ERASMUS MUNDUSERASMUS MUNDUSInternational Master of Science in International Master of Science in

Rural DevelopmentRural Development

„„General introduction to the Slovak republic General introduction to the Slovak republic and to the Slovak university of agriculture “ and to the Slovak university of agriculture “

Prof. Dušan HúskaProf. Dušan HúskaSLOVAKIA SLOVAKIA

09:30 – 12:30 09:30 – 12:30

Slovakia lies in Central Europe. Slovakia lies in Central Europe. The central and northern Slovakia is a mountainous The central and northern Slovakia is a mountainous

region. region. The southern and eastern Slovakia is a lowlandThe southern and eastern Slovakia is a lowland

Theflag has three Theflag has three

equal horizontal bands equal horizontal bands

white, blue, red.white, blue, red.

A coat of arms of Slovakia A coat of arms of Slovakia

a red shield bordered in white and bearing a red shield bordered in white and bearing

a white Cross of Lorraine surmounting a white Cross of Lorraine surmounting three blue hillsthree blue hills

SLOVAKIA SLOVAKIA In 1918, the Slovaks joined the closely In 1918, the Slovaks joined the closely

related Czechs to form Czecho-slovakia. related Czechs to form Czecho-slovakia.

Following the World War II, Czecho-Following the World War II, Czecho-

slovakia became a Communist state within slovakia became a Communist state within

Soviet-ruled Eastern Europe. Soviet-ruled Eastern Europe.

1962 change of the constitution to 1962 change of the constitution to

Czechoslovaki socialist republic Czechoslovaki socialist republic

SLOVAKIA (2)SLOVAKIA (2)

In 1989, Soviet influence collapsed and In 1989, Soviet influence collapsed and

Czechoslovakia once more became free. Czechoslovakia once more became free.

On January 1, 1993, the Slovaks and the On January 1, 1993, the Slovaks and the

Czechs agreed to separate peacefully. Czechs agreed to separate peacefully.

In the Spring of 2004, Slovakia joined both In the Spring of 2004, Slovakia joined both

NATO and the EU. NATO and the EU.

INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE

January 1, 1993 –January 1, 1993 –

- Czechoslovakia split into the - Czechoslovakia split into the

Czech Republic and Czech Republic and

Slovakia [Slovak Republic]. Slovakia [Slovak Republic].

POPULATION - 5,430,033 POPULATION - 5,430,033

AGE STRUCTURE:AGE STRUCTURE:– 0-14 years:0-14 years: 17.8% 17.8%

(male 495,316; female 471,823) (male 495,316; female 471,823)

– 15-64 years:15-64 years: 70.5% 70.5% (male 1,903,335; female 1,924,065) (male 1,903,335; female 1,924,065)

– 65 years and over:65 years and over: 11.7% 11.7% (male 238,912; female 396,582) (male 238,912; female 396,582)

POPULATION GROWTH RATE:0.14%POPULATION GROWTH RATE:0.14%

Ethnic groups:Ethnic groups:

– Slovak 85.7%, Slovak 85.7%,

– Hungarian 10.6%, Hungarian 10.6%,

– the Gypsy/Romany community, appr. 7 % the Gypsy/Romany community, appr. 7 %

– Czech, Moravian, Silesian 1.1%, Czech, Moravian, Silesian 1.1%,

– Ruthenian and Ukrainian 0.6%, Ruthenian and Ukrainian 0.6%,

– German 0.1%, German 0.1%,

– Polish 0.1%, Polish 0.1%,

– other 0.2%other 0.2%

RELIGIONRELIGION

Roman Catholic 60.3%,Roman Catholic 60.3%,

atheist 9.7%, atheist 9.7%,

Protestant 8.4%, Protestant 8.4%,

Orthodox 4.1%, Orthodox 4.1%,

other 17.5% other 17.5%

Administrative divisions: Administrative divisions:

8 regions (kraje, singular - kraj); 8 regions (kraje, singular - kraj); – Banskobystricky, Banskobystricky, – Bratislavsky, Bratislavsky, – Kosicky, Kosicky, – Nitriansky, Nitriansky, – Presovsky, Presovsky, – Trenciansky, Trenciansky, – Trnavsky, Trnavsky, – Zilinsky Zilinsky

