equity,trust,fiduciaryrelationship&specificreliefact ll.b ... equity trust english f.pdf · 1...

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LL.B.(3Yrs.)VIthSemester

Equity,Trust,FiduciaryRelationship&SpecificReliefAct

Unit–I

Syllabus

[TheOriginandDevelopmentofEquity,Equityanditsrelationwithlaw,TheMaxim ofEquity,The

conceptofTrust,MaximsofEquity,DoctrineofEquity,Election,Mortgageonceamortgagealwaysa

mortgage.Clogonredemption,Foreclosure.

UnitWisePreviousYearQuestionPaperofLucknowUniversity(LL.B.3year2012)

LongQuestion–

Q.1 Discusstheoriginanddevelopmentofequity.lkE;kdsmn~Hko,oafodkldhfoospukdhft;sA

Q.2 Explainthefollowingmaximsdoequity:

(i)Hewhoseeksequitymustdoequity

(ii)Delaydefeatsequity.lkE;kdsfuEufyf[krvk/kkj&lw=ksadhO;k[;kdhft;s%

(i)lkE;kpkgusokysdkslkE;dkikyudjukpkfg,A

(ii)foyEclkE;dksfoQydjnsrkgSA

ShortQuestion

Q.1ConceptofEquity (i)lkE;kdhladYiuk

Q.2DivisionsofEquityJurisdiction (ii)lkE;kdsvf/kdkj&{ks=dkoxhZdj.k

Q.3‘Equityfollowsthelaw’ (iii)lkE;kfof/kdkvuqlj.kdjrhgS*

(LL.B.Hon.2014)

LongQuestion–

Q.1 ExplaintheoriginandgrowthofequityinIndia.HkkjresalkE;kdhmRifÙkvkSjfodkldksle>kb,A

Q.2 Explainthemaxim,“Equityfollowsthelaw.”^̂lkE;fof/kdk̂̂vuqlj.kdjrhgS**&blvk/kkjlw=dksle>kb,A

ShortQuestion–

Q.1 Definitionofequity (i)lkE;kdhifjHkk’kk

Q.2 DevelopmentofequityinEngland (ii)baXyS.MesalkE;kdkfodkl

Q.3 ‘Equalityisequity’ (iii)̂lerkghlkE;gS*

Q.4 ‘Delaydefeatsequity’ (iv)̂foyEclkE;kdksfoQydjnsrkgS*

Q.5 Kings’Bench (v)fdaXlU;k;ky;

Q.6 CommonLaw (vi)dkWeuyk

LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)-2015

LongQuestion–

Q.1 DoyouagreewiththestatementthatEquitydoesnotembracewholeofnaturaljustice?D;kvkibldFkulslgergSafdlkE;klEiw.kZuSlfxZdU;k;dksLohdkjughadjrk\

Q.2 DiscusstheoriginanddevelopmentofEquity.

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lkE;kdsmn~Hko,oafodkldhfoospukdhft,A

ShortQuestion–

Q.1 DefinitionofequitylkE;kdhifjHkk’kk

Q.2 ‘Delaydefeatsequity’f̂oyEclkE;kdksfoQydjnsrkgS

Q.3 ‘Equalitywillnotsufferawrongtobewithoutaremedy.l̂kE;fdlhnks’kw.kZdk;Zdksmipkj&foghuughajgusnsxkA

Q.4 Equityissynonym tonaturaljustice.lkE;kizkd̀frdU;k;dkIk;kZ;okphgSA


LongQuestion–

Q.1 Itissaidthat,theemergenceofequitywasduetotheincompletenessofthecommonLaw,

Comment.;gdFkugS]fdlkekU;fof/kdhviw.kZrkdsdkj.klkE;kdkizknqHkkZogqvkAleh{kkdhft,A

Q.2 Defineequityanddiscussitsnatureandscope?lkE;kdksifjHkkf’krdhft,rFkkmldhizd̀fr,oafoLrkjdhfoospukdhft,A

