erzurum (turkey)_integrated english (turkish)
TRANSCRIPT
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INTEGRATED ENGLISH REFERENCE NOTES
Prof. Dr. Ziya YURTTA
Atatrk University College of Agriculture Publication Number: 66
ERZURUM_1999
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FIRST PART- ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN SUMMARY................................................11. TENSES (Zamanlar) .......................................................................................................12. MODALS (Modal Yardmc Fiiller) ..............................................................................63. ACTIVE-PASSIVE (Etgen-Edilgen) .............................................................................84. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Aktarmal fadeler) ................................................................95. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (lgi Zamirleri)..................................................................106. CAUSATIVE FORM (Ettirgen Yap) .........................................................................117.TAG QUESTIONS (Tag Sorular)................................................................................118. PARTICIPATION (Katlm) ........................................................................................119. NOUNS (simler) ...........................................................................................................1210. PRONOUNS (Zamirler)..............................................................................................1411. VERBS (Fiiller)............................................................................................................1512. ADJECTIVES (Sfatlar) ............................................................................................1913. ADVERBS (Zarflar)....................................................................................................2114. PREPOSITIONS (Edatlar).........................................................................................24
15. CONJUNCTIONS (Balalar) ...................................................................................2616. VERBALS (Fiil Kkenli Kelimeler)...........................................................................2817. PREFIXES (n Ekler)................................................................................................3118. SUFFIXES (Son Ekler) ...............................................................................................3119. MISCELLANEOUS (Muhtelif) .................................................................................32Odds and Ends...................................................................................................................34SECOND PART IDIOMS..............................................................................................37VOCABULARY.................................................................................................................40A Poem................................................................................................................................50
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FIRST PART
ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN SUMMARY
1. TENSES (Zamanlar)
1.1. Simple Tenses
1.1.1 Present Tense I go1 Giderim
1.1.2 Past Tense I went Gittim
1.1.3 Future Tense I will go Gideceim
1.1.4 Conditional T. I would go Gidecektim
1.2. Continuous Tenses (C.T.)1.2.1 Present C.T. I am going Gidiyorum
1.2.2 Past C.T. I was going Gidiyordum
1.2.3 Future C.T. I will be going Gidiyor olacam
1.2.4 Conditional C.T. I would be going Gidiyor olacaktm
1.3. Perfect Tenses (P.T.)
1.3.1 Present P.T. I have gone Gitmiim (Gittim)
1.3.2 Past P.T. I had gone Gitmitim
1.3.3 Future P.T. I will have gone Gitmi olacam
1.3.4 Conditional P.T. I would have gone. Gitmi olacaktm
1.4. Perfect Continuous Tenses (P.C.T.)
1.4.1 Present P.C.T. I have been going Gitmekteyim
1.4.2 Past P.C.T. I had been going Gitmekteydim
1.4.3 Future P.C.T. I will have been
going
Gitmekte
olacam1.4.4 Conditional P.C.T. I would have been going Gitmekte olacaktm
I am going to go I am gonna go I will go
I was going to go I was gonna go I would go
I used to go Giderdim (Alkanlk)
I would go Giderdim (arta bal)
1 Other verbs to be conjugated: to do, to be, to see, to have, to make. (to smoke for P.C.T.).
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SAMPLE SENTENCES
1. I go to school every day in the morning at 8 oclock with my friends by bus.2. I went to school 10 minutes late yesterday.3. I will go to school at one oclock this afternoon.4. I would go to school today, if I had completed my homework in time.5. I am going to Istanbul now.6. I was going to Istanbul, when I met him at the airport.7. I will be going to Istanbul tomorrow afternoon at two oclock.8. I would be going to Istanbul at this moment, if had not missed the plane.9. I have gone to Antalya three times in the past.10.I had gone to Antalya two months before I met you.11.I will have gone to Antalya the day after tomorrow.12.I would have gone to Antalya by now, if I had not had an accident on Sunday.13.I have been smoking for 3 years now.14.I had been smoking for 10 years, when I stopped smoking.15.I will have been smoking for 6 years by the end of this year.16.I would have been smoking for 15 years now, if I had not stopped smoking 5 years
ago. Im gonna go to downtown. Are you gonna come with me? I was gonna go to theatre, if you had come earlier. I used to go to movies at least three times a week, when I was a student. I would go to see him and apologize to him, if I were in your place.
If I go to Istanbul,I will see him Istanbul'a gidersem
onu greceim.If I had gone to Istanbul,I would see him
Istanbula gitmi olsaydm,
onu grrdm.If I had gone to Istanbul,I would have seen him.
O zaman Istanbul'a gitmi olsaydm,
Onu grms olacaktm.
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1.2.1. Present Continuous Tense (am, are, is) (- ing)
I am going I am not going Am I going? Am I not going? (1)
(1) Aren't I going?1.2.2. Past Continuous Tense (was, were) (- ing)
I was going I was not going. Was I going? Was I not going?
1.2.3. Future Continuous Tense (will be) (- ing)
I will be going I will not be going Will I be going? Will I not be going?
1.2.4. Conditional Continuous Tense (would be) (-ing)
I would be going I would not begoing
Would I be going? Would I not begoing?
1.3.1. Present Perfect Tense (have, has) (gone)
I have gone I have not gone* Have I gone? Have I not gone?
*Have not: Haven't
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1.3.2. Past Perfect Tense (had) (gone)
I had gone I had not gone Had I gone? Had I not gone?
1.3.3. Future Perfect Tense (will have) (gone)
I will have gone I will not have gone Will I have gone? Will I not havegone?
1.3.4. Conditional Perfect Tense (would have) (gone)
I would have gone I would not havegone
Would I have gone? Would I not havegone?
1.4.1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (have been, has been) (- ing)
I have been going I have not beengoing
Have I beengoing?
Have I not beengoing?
1.4.2. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (had been) (- ing)
I had been going I had not beengoing
Had I been going? Had I not beengoing?
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1.4.3. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (will have been) (- ing)
I will have been
going
I will not have
been going
Will I have been
going?
Will I not have
been going?
1.4.4. Conditional Perfect Continuous Tense (would have been) (- ing)
I would have been
going
I would not have
been going
Would I have been
going?
Would I not have
been going?
2. MODALS (Modal Yardmc Fiiller)
2.1 Can ktidar belirten yardmc fiil2.2 May Mezuniyet belirten yardmc fiil2.3 Must Mecburiyet belirten yardmc fiil
I can go Gidebilirim
(Muktedirim)
I could have gone Gitmi olabilirdim
I may go Gidebilirim
(Mezunum)
I might have gone Gitmi olabilirdim
I must go Gitmeliyim
(Mecburum)
I must have gone Gitmi olmalydm
Can be able to
Must have to, have got to, be obliged to, need to, be to, be compelled
to, be supposed to, should, ought to.
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To be able to (muktedir olmak, yapabilmek)
I am able to go Gidebilirim I will be able to go Gidebileceim
I was able to go Gidebildim(Gitmeye
muktedirdim)
I would be able to g
Gidebilecektim
To have to(Mecbur olmak, Zorunda olmak)
I have to go Gitmekzorundaym
I will have to go Gitmek zorundaolacam
I had to go Gitmekzorundaydm
I would have to go Gitmek zorundaolacaktm
If I go, I will be able to see him.
If I had gone, I would have been able to see him.
If you had fallen, you could have broken your leg.
If you had started then, you could have finished it by now.
If I go, I will have to see him.
If I had gone, I would have had to see him.
He must have studied really well (his grade is good).
He should have studied really well (his grade is bad).
I need two hundred dollars so that I can go there.
I bought the car so that you would not have to walk.
Do you have to go? I may have to go.
