erik erikson (psychology)
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Erik Erikson
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Group Members
Malik Muhammad Bilal
M Zumard Rizwan Shah
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Introduction Born in Germany on June 15th
1902.
He was an artist and a teacher in the late 1920s
He immigrated to the US in 1933 and taught at Yale and Harvard University.
He became interested in the influence of society and culture on child development.
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Field of Research He studied groups of children to learn about the
influence of society and culture on child development.
Erikson’s theory consists of eight stages of development. Each stage is characterized by a different conflict that must be resolved by the individual before moving to next stage.
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Theory of development stages
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Stage 1: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
Birth to age 1Totally dependent on others If needs are fulfilled child develops trust, If not child develops mistrust
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Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Ages 1-3Child becomes able of
making choice If child’s independence is opposed,
child develops feelings of self-doubt, shame in dealing with others
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Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
Ages 3-5Child show desire to take initiative in
activitiesParents punishment can develop guilt that
will affect self-directed activity throughout life
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Stage 4: Industriousness vs. Inferiority
Ages 6-11Child develops cognitive abilities to enable
in task completion (school work, play)Parents/teachers do not support child’s
efforts, child develops feelings of inferiority and inadequacy
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Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Ages 12-18Form ego identity or self-image Identity crisis or confusion of ego identity
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Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Ages 18-35Undertake productive work and establish
intimate relationships Inability to establish intimacy leads to
social isolation
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Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Ages 35-55Active involvement in teaching/guiding the
next generationStagnation-stage of inactivity
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Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Ages 55+People evaluate their past life Integrity: Look back with satisfactionDespair: Review with anger, frustration
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Ambiguous terms and conceptsLack of precision Most of the research was on malesSome terms are not easily measureable
empirically
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Erikson’s Contributions He worked for child development by studying
groups of Native American children and developed the concept of identity crisis.
He was concerned with the relationship between society/culture and child development, which he termed “psychosocial development”.
He studied Impact of social, cultural, personal and situational forces in forming personality.
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The end
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