ShortQuestion–

Q.1 DifferentiatebetweenEquityandCommonLaw.lkE;krFkklkekU;fof/kesavUrjdhft,A

Q.2 EquityfollowstheLaw.lkE;kfof/kdkvuqlj.kdjrhgSA


LongQuestion–

Q.1 ExplaintheoriginandgrowthofequityinIndia.HkkjresalkE;kdhmRifÙkvkSjfodkldksle>kb,A

Q.2 Explianthefollowingmaximsofequity:lkE;kdsfuEufyf[krvk/kkj&lw=ksadhO;k[;kdhft,%

(a)HewhoseeksequitymustdoequitylkE;kpkgusokysdkslkE;kdkikyudjukpkfg,A

(b)DelaydefeatsequityfoyEclkE;kdksfoQydjnsrkgSA

ShortQuestion–

Q.1 DefinitionofequitylkE;kdhifjHkk’kk

Q.2 DevelopmentofEquityinEnglandbaXyS.MesalkE;kdkfodkl

Q.3 ‘Kings’BenchfdaXlU;k;ky;


LongQuestion–

Q.1 "TheprincipalreasonoforiginofequityisdeficiencyorhardshipofEnglishCommonLaw."

Discuss.ÞlkE;kdsmn~Hkodkizeq[kdkj.kbaXyS.MdhlkekU;fof/kesadeh;kmldhdBksjrkgSAÞfoospukdhft,A

Q.2 "Equitywillnotsufferawrongtobewithoutaremedy."Discuss.ÞlkE;fdlhvid̀frdksmipkj&foghuughajgusnsxkAÞfoospukdhft,A

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ShortQuestion–

Q.1 EquityundertheRomanLawjkseufof/kdsvUrxZrlkE;

Q.2 CommonLawdkWeuykW

Q.3 Onceamortgagealwaysamortgage,dckjcU/kdlnSocU/kdjgrkgSA

Q.4 EquityfollowstheLawlkE;kfof/kdkvuqlj.kdjrhgSA

Assignment/ModelPaper

LongQuestion–

Q.1 ExplaintheoriginandgrowthofequityinIndia.HkkjresalkE;kdhmRifRrvkSjfodkldksle>k,A

Q.2 Explainthefollowingmaximsofequity

(i)Itwhoseesequitymustdoequity.

(ii)Hewhocomestoequity,mustcomewithcleanhands.lkE;kdsfuEufyf[krvk/kkjlw=ksadhO;k[;kdhft,A

(i)lkE;kpkgusokysdkslkE;dkikyudjukpkfg,A

(ii)lkE;dh“kj.kesavkusokysdksLoPNgkFkksalsvkukvko”;dgSA

Q.3 Explainthefollowingmaximsofequity

(i)Delaydefeatsequity

(ii)EquityfollowsthelawlkE;kdsfuEufyf[krvk/kkjlw=ksadhO;k[;kdhft,A

(i)foyEclkE;kdksfoQydjnsrkgSA

(ii)lkE;kfof/kdkvuqlj.kdjrhgSA

LongAnswersQ.1 ExplaintheoriginandgrowthofequityinIndia?Ans.

InIndiatherehasbeennoworkonequityasanindependentbranchofIndianlaw.Itistherefore,notpossibletosaymuchonthistopic.Itishoweverobviousthatequityhashaditsdueplaceandimportanceinthedevelopmentoflaw undertheIndianlegalsystem.ThisisclearlynoticeablenotonlyintheAnglo-IndiaLawbutequallyintheMohammadanandHinduLaws.

InsofarasHindulawisconcernedithasbeenlaiddownthatiscaseofaconflictbetweentherulesofSmritieseithermaybefollowed,asreasoningontheprincipleofequityshalldecidethesolutions.Hidnulawhasneverbeenstaticandhasconsequentlyintroducedequitableprinciplesto

Theanswershallincludefollowingpoints:

OriginandgrowthofequityinIndia.

AccordingtoHinduLaw

AccordingtoBrihaspati

AccordingtoKautilaya

AccordingtoMohammdanLaw

BritishRuleandadministrationofjustice

- NatureofEquity

- ApplicationinIndianLaw

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meettheexigenciesofthetime.