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3. ACTIVE-PASSIVE (Etgen-Edilgen)
Active Voice2 Passive Voice3
1 She writes a letter A letter is written by her2 She wrote a letter was 3 She will write a letter will be 4 She would write a letter would be
5 She is writing a letter " is being 6 She was writing a letter " was being 7 She will be writing a letter " will be being 8 She would be writing a letter " would be being
9 She has written a letter " has been 10 She had written a letter " had been 11 She will have written a letter " will have been 12 She would have written a letter " would have been
13 She has been writing a letter " has been being 14 She had been writing a letter " had been being 15 She will have been writing a letter " will have been being 16 She would have been writing a letter " would have been being
He can write a letter. A letter can be written by him.He may write a letter. A letter may be written by him.He must write a letter. A letter must be written by him.
Let him write a letter. Let a letter be written by him.Architect Ali has designed it. It has been designed by architect Ali.He had broken a window. A window had been broken by him.4
______________________________________________________________________
A. Someone gave me a present.P. I was given a present.P. A present was given to me.
A. They made him believe that she died.P. He was made to believe that she died.
2 S+V+O (Subject + verb + object)3
O+ to be+ V3+ S (Object + to be fiilinin uygun hali + esas fiilin 3. yani past participle hali + subject)4 Geili fiiller (transitive verbs) yani nesne alan fiiller veya neyi ve kimi sorularna cevap alnabilen fiilleriin P.V. yaplabilir. Geisiz fiiller (intransitive verbs, to go gibi) iin P.V. yaplamaz.
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4. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Aktarmal fadeler)
Direct Statement Indirect Statement51. "I go".6 He said that He went.
2. "I went". " He went.3. "I will go". " He would go.4. "I would go". " He would go.
5. "I am going". He said that He was going.6. "I was going". " He was going.7. "I will be going". " He would be going.8. "I would be going". " He would be going.
9. "I have gone". He said that He had gone.
10. "I had gone". " He had gone.11. "I will have gone". He would have gone.12. "I would have gone". " He would have gone.
13. "I have been going". He said that He had been going.14. "I had been going". " He had been going.15. "I will have been going". " He would have been going.16. "I would have been going". " He would have been going.
"What are you doing? He asked me what I was doing."Where were you going? " where I was going.
"Can you help me? " if I could help him."May I come in? " if He might come in."Will you be able to go? " if I would be able to go."Do you have to go? " if I had to go."Did you have to go? " if I had to go.
Do you go? if I went
Did you go? if Iwent
Go ! He told me to go Dont go! He told me not to go
if = whether today-that day tomorrow-the next daynow - then this-that yesterday-the day before
5 Present tenses become past, past tenses remain the same.Future tenses become conditional, conditional tenses remain the same.
6
When the introductory verb is in present or future tenses, the tense of the narrated partmay not change.
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5. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (lgi Zamirleri)
Who Ki o Which (What, that) Ki o Where Ki orada
Whose Ki onun Of which Ki onun When Ki o zamanWhom Ki ona (onu) To which Ki ona Of whom Ki onun
Who I saw the man who came to school on Sunday. The man who is coming toward us is a doctor. He who comes late deserves punishment. Those who were late missed the opening ceremony.
Whose
I saw the man whose car was stolen yesterday afternoon.
The man whose car was stolen yesterday afternoon is a lawyer. Did you see the lady whose car was without a license plate?
Whom
I saw the man whom you gave money in the bank. The man whom I saw yesterday was quite tired and anxious. The man with whom I played billiards is a champion in...
Which (what, that) I picked up the pen which (that) was on the floor. I do not understand what you say. That is not what I want. This is the knife with which I cut the rope. The car to which you threw stone is a Cadillac Aldorado.
Where
This is the place where they had met first.
When
There will be a time when Turkey will be full a member of the European Union.
He is the man, about whom you were talking = He is the man, whom you weretalking about = He is the man, you were talking about.
He who comes early sits down. Atatrk is to Turkey what Washington is to U.S.A. Those who are coming now will have to go back soon.
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6. CAUSATIVE FORM (Ettirgen Yap)
To have something done To make somebody do something
To get something done To get somebody to do something
I have my shoes polished...I had my shoes polished...I will have my shoes polished...I would have my shoes polished...
I make Ali study English...I made Ali study English...I will make Ali study EnglishI would make Ali study English...
I got my shoes polished I will get Ali to study English
7.TAG QUESTIONS (Tag Sorular)
You go to school, don't you?
You went to school, didn't you?
You will go to school, won't you?
You would go to school, wouldn't you?
You do not go to school, do you?
You did not go to school, did you?
You will not go to school, will you?
You would not go to school, would you?
8. PARTICIPATION (Katlm)
A. Affirmative Agreements B. Negative Agreements
Ali goes to zoo. I do too. He does not go to zoo. I don't either.
Ali went to zoo. I did too. He did not go to zoo. I didn't either.
Ali will go to zoo. I will too. He will not go to zoo. I won't either.Ali would go to zoo. I would too. He wouldn't go to zoo. I wouldn't either.
I do too So do I I don't either Neither do I
It is a pen, isnt it?
You have to go, don't you?
He may go, may he not?
He has to go, doesn't he?
Let's go, shall we?
Open the door will you?
I am going, aren't I?
He was made to study for four hours. She was made to pay for her mistake. I was made to believe that he was innocent. I will get him to accept the conditions
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9. NOUNS (simler)
9.1. Proper Nouns (zel simler)
Ali, Mary, January, Ankara, London, Canterbury
9.2. Common Nouns (Cins simler)
cook, book, sinister, minister
9.3. Countable Nouns (Saylabilir simler)
apple, box, ranch, table
9.4. Uncountable Nouns (Saylamayan simler)
bread, butter, salt, water
9.5. Masculine Nouns (Eril simler)
boy, man, prince, king
9.6. Feminine Nouns (Diil simler)girl, woman, princess, queen
9.7. Neuter Nouns (Ntr simler)
Things and animals whose sexes are not known
stone, steel, pots and pans
9.10. Nouns with the Same Form for M. and F.
child, parent, artist, painter, cousin
9.11. Nouns with Different Forms for M. and F.
father-mother, brother-sister, nephew-niece,bull-cow, horse-mare, cock-hen
9.12 Plural Forms (oul ekilleri)
9.12.1. Regular Form
cat-cats, dog-dogs
9.12.2. Special Forms
9.12.2.1. Nouns Ending in O, ss, sh, ch, X
tomatoes, kisses, watches, boxes
exceptions: pianos, photos
9.12.2.2. Nouns Ending in fe, f,
wife-wives, life-lives,
wolf-wolves, self-selves,
9.12.2.3. Nouns Ending in y
9.12.2.3.1. Following a Consonant
baby-babies, lady-ladies
9.12.2.3.2. Following a vowel
day-days, boy-boys.
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10. PRONOUNS (Zamirler8)
( A ) ( B ) ( C ) ( D) ( E )I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Its Itself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
You You Your Yours Yourselves
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
A. Personal Pronouns (ahs Zamirleri) (zne)B. Objective Pronouns (Nesne Zamirleri)C. Possessive Pronouns (Mlkiyet Zamirleri)D. Possessive Pronouns (Mlkiyet Zamirleri)E. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns (Dntrme ve Pekitirme Zamirleri)F. Interrogative Pronouns (Soru Zamirleri)
Who? Whose? Whom? Which? What? How? When?
G. Relative Pronouns (lgi Zamirleri)
Who, Whose, Whom, Which, What, That.
H.Demonstrative Pronouns (aret Zamirleri)This, That, These, Those
. Indefinite Pronouns (Belgisiz zamirler)One, Someone, Anyone, Somebody, Anybody, None, No One, Everyone, Everybody,
All.
