appropriate point in text. The page number is preferred in most cases, but if no page is available,

always use the most precise information possible. Note that page, but not chapter, is abbreviated

in such text citations:

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2005, p. 10)

(Shimamura, 1989, Chapter 3)

Several studies (Rogers, 1979, p.76; Taylor & Young, 1986, p. 67) showed that . . . .

Quotations of Fewer than 40 Words

Direct quotations of fewer than 40 words are enclosed in double quotation marks and put directly

into the paper’s text. The citation is part of the sentence and the punctuation follows.

Reppetto (1978) found that “in the drive against bandits, it was publicity, not bullets that

ultimately counted” (p. 259).

According to Reppetto (1978), “In the drive against bandits, it was publicity, not bullets

that ultimately counted” (p. 259).

During this conflict, “In the drive against bandits, it was publicity, not bullets, that

ultimately counted” (Reppetto, 1978, p. 259), indicating the power of public opinion.

Quotations of 40 Words or More

Direct quotations of 40 words or more are presented in a block without quotation marks. Start

such a block quotation on a new line, indenting every line of the paragraph one-half inch.

Maintain double-spacing throughout the quotation. The citation information at the end of the

quotation is outside the punctuation of the sentence.

According to Jay (2012):

Cohabitation is here to stay, and there are things young adults can do to protect

their relationships from the cohabitation effect. It’s important to discuss each

person’s motivation and commitment level beforehand and, even better, to view

cohabitation as an intentional step toward, rather than a convenient test for,

marriage or partnership. (para. 19)

This assessment contradicts the previous findings by . . . .


If your block quotation includes more than one paragraph, indent the second and subsequent

paragraphs an additional half inch.

Others have contradicted this view:

Co-presence does not ensure intimate interaction among all group members.

Consider large-scale social gatherings in which hundreds or thousands of people

gather in a location to perform a ritual or celebrate an event.

In these instances, participants are able to see the visible manifestation of

the group, the physical gathering, yet their ability to make direct, intimate

connections with those around them is limited by the sheer magnitude of the

assembly. (Purcell, 1997, pp. 111-112)

These findings reinforce previous research . . . .

Secondary Sources

Secondary sources are materials that you actually have read but that review, interpret, describe,

analyze, or refer to research or work conducted by other authors. Secondary sources should be

used sparingly.

In the text, give a citation in parentheses for the secondary source (i.e., to the one you have

actually read) and mention the original work according to what you have found out from the

secondary source. In the reference list, provide information only about the materials that you

have actually read.

[Text citation] Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins,

& Haller, 1993) was performed . . . .

[Reference list entry] Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models

of reading aloud. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.

Electronic and Multimedia Sources

Electronic and multimedia sources that do not have page numbers but have visible paragraph

numbers, should be cited by their paragraph numbers instead.

Basu and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest the need for a new “intellectual

framework in which to consider the nature and form of regulation in cyberspace” (para.

4).

If the document includes headings and neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the

heading and the number of the paragraph to direct the reader to the location of the quoted

material.


In their study, Verbunt, Pernot, and Smeets (2008) found that “the level of perceived

disability in patients with fibromyalgia seemed best explained by their mental health

condition and less by their physical condition” (Discussion section, para. 1).

In some cases in which no page or paragraph numbers are visible, headings may be too unwieldy

to cite in full. Instead, use a short title enclosed in quotation marks for the parenthetical citation:

“Empirical studies have found mixed results on the efficacy of labels in educating

consumers and changing consumption behavior” (Golan, Kuchler, & Krissof, 2007,

“Mandatory Labeling Has Targeted,” para. 4).


Further Examples of Reference Citation in Text

At first mention in a paragraph of any information gathered from your reading, cite the source

and provide the year. Either use the author’s name (surname only) as the subject of the sentence

(followed by the year of publication within parentheses):

Johnson (2008) stated that World War I planted the seeds for much of the violence and

turmoil of the 20th

Century.