ThelatterSmriti,Karas,namelyNradaandBrihaspatihavecategoricallyacknowledgedtheimportanceofequitableprinciples.Brihaspatihassaidthat“DecisionshouldnotbebasedmerelyonScriptures.Therewouldbefailureofjusticeiftheprinciplesbasedonreasonsarenotfollowed.TheYuktiVicharwasnecessarilytheprinciplesofequitywhichwasbasedonjusticeandright.Theseprinciplesofreasonmaybecalledprinciplesofequity.

Jayswalhasalsocollectedtheauthoritiestothesameeffect.Hesays-

“WemayrecallKautilaya‘sprovisionthatiftheDharmatextisfoundopposedtojudicialreasontheDharmatextfailsandtheretheauthorityofreasonprevailsYajnavalkyasayswherethereisaconflictbetweentwoSmritiestexts,Reasonistherestronger.Yajnavalkyadoesnotpermitapossibilityofconflictbetweenreasonandtext.HelimitsthesuperiorityofReasonorEquitytoaconflictbetweentheshastrasthemselves.WithregardtotheMohammdanlaw theirLordshipsofthePrvyCouncilhaveobserved:“ThechapterontheDuties(Adap)oftheKaziintheprincipleworksonmussalmanlawclearlyshowsthattherulesofequityandequitableconsiderationscommonlyrecognizedinthecourtsofchanceryinEnglandarenotforeigntotheMussulmansystem butareinfactafterreferredtoandinvokedintheadjudicationofcases.ItmaybenotedthatalltherulesofEnglishequityarenotapplicableinIndia.

TheMohammdanLaw alsopartlyowesitsorigintotheprinciplesofequitytheseprinciplesembodiedinMohammdanlaw areknownasistehsanorjuristicequityHanafisectofSunniswasfoundedbyAbuHanifawhoexpoundedtheprinciplethattheruleoflawbasedonanalogycouldbesetasideattheoptionofthejudgeonaliberalconstructionorjuristicpreference tomeettheexigenciesofaparticularcase.

UndertheBritishruleandadministrationofjusticetheLaw CommissionersforpreparingabodyofsubstantivelawforIndiarecommended.Thatthejudgesshoulddecidethosecasesforwhichthereisnoprovisioninlawinthemannertheydeem mostconsistentwiththeprinciplesofjustice,equityandgoodconscience.

TheSupremeCourtofjudicaturewhich wasestablish bytheRegulating Act1773 alsoconstitutedaCourtofequityandtheruleofjusticeandgoodconsciencewasbysection17expresslylaiddownfortheguidanceofjudgesforthedecisionofcasesnotcoveredbyanyruleoflaw.AftertheabolitionoftheSupremeCourtofjudicatureatCalcutta,BombayandMadrasandwiththeestablishmentintheirplacesoftheHighCourtsinthreePresidenciestheequityjurisdictionwas,byclause19oftheletterpatentpreservedtothoseHighCourts.ThesamerulewaslaiddownfortheMufassilCourtsunderclause9ofRegulationVIIof1832.ThesameprovisionhadbeencarriedforwardinsubsequentActsandcontinuedtogoverntherulesfillcodificationtookplaceinthecountrysoinIndiawedonothaveandindeedneverhadaseparateCourtofequityaswasinEnglandbefore1873forexercisingequitablejurisdictiontheCourtswhichwerecourtsofequityaswellaslawasenjoyedtodecidethosecasesforwhichthereisnoprovisionundertheexistingbodyoflawaccordingtotheprinciplesofjustice,equityandgoodconscience.Eveninplaceswheretherewasnostatutoryprovisiontothateffect,judgescouldconform andactaccordingtotheprinciplesofjusticeequityandgoodconscienceintheabsenceofspecificlawonthepoint.

NatureofEquity:-

1.EquityisbasedonNaturejusticeandConscience.

2.EquityisthesubjectmatterofDiscretionoftheCourt.