LEGAL SYSTEMLEGAL SYSTEM

Civil law system based on Austro-Civil law system based on Austro-

Hungarian codes; Hungarian codes;

Legal code modified to comply with the Legal code modified to comply with the

obligations of Organization on Security obligations of Organization on Security

and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and to and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and to

expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory

ECONOMYECONOMY

Labor force - by occupation: Labor force - by occupation:

– industry 29.3%, industry 29.3%,

– agriculture 8.9%, (before 1989 20 %)agriculture 8.9%, (before 1989 20 %)

– construction 8%, construction 8%,

– transport and communication 8.2%, transport and communication 8.2%,

– services 45.6% services 45.6%

Industrial production growth Industrial production growth rate:4.4% rate:4.4%

Electricity - production by source:Electricity - production by source:– fossil fuel:fossil fuel: 30.3% 30.3%– hydro:hydro: 16% 16%– nuclear:nuclear: 53.6% 53.6%

Electricity - consumption:Electricity - consumption:– 24.41 billion kWh 24.41 billion kWh – exports:5.141 billion kWh exports:5.141 billion kWh – imports:1.381 billion kWh (2001)imports:1.381 billion kWh (2001)

NATURAL GASNATURAL GAS

production:292 million cu m Natural gas – production:292 million cu m Natural gas –

consumption:7.932 billion cu m consumption:7.932 billion cu m

exports:0 cu m exports:0 cu m

imports:7.205 billion cu m imports:7.205 billion cu m

proved reserves:7.504 billion cu m proved reserves:7.504 billion cu m

AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit; pigs, grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit; pigs,

cattle, poultry; forest products cattle, poultry; forest products

Exports:$12.9 billion f.o.b. commodities: Exports:$12.9 billion f.o.b. commodities:

machinery and transport equipment 39.4%, machinery and transport equipment 39.4%,

intermediate manufactured goods 27.5%, intermediate manufactured goods 27.5%,

miscellaneous manufactured goods 13%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 13%,

chemicals 8% chemicals 8%

Exports - partners: Germany 30.1%, Czech Exports - partners: Germany 30.1%, Czech

Republic 16.4%, Austria 10.7%, Italy 7.2%, Republic 16.4%, Austria 10.7%, Italy 7.2%,

Poland 5.7%, Hungary 4.6% (2002)Poland 5.7%, Hungary 4.6% (2002)

IMPORT AGRICULTUREIMPORT AGRICULTURE

15.4 billion f.o.b. (1999) 15.4 billion f.o.b. (1999) – machinery and transport equipment 37.7%, machinery and transport equipment 37.7%, – intermediate manufactured goods 18%, intermediate manufactured goods 18%, – fuels 13%, chemicals 11%, fuels 13%, chemicals 11%, – miscellaneous manufactured goods 9.5%miscellaneous manufactured goods 9.5%

Partners: Partners: – Germany 24.8%, Czech Republic 16%, Germany 24.8%, Czech Republic 16%, – Russia 13.5%, Austria 7%, Italy 6.4%, Russia 13.5%, Austria 7%, Italy 6.4%, – France 4% (2002) France 4% (2002)

Debt - external:$9.6 billionDebt - external:$9.6 billion

GDP (purchasing power parity): $85.56 billion (2005 GDP (purchasing power parity): $85.56 billion (2005

est.). est.). – Metal and metal products; Metal and metal products;

– food and beverages; food and beverages;

– electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel; electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel;

– chemicals and manmade fibers; chemicals and manmade fibers;

– machinery; machinery;

– paper and printing; paper and printing;

– earthenware and ceramics; earthenware and ceramics;

– transport vehicles; textiles; transport vehicles; textiles;

– electrical and optical apparatus; electrical and optical apparatus;

– rubber products. rubber products.

