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ErgonomicsErgonomicsErgonomics
The science of fitting the job to the workerThe science of fitting the job to the worker
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MULTIDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF ERGONOMICS
MULTIDISCIPLINARY MULTIDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF ERGONOMICSNATURE OF ERGONOMICS
Anatomy and physiologyEngineering PsychologyEngineeringMedicineAnthropologyBiomechanics
Anatomy and physiologyEngineering PsychologyEngineeringMedicineAnthropologyBiomechanics
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Benefits of ErgonomicsBenefits of ErgonomicsBenefits of Ergonomics
Decreased injury riskIncreased productivityDecreased mistakes/reworkIncreased efficiency
Decreased injury riskIncreased productivityDecreased mistakes/reworkIncreased efficiency
Decreased lost work daysDecreased turnoverImproved morale
Decreased lost work daysDecreased turnoverImproved morale
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EROGONOMIC CONCEPTSEROGONOMIC CONCEPTSEROGONOMIC CONCEPTS
Tool design
Workstation Design
Material handling limits
Visual and auditory task design
Tool design
Workstation Design
Material handling limits
Visual and auditory task design
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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSFACTORS
Noise
Vision
Thermal
Chemical
Noise
Vision
Thermal
Chemical
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PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESSPSYCHOLOGICAL STRESSPSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS
Machine PacingShift Work
Morale
Machine PacingShift Work
Morale
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PHYSICALPHYSICALPHYSICAL
PostureForceRepetitionManual Materials Handling
PostureForceRepetitionManual Materials Handling
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DESIGN AND DISEASEDESIGN AND DISEASEDESIGN AND DISEASEPOSTURE DISCOMFORTPOSTURE DISCOMFORT
Standing Legs, Feet, BackStanding Legs, Feet, Back
Sitting Neck, Back, ShouldersSitting Neck, Back, Shoulders
Reaching Shoulders, Upper ArmsReaching Shoulders, Upper Arms
Head Bent Back Cervical RegionHead Bent Back Cervical Region
Trunk Bent Forward Lumbar RegionTrunk Bent Forward Lumbar Region
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STATIC EXERTIONSSTATIC EXERTIONSSTATIC EXERTIONS
Holding activitiesCarryingStandingPushing and pullingArms raised
Holding activitiesCarryingStandingPushing and pullingArms raised
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EFFECTS OF STATIC EXERTION
EFFECTS OF STATIC EFFECTS OF STATIC EXERTIONEXERTION
When effort greater than or equal to 60 percent MVC blood flow almost completely interrupted.
15-20 percent MVC blood flow just about normal but still is associated with pain.
MVC less than or equal to eight percent can probably be maintained indefinitely.
When effort greater than or equal to 60 percent MVC blood flow almost completely interrupted.
15-20 percent MVC blood flow just about normal but still is associated with pain.
MVC less than or equal to eight percent can probably be maintained indefinitely.
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WORKSTATION GUIDELINES
WORKSTATION WORKSTATION GUIDELINESGUIDELINES
Reduce static component and allow worker to use optimal posture
Optimal posture usually at midpoint of limbs range of motion
Avoid muscular insufficiency
Avoid forward reaches in excess of 16”
Elbows down close to the body flexor angle around 90 degrees
Reduce static component and allow worker to use optimal posture
Optimal posture usually at midpoint of limbs range of motion
Avoid muscular insufficiency
Avoid forward reaches in excess of 16”
Elbows down close to the body flexor angle around 90 degrees
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WORKSTATION GUIDELINES (continued)
WORKSTATION WORKSTATION GUIDELINES (continued)GUIDELINES (continued)
Sit-Stand preferred but rarely seen
Use gravity do not work against it
Avoid the need for excessive head movement
Avoid compression Ischemia
Sit-Stand preferred but rarely seen
Use gravity do not work against it
Avoid the need for excessive head movement
Avoid compression Ischemia
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WORKPLACE INDICATORSWORKPLACE INDICATORSWORKPLACE INDICATORS