3.Equityisthebodyofrulestofulfilltherequirementthecivillaw.

4.Equityfollowsthelaw

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5.Equitybelievesinequality.

ScopeofEquity-SincetheemergenceofEquityislikeameantofulfilltheobjectoflaw.Itsemergenceequityprotectstheshortcomingofcivillaworcommonlaw.Attheemergenceofequitytherewerethreemaindrawbacksincommonlaw.

1.AbsenceofRemedy.

2.InadequateRemedy.

3.Complicatedandwrongfulprocess.

TheroleofequityinIndialegalsystem isveryancient.OurreligiousworkslikeVedas.PuranSmiritiarebaseonprinciplesofequityandjustice.IfwelookatancientHindulaw.ThentheimportanceofequityhasbeenclearedinitselfwhereNarada,Brihaspati,Kautilyaandallothersacknowledtedtheimportanceofequity.IthasbeensaidthatincaseofaconflictbetweentherulesofSmiritionlyreasonableprincipleshouldberecognized.

InMuslim law,theequityalsoholdstheimportantplaceprophetMohammadhasestablishedtheequityintheform ofreasonsandconscience.ThefounderofSummitAbuHanifhaspropoundedthatruleoflawcanbeexplainedonundergroundsaccordingtotimeandcircumstances.

TheimportanceofEquitycanbeseenintheIndianlegalsystem infollowingAct.

1.IndianTrustAct1882-Itistotallybasedonequityjusticeandgoodconscience.

2.SpecificReliefAct1963-SpecificreformenceofcontractprovisionrelativelytoInjunction,cancellationofdeedsetc.

3.IndianContractAct1872-Sec.64,65arebasedonprincipleofequity.

4.TransferofpropertyAct1882-Section48,51,53-9arebasedonequity.

5.IndianSuccessionAct1925-Sect177,178,179arebasedonequity.

_________________________________________________________________________________________Q.2 Explainthefollowingmaximsofequity.

1.Hewhoseeksequitymustdoequity.

2.Hewhocomestoequity,mustcomewithcleanhands.

Ans.-

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HewhoseeksequitymustdoEquity-Thismaxim expressesthegoverningprinciplesthateveryactionofthecourtofEquityindeterminingrightsandawardingremediesmustbeinaccordancewithgoodfaithandconscience.Themeaningofthemaxim simplystatedisthatifalitigantclaimssomethingbwayofequityhemustbereadyandwillingtogranttootherpartywhichbelongstothatotherpartyinequityequitableremediescreatethediscretionoftheCourtandsothatcourtwouldbeforegrantingoneenquirewhethertheplaintiffhimselfwouldbepreparedtoactasamanofconsciencetowardsthedefendants.

Themaxim initsbroadestsensemayberegardedasthefoundationofallequitybutasapracticalprincipleguidingtheequitycourtsintheiradministrationofjustice.Themaxim isonlyusedinamuchnarrowerandmorespecialmeaning.Itisaprincipleofmoreextensiveapplicationnodoubtbutitisonlyappliedtocertainparticularcases.

Applicationofthemaxim

1.WifeEquitytoasettlement-Whenbeforethepassingofthevariousmarriedwomen’spropertyActinEnglandahusbandsoughttheaddedoftheCourtofChancerytoobtainpossessionofpropertytowhichhehasentitlesinrightofhiswife.Thecourtrefusedtoassisthim exceptonthetheconditionthathemadeafairsettlementofthepartofthepropertyorhiswifeandchildren.

2.Unconscionableofbargains.InsettingasidesuchbargainstheCourtwouldseethatthemoneyborrowedisrepaidwithfairinterest.Whereapersonasksforthereturnofthemortgagedsecurities,heisassigningforanequitablereliefandhemustfirstpaybackthemoneyadvanced.