H I S T O R Y H I S T O R Y o f t h eo f t h e

S L O V A KS L O V A KT E R R I T O R YT E R R I T O R Y

HISTORY OF THE SLOVAKIA´S HISTORY OF THE SLOVAKIA´S TERITORYTERITORY

The oldest surviving The oldest surviving archeological artefacts from archeological artefacts from Slovakia date back to Slovakia date back to 270,000 BCE 270,000 BCE

The oldest female statueThe oldest female statue

made of mammoth bone, made of mammoth bone,

discovered in the commune discovered in the commune

of Moravany nad Váhom,of Moravany nad Váhom,

near Pieštany near Pieštany

The Roman epoch - 6 ce.,bc. a war against the The Roman epoch - 6 ce.,bc. a war against the

Markoman and Quadi tribes. Markoman and Quadi tribes.

The Romans and their armies occupied only very The Romans and their armies occupied only very

small part of South-West Slovakia. small part of South-West Slovakia.

In 174 CE In 174 CE Marcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius entered the river entered the river

valleys of Váh, Nitra and Hron. valleys of Váh, Nitra and Hron.

On the banks of the Hron he wrotes his On the banks of the Hron he wrotes his

philosophical work philosophical work "Meditations.""Meditations."

In 179 CE, the Roman Legion engraved on the rock In 179 CE, the Roman Legion engraved on the rock of the Trenčín Castle: of the Trenčín Castle: LAUGARITIOLAUGARITIO, the Roman , the Roman

furthest northern point in Europe furthest northern point in Europe Victory over Markomans and Quadis.Victory over Markomans and Quadis.

VICTORIAE

AVGVSTORV(m)

EXERCITUS QVI LAV

GARICIONE SEDIT MIL(ites)

L(egionis) II DCCCLV

(Marcus Valerrius) MAXIMIANUS

LEG(atus) LEG (ionis) II AD)iutricis)

CVR(avit) F(aciendum)

SLAV-SOUVENI-SLOVENI-SLAV-SOUVENI-SLOVENI-SLOVAKIANSSLOVAKIANS

79 CE Slav presence in the writings of Pliny the Elder 79 CE Slav presence in the writings of Pliny the Elder and of Tacitus Cornelius (55-116 CE). and of Tacitus Cornelius (55-116 CE).

The first designation of the Slavs in the Latin form The first designation of the Slavs in the Latin form ""SouveniSouveni" in the writings of Claude Ptolemy in 160 CE." in the writings of Claude Ptolemy in 160 CE.

SouveniSouveni - This name was used under the form - This name was used under the form ""Sloveni"Sloveni" by the Slavs of the Middle Danube before the by the Slavs of the Middle Danube before the 8th century, 8th century,

The name is still used by the Slovakians and the The name is still used by the Slovakians and the Slovenians, who come from the ethnic group Sloveni. Slovenians, who come from the ethnic group Sloveni.

Coexistence between the Coexistence between the Slavs and Slavs and the Celtic tribes, in the Celtic tribes, in the region of Liptov in the region of Liptov in the area of the area of Liptovská Mara.Liptovská Mara.

Six Celto-Slav colonies Six Celto-Slav colonies were were discovereddiscovered

The castle was surrounded by The castle was surrounded by stone fortifications. Slav tribes also stone fortifications. Slav tribes also coexisted with the Germanic coexisted with the Germanic Quadis, Quadis,

Arch. Site HAVRÁNOK Arch. Site HAVRÁNOK (archeologist Dr. Karol Pieta.) (archeologist Dr. Karol Pieta.)

5th Century – Slavic tribes 5th Century – Slavic tribes

settle in present day´s settle in present day´s

Slovakia Slovakia

United under the United under the

Samo´s Samo´s

empire in the7th centuryempire in the7th century

11th – 13th centuries Nitra free-royal

town was one of the most important

cities of the monarchy

Until the 14th century Nitra remained the resedential

town of the principality newly formed Hungarian

monarchy

Nitra, the “mother” of Slovak cities, is

situated in the Podunajská rovina

(Danube Lowlands), right under

the Zobor hill

The birth to the Samo Empire, mentioned in The birth to the Samo Empire, mentioned in writing as early as 623. (Sloveni)writing as early as 623. (Sloveni)

The first political The first political formation by the formation by the Slavs, who beat, Slavs, who beat, in 631, the Frank in 631, the Frank Army of King Army of King Dagobert near Dagobert near Vogatisburg. Vogatisburg.