______________________________________________________________________
I want nothing: I don't want anythingNo: not any
Is everybody ready?
8 Zamirler zne yerine kullanlan szcklerdir
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11. VERBS (Fiiller)
11.1. Infinitive Form to go
11.2. Present Form go11.3. Past Form went
11.4. Past Participle gone
11.5. Regular Verbs (Dzenli Fiiller) (ask, asked, asked)
11.6. Irregular Verbs (Dzensiz Fiiller)
11.6.1.Present Past Past Participle
Bet Bet Bet Bahse Girmek
Cast Cast Cast AtmakCost Cost Cost Malolmak
Hit Hit Hit Vurmak
Hurt Hurt Hurt Incitmek
Let Let Let Brakmak
Set Set Set Kurmak
Spread Spread Spread Yaymak
Put Put Put Koymak
Quit Quit Quit TerketmekShut Shut Shut Kapatmak
11.6.2.
Build Built Built Ina Etmek
Lend Lent Lent dn Vermek
Send Sent Sent Gndermek
Spend Spent Spent Sarfetmek
11.6.3.
Get Got Got Elde EtmekGo Went Gone Gitmek
Forget Forgot Forgotten Unutmak
Hang Hung Hung Asmak
Ring Rang Rung (Zil) almak
Sing Sang Sung ark Sylemek
Spring Sprang Sprung Sramak
Sit Sat Sat Oturmak
Win Won Won Kazanmak
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11.6.4.
Hear Heard Heard Duymak
Read Read Read Okumak
Pay Paid Paid demek
Say Said Said Sylemek
11.6.5.
Feed Fed Fed Beslemek
Lead Led Led Yol Gstermek
Hold Held Held Tutmak
11.6.6.
Feel Felt Felt Hissetmek
Keep Kept Kept Saklamak
Sleep Slept Slept Uyumak
Weep Wept Wept Alamak
Leave Left Left Brakmak
Meet Met Met Karlamak
Lose Lost Lost Kaybetmek
11.6.7
Bind Bound Bound Balamak
Find Found Found Bulmak
Shine Shone Shone Parlamak
Strike Struck Struck Vurmak, Grev
Yapmak
11.6.8.
Bring Brought Brought Getirmek
Buy Bought Bought Satn AlmakFight Fought Fought Dvmek
Think Thought Thought Dnmek
Catch Caught Caught Yakalamak
Teach Taught Taught retmek
Sell Sold Sold Satmak
Tell Told Told Anlatmak
Make Made Made Yapmak
Stand Stood Stood Durmak
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11.6.9.
Ride Rode Ridden Binmek
Write Wrote Written Yazmak
Rise Rose Risen Kalkmak
Bite Bit Bitten Isrmak
Hide Hid Hidden Saklamak
11.6.10.
Bear Bore Born Tamak
Swear Swore Sworn Yemin Etmek
Tear Tore Torn Yrtmak
Wear Wore Worn Giymek
Break Broke Broken Krmak
Speak Spoke Spoken Konumak
Choose Chose Chosen Semek
Steal Stole Stolen almak
11.6.11.
Grow Grew Grown Bymek
Know Knew Known Bilmek
Throw Threw Thrown Atmak
Fly Flew Flown Umak
Slay Slew Slain Katletmek
See Saw Seen Grmek
11.6.12
Take Took Taken Almak
Shake Shook Shaken Sarsmak
11.6.13.
Beat Beat Beaten DvmekEat Ate Eaten Yemek
Fall Fell Fallen Dmek
Do Did Done Yapmak
Go Went Gone Gitmek
Lie Lay Lain Yatmak, Uzanmak
Lay Laid Laid Yatrmak, Uzatmak
Lie Lied Lied Yalan Sylemek
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12. ADJECTIVES (Sfatlar)
12.1. Definitive, Comparative and Superlative Forms Of Adjectives
12.1.1. Regular One or Two Syllable Adjectives
Long Longer The Longest
Short Shorter The Shortest
Heavy Heavier The Heaviest
Old Older The Oldest
Weak Weaker The Weakest
Strong Stronger The Strongest
12.1.2. Regular Multi Syllable Adjectives
Beautiful More Beautiful The Most Beautiful
Important More Important The Most Important
Eccentric More Eccentric The Most Eccentric
Tiring More Tiring The Most Tiring
Tired More Tired The Most Tired
Boring More Boring The Most Boring
Bored More Bored The Most Bored
12.1.3. Irregular Adjectives
Good Better The Best
Bad Worse The Worst
Much More The Most
Little Less The Least
12.2. Comparisons
1. as.............. as I am as old as you are.He is twice as old as she is.
2. more .......... than I am older than you are.
I am more important than you are.
I am better than you are.
3. The most.... among (in) He is the best runner among students.
She is the most beautiful girl in town. (... in the world)
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The sun is one million times as big as the Mars is.
The population of Erzurum is about twice as much as that of Kars
.The statue of Atatrk in Erzurum is twice as big as the one in Kars.
Ahmet spends half as much money as Mehmet does.
There are more than twice as many people in the world now as there were 25 years
ago.
There are as many students in Erzurum as there are people in Kars.
I have studied for as many years as you have lived.
I am not as tired as you are: I am not tired as much as you are.
A is 100 times richer than B.
A is as tall as B. A is not as tall as B. A is not so tall as B.
I am as generous as you are miser.
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13. ADVERBS (Zarflar9)
13.1. Adverbs of Manner (Hal Zarflar)
Slowly Yavaa Smoking kills slowly.Quickly Hzlca
Well Iyice
Badly Ktce
Altogether Birlikte
Separately Ayrca
Generally Genellikle
Particularly zellikle
Deliberately KasdenAccidentally Kazaen
Naturally Doal Olarak
Artificially Yapay Olarak
Similarly Ayn ekilde
Conversely Tersine Olarak
Apparently Grn Olarak
Certainly Muhakkak
EvidentlyGrne GreObviously Ak Olarak
Presumably Farazi Olarak
Fortunately Iyiki
Especially zellikle
Actually Gerekten
Mostly ounlukla
Personally ahsen
Undoubtedly phesiz
Clearly Aka
Surely Emin Olarak
Definitely Muhakkak
Positively Kesin Olarak
9Zarflar, bir fiilin veya sfatn anlamn belirten veya kuvvetlendiren kelimelerdir
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13.2. Adverbs of Time (Zaman Zarflar)
Now imdi It is time to go now.Then O zaman, ondan sonarEarlier Daha nceLater Daha sonraThe day beforeyesterday
nceki gn
The day aftertomorrow
br gn
Every third day gnde birAll of a sudden Aniden
A while ago Biraz nceA moment ago Biraz nceA little later Biraz sonraRight now Hemen imdi (nce) He was here right now.Right away Hemen imdi (sonra) He will be here right away.At the beginning BalangtaAt the end SonundaUntil now Bu zamana kadarFrom now on Bundan sonra (artk)From then on Ondan sonra
Sooner or later Er veya geEventually Sonunda (nihayet)Lately Son zamanlardaRecently Son zamanlardaSoon Yakn zamandaImmediately DerhalIn the meanwhile Bu aradaEvery other day
Gn ar
13.3. Adverbs of Place (Yer Zarflar)
Here Burada, buras, buraya He is here. It is here. Come here.
There Orada, oras, oraya
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13.4. Adverbs of Frequency (Sklk Zarflar)*
Once Bir kez I went there once.