Or place the author’s name and year of publication within parentheses at the end of the sentence:

World War I planted the seeds for much of the violence and turmoil of the 20th

Century

(Johnson, 2008).

Use the author as the subject in your sentence if you’re going to follow up with one or more

sentences that come from that author’s work. Doing so allows you to use nouns (author) and

pronouns (he, she, they) to refer back to the named author without the need to cite the year

subsequent times in the paragraph; however, include the year the first time you use that source

again in another paragraph.


turmoil of the 20th

Century. The author went on to state that . . . . Johnson also noted . . . .

There is no need to include the year in subsequent references within the same paragraph as long

as the reference cannot be confused with other studies cited.

Addison’s (2007) multi-experiment study was a breakthrough in the field. However,

Decker and Bowen (2001) challenged Addison’s findings.

Put the author in parentheses at the end of the sentence if you’re only providing one piece of

information before moving on to another subject or author.

World War I planted the seeds for much of the violence and turmoil of the 20th

Century

(Johnson, 2008). Studies have highlighted techniques that foster such conclusions

(Henry, 2008; Yarber, 2006).

However, cite the year along with the author each time you cite within parentheses.


turmoil of the 20th

Century. The author also noted . . . . The study presented four societal

effects on psychological trend among the young (Lee, 2008).

If including a quotation, put the page number in parentheses at the end of the quoted lines:

Johnson (2008) suggested that after the Great War, “the rate of domestic crime rose for

decades” (p. 39).


Note that the page number comes immediately after the quotation, whether it’s at the end of the

sentence or not:

Although fairy tales contain “frightening information, they thrill rather than terrify” (Lee,

2008, p. 35) a healthy child.

When using a quotation from an electronic source without page numbers, provide the title of the

heading of the section where the quotation appears, followed by the abbreviation for paragraph

(para.), followed by the paragraph number.

“The system guarantees health benefits for all” (Liu, 2010, Conclusion section, para. 4).

As noted by the National Association of Social Workers ([NASW], 1999), “social

workers elevate service to others above self-interest” (Ethical Principles section, para. 2).

Consult the following example for appropriate citation levels:

Left-handers make up 8% to 13% of most human populations, with left-handedness more

common in men than in women (Gilbert & Wysocki, 1992; McManus, 1991). Secondary

school and university students engaged in “interactive” sports such as tennis and

basketball are significantly more likely to be left-handed than those in the general

population (Grouios, Tsorbatzoudis, Alexandris, & Barkoukis, 2000; Raymond et al.,

1996). One possible explanation for this handedness bias is that left-handers are better

than right-handers at some visuomotor tasks, as has been invoked to explain the left-

handed bias among elite tennis players (Holtzen, 2000).


Arranging Sources in the Reference List

The reference list provides the necessary information to retrieve and locate any source cited in

the body of the paper. Nearly all in-text citations must have a complete reference entry in the

reference list.

Authors’ names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and all initials for all

authors of a particular work. If there are eight or more authors, provide the surnames

and initials of the first six, then insert three ellipsis points, and add the last author’s name.

The reference list is alphabetized by author’s last name. If no author is given, alphabetize

by the first significant word of the title in place of the author.

Use an ampersand “&” instead of “and” when listing multiple authors of a single work.

If you have more than one work by a particular author, arrange the titles by publication

date, oldest to newest.

When an author appears both as the sole author and, in another reference, as the first

author of a group, list the one-author entries first.

Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle of a work.

Italicize titles of books, periodicals, and periodical volume numbers.

If no publication date is given, type n.d. in parentheses (n.d.). The word References

should appear at the top center of the reference list page.

Use a hanging indent: the first line of each reference entry should be flush left with the

margin, and the second and subsequent lines of each entry should be indented one-half

inch.


Books

Single Author

Author, A. A. (1967). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

Lofland, L.H. (1973). A world of strangers: Order and action in urban public space.