The Empire The Empire disappeared in 665 disappeared in 665 with the death of Prince with the death of Prince Samo.Samo.

The supremacy of the Avars came to an The supremacy of the Avars came to an end in 803, the year where Charlemagne, end in 803, the year where Charlemagne,

With a help from the Slavs in regions to With a help from the Slavs in regions to the North of the Danube and that of the the North of the Danube and that of the principality of Nitra, beat, once and for all, principality of Nitra, beat, once and for all, the Avars, who were eventually the Avars, who were eventually assimilated into the local Slav populations. assimilated into the local Slav populations.

T time of Great-moravian EmpireT time of Great-moravian Empire

Greatmoravian empire

The first recorded mention of Slav princes near The first recorded mention of Slav princes near

Pannonia goes back to 803 ce. Pannonia goes back to 803 ce.

In 805, the presence of In 805, the presence of Prince VratislavPrince Vratislav, Lord of the , Lord of the

Bratislava CastleBratislava Castle, ,

In 833, prince Mojmír, from the principality of Moravia, In 833, prince Mojmír, from the principality of Moravia,

and his army, attacked the principality of Nitra, and his army, attacked the principality of Nitra,

conquering it and creating in a vast territory, a united conquering it and creating in a vast territory, a united

Slav State. Slav State.

The Empire unified the Slavs of Nitra and Moravia. The Empire unified the Slavs of Nitra and Moravia.

Slavic kingdom of Greater Moravia.Slavic kingdom of Greater Moravia.

Prince PribinaPrince Pribina - - the Lord of the Slavs, occupying the Lord of the Slavs, occupying

the Transdanubian Pannonia. He founded the the Transdanubian Pannonia. He founded the

principality of Balaton, obtained remarkable results principality of Balaton, obtained remarkable results

in his efforts of Christianization in this region.in his efforts of Christianization in this region.

PRIBINA

MOJMÍR

RASTISLAV

Ratislav Ratislav I. I. wisely understood the importance of Christianization of the Slavs wisely understood the importance of Christianization of the Slavs

and asked the Pope in Rome, in 861, to send a Bishop to his kingdom.and asked the Pope in Rome, in 861, to send a Bishop to his kingdom.

CONSTATINE CONSTATINE &&

METHODIUSMETHODIUS

In 862, Rastislav asked the In 862, Rastislav asked the Byzantine Emperor Michael III to Byzantine Emperor Michael III to send him a Bishop and religion send him a Bishop and religion teachers. teachers.

The famous letter from Ratislav I The famous letter from Ratislav I to Emperor to Emperor Michael III began with these Michael III began with these words: " words: " 

......We, the Slavs, a simple We, the Slavs, a simple people, have no-one to people, have no-one to teach us the truth... teach us the truth...„„

The Emperor agreed to his The Emperor agreed to his request and sent to Ratislav two request and sent to Ratislav two apostles, Cyril and Methodius, apostles, Cyril and Methodius, natives of the city of Salonika natives of the city of Salonika (today Thessalonika). (today Thessalonika).

The work of Cyril and Methodius The work of Cyril and Methodius

first Slav alphabet first Slav alphabet

first translations into the Slav first translations into the Slav language in 862 language in 862

first large Slav school (863) first large Slav school (863)

first translations and first first translations and first literary, philosophical and legal literary, philosophical and legal works in the language of the works in the language of the Subdanubian Slavs Slavon Subdanubian Slavs Slavon (863-886)(863-886)

establishment of the Slavon establishment of the Slavon language as the 4th liturgical language as the 4th liturgical language (867).language (867).

