essential computer concepts
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Essential Computer Concepts for COMPU11 classTRANSCRIPT
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FIRST COURSE
EssentialComputerConcepts
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XPObjectives
• Compare the types of computers
• Describe the components of a computer system
• Describe input and output peripheral devices
• Examine data representation and the ASCII andUNICODE codes
• Define memory and storage
• Examine image representation
• Identify the hardware and software that are usedfor data communications and to establish a networkconnection
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XPObjectives
• Explain how Internet access, e-mail, and theWorld Wide Web affect the use of computers
• Describe potential security threats to computersand protection methods
• Discuss the types of system software and theirfunctions
• Identify popular application software
• Describe how data is shared among differenttypes of application software
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What Is a Computer?
• A computer is an electronic device that acceptsdata and instructions from a user, manipulatesthe data according to the instructions, displaysthe information in some way, and stores theinformation for retrieval later
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XPWhat is a computer?
• An electronic device that accepts input,
processes the data and instructions, produces
output from the processing that is useful and
meaningful and stores the results for future
use.
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XPHow Does A Computer Know What To Do?
• It must be given a detailed set of instructionsthat tell it exactly what to do.
• These instructions are called a computerprogram, or software.
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Types of Computers
• Personal computers (PCs)– Desktop computers
– Notebook (laptop) computers
– Tablet PCs
• Handheld computers– PDA (personal digital assistant)
– MP3 players
– Cell phones
• Mainframe computers
• Supercomputers
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Types of Computers
Personal Computers
PDA
Super Computers
DesktopNotebook
Tablet PC
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Computer Systems
• Includes computer hardware and software– Hardware refers to the physical components
of a computer
– Software refers to the intangible componentsof a computer system, particularly theprograms the computer needs to perform aspecific task
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System Software
• System softwaremanages thefundamental operationsof your computer
– Operating system• System resource
• Multitasking
– Utilities
– Programming Languages
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Application Software
• Application software enables you to performspecific computer tasks, such as documentproduction, spreadsheet calculations, anddatabase management
– Document production software
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Application Software
• Presentation software
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Application Software
– Web site creation and management software
– Spreadsheet software
– Database management software
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Application Software
• Photo editing software
• Multimedia authoring software
• Accounting software
• Information management software
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What is the user interface?
• Controls how youenter data andcommands andhow informationdisplays
• Types of userinterfaces includecommand line andgraphical.
p. 1.12
User Interface
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p. 1.12
User InterfaceWhat is a graphical user interface (GUI)?
• Uses visual images such as icons
Icons representprograms,instructions, orsome otherobjects
icons
icons
p. 1.12 Fig. 1-13
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Architecture or configuration is the design ofthe computer.
As in, what does the computer consist of?
Specification is the technical detail about eachcomponent.
As in, how big is the monitor?
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Processing Hardware
• The motherboard is themain electroniccomponent of thecomputer
• The microprocessor isone of the mostimportant pieces ofprocessing hardware onthe motherboard
• Cards are removablecircuit boards
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Microprocessor, also referred to
as processor or CPU (Central
Processing Unit
RAM - Random Access Memory
Volatile
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Input and Output
• The data or instructions you type into thecomputer are called input
• The result of the computer processing your inputis referred to as output and also referred to asinformation.
• Peripheral devices accomplish input and outputfunctions
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Input Devices
• You use an input device, such as a keyboard or amouse, to input data and issue commands
– Keyboard
– Pointing device• Controls the pointer
• Mouse
• Trackball
• Touch pad
• Pointing stick
– Scanner
– Touch Screen
– Pen Input
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Output Devices
• Output devices show youthe results of processingdata
– Monitor• Flat panel
• LCD
• CRT
– Printer• Laser
• Inkjet
• Dot matrix
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Data Representation
• Binary digits (bits)
• A series of eight bits is called a byte
• ASCII
– American Standard Code for Information Interchange
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Storage Measurements
Byte = one character
Kilobyte = approximately 1000 characters
Megabyte = approximately one million characters
Gigabyte = approximately one billion characters
Terabyte = approximately one trillion characters
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• Five basic types of data are represented in thecomputer.
– Numeric
– Character
– Visual
– Audio
– Instructional
Storage
Data RepresentationData Representation
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Data RepresentationData RepresentationHow do computers represent data?