Theanswershallcontainfollowingimportantpoints:

1.Hewhoseeksequitymustdoequity.

a.Applicationofthismaxim

i.Wifeequitytoasettlement

ii.Unconscionableofbargains

iii.Thedoctrineofmutualityinspecificperformance.

iv.Electionandmortgage.

v.Compensationfortherepairsandimprovements

vi.Mortgagesbydepositoftitledeeds

- ApplicationofthisMaxim inIndia:-

1.ContractAct,Sec.19-A,64and65

2.TransferofpropertyAct,Sec.35and51

3.IndianTrustAct,Sec62and86

- Limitation

o FirstLimitation

o SecondLimitation

2.Hewhocomesintoequitymustcomewithcleanhands.

ApplicationofthisMaxim inIndia

1.IndiantrustAct,1882

2.SpecificReliefAct,1963

3.Injunction

4.Relief

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3.Thedoctrineofmutualityinspecificperformance-Equitywillnotdecreespecificperformanceofcontractatthesuitofonepartyunlessitdecreesspecificperformanceatthesuitoftheotherpartyaswell.

4.ElectionandMortgage-Themaxim isalsoillustratedgenerallyinthedoctrinesofelectionandmortgages.ThusEquitywouldallowthemortgageortoredeem thepropertyevenafterexpiryofthecontractualperiodbutonlyonconditionwhicharefairtothemortgage.

5.Compensationfortherepairsandimprovements-Thismaxim alsounderliestherulewhichenjoyspaymentofcompensationforrepairsandimprovementsmadebyapersonwhoholdsthelegalestate,whenthepropertyissoughttoberecoveredbypersonentitledinequity.

6.Mortgagesydepositoftitledeeds-Themaxim alsounderliesequitabledoctrineofmortgagebydepositingoftitledeeds.Ifamanpledgeshistiledeedsasasecurityforaloanhemustpaytheamountbeforehewanttogetbackthedeeds,thoughamortgageoflandcouldnotbecreatedwithoutwritingbyreasonofthestatuetteofFrauds.

InIndia-Applicationofthemaxim-

1.ContractAct,Section19-A,64and65-Section19-A oftheIndianContractsaysthat‘whenconsenttoanagreementiscausedbyundueinfluence,theagreementisacontractvoidableattheopinionofthepartywhoseconsentwascaused.

AnysuchcontractmaybesetasideeitherabsolutelyorifthepartywhowasentitledtoavoidithasreceivedanybenefitthereunderuponsuchformsandconditionsastheCourtmaydeem just.

Undersection64and65oftheIndianContractActthepartyseekingtoavoidavoidorvoidablecontractismadetorestoreanybenefitthathehasreceivedfrom theotherparty.

2.TransferofpropertyAct(Section35and51)-Section35ofthetransferofpropertyActlaysdownthathewhotakesbenefitunderaninstrumentmustacceptorrejecttheinstrumentasawhole.

Section51ofthetransferofpropertyActprovidesthatatransferee,whomakesimprovementaanyimmovablepropertybelieving in good faith thathisabsolutelyentitled thereto and issubsequentlyevictedtherefrom byapersonhavingbettertitle,isentitledtocompensationfortheimprovementmadebyhim.

3.IndianTrustActSection62and86-Section62oftheTrustsActimposestheequitableconditiononthebeneficiarytorepaythetrusteethepurchase-moneywithinterestandotherlegitimateexpenseswhenheseeksadeclarationoftrustorretransferoftrustpropertywrongfullybroughtbythetrustee.

Section86similarlyimposestheequitableconditionofrepayingtheconsiderationpaidintransferofpropertypursuantarescindablecontract.

Limitations-Therearehowevertwoimportantlimitationbearingthescopeofthismaxim.Theyareasunder-

Firstlimitation-Inorderthatthemaxim mayapplyitisnecessarythattheequitysoughtbyorgrantedtothedefendantiswithrespecttothesubjectmatterofthesuitorgrowsoutofthecontroversypendingbeforethecourtthemaxim doesnotapplytothecasewhenthereliefsoughtbyplaintiffandtheequitablerightofreliefsecuredtoorsought-bythedefendantbelongtoorgrowoutoftwoentirelyseparateanddistinctmatters.