Twice Iki kezThree times kez
All the time Her zaman
Always Her zaman
Frequently Sk sk
Occasionally Arada srada
Periodically Periodik olarak
Once in a while Arada bir
Rarely NadirenOnce in a blue
moon
ok nadir
Repeatedly Mkerrer olarak
Continually Srekli olarak
Intermittently Kesintili olarak
* (Sklk zarflar yardmc fiillerden sonra, asl fiillerden nce gelir) (I am always late)
13.5. Adverbs of Degree (Derece Zarflar)Almost Hemen hemen It is almost completed.
Nearly Neredeyse
Quite Olduka
Too Haddinden fazla
Enough Yeterli
Extremely Ar ekilde
Only Sadece
Just Sadece
13.6. Words with the Same Adjective and Adverb FormsFast Hzl Dont go too fast.
Late Ge
Hard Sert
Early Erken
Friendly Dosta
Low Dk
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14. PREPOSITIONS (Edatlar10)
In Iinde, iine It is in the box. Put it in your pocket.
Out Dnda, dnaOn stnde, stne
Off Uzanda, uzana
At De, da, e, a
Over zerinde, zerine
Under Altnda, altna
In front of nnde, nne
At the back of Arkasnda, arkasna
At the bottom of DibindeOn the top of stnde
Around evresinde, evresine
Across Karsnda, karsna
Against Karsnda, karsna
Along Boyunda, boyuna
Among Arasnda, arasna
(ikiden fazla ey)
AfterSonraBefore nce
Behind Arkasnda, arkasna
Below Altnda, altna
Between Arasnda, arasna
(iki ey)
Beyond tesinde, tesine
By Yannda, yanna
Up Yukarda, yukarya
Down Aada, aaya
From Den, dan
Into Iine
Near Yaknnda, yaknna
Opposite Karsnda, karsna
Outside Dnda, dna
Past Den teye
Through Iinden, arasndan
10 Edatlar bir nesnenin dier bir nesneye gre konumunu belirten kelimelerdir.
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Until, till E kadar
To E doru
With Ile
Without Ile olmakszn
ABOVE
ON
TO FROM
OUTIN
THROUGH
INTO OUT OF
BY
BELOW
A diagram of the most commonly used prepositions
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15. CONJUNCTIONS (Balalar)
And Ve George and Jack go to bed at ten.
Or Veya
But Fakat
For Iin, den dolay
Yet Henz, yine de
If Eer
Although (though) E ramen
Notwithstanding E ramen
Nevertheless Yine de
Because nk
Because of Den dolay
In spite of E ramen
In stead of Yerine
Due to Den dolay
Besides Zaten, ayrca, den
baka
Except Den baka, hari
Like Gibi
Likewise Ayn ekilde
As Gibi, ken (giderken)
Therefore Bunun iin
However Buna ramen
Whereas Halbuki
In fact Gerekte, nitekim
As a matter of fact Aslnda, zaten, nitekim
Not to mention the
fact that
Kald ki
In as much as Madem ki, den dolay
Since Madem ki, den dolay
About Hakknda = (pertaining to, regarding, with
regard to in connection with, , related
to pursuant to, in relation to)
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Either .......or Ya ........ya da...... Either you or your friend will have togo there.
Neither.....nor Ne ........ne de....... Neither you nor your friend can pay
for that.
Both ........and Hem ....hem de...... Both you and your girl friend were
seen there.
Not only....but also Yalnzca ...deil, fakat
ayn zamanda .......da
Not only you but also your friends
are not wanted here.
Whether ....or ..ip ........mediini
....se de .....mese de
I dont know whether or not he is in
Erzurum.
She will have to go there
Whether she wants it or not
The more ....the more Ne kadar ok ..........
O kadar ok ............
The more you study the higher grade
you get.
The more you work, the more you
earn.
The higher you go, the harder you
fall
Just as ......so Nasl ki .......ise, ayni
ekilde........
-Just as Kosovo is sacred land to
the Serbs, so is Krajina to Croatians.
-Just as Chechenia is an internal
matter of Russia so is Karabag for
Azerbeijan.
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16. VERBALS (Fiil Kkenli Kelimeler)
16.1. Gerund (sim Fiil)
16.1.1. Present
Swimming is a good exercise.
I like swimming in a warm pool.
She likes teaching tap dance.
I can't stand waiting in lines.
Being alone in a trip is boring.
I like your speaking with an accent
16.1.2. Past
Having been alone on that trip was boring.
He denied having been late for work.
16.2. Infinitive (Mastar)
16.2.1. Present
To exercise in the morning is good for health.
I like to swim in heated pools.
She has a lot of work to do.
I felt the earth move.
He saw him go into the building.
16.2.2. Past
To have seen him doesn't mean much.
It is unfortunate for him to have met her.
I am sorry to have met you.
I wish I had never met you.
16.3. Participle (Sfat ve Zarf Fiiller)
16.3.1. Adjective Participle (Sfat fiiller)
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16.3.1.1. Present
The movie is exciting.
It is a very exciting movie indeed.
People living in the country are lucky.The energy needed by all living things comes from the sun.
The lecture was interesting and informing.
16.3.1.2 Past
He is a retired teacher. (tired, disappointed etc.)
The broken chair will be repaired.
I will borrow the required money from the bank.
I am excited.
16.3.2. Adverb Participle (Zarf Fiiller)
16.3.2.1. Zaman Bildiren Adverb Participle
16.3.2.1.1. Present
Watching TV, he fell asleep (while...)
Entering the room, I saw the burglar (while...)
I saw him crossing the street (while)
16.3.2.1.2. Past
Having watched the game he left the stadium (... after that.)
Having finished his work, he went home (... after that..)
16.3.2.2. Sebep Bildiren Adverb Participle
16.3.2.2.1. Present
Being very hungry, I ate a lot. (Because ...)
Knowing him well, she did not believe him (Because...)
16.3.2.2.2. Past
(Having been) Wrapped in a blanket, he didn't mind spending the night
outside.
(Because...) Having been very hungry, I had eaten a lot.
Having received no letter from her for a long time, he was worried.
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VERBALS
Gerund Infinitive Participle
Present Past Present Past
Adjective Adverb
Present Past
Time Cause
Present Past Present Past
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17. PREFIXES (n Ekler)
Aboard : (Gemide, gemiye) Welcome aboard.
Abroad : (Yurt dnda, yurt dna) I have not been abroad yet.Archbishop : (Bapiskopos) Archbishop Makarios had been involved in politics.
Enrich : (Zenginletirme) Protein can be used to enrich the flour.
Impossible : (mkansz) When something is not possible it is impossible.
Semiofficial : (Yar resmi) AA is a semiofficial news agency.
Prehistoric : (Tarih ncesi) People did not know much in prehistoric times.
Post election : (Seim sonras) Post election politics has been quite complicated
Vice-president : (Bakan yardmcs) Vice-president Johnson had an heart attack.
18. SUFFIXES (Son Ekler)
Drinkable : (ilebilir) This water is drinkable.
Kingdom : (Krallk) The United Kingdom is ruled by Elizabeth II.
Enriched : (Zenginletirilmi) This food has been enriched by extra protein.
Employed : (i, mstahdem) The employees will strike to raise their wages.
Childish : (ocuka) It is childish to cry over simple things.
Civilized : (Medeniletirilmi) The wild tribes are civilized now.
Americanize : AmerikallatrmakBooklet : (Kitapk) That booklet consists of only 30 pages.
Lakelet : (Glck) Van is a lake but Kkekmece is a lakelet.
Payment : (deme) The size of the payment is determined by the
purchase power.
Careful : (Dikkatli) You have to be careful when you cross the street.
Careless : (Dikkatsiz) He fell on the ice because he was careless.
Carefulness : (Dikkatlilik) That job requires complete carefulness.