Most computers are digital
Recognize only two discrete states:on or off
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
on
off
p. 4.13
Storage
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• A digital computer’s circuits are binary.
• The circuits can exist in either one of two electricalstates, normally represented by 0 and 1, that is, OFFor ON.
• Each 1 or 0 is called a binary digit or bit and are thebasis for measurement of storage.
• Each character (letter, number, etc.) equals onebyte.
• These bytes can add up, especially whenrepresenting images (graphics).
Storage
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• Consider the math – 1 byte = 1 character, 5characters per word, 400 words per page, 200pages per book.
– CD = 700,000,000 bytes = 1,750 books
– DVD = 4,200,000,000 bytes = 10,500 books
– Hard Drive (small in lab) = 6,000,000,000 bytes =15,000 books
– Hard Drive (newer) = 100,000,000,000 bytes =250,000 books
Storage
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XPStorageRepresenting Symbols and Text
• Each letter and symbol in a text documentmust be translated into a binary numberfor storage in the computer.
• Symbols and Text
– Includes characters, punctuation,symbols representing numbers.
– Each symbol can be assigned anumeric value
• Two standardized sets of codes forsymbols:
– ASCII (American Standard Code forInformation Interchange)
– EBCDIC (Extended Binary CodedDecimal Interchange Code)
• Developed by IBM for use on theirmainframe computers.
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• The ASCII code, or simply ASCII, is used by virtually all othercomputers in the United States and Europe as well. Allpersonal computers use the ASCII code.
Storage
0 - 0110000
1 - 0110001
2 - 0110010
3 - 0110011
4 - 0110100
5 - 0110101
6 - 0110110
7 - 0110111
8 - 0111000
9 - 0111001
: - 0111010
A - 1000001
B - 1000010
C - 1000011
D - 1000100
E - 1000101
F - 1000110
G - 1000111
H - 1001000
I - 1001001
J - 1001010
K - 1001011
a - 1100001
b - 1100010
c - 1100011
d - 1100100
e - 1100101
f - 1100110
g - 1100111
h - 1101000
i - 1101001
j - 1101010
k - 1101011
Ctrl+@(NULL) - 0000000
Ctrl+A - 0000001
Ctrl+B - 0000010
Ctrl+C - 0000011
Ctrl+D - 0000100
Ctrl+E - 0000101
Ctrl+F - 0000110
Ctrl+G(Bell) - 0000111
Space - 0100000
Delete - 1111111
A partial listing of the ASCII character set
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XPStorage
A new coding system has recently been developed calledUNICODE.
Unicode provides a unique number for every character, nomatter what the platform, no matter what the program, nomatter what the language.
Why UNICODE? No single encoding could contain enough characters: for
example, the European Union alone requires severaldifferent encodings to cover all its languages and whatabout Asian languages with all there characters.
Even for a single language like English no single encodingwas adequate for all the letters, punctuation, andtechnical symbols in common use.
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XPStorage
Digitized picture of a tiger.
Representation of Images
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XPStorage
Black and white pixels are either 0 or 1.000100000000000000000000000000000000000001010101000000000000001000000000000000000000000001010110000000000000100000000000000000000000000011101010100000000001000000000000000000000000001110010000000000001011000000000000000000000001010100010000000000011110000000000000000000000111010010010000000001111101010101110000000000001100010000000000001111011101111111010000000010110000101001000001101111101111110110000000001111000001010000000011111011110101110100000000011100000101001000111010101010110100000000000101110000001010100000011101010101101010100000011111000001011000000101010010000000000000000000111000000000000110010101000000000000000000000011110000000000010110010100000000000000000000101111001001010101010010010101000000000000000101111110000011111101001011011101010110000000101101111001001111010111111111110101101101011111111111011001011111011111111111111111110111111011111110101011011111111111111111111111111111111111111010000111011111111111111111111111111111111111010101001111111111111111111111111111111111111101100001010111111111111111111011111100111101010101111011111111111111111111111011010101110101101010101111111111111111101011011110111101111100000010111111111111010111011010011111101010100000001011111111111101111111110010111101101010000000011111101011111011101110100111111010101000000001111111111111110101111111011111101110110000101111101101010110000101111111111111101011
Representation of Images
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XPStorage
• Gray-Scale:
– Each pixel contains a value representing some shadeof gray.