New York, NY: Basic Books.

Christ, G. (2000). Healing children’s grief: Surviving a parent’s death from cancer. New

York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Waldfogel, J. (2006). What children need. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Multiple Authors

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2006). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

Taylor, I.R., Walton, P., & Young, J. (1973). The new criminology: For a social theory of

deviance. New York, NY: Harper & Row.

Garfinkel, I., Smeeding, T., & Rainwater, L. (2009). The American welfare state:

Laggard or leader? New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

Green, P., Kane, D., Christ, G., Lynch, S., & Corrigan, M. (2006). FDNY crisis

counseling: Innovative responses to 9/11 firefighters, families, and communities.

New York, NY: Wiley.

Electronic Book

Author, A. A. (2006). Title of work. doi:xxxxx

Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to

healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi:10.1036

/0071393722

Author, A. A. (1997). Title of work. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxx

Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency [DX

Reader Version]. Retrieved from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk

/html/index/asp

Corporate Author

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1999). Uniform crime reports for the United States:

1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.


National Institute of Mental Health. (2000). Clinical outcomes in mental illness (DHHS

Publication No. ADM 73-8709). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing

Office.

When the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991). Estimated resident population by age and sex in

statistical local areas, New South Wales, June 1990 (No. 3209.1). Canberra,

Australian Capital Territory: Author.

Columbia University School of Social Work. (2009). Field education manual. New York,

NY: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental

disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

If the online edition of the DSM is used, replace the city and publisher with the DOI:

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental

disorders (4th ed., text rev.). doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349

Identify a pamphlet or brochure as such in brackets [ ]:

Research and Training Center in Independent Living. (2006). Guidelines for reporting

about people with disabilities (5th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.

Edited Book

Gatrell, V.A. C., Lenman, B., & Parker, G. (Eds.). (1980). Crime and the law: The social

history of crime in Western Europe since 1500. London, England: Europa

Publications.

No Author Given

College-bound seniors. (1984). Princeton, NJ: College Board Publications.

Article or Chapter in an Anthology or Course-pack

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1995). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C.

Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx–xxx). Location: Publisher.

Mullen, E. J. (2006). Facilitating practitioner use of evidence-based practice. In A. R.

Roberts & K. R. Yeager (Eds.), Foundations of evidence-based social work

practice (pp. 283-303). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.


Williams, P. J. (n.d.). Meditations on masculinity. In D. Orenstein (Compiler), Sociology

213: Race and ethnic relations [Course-pack]. New York, NY: John Jay College

of Criminal Justice.

Burnette, D., & Kang, S. Y. (2003). Self-health care by urban, African American elders.

In B. Berkman & L. Harootyan (Eds.), Social work and health care in an aging

society: Education, policy, practice, and research (pp. 123-147). New York, NY:

Springer.

Spitzer, S., & Scull, A. (1977). Social control in historical perspective: From private to

public responses to crime. In D.F. Greenberg (Ed.). Corrections and punishment

(pp. 265-286). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Edition Other than the First

Barzun, J., & Graff, H.F. (1977). The modern researcher (3d ed.). New York, NY:

Harcourt.

Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-

Webster.

Republished Work

Beccaria, C. (1986). On crime and punishments (D. Young, Trans.) Indianapolis, IN:

Hackett Publishing. (Original work published 1764)

Translated Work

Weber, M. (1964). The theory of social and economic organization. (A. M. Henderson &

T. Parsons, Trans.). New York: The Free Press. (Original work published 1947)

Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition

of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3-66).

London, England: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)

Multi-Volume Work

Beveridge, A.J. (1916-1919). The life of John Marshall (Vols. 1-4). New York, NY:

Houghton and Mifflin.

Doctoral Dissertations

Abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained from UMI


Bower, D.L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics

of referring and nonreferring supervisors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54

(01), 534B. (UMI No. 9315947)

Abstracted in DAI and obtained from the university

Ross, D.F. (1990). Unconscious transference and mistaken identity: When a witness

misidentifies a familiar but innocent person from a lineup (Doctoral dissertation,

Cornell University, 1990). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 417.