Carelessness : (Dikkatsizlik) The accident happened as a result of carelessness.
Separately : (Ayr olarak) Place the pieces separately.
Naturally : (Doal olarak) Naturally they will refuse the offer.
Personally : (Kiisel olarak) Personally, I hate cold weather.
Strong : gl Strength : g, kuvvet (sfattan isim)
Smoke : duman Smoky : Dumanl (isimden sfat)
Simple : basit Simplify : Basitletirmek (sfattan fiil)
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19. MISCELLANEOUS (Muhtelif)
Three lane highway eritli karayoluHundred page book 100 sayfalk kitap
The tea is too hot to drink ay iilmeyecek kadar scakThe tea is hot enough to drink ay iilebilecek kadar scakThere is no body in the room There is not any body in the roomThe movie is not interesting, I would rather (I'drather) watch TV tonight
televizyon seyretmeyi tercih ederim.
I had better (I'd better) start studying, or else Iwill flunk the exam.
almaya balasam iyi olur. Yoksasnavda akarm.
They talk to each other. (2 persons)
They talk to one another. (More than 2 persons)
You can go whenever (or wherever) you want Her ne zaman istersen
You can take whatever (or whichever) you
want
Her ne istersen
No matter what, I will go there Ne olursa olsun...
Sooner or later I'm gonna get you Er veya ge
They came here one after another Onlar buraya birbiri peine geldiler.
They came here one at a time Onlar buraya birer birer geldiler.
They came here one by one Onlar buraya birer birer geldiler.
They came here in a group of two Onlar buraya ikier ikier geldiler.
The more you study, the more you learn Ne kadar ok alrsan o kadar ok
The more you work, the more you earn Ne kadar ok alrsan o kadar ok
Did you happen to meet Mr. President Hi (tesadfen) bakanla karlatnzm
I happened to be passing by the scene when
the accident happened.
Kaza olduunda oradan tesadfengeiyordum.
You don't get into this, mind your ownbusiness:
Bu ie karma. Kendi iine bak.
That is none of your business Bu i seni ilgilendirmez.
You have to take a taxi in order to get there in
time (... so, as to ..., so as not to...)
Oraya zamannda varabilmek iin taksiile gitmen gerekir.
You have to study hard in order that (so that)
you can learn English well
ngilizceyi iyi renebilmen iin
Has what happened to you happened to them
too
Senin bana gelen onlarn bana dageldi mi?
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Open the door. Please open the door (open the door please). Will you please open the door? Would you please open the door? Would you be so kind as to open the door please? The cars were travelling bumper to bumper. Put the boxes one on top of the other to save room (on top of one another) The workers put the rails end to end and welded them. The fishermen laid the fish side by side in the market. If it weren't for the umbrella, we would get wet. If it had not been for you, I would not have been able to go there. Had it not been for you, she would have died. (Inversion) Should one day you come here, please stop by my office. Should I hear from him, I will let you know. Did you use to go there? No. I didn't use to go there. Let us (me, him, her, it, , them) go. Shall we? Let's stay here. Let's not stay here. Shall we go? This is the first time I have seen such a thing. If you had not been a stupid, you would not have listened to the same thing
every Sunday.
You cant have seen him yesterday, he was with me all day. Someone came here, didn't they? I am a doctor, aren't I? I heard him sing. I heard him singing. You can't go there until you have finished your work. Don't stick your neck out. He suggested that I see the doctor. To arrive in Istanbul. To arrive at the airport. To arrive on the scene. We will take turns. Whose turn is it? It is my turn. Sit at the table. Hold it tight, so that you won't fall He held it tight so that he wouldn't fall
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It is made of gold. It is made from (out of) packing cases. To fall in (out of) love with sb. Would you honorable MPS come to order please? To take a chance: to take a risk. To give a chance: to give an opportunity. Ski slopes in Erzurum are steeper than those in Sarkam. The population of Erzurum is twice as much as that of Kars. On behalf of : adna In behalf of : yararna 20 % of the students who passed the exams are girls. Half of those that were sent there were donkeys. I saw Ahmet go to school. (Action completed) I saw Ahmet going to school. (The action may not have been completed.) You have to be a little bit crazy to keep your sanity. Keep your eyes wide open before marriage, half shut afterwards. Don't bite the hand that feeds you. May god give you twice as much as what you want for me! Every body must account for his actions. There are two sides to a coin. There are more to things than meets the eye. There is nothing to it. Every criminal must stand trial, and get a fair trial.
Odds and Ends
- to rank first- to put someone to shame- council of Higher Education- ICBMs, airborne bombers, submarine based missiles- a duplicate copy of important documents- special thanks are due to those who...- his philosophy is moderation in everything- Jack of all trades, but master of none- Dont let this chance slip away.- boil, grill, bake, fry,- pots and pans, garnish- extant X extinct- poker, bridge, black jack, chess, backgammon
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- heart, club, spade, diamond- citius, altius, fortius- wrestling, boxing, running, high-jumping, long-jumping, skating, skiing,
swimming, diving, riding, hammer-throwing, discus-throwing, javelin,tennis, ping-pong, pole-vaulting, golf, football, voleyball, basketball, soccer,
etc.
- Five Pillars of Islam: praying, fasting, pilgrimage, almsgiving, confirmationof faith. (the sixth one, they say, is knowing your boundries)
- Mental Abilities : Intelligence, memory, perception, reasoning, orientation,willpower stability, attention, sensitivity.
- Acrophobia: fear of height.- Acrobat: acts in the heights.- To pass (fail, flunk) the test- To stand the test of time.- To chant nursery rhymes.- At ease, attention, fire.- Open shed barns- Honest to God : Vallahi- Duplication, multiplication, replication, reproduction.- Liberty, equality, fraternity.- Dilemma: A difficult situation.- Paradox: strange but true.- Enigma: Muamma, esrar, ifre- To be vulnerable to pressure- To take somebody at his word.- The theory of Lambrazo on the nature of man- On the spur of the moment.- To tell a lie- To lie ander a tree- To lay a wreath, (a foundation stone and a L)
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Addition 2 + 3 = 5 Two plus three equals five.
Two plus three is five.
Subtraction 5-3 = 2 Five minus three equals two.
Multiplication 5 x 6 = 30 Five multiplied by six equals thirty.Five times six is thirty.
Division 30 : 6 = 5 Thirty divided by six equals five.
62: six squared ax : a to the power x
63: six to the third power a-b : a to the power minus b.
a/b = c dividend / divider = quotient
a.b = c multiplied. multiplier = productX = X/N X bar equals sum X over N (average)
6 and 36 6 is a factor of 36, 36 is a multiple of 6 (arpan ve kat)
a2 - b2 : (a+b) (a-b) The difference of two squared numbers is the product of
the sum and the difference of these numbers.
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SECOND PART
IDIOMS
All the same yine de I was not invited to the conference, but Iwill attend all the same.
As if sanki, imi gibi He orders me to do things, as if he is myfather.
As soon as possible mmkn olan enksa zamanda
Please let me know the result as soon aspossible.
At first ilk nce At first, I thought that he was a studentAt last nihayet At last, he was able to pay his debt.At least en azndan There were at least 500 people in the
theatre.To be about to zere olmak He was about to leave the room when I
went there.To be familiar with aina olmak I am familiar with that subject.To be in charge of sorumlu olmak He is in charge of this department.To be interested in ilgilenmek I am not interested in politics.To be one's turn sras olmak Now it is your turn to wash the dishes.To be tired of bkmak They are tired of uninvited guests.To be used to alk olmak People in Erzurum are used to cold.To break down bozulmak My car broke down on the way.