Performance deterioration…EngineeringQuality Control problemsAbsenteeism and turn-over…Human ResourcesMusculoskeletal disorders…OSHA Logs WC reportsComplaints of fatigue and discomfort
Performance deterioration…EngineeringQuality Control problemsAbsenteeism and turn-over…Human ResourcesMusculoskeletal disorders…OSHA Logs WC reportsComplaints of fatigue and discomfort
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GROWING AWARENESS OF CTDsGROWING AWARENESS OF GROWING AWARENESS OF CTDsCTDsYear Number of Repeated
Trauma CasesTotal Number of Illnesses
1990 23,200 (18%) 130,2001991 23,000 (18%) 126,1001992 22,600 (21%) 105,6001993 26,700 (25%) 106,1001994 34,700 (28%) 124,6001995 37,000 (30%) 125,4001996 45,500 (33%) 136,8001997 72,900 (38%) 190,2001998 115,400 (48%) 240,900
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TOP FIVE CTD INCIDENCE INDUSTRIES BY RATE
1990
TOP FIVE CTD INCIDENCE TOP FIVE CTD INCIDENCE INDUSTRIES BY RATEINDUSTRIES BY RATE
19901990Meatpacking
Poultry Processing
Household Refrigerator/Freezer
Motor Vehicle and Car Body
Men’s and Boy’s Trousers and Slacks
Meatpacking
Poultry Processing
Household Refrigerator/Freezer
Motor Vehicle and Car Body
Men’s and Boy’s Trousers and Slacks
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TOP FIVE CTD INCIDENCE INDUSTRY CLASSES BY
NUMBER1990
TOP FIVE CTD INCIDENCE TOP FIVE CTD INCIDENCE INDUSTRY CLASSES BY INDUSTRY CLASSES BY
NUMBERNUMBER19901990
Meat Products
Motor Vehicles
Men’s and Boy’s Furnishings
Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Aircraft and Parts
Meat Products
Motor Vehicles
Men’s and Boy’s Furnishings
Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Aircraft and Parts
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Types of InjuriesTypes of InjuriesTypes of Injuries
Muscle painJoint painSwellingNumbnessRestricted motionRepetitive stress injury
Muscle painJoint painSwellingNumbnessRestricted motionRepetitive stress injury
Repetitive motion injuryCumulative trauma disorderMusculoskeletal disorder
Repetitive motion injuryCumulative trauma disorderMusculoskeletal disorder
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CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERSCUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERSCUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERSA class of musculoskeletal disorders arising from repeated biomechanical stress due to ergonomic hazards. Common names for these disorders are:
A class of musculoskeletal disorders arising from repeated biomechanical stress due to ergonomic hazards. Common names for these disorders are:
Carpal Tunnel SyndromeTendinitisTenosynovitisGanglion cystTennis Elbow
Carpal Tunnel SyndromeTendinitisTenosynovitisGanglion cyst
Trigger FingerDeQuervian’s DiseaseThoracic Outlet SyndromeBursitisSynovitis
Trigger FingerDeQuervian’s DiseaseThoracic Outlet SyndromeBursitis
Tennis Elbow Synovitis
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Ergonomic ControlsErgonomic ControlsErgonomic Controls
Engineering AdministrativeWork Practices
Engineering AdministrativeWork Practices
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CONTROL TECHNOLOGYCONTROL TECHNOLOGYCONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Tool redesignWorkstation redesignJob methodsEarly detectionJob rotationMachine pacingMedical surveillance
Tool redesignWorkstation redesignJob methodsEarly detectionJob rotationMachine pacingMedical surveillance
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REDUCTION OF REPETITION
REDUCTION OF REDUCTION OF REPETITIONREPETITION
Task Enlargement
Mechanization
Automation
Task Enlargement
Mechanization
Automation
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REDUCTION OF EXTREME JOINT MOVEMENT
REDUCTION OF EXTREME REDUCTION OF EXTREME JOINT MOVEMENT JOINT MOVEMENT
Altering tool or controls
Workstation Design
Moving the Worker
Altering tool or controls
Workstation Design
Moving the Worker
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REDUCTION OF FORCEREDUCTION OF FORCEREDUCTION OF FORCE
Reducing the force
Spreading the force
Better mechanical advantage
Reducing the force
Spreading the force
Better mechanical advantage
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ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS HAZARD PREVENTION AND
CONTROL
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS HAZARD PREVENTION AND HAZARD PREVENTION AND
CONTROLCONTROLRest-pauseIncrease number of employeesJob rotationPhysical conditioningRelief personnelMedical management