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords

Cite the publishing information about a book as usual, but cite Introduction, Preface, Foreword,

or Afterward (whatever title is applicable) as the chapter of the book.

Funk, R. & Kolln, M. (1998). Introduction. In E.W. Ludlow (Ed.), Understanding

English grammar (pp. 1-2). Needham, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Non-English Book

Give the original title and, in brackets, the English translation:

Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1951). La gènese de l’idée de hazard chez l’enfant [The origin

of the idea of chance in the child]. Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France.

Nazarova I. (2006). Adaptatsia I vozmojnye modeli mobilnosti sirot [Adaptation and

possible models of orphans’ mobility]. Moscow: Moskovskii Obshestvenniy

Nauchniy Fond.

Reprint from Another Source

From a book

Annas, P. (1988). A disturbance in mirrors: The poetry of Sylvia Plath. New York, NY:

Greenwood. (Excerpted and reprinted in Poetry Criticism, 1990, vol. 1, pp. 410-

414)

From an article or essay

Conrad, J. L. (1986, Summer). Turgenev’s ‘Asja’: Ambiguous ambivalence, Slavic and

East-European Journal, 30 (2), 215-229.(Excerpted and reprinted in Short Story

Criticism, vol. 7, pp. 346-352)

Encyclopedia Article or Dictionary Entry

With author


Barker, R. L. (2003). The social work dictionary (5th ed.). Washington, DC: NASW

Press.

Capron, A.M. (1983). Euthanasia. In Encyclopedia of crime and justice (Vol. 2, pp. 709-

715). New York, NY: The Free Press.

Ivanoff, A. M., & Riedel, M. (1997). Suicide. In R. L. Edwards (Ed.), Encyclopedia of

social work (19th ed. Revised, CD ROM). Washington, DC: NASW Press.

Kaushal, N., Reimers, C., & Reimers, D. (2007). Essay on economy and immigration. In

M. Walters, R. Ueda, & B. H. Marrow (Eds.), The new Americans: A guide to

immigration since 1965. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups

(pp.320-332). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

No author

Electron gun. (1993). In Collier’s encyclopedia. (Vol. 9, p. 1). New York, NY:

Macmillan Educational.

Entry in an online reference work

Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of

philosophy (Fall 2007 ed.). Retrieved from

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/

Entry in an online reference work, no author or editor

Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved from

http://www.m-w.com /dictionary/heuristic

Abstract

If you only cite an abstract but the full text of the article is also available, cite the online abstract

as other online citations, adding "[Abstract]" after the article or source name.

Paterson, P. (2008). How well do young offenders with Asperger Syndrome cope in

custody?: Two prison case studies [Abstract]. British Journal of Learning

Disabilities, 36(1), 54-58.

Bossong, G. (1984). Ergativity in Basque. Linguistics, 22(3), 341-392.


Graphic Data

Give the name of the researching organization followed by the date. In brackets, provide a brief

explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears. Finally, provide the project

name and retrieval information.

Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment. (2007). [Graph illustration the SORCE Spectral

Plot May 8, 2008]. Solar Spectral Data Access from the SIM, SOLSTICE, and

XPS Instruments. Retrieved from http://lasp.colorado.edu/cgi-bin/ion-

p?page=input_data_for_ spectra.ion


Periodicals

Journal Article

Always include the digital object identifier (DOI) if one is assigned.

[with DOI]

Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the

survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225–229.

doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

[without DOI, print retrieval]

Light, M. A. & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration in

the United States and its implications for local law enforcement. Law

Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8(1), 73–82.

[without DOI retrieved from the web]

If there is no DOI assigned and the reference was retrieved online, give the URL of the journal

home page. If you are accessing the article from a private database, you may need to do a quick

web search to locate this URL.

Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate

between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied

Psychology, 2(2), 38–48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap

[more than seven authors]

Gilver, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asguaard, G.,

. . . Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and

attention last for more than 31 says and are more severe with stress, dependence,

DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 249–

267. doi:10.1080/14622200410001676305

[with issue number]

Include the issue number in parentheses after the volume number only if each issue begins with

page 1.

Rudisill, J. R., & Edwards, J. M. (2002). Coping with job transitions. Consulting

Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 54(1), 55-64.


Magazine or Newsletter Article

Give date shown on publication—month for monthlies and month and day for weeklies. Give

volume number and page numbers following magazine name.

[monthly magazine article]

Chamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Prince, M. (2008, May). Enhancing worker

well-being: Occupational health psychologists convene to share their research on

work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5), 26–29.

Klinger, E. (1987, October). The power of daydreams. Psychology Today, 36-44.

[weekly magazine article]

With author

Easterbrook, G. (1987, August 17). Big dumb rockets. Newsweek, 46-60.

No author

Shuttle crew studying ozone layer in atmosphere. (1993, April 11). Time, 34.

[online magazine article]

Clay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight back about the misuse of

research. Monitor on Psychology, 39(6). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org

/monitor/

Newspaper Article

[with author]

Browne, M.W. (1985, July 30). Puzzling crystals plunge scientists into uncertainty. New

York Times, pp. C3, C15.

Metz, A. (2008, June 27). Study shows gains in student test scores. The New York Times,

pp. A1, B3.

[no author]

Swimmer killed by alligator in spring at a park in Florida. (1987, July 14). New York

Times, p. A18.

If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, separating them with a

comma (e.g., pp. A1, A7), and for continuous pages, use a hyphen (e.g., pp. C4-C6).


[online retrieval]

Give the URL of the home page when the online version of the article is available by search to

avoid nonworking URLs.

Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile. The New York

Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

Letter to the Editor

Moller, G. (2002, August). Ripples versus rumbles [Letter to the editor]. Scientific

American, 287(2), 12.

Review

[print source]

Reviewer, A. A. (2000). Title of review [Review of the book Title of book, by A.A. Author].

Title of complete work, xx, xxx–xxx.

Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The

self-knower: A hero under control ]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467.

Kraus, S.J.(Reviewer).(1992). Visions of psychology: A videotext of classic studies

[Review of the motion picture Discovering Psychology]. Contemporary

Psychology, 37, 1146-1147.

[online source]

Axelman, A., & Shapiro, J. L. (2007). Does the solution warrant the problem? [Review of

the DVD Brief therapy with adolescents, produced by the American

Psychological Association, 2007]. PsycCRITIQUES, 52(51). doi:10.1037

/a0009036

[Review of the video game BioShock, produced by 2k Games, 2007]. (n.d.). Retrieved

from http://www.whattheyplay.com/products/bioshock-for-xbox-360

/?fm=3&ob=1&t=0#166

Non-English Source

Give the original title and, in brackets, the English translation:

Wang, R. (2007). Woguo yiwu jiaoyu touru zhi gongpingxing yanjiu [Inequity in school

finance in China]. Jingjixue Jikan, 2, 453-468.


Technical, Research, and Government Reports

If no authors/editors are identified, use the name of the office as the author. If the specific office

that produced the report is not well known, give the name of the highest department or agency as

well.

If the document is available from the Government Printing Office, show that as the publisher.

Show the publication/report number, if there is one.

American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. (2007).

Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Retrieved from

http://www.apa.org/pi/wpo/sexualization.html

Kessy, S. S. A., & Urio, F. M. (2006). The contribution of microfinance institutions to

poverty reduction in Tanzania (Research Report No. 06.3). Retrieved from

Research on Poverty Alleviation website: http://www.repoa.or.tz

/documents_storage/Publications/Reports/06.3_Kessy_and_Urio.pdf

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health Service. (1964).