First liturgical Slav language First liturgical Slav language after Hebrew, Latin and after Hebrew, Latin and Greek Greek

First Slav Bishop - Cyril First Slav Bishop - Cyril (Constantine) (868) (Constantine) (868)

First legate of the Holy See First legate of the Holy See for the Slav countries - for the Slav countries - Methodius (869) Methodius (869)

First archdiocese in the Slav First archdiocese in the Slav countries - Bishop Methodius countries - Bishop Methodius (869)(869)

C C & M at GREAT MORAVIA& M at GREAT MORAVIA

Important events during the period Important events during the period of the Kingdom of Svätoplukof the Kingdom of Svätopluk

874 Occupation of the 874 Occupation of the Vistule Basin by Vistule Basin by SvätoplukSvätopluk

882 Occupation of the 882 Occupation of the territory of territory of Bohemia/present day Bohemia/present day Czech Republic excluding Czech Republic excluding MoraviaMoravia

880 880 PontiffPontiff J Johanesohanes VIII. VIII. In In "Industriae tuae" "Industriae tuae" crownedcrowned SvätoplukSvätopluk to a king of Slovakia to a king of Slovakia and and gives protection of saint gives protection of saint stoolstool

Important events during the period Important events during the period of the Kingdom of Svätopluk of the Kingdom of Svätopluk

883 Invasion and Occupation of Pannonia883 Invasion and Occupation of Pannonia

889 Occupation of the territory of Lusatian Serbs889 Occupation of the territory of Lusatian Serbs

890 Treaty with Arnoul, confirmation of the sovereignty of Svätopluk I in 890 Treaty with Arnoul, confirmation of the sovereignty of Svätopluk I in BohemiaBohemia

892 Driving back of the common attack by the Frank, Alaman and 892 Driving back of the common attack by the Frank, Alaman and Bavarian armies and the Magyar tribesBavarian armies and the Magyar tribes

893 Driving back of the attack by the armies of Arnoul, and upon his 893 Driving back of the attack by the armies of Arnoul, and upon his request, the signing of a peace treaty with Svätoplukrequest, the signing of a peace treaty with Svätopluk

894 Death of King Svätopluk I, peace for the Slavs with the Bavarians, 894 Death of King Svätopluk I, peace for the Slavs with the Bavarians, first invasion by the Magyars into the Transdanubian region. first invasion by the Magyars into the Transdanubian region.

The The kingdom kingdom

of of SvatoplukSvatopluk

IIn n the the 902 and at the beginning of 906, Mojmír the II twice pushed back attacks from the 902 and at the beginning of 906, Mojmír the II twice pushed back attacks from the

Magyar armies, Magyar armies,

During their next raid Mojmír II and Svätopluk II were killed and the Magyars pillaged During their next raid Mojmír II and Svätopluk II were killed and the Magyars pillaged

the Southern regions of Slovakia the Southern regions of Slovakia

Magyar tribes invade present day Slovakia and form Greater Hungary under King Magyar tribes invade present day Slovakia and form Greater Hungary under King

Stephen. In the year 995 - 997 was knight of Nitra kingdom, Stephen. In the year 995 - 997 was knight of Nitra kingdom,

Stefan cooperates with the Poznan and Hunt, who help him create army. By the Stefan cooperates with the Poznan and Hunt, who help him create army. By the

history Poznan and Hunt gave to Stephan sword and made him a knight.history Poznan and Hunt gave to Stephan sword and made him a knight.

In the territory of Bina – Hron was constructed big military camp (107 ha), as a military In the territory of Bina – Hron was constructed big military camp (107 ha), as a military

base.base.

A thousand years of foreign domination begins.A thousand years of foreign domination begins.

GREAT HUNGARYGREAT HUNGARYUHORSKOUHORSKO

Slovakia was rich in raw materials and Slovakia was rich in raw materials and

fairly economically developed.fairly economically developed.

Until the Turkish expansion, was the Until the Turkish expansion, was the

richest and most developed area of richest and most developed area of

Hungary.Hungary.