Rest-pauseIncrease number of employeesJob rotationPhysical conditioningRelief personnelMedical management
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MATERIALS HANDLINGMATERIALS HANDLINGMATERIALS HANDLINGLifting/Lowering
Pushing/Pulling
Carrying
Weights and Forces
Frequency of activities
Load Center of Gravity
Lifting/Lowering
Pushing/Pulling
Carrying
Weights and Forces
Frequency of activities
Load Center of Gravity
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JOB RISK FACTORSJOB RISK FACTORSJOB RISK FACTORS
Weight lifted
Position of load center of gravity
Frequency
Posture
Torso Flexion
Twisting
Arms extended
Weight lifted
Position of load center of gravity
Frequency
Posture
Torso Flexion
Twisting
Arms extended
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JOB DESIGNJOB DESIGNJOB DESIGN
Can reduce one-third of compensable LBP
Minimize reach and lift distances
Keep off floor
Work station design
Frequency
Relax time standard
Rotation
Work-Rest allowances
Can reduce one-third of compensable LBP
Minimize reach and lift distances
Keep off floor
Work station design
Frequency
Relax time standard
Rotation
Work-Rest allowances
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JOB DESIGN (continued)JOB DESIGN (continued)JOB DESIGN (continued)
Minimize Weight
Mechanical aids
Carton capacity
Balance contents
Convert:
Carry to push/pull
Push over pull
Use large wheels
Minimize Weight
Mechanical aids
Carton capacity
Balance contents
Convert:
Carry to push/pull
Push over pull
Use large wheels
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TRAININGTRAININGTRAINING
Focus on awareness and avoidance
Get object as close to body as possible
Planning
Use of handling aids
Back Schools
Strength and fitness important
Focus on awareness and avoidance
Get object as close to body as possible
Planning
Use of handling aids
Back Schools
Strength and fitness important
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WORKPLACE USE OF BACK BELTSNIOSH 94-122
WORKPLACE USE OF BACK BELTSWORKPLACE USE OF BACK BELTSNIOSH 94NIOSH 94--122122
Insufficient Data that belts significantly reduce trunk loadingInsufficient data that wearing reduces risk of injury based on IAP and EMGMay strain cardiovascular systemInsufficient data that discontinuation of use increases risk among healthy workers
Insufficient Data that belts significantly reduce trunk loadingInsufficient data that wearing reduces risk of injury based on IAP and EMGMay strain cardiovascular systemInsufficient data that discontinuation of use increases risk among healthy workers
NIOSH does not recommend as tool for preventionNIOSH does not recommend as tool for prevention
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ORGANIZATIONAL INFLUENCES
ORGANIZATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL INFLUENCESINFLUENCES
Wage Systems
Quality Control
Management-Labor Relations
Machine-paced versus Self-paced work
Rest Breaks
Overtime
Shift Work
Wage Systems
Quality Control
Management-Labor Relations
Machine-paced versus Self-paced work
Rest Breaks
Overtime
Shift Work
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RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
1. Identify Team Members2. Identify problem jobs3. Survey Employees4. Develop Plan of Action5. Select most feasible6. Implement on small scale7. Train8. Measure response9. Wider application or goto 410. Goto 2
1. Identify Team Members2. Identify problem jobs3. Survey Employees4. Develop Plan of Action5. Select most feasible6. Implement on small scale7. Train8. Measure response9. Wider application or goto 410. Goto 2
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WORK SITE ANALYSISWORK SITE ANALYSISWORK SITE ANALYSIS
Review OSHA 300 logEmployee interviewsPerformance Data (turnover, etc.)Video analysis of identified hazardous positions
Review OSHA 300 logEmployee interviewsPerformance Data (turnover, etc.)Video analysis of identified hazardous positions
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Ergonomics Program Elements
Ergonomics Program Ergonomics Program ElementsElements
Management leadership and employee participationHazard information and reporting
Management leadership and employee participationHazard information and reporting
Job hazard analysis and controlTrainingMSD managementProgram evaluation
Job hazard analysis and controlTrainingMSD managementProgram evaluation