Smoking and health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of

the Public Health Service. (Public Health Service Publication No. 1103).

Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997). Drug courts: Overview of growth,

characteristics, and results. (GAO/GGD-97-106). Washington, D.C.: Author.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National

Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools

(NIH Publication No. 02-2650). Retrieved from

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/lung/asthma/asth_sch.pdf


Audiovisual Media

Motion Picture Widely Available

Producer, A. A. (Producer), & Director, B. B. (Director). (Year). Title of motion picture [Motion

picture]. Country of Origin: Studio.

Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Director). (2000). You can count on me

[Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

Motion Picture of Limited Circulation

For a film, video, etc. not widely available, include distributor name and address:

Harrison, J. (Producer), & Schmiechen, R. (Director). (1992). Changing our minds: The

story of Evelyn Hooker [Motion picture]. (Available from Changing Our Minds,

Inc., 170 West End Avenue, Suite 25R, New York, NY 10023)

Television Series

Miller, R. (Producer). (1989). The mind [Television series]. New York, NY: WNET.

Music Recording

Writer, A. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by B. B. Artist if different from

writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording: CD, record, cassette, etc.].

Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date).

Podcast

For all podcasts, provide as much information as possible; not all of the following information

will be available. Possible addition identifiers may include Producer, Director, etc.

Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast].

Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/


Legal Materials

APA defers to the style used by the legal profession for the citation of legal material. See pages

216-224 of the APA Manual for more in depth details, and see The Bluebook: A Uniform System

of Citation (18th ed., 2005; www.legalbluebook.com) for a comprehensive discussion (available

at Reference Desk, Reserve, and Law Reference KF 245. B58).

For in-text citations of legal materials give enough information to enable the reader to locate the

full entry in the reference list quickly and easily, that is, give the first few words of the reference

list entry and date.

The U.S. Constitution

Bluebook Rule 11

A passing reference to the Constitution as a whole need not be cited.

Law students described a great affinity for the U.S. Constitution in their response papers.

However, if you cite a specific part of the Constitution, begin each citation with U.S. Const.,

followed by the article, amendment, section, and/or clause numbers. The terms article,

amendment, section, and clause are always abbreviated art., Amend., § , and cl., respectively.

Article and Amendment numbers ae given in Roman numerals (I, II, III); section and clause

numbers are given in Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3). If you are referring to part of the Constitution

that has been repealed or amended, include the year that the part in question was repealed or

amended in parentheses.

[In text]

The founding fathers addressed the process by which new states may join the union (U.S.

Const. art. I, § 3).

[Reference List]

U.S. Const. art. I, § 3.

[In text]

Women gained the right to vote in 1920 (U.S. Const. amend. XIX).

[Reference List]

U.S. Const. amend. XIX

[In text]


During prohibition, the sale of liquor was made illegal (U.S. Const. amend. XVIII,

repealed 1933)

[Reference List]

U.S. Const. amend. XVIII (repealed 1933).

Court Decisions

Bluebook Rule 10

In text, cite the name of the case (italicized) and the year of the decision. If 2 or more years are

given, cite those years as well. Use “v.”, never “versus” or “vs.”

[Text citation]

As federal Judge Bue asserted in Sierra Club v. Froehlke (1987), the fullest and most

independent critique necessarily must come from . . . .

The Supreme Court recognized in Durflinger v. Artiles (1981/1984) a duty of care to

protect third parties from the dangers presented by an involuntary mental patient in state

custody.

[Reference list entry]

Sierra Club v. Froehlke, 816 F.2d 205 (5th Cir. 1987)

Durflinger V. Artiles, 563 F.Supp. 322 (D.Kan. 1981), aff’d, 727 F.2d 888 (10th Cir.

1984).

Statutes

Bluebook Rule 12

In text, give the popular or official name of the act and the year it was passed. Each word of the

statute is capitalized but not italicized.