To break up (with) bozumak He broke up with his girl friend yesterday.To bring up ocuk yetitirmek He was brought up in a village.By the way sras gelmiken By the way, I had met him in Paris.To catch cold souk almak Take your coat with you, otherwise you
will catch cold.To catch fire ate almak The forest caught fire in a dry hot day.To be fed up (with) bkmak usanmak I am fed up with all this nonsense.To be fond (of) holanmak He is fond of Jane Fonda very much.To be in need (of) ihtiyac olmak The old man is in need of money and care.To be out of question sz konusu
olmamak
A general amnesty is out of question for
the coming ten years.To be through (with) bitirmek, iliii
kesmekI am through with that research for thissemester
To beat about to bush laf uzatmak Please don't beat about (around) the bush,come to the point.
To change one's mind Fikrini deitirmek Did you change your mind?To come across karlamak We come across different types of people
in the railway and bus stations.To come to an end sona ermek Sooner or later, this tragedy will come to
an end.
To call for gerektirmek The project calls for a million dollar.To catch up (with) yetimek Turkey has been trying to catch up with the
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West for the past 100 years.To charged (with) ile itham etmek He was charged with murder and robbery.To do away with(to get rid of)
kurtulmak,bandan atmak
She did away with all her old clothes.
To do one's best elinden geleniyapmak
I will try do my best to accomplish it andsave my face.
To fall asleep uykuya dalmak He falls asleep right after he goes to bed.To fall in love (with) ak olmak Ferhat had fallen in love with irin.To feel like can istemek I don't feel like drinking tonight.To feel sorry (for) acmak He feels sorry for the poor and gives them
money.To find out anlamak I'll find out where he was at that time.For the time being imdilik He will keep his mouth shut for the time
being.
For nothing bedava, karlksz You can not get anything for nothing.To get along geinmek They cant get along well with each other.To get well iyilemek I hope you will get well soon.To get in touch (with) temasa gemek You have to get in touch with the manager.To get in the house eve girmek to get out of the house : evden kmakTo get on the bus arabaya binmek to get off the bus : arabadan inmekTo get up yataktan kalkmak to wake up : uyanmakTo get used to almak You will get used to it soon.To give a call telefon etmek Give me a call tonight.To give in taviz vermek I wont give in any more.
To give up vazgemek He gave up his plan to go to SakaryaHeads or tails yaz tura Heads or tails? Heads you win, tails I win.To have nothing to dowith something
Bir eyle ilgisiolmamak
I have nothing to do with it.
In other words dier bir deyile in other words, he will not pay his debt.To keep in mind aklda tutmak please keep in mind that ...To keep in touch(with)
ilikiyi devamettirmek
Keep in touch with us even if you go farfar away.
To keep up (with) ayak uydurmak He can't keep up with the rest of the groupTo let someone know birisine bildirmek Please let me know if you run into him.
To look after bakmak (ocuk vs.) The mother will look after the child.To make fun (of) alay etmek Don't make fun of me sir.To make up (with) barmak He made up with his girl friend today.To make up (for) telafi etmek I will make up for the time I lostTo play a joke (on) aka yapmak The students played a joke on the teacher.To make money para kazanmak He made a lot of money in gambling.To make up one'smind
karar vermek Don't make up your mind withoutconsulting the consultant.
To change one's mind karar deitirmek Dont change your mind so often.To make use of yararlanmak Turkey can make use of coal for energy.To mind one's ownbusiness
kendi iine bakmak Mind your own bussiness. Dont stick yournose into this matter.
Once and for all kesin olarak Resolve the matter once and for all.
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Out of curiosity meraktan Just out of curiosity, how much money doyou make in one month?
Out of date demode Your shirts are out of date, keep them upto date.
Out of order bozuk Don't turn the radio on. It is out of order.To pay attention to dikkat etmek Pay attention to what I say.To put out sndrmek They put the fire out.To put off tehir etmek They had to put off the show because of
the bad weather.To call off iptal etmek They called off the show for financial
reasons.To put on weight kilo almak Some people put on weight fast, no matter
what...To run into rastlamak He ran into his old friend in the street.
To see someone off birisini uurlamak The honor troop was present when theysaw the president off.
To set fire to atee vermek They set fire to the house on purpose.To shake hands el skmak We shook hands when we broke up.To shut up sesini kesmek If you don't have to talk, just shut up.To show up kagelmek He showed up one hour after the show.To slow down yavalamak The car slowed down and pulled over.To stick to the point konuya bal
kalmakDo not beat about the bush, come and stickto the point.
To take a bus otobse binmek You must take a bus or a taxi.
To take a chance i ansa brakmak Study hard. Dont take a chance.To take advantage of istirmar etmek Do not take advantage of his innocence.To take after Birisine ekmek Who did he take after? He took after his
good for nothing uncle.To take a seat bir yere oturmak He asked me to take a seat when I entered
the room.To take into account hesaba katmak The teacher should have taken the
conditions in his family into account.To take a break ara vermek We took a break after we studied an hour.To take apart paralamak They took the car apart to repair it.To take by surprise artmak That news took me by surprise.To take part in katlmak I would like to take a part in the research.To take seriously ciddiye almak Don't take to the movies too seriously.To take sides taraf tutmak A president should not take sides on
political matters.To take someone forsomeone else
birisini birisinebenzetmek
They often take me for my brother.
To take up alkanlk edinmek I gave up smoking but took up chewinggum. Dont take up a harmfull habit.
To turn someonedown
birisini reddetmek The girl turned the boy down when heasked her for a date.
To wake up uyanmak I try to wake up early in the morning.
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VOCABULARY
Just as keys are attached to rings, the words should be attached to sentences toprevent them from being lost.
English Words
English Logic
When the English tongue we speak,
Why is break not rhymed with freak?
Will you tell me why it's true?
We say sew, but likewise few
And the maker of the verse
Can not cap his horse with worse?
Beard sounds not the same as heard
Cord is different from word
Cow is cow, but low is low;
Shoe is never rhymed with foe.
Think of hose and dose and lose,
And of goose and yet of choose.Think of comb and tomb and bomb,
Doll and roll, and home and some,
And since pay is rhymed with say.
Why not paid with said, I pray?
We have blood and food and good;
Mould is not pronounced like could.
Wherefore done, but gone and lone?
Is there any reason known?And in short, it seems to me,
Sound and letters disagree.
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Homophones
Aisle (Ayl) Koridor Isle Ada
Be (Bi) Olmak Bee ArBreak (Breyk) Krmak Brake Fren
Die (Day) lmek Dye Boya
Cell (Sel) Hcre Sell Satmak
Doe (Do) Dii Geyik Dough Hamur
Hair (Heyr) Sa Hare Tavan
Flour (Flawr Un Flower iek
Heal (Hiil) Iyilemek Heel Topuk
Idol (Aydl) Put Idle Bo, AylakMail (Meyl) Posta Male Erkek
Our (Avr) Bizim Hour Saat
Straight (Streyt) Doru (Dz Hat) Strait Boaz (anakkale)
Tail (Teyl) Kuyruk Tale Masal
Fair Doru Adil Fare cret (Bilet v.b.)