Slovakia was the biggest producer of Slovakia was the biggest producer of

silver silver

and the second largest and the second largest

producer producer of gold in Europeof gold in Europe in in

a teritory of Kremnica, Banska a teritory of Kremnica, Banska

Stiavnica Stiavnica

and Banska Bystricaand Banska Bystrica

RRoyal privileges were given to Slovakian oyal privileges were given to Slovakian citiescities::

– Trnava in 1238, Trnava in 1238,

– Zvolen, Krupina, Stary Tekov 1240, Zvolen, Krupina, Stary Tekov 1240,

– Nitra, Košice 1248, Nitra, Košice 1248,

– Banská Štiavnica 1255, Banská Štiavnica 1255,

– Banská Bystrica in 1255, Banská Bystrica in 1255,

– Gelnica 1270, Gelnica 1270,

– Bratislava in 1291, etc. Bratislava in 1291, etc.

Privilegum pro SlavisPrivilegum pro Slavis

The participation of the Slovaks in public The participation of the Slovaks in public

affairs was attested to notably in affairs was attested to notably in the the

Privilegum pro SlavisPrivilegum pro Slavis by Zilina, dated by Zilina, dated

1381, where King Louis I gave the Slovaks 1381, where King Louis I gave the Slovaks

half of the seats on the Municipal half of the seats on the Municipal

Councils.Councils.

1526 –Bratislava1526 –Bratislava ( (PozonyPozony, Presburg), Presburg) becomes the Hungarian capital as Buda becomes the Hungarian capital as Buda falls to the Turks.falls to the Turks.

1867 – The dual monarchy of Austria-1867 – The dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary is formally established after the Hungary is formally established after the Hapsburg emperor Franz Josef Hapsburg emperor Franz Josef compromises with the constantly rebelling compromises with the constantly rebelling Hungarian nobles.  Hungarian nobles. 

Slovakia is incorporated into the Hungarian Slovakia is incorporated into the Hungarian part of this kingdom.part of this kingdom.

1647 map by Blaeu represents Mansfeldia

AUSTRO-HUNGARIAAUSTRO-HUNGARIA

Europe 1914Europe 1914

Slovakia´s Milestones 1918Slovakia´s Milestones 1918

January 8. - president January 8. - president T. W. T. W.

WilsonWilson declared 14 points of the declared 14 points of the

peace requirements. Right for peace requirements. Right for

authonomy of nations in the authonomy of nations in the

Habsburg monarchieHabsburg monarchie

May May 3131 – signing the – signing the PittsburgPittsburg

agreementagreement on the common state on the common state

of Slovaks and Czechs.of Slovaks and Czechs.

Slovakia´s Milestones 1918Slovakia´s Milestones 1918October October 18. október18. október - - Washington Washington declarationdeclaration, constitution of indeppendent , constitution of indeppendent Czecho-SlavakiaCzecho-Slavakia

October October 28. 28. - - Československá republikaČeskoslovenská republika, , common state of Czechs and Slovaks.common state of Czechs and Slovaks.

October October 30. október30. október - - Martinská Martinská declarationdeclaration, Slovak representatives claim to idea of , Slovak representatives claim to idea of common state.common state.

1918 – Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1918 – Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, after defeat in WWI, after defeat in WWI,

Numerous of new states including Czechoslovakia.  Numerous of new states including Czechoslovakia. 

Although nominally a parliamentary democracy, Although nominally a parliamentary democracy, Slovaks have a weak voice in the republic’s affairs.Slovaks have a weak voice in the republic’s affairs.

Tomáš Garique Masaryk, Tomáš Garique Masaryk, Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Milan Rastislav Štefánik,

Eduard BenešEduard Beneš

19201920 - - TRIANON TREATY TRIANON TREATY AAgreement following World War I greement following World War I

The treaty, signed on June 4, 1920, at the Grand The treaty, signed on June 4, 1920, at the Grand Trianon Palace at Versailles, France,Trianon Palace at Versailles, France,

In the Hangery were only 45 % of HungarsIn the Hangery were only 45 % of Hungars

The treaty cThe treaty changed hanged the size and population of the size and population of Hungary by about two thirds, Hungary by about two thirds,

All areas wAll areas whhereere lived vast majority not lived vast majority not MagyarMagyar populationpopulation was given to new states. was given to new states.