SecondLimitation-Themaxim appliesonlywhereapartyisappealingtothecourtsinordertoobtainsomeequitablerelief.ItisnotapplicablewhentheplaintiffseekstoenforcepurelylegalrightseventhoughaCourtofequity.

b.HewhocomesintoEquitymustcomewithcleanhands-Thismaxim issomethingexpressedin

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anotherfrom as“hethathascommittedinequityshallnothaveequity.Itmeansthatsofarasthesubjectmatterofthelitigationisconcernedtheclaim mustnotbetaintedwithillegalityorfraud.Theclaim mustnotbejustandfair.Themaxim guidedandregulatestheactionofequityCourtsandtheirinterpreposition.

Thismaxim ismuchmoreefficientbutrestrictiveinitsoperation.ItassumesthatthesuitoraskingtheaidoftheCourtofEquityhashimselfbeenguiltyofConductinviolationofthefundamentalconceptionsofequityandthereforerefusestohim allrecognitionandreliefwithreferencetothesubject-matterortransactioninquestionunseenthesuitforcanshow thathisconducthasbeenfairequitableandjustallalong.

ItsaysthatwheneverapartyseekstosetthejudicialmachineryinmutationandtoobtainsomeequitableprinciplethenthedoorsoftheCourtsofEquitywillbeshutagainsthim andthecourtwillrefusetointerfereonhisbehalftoacknowledgehisrightsortoawardhim anyrelief.Thismaxim isthusbasedonconscienceandgoalfaithwhiletheCourtofequitywouldactotheconscienceofdefendantandwouldforcehim todorightandjusticeitwouldneverthusinterfereonbehalfoftheplaintiffwhoseownconductinreferencetothesubjectmatteroftransactionhasbeen marked bya wantto good faith orhad violated anyofthe principles ofEquityorrighteousnesswhileaCourtofEquitytriestopromoteandenforcejusticegoodfaithuprightnessandfairnessonthepartofthedefendantitneverthelessstringentlydemandsthesamefrom theplaintiff.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Q.3Explainthemaxim—“Equityfollowsthelaw”and“DelaydefeatsEquity”.

Ans.

Themaxim meansthatequityisnotabodyofjurisprudenceactingcontrarytolaw,butratherasupplementtolaw.TheCourtofChanceryneverclaimedtooverridetheCourtsofCommonLaw.Maitland,correctlyobservesthat“Everyjotandeverytitleofthelawwastobeobeyed,butwhenallthishadbeendone,somethingmightyetbeneedful,somethingthatEquitywouldrequire.Storyinelucidationoftheabovemaxim explainedthat“WherearuleeitheroftheCommonLaw ortheStatuteLaw,isdirect,andgovernsthecasewithallitscircumstances,ortheparticularpoint,aCourtofEquityisasmuchboundbyitasaCourtofLaw,andcan,aslittlejustifyadeparturefrom it.”

Theanswershallcontainfollowingpoints:

a.Equityfollowsthelaw

a.ApplicationofMaxim

i.Alegalestate,rightorinterest

ii.Anequitableestate,rightorinterest

Limitation–

ApplicationinIndianLaw

b.Delaydefeatsequity

Delayfataltoclaim

Threeconditions–

1.Destructionorlossofevidence.

2.Anagreementtoabandonareleaseofplaintiff’sright

3.Plaintiffinducethedefendanttoalterhisposition.

ApplicationinIndianLaw

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Thismaxim isunderstoodinthefollowingtowrespects:-

(1)Equityadoptsandfollowstheruleoflawinallcaseswhereapplicable.

(2)EquityfollowstheanalogiesofCommonLaw.

Applicationofmaxim—two-fold—Themaxim hadtwoapplicationsaccordingtothesubject-matter.Ifthesubjectmatterwas-

(1)Alegalestate,rightorinterest,or

(2)Anequitableestate,rightorinterest.

Asregardsalegalestate,rightorinterest.EquityisstrictlyboundbytherulesoflawandtheCourtofChanceryneverblamedtooverridetheCourtofCommonLaw.Equityinthesecasesobeyedthelaw evenifthelegalrulesinquestionwerehardorunfairasisillustratedabovebytheruleofintestatesuccession.