American English English English TurkishBaby bottle (nipple) Teat Biberon
Long distance call Trunk call ehirleraras telefonBusiness suit Lounge suit Resmi elbise
Pants (slacks) Trousers Pantolon
Parka Onarak Mont
Shoestring Shoelace Ayakkab ba
Intermission Interval Ara (sinemada)
Meat grinder Mincer Kyma makinas
Raisins Sultanas Kimi
Antenna Arial AntenCloset Cupboard Dolap
Faucet Tap Muslk
Scotch tape Cellotape effaf bant
Fender Mud quard amurluk
Baggage Luggage Bavul
Lost and found Lost property Kayp eya brosu
Make reservation Book Yer ayrtmak
Subway Under ground MetroZero Naught Sfr
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Agricultural Words and TermsGeneral
Agriculture: Tarm Winnow: Savurmak Leaf: Yaprak
Horticulture:Baclk,Bahecilik
Store: Depolamak Awn: Klk
Viticulture: zmclk Germinate: imlenme Bud: Tomurcuk
Apiculture: Arclk Emerge: kma Field Crops: Tarla bitkileri
Cultivate: Ilemek Flower: iek, iek ama Cash Crops: Gelir bitkileri
Plow: Srmek, Pulluk Mature : Olgun,
Olgunlama
Subsistence Crops:
Geimlik rnler
Sow: Ekmek Bran: Kepek Grain Crops: Daneliler
Plant: Dikmek Stable: Ahr Cereal Crops: HububatMow: Bimek Stem: Gvde (aa) Root Crops: Kk bitkileri
Reap: Bimek Branch: Dal Industrial Crops: End. bit.
Harvest: Hasat etmek Bark: Kabuk Oil Crops: Ya bitkileri
Trash: Dvmek Stalk: Gvde (sap) Fiber Crops: Lif bitkileri
Wilt: Sararma Seedling : Fide Poultry : Kmes hayvan
Thin: Seyreltme Fingerling: Yavru balk Feed: Hayvan yemi
Hoe: apalama Rotation: Mnavebe Trough: Kurun (Su kaplar)
Irrigate: Sulama Smut: Srme Saddle Animals: Binek h.Sprinkler: Yamurlama Forage Crops: Yem
bitkileri
Draft Animals: eki h.
Barn: Samanlk Fodder Crops: Yem Bit. Flora: Tabii Bitki varl
Furrow: Kark Cover Crops: rt bitkileri Fauna:Tabii Hayvan varl
Fallow: Nadas Bovine : Bykba hayvan Farm Manure: iftlik
gbresi
To Leave Fallow: Nadasa
brakma
Ovine: Kkba Hayvan Beef: Sr eti
Mutton: Koyun eti
PlantsGrains: Hububatlar
Barley: Arpa Millet: Dar Awned Wheat: Klkl b.
Wheat: Buday Lentils: Mercimek Rice: Pirin
Corn: Msr Oat: Yulaf Weed: Yabanc ot
Rye: avdar
Industrial crops
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Cotton: Pamuk Tobacco: Ttn Flax: Keten, Jute: Kendir
Hemp: Kenevir Sugar Beet: eker pancar
Fruits: MeyvelerApple: Elma Cherry Pip: Kiraz ekirdei Strawberry: ilek
Pear: Armut Grape: zm Mulberry: Dut
Peach: eftali Grapefruit: Greyfurt Pineapple: Ananas
Apricot: Kays Date: Hurma Orange : Portakal
Plum: Erik Fig: Incir Tangerine: Mandalina
Cherry: Kiraz Melon : Kavun Lemon: Limon
Pip: ekirdek Watermelon: Karpuz Quince : Ayva
Vegetables: SebzelerTomato: Domates Potato: Patates Squash: Kabak (Dolmalk)
Pepper: Biber Onion: Soan Pumpkin: Kabak (Bal)
Egg Plant: Patlcan Garlic: Sarmsak Cauliflower: Karnabahar
Cucumber: Salatalk Bean: Fasulye Cabbage: Lahana
Lettuce: Marul Melon: Kavun Mushroom: Mantar
Carrot: Havu
Nuts: KuruyemilerChestnut: Kestane Coconut: Hindistan Cevizi Pistachio: Antep Fst
Walnut: Ceviz Almond: Badem
Peanut : Fstk Cashew: Cashew Fst
Fodder crops: Yem BitkileriAlfalfa: Yonca Vetch: Fi (Kspe) Grass: imen
Seinfoin: Korunga Clover : gl Crushed Straw: Saman
Flowers: ieklerRose: Gl Carnation: Karanfil Daisy: Papatya
Tulip: Lale Violet: Meneke Lavender: Lavanta
Jasmine: Yasemin Lily: Zambak
Trees: Aalar
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Willow : St Maple: Akaaa Okra: Bamya
Poplar: Kavak Palm Tree: Palmiye Spinach: Ispanak
Oak: Mee Herbicide:Yabanc Ot
Ilac
Celery : Kereviz
Hazelnut: Fndk Pea: Bezelye Parsley : Maydanoz
Pine: am Chick-Pea: Nohut Leek: Prasa
Division : Blm Class: Snf Family: Familya
Animals and InsectsBovine: Bykba Hayvanlar
Cow: Inek Bull: Boa Camel: DeveOx: kz Buffalo: Manda
Calf: Dana Pig: Domuz
Ovine: Kkba HayvanlarSheep: Koyun Lamb: Kuzu Doe: Kei (Dii), Dii Geyik
Eve: Koyun Goat: Kei
Ram: Ko Buch: Teke
Poultry: Kmes HayvanclChicken: Tavuk Turkey: Hindi Duckling: rdek yavrusu
Hen: Tavuk Goose: Kaz
Rooster: Horoz Duck: rdek
Saddle Animals: Binek HayvanlarHorse: At Mare: Ksrak Mule: Katr
Stallion: Aygr Donkey:Eek
Domestic Animals : Ev HayvanlarDog: Kpek Puppy: Guduk Kitten: K.Yavrusu
Bitch: Kanck Cat: Kedi
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Insects: BceklerFly: Sinek Butterfly: Kelebek Genus: Cins
Bee: Ar Spider: rmcek Species: Tr
Mosquito: Sivrisinek Cockroach: Hamam b. Variety: eitBeetle: A. Bcei Silkworm: Ipek bcei Strain: Hat
Insecticide:Bcek
ldrc
Locust: ekirge
Wild Animals and OthersLand Animals: Kara HayvanlarWolf: Kurt Monkey: Maymun Rabbit: Tavan
Fox: Tilki Zebra: Zebra Rat: Tarla faresiBear: Ay Giraffe: Zrafa Mouse: Ev faresi
Lion: Aslan Elephant: Fil Bat: Yarasa
Tiger: Kaplan Beaver: Kunduz Squirrel: Sincap
Leopard: Leopar Jackal: akal
Sea Creatures: Deniz YaratklarWhale: Balina Coral: Mercan Shrimp: Karides
Shark: Kpek Bal Sponge: Snger Lobster: IstakosDolphin: Yunus Bal Octopus: Ahtapot Crab: Yenge
Trout: Alabalk Mussel: Midye
Birds: KularSea Gull: Mart Crow: Karga Peacock: Tavus
Hawk: Atmaca Sparrow: Sere Pheasant: Keklik
Dove: Gvercin Pigeon: Gvercin Vulture: AkbabaFalcon: ahin Eagle: Kartal Ostrich: Devekuu
Canary: Kanarya Stork: Leylek Owl: Bayku
Parrot: Papaan Crane: Leylek
Reptiles: SrngenlerSnake: Ylan Alligator: Timsah Snail: Smkl bcek
Scorpion: Akrep Turtle: Kaplumbaa Frog: Kurbaa
Crocodile: Timsah Worm: Solucan
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Agricultural ImplementsFork: Dirgen Hammer: eki Harrow: Srg
Rake: Trmak Sickle: Orak Discharrow: Diskaro
Pick: Kazma Scythe: TrpanShovel: Krek Cart: Araba Seed Drill: Mibzer
Spade: Bel Krei Plow: Pulluk Tractor: Traktr
Hoe: apa Roller: Merdane Trailer: Rmork
Combine Harvester: Bier
Dver
Potato Planter: P. Dikici Wheel Barrow: El arabas