– The more shades of gray possible, the morememory will be needed.
• 4 shades of gray needs 2 bits per pixel:– 00, 01, 10, 11
• 8 shades of gray needs 3 bits per pixel:– 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111
• 64 shades of gray needs 6 bits per pixel:– 000000, 000001, … 111110, 111111
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XPStorage
• Representing colors inpictures takes evenmore bits than gray-scale.
• The more colors themore bits and thusmore:
Memory is required
Processing power is required
A better graphics card is required
Representation of Images
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– Fact: All types of information are stored in binary form.
– Problem: The computer has no way of discerningbetween types unless a file is marked in somemanner for identification by the operatingsystem.
– Files are marked as to type with unique iconsand have an extension that indicates file type.(e.g., .doc, .txt, .html, .xls, .ppt, .wav, .jpg and soforth)
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XPStorage
Windows files showing their icons and extensions
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Memory• Random access memory (RAM)
– Volatile memory
– SDRAM
• Cache memory (RAM cache or CPU cache)
• Virtual memory
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Memory
• Read-only memory (ROM)
– BIOS
– Nonvolatile memory
• Complementary metal oxide semiconductormemory (CMOS)
• Semi permanent memory
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Method of Access
Sequential access – retrieve data in order.
Example of media- magnetic tape
Direct or random access – go directly to required data.
Example of media- magnetic disk, CD-Rom, DVD
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Storage Media• A computer file is a named collection of stored
data
• An executable file contains the instructions thattell a computer how to perform a specific task
• A data file is created by a user
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Storage Media
• Magnetic media
– Hard disk
– Tape
– Floppy disk
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Hard Drive
Consists of one or more rigid metal platterscoated with a metal oxide material thatallows data to be magnetically recorded onthe surface of the platters
The number of platters permanently
mounted on the spindle of a hard disk
varies.
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Storage Media
• Optical storage device
– CD
– DVD
– CD-R
– CD-RW
– CD-ROM
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Storage Media
• Flash memory
– Flash memory cards
– USB flash storage device
– USB drive (flash drive)
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Data Communications
• The transmission of text, numeric, voice, or videodata from one computer to another or to aperipheral device is called data communications
– Sender and receiver
– Channel
– Protocol
– Device driver (driver)
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XPComponents of Data Communications
The four essential components of datacommunications are:
• Sender
• Channel
• Receiver
• Protocols
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XPData Communication
A sender is the computer that originates themessage.
The message is sent over a channel, such as atelephone
The receiver is the computer at the message’sdestination.
Protocols are the rules that establish the transferof data between sender and receiver.
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Networks
A network connects one computer toother computers and peripherals.
In a local area network (LAN), computersand peripherals are close to eachother.
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Networks
Each computer that is part of the networkmust have a network interface card andnetwork software.
Then it becomes a workstation.
Any device connected to the network iscalled a node.
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Telecommunications
Telecommunications is communicatingover a telephone. In thetelecommunications process, themodem converts digital signals toanalog signals at the sending site and asecond modem converts them back atthe receiving site.
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Telecommunications
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The Internet
The Internet is the world’s largestnetwork.
E-mail and the World Wide Web are twobenefits of the Internet.
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A hyperlink is a place on a Web
page allowing you to connect to a
particular file.
http://www.course.com/newperspectives
The Internet
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The Internet
A Web browser is
the communicationssoftware thatallows you tonavigate theWWW.
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Networks
• A network connects one computer to othercomputers and peripheral devices, enabling youto share data and resources with others
• Network interface card (NIC)
• LAN
• WAN
• WLAN
• PAN
• WiMax
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Telecommunications
• Telecommunications means communicatingover a comparatively long distance using a phoneline or some other data conduit
– Modem
• Digital and analog signals
– DSL
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The Internet
• The Internet is thelargest network in theworld, connectingmillions of people
– Electronic mail
– World Wide Web• Web page
• Web site
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Security Threats on Your Computer
• Security refers to the steps acomputer owner takes toprevent unauthorized use ofor damage to the computer– Malware
• Viruses
– Antivirus software
• Spyware
• Adware
• Firewall
• Phishing
• Pharming