[Text citation]

To prevent people with disabilities from being discriminated against in the workplace, the

U.S. Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

[Reference list entry for the statute]

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-336, § 2, 104 Stat 328 (1991)

[Reference list entry for the code]


Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C.A. § 1201 et seq. (West 1993).

Testimony and Hearings

Bluebook Rule 13

Provide in text the title (italicized) or number (or other descriptive information) and the date.

[Text citation]

One of the most constructive steps that Washington could take to help families (Urban

America’s Need, 1992) would be to create agencies that …


Urban America’s Need for social services to strengthen families: Hearing before the

Subcommittee on Human Resources of the Committee on Ways and Means, House

of Representatives, 102d Cong., 1 (1992).

Bills and Resolutions

Bluebook Rule 13

The number of a bill or resolution should be preceded by H.R. (House of Representatives) or S.

(Senate). Consult The Bluebook (2000, table T.10) for abbreviations of words commonly used in

legislative materials.

[Text citation]

Senate Bill 5936 (1992) might be the most important for providing funding to assist low-

income housing.

One of the bills (S. 5936, 1992) would provide desperately needed operating funding to

support low-income housing.


S. 5936, 102d Cong. § 4 (1992)

Executive Order

Bluebook Rule 14

[Text citation]

Under the authority of Executive Order 11609 (1994), the information should be

provided…



Exec. Order No. 11609, 3 C.F.R. 586 (1971-1975), reprinted as amended in 3 U.S.C. 301

app. At 404-07 (1994).

Federal Regulation

Bluebook Rule 14

[Text citation]

This provision of FTC Credit Practices Rule (1999) affects only consumer goods …


FTC Credit Practices Rule, 16 C.F.R. § 444 (1999)


Citing Electronic Sources

Always cite electronic sources as if they were print sources, but add a retrieval statement to

clarify the source of the information.

A retrieval statement should include one of the following:

1. A DOI

2. The URL of the journal, newspaper, or magazine’s homepage

3. A direct URL to the document being cited.

Always use the DOI if it is available, otherwise use the URL of the homepage for the periodical.

If neither of these is available, include a direct URL to the document. See below for several

clarifications and examples.

Digital Object Identifier

Internet content can be changed, deleted, or moved to another location, so publishers have begun

assigning a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) to journal articles, books, and other published

material. Because a DOI offers a permanent link to the location of a source on the Internet,

neither the date of retrieval nor the URL are needed. If a DOI is available for a source (usually

found on the first page of an electronic journal article and on the database landing page for the

article), include it rather than the date you retrieved the source and its URL. If possible, copy and

paste the DOI into your reference list, as a DOI string may be long and it must appear exactly as

it appears in the source. A reader may locate the reference source by pasting the DOI into a

Google Scholar search or at CrossRef.org, which is the official DOI search service.

Example of DOI: 10.1080/1468385042000247583

Article from an Online Periodical with an Assigned DOI

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume

number. doi: 0000000/000000000000

Brownlie, D. Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography.

European Journal of Marketing, 41(11/12), 1245-1283.

doi:10.1108/03090560710821161

Article from an Online Periodical without an Assigned DOI

Online scholarly journal articles without a DOI require a URL to the journal homepage.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume

number. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com


Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of

Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html

Citing Specific Documents Available on the Web

To cite a document on the web that does not have a clear print equivalent, follow this format:

Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from http://URL

The format description refers to anything out of the ordinary, such as a blog post or YouTube

video. Consider the following examples:

Freakonomics. (2010, October 29). E-ZPass is a life-saver (literally) [Blog post].

Retrieved from http://freakonomics.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/29/e-zpass-is-a-

life-saver-literally/

All 33 Chile miners freed in flawless rescue. (2010, October 13). Retrieved from

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39625809/ns/world_news-americas/

The College of William and Mary. (n.d.). College mission statement. Retrieved from

http://www.wm.edu/about/administration/provost/mission/index.php

If one or more of the four elements in this citation format are missing, consult the following chart

for clarification:

What’s missing? Solution

Reference template

Position A Position B Position C Position D

Nothing; I’ve got

all the pieces

n/a Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format]. Retrieved from

http://URL

Author is missing Substitute title of

the author

Title of document

[Format].