Household Tools
Scissors: Makas Driver: Tornavida Awl: BizTweezers: Cmbz Bolt: Civata Strainer: Szge
Pliers: Pense Nut: Somun Funnel: Huni
Pincers : Kerpeten Spanner: Somun anahtar Bucket: Kova
Axe: Balta Wrench: ng.Anahtar Nail: ivi
Chopper: Satr, Falata Saw: Testere Hammer: eki
Lever: Levye Hacksaw: Demir testeresi Brush: Fra
Drill: Matkap Ripsaw: Aa testeresi Broom: Sprge
Screw: Vida Dust Pan: Fara Mop: Paspas
Parts of a Human BodyThe Skeleton : skelet Wrist: Bilek Forehead/Brow: Aln
Skull: Kafatas Fist: Yumruk Jaw: ene KemiiCollar-Bone: Kprck k. Hand: El Mustache: BykShoulder-Blade: Krek k. Palm: Aya, Avu ii Beard: SakalBreastbone: G Kemii Thumb: Baparmak Tooth: DiRib: Kaburga Kemii Finger: Parmak Lip: Dudak
Backbone/Spine: Omurga Nail: Trnak Tongue: DilHip-Bone/: Kala Kemii/ Leg: Bacak Eye: GzPelvis: Leen Kemii Thigh: Uyluk Eyeball: Gz yuvarlaKneecap: Dizkapa Kemii Knee: Diz Eyebrow: KaHair: Sa Calf: Baldr Eyelid: Gz kapaHead: Ba/Kafa Ankle: Ayak bilei Eyelashes: KirpiklerNeck: Boyun Foot: Ayak Iris: Iris/Iris TabakasThroat: Boaz/Grtlak Heel: Topuk Brain: BeyinShoulder: Omuz Instep: Taban kemeri Wind Pipe: Soluk borusuChest: Gs Sole: Ayak taban Heart: Kalp Yrek
Back: Srt Toe: Ayak parma Lung: AkcierWaist: Bel The Face: Yz Liver: Karacier
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Stomach/Tummy:Mide/Karn Eye: Gz Kidney: BbrekHip: Kala Nose: Burun Intestines: BarsaklarBottom/Buttocks: K/Kaba Ear: Kulak Bladder: Sidik torbasArmpit: Koltuk Alt Mouth: Az Vein: Toplardamar
Arm: Kol Cheek: Yanak, Avurt Artery: AtardamarUpper Arm: st kol Chin: ene Muscle: Kas/AdaleForearm: nkol Temple: akak Vessel: DamarElbow: Dirsek
Automotive Words and TermsCar: Araba Gear: Vites Spare Tire: Yedek Lastik
Bus: Otobs Clutch: Debriyaj Jack: Kriko
Truck: Kamyon Brake: Firen Lever: Levye
Bumper: Tampon Accelerator: Gaz Towing Rope: ekme halat
Headlight: n Far Fan: Pervane Extinguisher: Yangn sn.
Signal: Sinyal Fan Belt: Pervane kay Fuel Tank: Depo
Fender: amurluk Starter: Mar Pot Hole: Kasis
Hood: Motor kapa Spark Plug: Buji To Start: altrmak
Windshield: n cam Distributor: Distribitr To Speed Up: Hzlanmak
Wiper: Silecek Carburetor: Karbratr To Swerve: Dir. Krmak
Roof: st Kaporta Dashboard: Konsol Flat Tire: Patlak Lastik
Trunk: Bagaj Glove Compartment:
Torpido gz
To Slow down :
Yavalamak
Wheel: Tekerlek Front Seat: n koltuk To Pull Over: Kenara ekmek
Tire: Lastik Back Seat: Arka koltuk To Stop: Durmak
Rear view mirror: Arkay
gr aynas
Seat Belt: Kemer To Repair the flat tire:
Lastik tamir etmek
Steering Wheel: Direksiyon
simidi
Horn: Korna A Dent On The Fender:
amurlukta bir knt
To sound horn: Korna
almak
To Blow Horn: Korna
almak
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Military TermsPrivate Er Artillery Topu
Corporal Onba Cavalry Svari
Sergeant avu Tank units TankLieutenant Temen Military engineering stihkamSecond Lieutenant stemen Communication
UnitsMuhabere
Captain Yzba Cease- Fire Ate Kes
Major Binba Armistice Mtareke
Lieutenant colonel Yarbay Machine gun Makinal tfek
Colonel Albay Bullet Tabanca mermisi
General
GeneralArtillery round Top mermisi
One Star general Tu general Missile Fze
Two Star general Tm general Nuclear warhead Nkleer balk
Three Star general Kor general Gun powder Barut
Four Star general Or general Combat atma
Marshal Mareal Booby trap Bubi tuza
Chief of staff Genel kurmay ba. Armored vehicles Zrhl aralar
Army Kara kuvvetleri Trench Siper
Navy
Deniz kuvvetleri
Front line Sava hatt
Airforce Hava kuvvetleriInfantry Piyade
Latin Words and AbbreviationsDe facto In Reality Fiili Durum
De jure In Law Yasal Olarak Durum
Phenomenon Event Olay
Phenomena Events Olaylar
Fait accompli Accomplished Fact Emri Vaki, Oldu Bitti
(Or) Vice Versa Conversely (Veya) Tersi
Vis-A-Vis Faceto Face, Compared to Yz Yze, E Gre
As Per In Accordance with E Uygun Olarak.
Datum Information (Sin.) Veri
Data Information (Pl.) Veriler
Thesis Thesis Tez
Theses Theses Tezler
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Per Se In (By) itself Bizatihi
Per Capita Per Head Kii Bana
Ad Hoc Specific zel
In Vivo In living thing Canl iindeIn Vitro Out of living thing Canl dnda
Sine Quo Non Essential Olmazsa olmaz
Ceterus Paribus Other things being equal Dier artlar sabit
kaldnda
I.E. (Id Est) That Is Yani
E.G. (Exempli Gratia) For Example Mesela
Etc. (Et Cetera) And so on Vesaire
Et al. And others Ve dierleriIbid ( Ibidem) In the book cited above Y.A.G.E.
C.V. Curriculum Vitae zgemi
Quid Pro Quo Something for something Ksasa ksas
Erratum Error Hata
Errata Errors Hatalar
Criterion Criterion lt
Criteria Criteria ltler
Bona Fide Made in good faith Iyi niyetle yaplmUni, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca.
Onomatopoeic Words (Tabiat sesleri taklidi kelimeler)
Bark: Havlama Hum: Mrldanma (ark) Knock: Kapy Vurma
Meow: Miyavlama Mrmr: Mrldanma (Sz) Clap: Alk Sesi
Hee Haw: Anrma Purr: Mrldanma (Kedi) Chop: Odun Krma
Quack: Vak Vak Snore: Horlama Chip: Kutuya Para AtmaRoar: Kkreme Piss: Ieme Moan: Inleme
Weigh: Kineme Cough: ksrme Crisp: Gevrek
Blah-Blah: Drdr Crack: atrt Bomb: Bomba lamak
Burb: Geirme Crackle: trt Snap: Ipin Kopmas
Sneeze: Haprma Crash: arpma Hick-Up: Hkrmak
Hush: H! Splash: Suya arpma
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A Poem
Come, come again.
Whatever you are come again.
Be you an idol or fire worshipper or an atheist
Come again.
Our way is not the way of hopelessness;
Even if you have broken your oath or penitence a hundred times,
Come again,
Mevlana
Another Poem
Whatever you wish for yourself,
wish the same for the others.
That is the assence of four Books,
and the words of the fathers.
Yunus Emre