THE I. CZECHOSLOVAKIATHE I. CZECHOSLOVAKIA

CZECHO-SLOVAKIA 1928CZECHO-SLOVAKIA 1928

NATIONS OF CZECHO-NATIONS OF CZECHO-SLOVAKIA1930:SLOVAKIA1930:

„„CZECHOSLOVAK" CZECHOSLOVAK" ((SLOVAKSLOVAKS & CZECHSS & CZECHS)) 65.5% 65.5%

GERMAN GERMAN 23.4% 23.4%

HUNGARYHUNGARY 5.6% 5.6%

"R"RUSSIAUSSIAi" (i" (UUKRAJINA & RUSINIKRAJINA & RUSINI) 3.4% ) 3.4%

JUDE JUDE 1.3%1.3%

POLSKAPOLSKA `̀ 0.6%0.6%

MNICHOV DICTATEMNICHOV DICTATE

1939 –1939 –short short authonomy in the Č authonomy in the ČSRSR

March14. the First Slovak Republic March14. the First Slovak Republic

1944 – Slovak national1944 – Slovak national uprising uprising

begining begining

of the of the

second second

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

1939 1939 WIEN ARBITRATIONWIEN ARBITRATION

1939 1939 WIEN ARBITRATIONWIEN ARBITRATION & SLOVAKIA & SLOVAKIA

1945 – Czechoslovakia is re-established, 1945 – Czechoslovakia is re-established, without the province of Ruthenia, and an without the province of Ruthenia, and an unstable democratic government unstable democratic government dominated by Czech Communists teeters dominated by Czech Communists teeters onward.onward.

1948 – The Soviet Union tightens control 1948 – The Soviet Union tightens control over Czechoslovakia under the guise of over Czechoslovakia under the guise of restoring political stability, and thereby restoring political stability, and thereby reduces Eastern Europe’s last fledgling reduces Eastern Europe’s last fledgling democracy to a satellite state.democracy to a satellite state.

1968 – Alexander Dubcek, a Slovak and leader of 1968 – Alexander Dubcek, a Slovak and leader of Czechoslovakia, introduces a new governing philosophy Czechoslovakia, introduces a new governing philosophy dubbed “socialism with a human face”.  dubbed “socialism with a human face”. 

Threatened by his reforms the Soviets invade, depose Threatened by his reforms the Soviets invade, depose Dubcek, and install another Slovak, Gustav Husak, as the Dubcek, and install another Slovak, Gustav Husak, as the head of Czechoslovakia.head of Czechoslovakia.

1989 – Following similar movements across Eastern Europe, 1989 – Following similar movements across Eastern Europe, mass protests and demonstrations bring down the Communist mass protests and demonstrations bring down the Communist regime and the resignation of Husak.  regime and the resignation of Husak. 

The Velvet Revolution brings democracy and formerly jailed The Velvet Revolution brings democracy and formerly jailed dissident Vaclav Havel assumes the Czechoslovak presidency dissident Vaclav Havel assumes the Czechoslovak presidency and Dubcek chairman of the parliament..and Dubcek chairman of the parliament..

1992 – After coming in second in the summer elections, 1992 – After coming in second in the summer elections,

Vladimir Meciar becomes Prime Minister of the Slovak part Vladimir Meciar becomes Prime Minister of the Slovak part

of the newly reworked Czech and Slovak Federal of the newly reworked Czech and Slovak Federal

Republics.  Republics. 

1993 January  - The first day of the year marks the birth of 1993 January  - The first day of the year marks the birth of

the Second Slovak Republic and Europe’s youngest state.the Second Slovak Republic and Europe’s youngest state.

The peaceful split of the former Czechoslovakia into the The peaceful split of the former Czechoslovakia into the

Czech and Slovak Republics is dubbed the Velvet Divorce Czech and Slovak Republics is dubbed the Velvet Divorce

while Meciar proclaims himself “Father of Slovakia.”while Meciar proclaims himself “Father of Slovakia.”

2000- Slovakia is invited to join the OECD 2000- Slovakia is invited to join the OECD

and is formally invited by the European and is formally invited by the European

Union to begin the lengthy accession Union to begin the lengthy accession

process. process.

2004 – Slovakia becomes a mamber state 2004 – Slovakia becomes a mamber state

of the EUof the EU

EUEU