(date). Retrieved from http://URL

Date is missing Use “n.d.” for no

date

Author, A. (n.d.). Title of document [Format]. Retrieved from

http://URL

Title is missing Describe the

document inside

square brackets

Author, A. (date). [Description of document] Retrieved from

http://URL

Author and date are

both missing

Combine author

and date methods

Title of document

[Format].

(n.d.). Retrieved from http://URL

Author and title are

both missing

Combine author

and title methods

[Description of

document]

(date). Retrieved from http://URL

Date and title are

both missing

Combine date and

title methods

Author, A. (n.d.). [Description of document] Retrieved from

http://URL

Author , date, and

title are all missing

Combine all three

methods

[Description of

document]

(n.d.). Retrieved from http://URL


Citing Archived Messages (Discussion Group, Newsgroup, and Electronic Mailing Lists)

Only archived and retrievable newsgroup, discussion group, or electronic mailing list messages

are included as complete references into the REFERENCE LIST at the end of your paper.

(‘Electronic mailing lists’ are often referred to as “listservs.” However, LISTSERV is a

trademarked name for a particular software, thus ‘electronic mailing list’ is the appropriate

generic term).

Paging or length statement is not required in this form.

Provide the authors full name or the screen name, if the full name is not available.

Follow the date with the subject line of the message (a.k.a. “thread”), DO NOT

ITALICIZE IT.

Provide any identifier for the message in brackets after the title. Use the abbreviation

‘msg’.

The basic retrieval statement IN THE REFERENCE LIST is the following:

Message posted to the exact URL address or Message posted to name of the electronic mailing

list, archived at the exact URL address:

Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Msg. 1.] Message posted to

news://sci.psychology. Consciousness

Hammond, T. (2000, November 20). YAHC: Handle Parameters, DOI Genres, etc.

Message posted to Ref-Links electronic mailing list, archived at

http://www.doi.org/mail-archive/ref-link/msg00088.html

Simons, D. J. (2000, July 14). New resources for visual cognition [Msg. 31.] Message

posted tohttp://groups.yahoo./group/visualcognition/message/31

Top ten rules of film criticism. [n.d.]. Message posted to LISTSERV Discussions on All

Forms of Cinema, archived at LISTSERV@ american.edu/ Get cinema-1

log9504A

WomanBlue (1999, February 17). Men are from Earth, women are from Earth: Is there a

difference in how men and women conduct business? [Topic 29]. Message posted

to http: //form.netscape.com/ directory/community/ cgi-bin/quest_fs.sqi?WE_

FORUM=Women

Blog (Weblog) and Video Blog Post

Include the title of the message and the URL. Please note that titles for items in online

communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the author’s name is not

available, provide the screen name.


PZ Myers. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of

partitioning your mind [web log post]. Retrieved from

http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01 /the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php

For a comment posted to a blog, use the screen name in place of the author, write Re: before the

name of the blog post, and place [Web log comment] after the title:

Middlekid. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of

partitioning your mind [web log comment]. Retrieved from

http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01 /the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php

[video blog post]

Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file].

Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs

Wikis

Please note that the APA Style Guide to Electronic References warns writers that wikis (like

Wikipedia, for example) are collaborative projects (i.e. free-for-alls) that cannot guarantee the

verifiability or expertise of their entries.

However, please also note that these cites sometime provide a good overview of a topic, but are

best not used as sources in your research.

The EXTERNAL LINKS at the end of Wikipedia can sometimes be very useful, reliable and are

worth checking out.

OLPC Peru/Arahuay. (n.d.). Retrieved from the OLPC Wiki: http://wiki.laptop.org/go

/OLPC_Peru /Arahuay