Asregardsequitableestate,rightandinterest,EquityfollowstheLawinthecaseofactinginanalogywithlegalrulesinsofarasanalogyclearlyexists,forexample,ifBwasthebeneficiaryunderatrust,hisinterestinthetrustproperlywasmerelyequitableandnotrecognizedbytheCommonLaw,buthisinterestinEquitywasheldtodevolveaccordingtothelegalruleforthedevolutionofproperty.Similarly,incaseofequitableclaimswhichwereanalogoustolegalclaims.Equity,asarule,appliedthetimebarundertheStatutesoflimitation.Forexample,inanactionbroughtbyanebeficiearytoreceivetrustmoneywronglypaidbythetrusteetoanotherbeneficiaryunderaCommonLawactionformoneypaidandreceivedandananalogyofthestatutoryperiodoflimitationofsixyearswasapplied.ThisshowsthatEquityrequiredproceedingstobebroughtwithintheperiodprescribedforlegalproceedingsofasimilarkind.

Themaxim that“Equityfollowsthelaw”hasanothermeaningalso.Indealingwithitsownequitableestatesandrights.Equityhasadoptedmostofthelegalrules.Equityfollowsthelegalruleswheretheyareconsistentwithjustice,conscienceandethics.

Limitations-Themaxim appliesinboththecases“legalestate”and“equitableestate”generally,buttherearecertaincasesofexceptiontothegeneralapplicationofthemaxim.Inexceptioncases,whereanexactlegalrulewasneitherdirectlyapplicablenorcapable,ofbeingextendedonprinciplesofanalogy,Equityproceededtoadministerjusticeonprinciplesandrulesofitsown.Itmayalsobenotedthatthismaxim issubjecttothepreviousmaxim that“equitywillnotsufferawrongtobewithoutaremedy”andwheretherewasawrong,equityalwaysextendeditshelptoredressitandtoenforcetherightifitwascapableofbeingjudiciallyenforced.

InIndia-ThedistinctionbetweenlegalandequitableinterestsdoesnotexistinIndia.Inallactions,whetheritrelatestolegalrightsandinterests,ortowhatareknowninEnglandasequitablerightsandinterests,iftherebeanystatutoryprovisionrelatingtothesubject-matter,thatmustapplyandequitableconsiderationwillnotbeallowedtooverridetheprovisionoftheStatute.Thusinallactions,thecourtistoapplythelawoflimitationenactedinIndiaLimitationAct,1908,andthejudgecannot,onequitablegrounds,enlargethetimeallowedbythelaw,postponeitsoperationsorintroduceexceptionsnotrecognizedbyit.Similarly,incaseofthelaw ofregistration,thePrivyCouncilobservedthat“norcanEquityoverrideaStatuteandconferuponapersonarightwhichtheStatueenactsshallbeconferredonlybyaregisteredinstrument.”

DelaydefeatsEquity-Themaxim hasalsobeenexpressedinotherform i.e.Equityaidsthevigilantandnotthedormant”.Thismaxim meansthatwhilelegalclaim isnotbarredbyanylapseoftimeshorterthantheperiodprescribedbytheStatuteofLimitation,andequitableclaim ontheotherhandmay,insomecasesbebarredbytheunreasonabledelayoftheplaintiffinseekingtherelief.TheCourtofEquitydiscouragesthelaches,i.e.unreasonabledelayofsuitinassertingorconforminghisright,holdingthatitwouldbeujusttoallowaclaim tobeassertedafteranunduelapseoftime.The

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CourtofEquityirrespectiveofthestatuteofLimitationisnottogivereliefwhenthepartyseekingreliefhasdelayedforalongtimewithoutattemptingtoenforcehisrightLordCamdeninSmithv.Clay,hassaidthat“ACourtofEquityhasalwaysrefuseditsaidtostatedemands,whereapartyhassleptuponhisrightsandacquiescedforagreatlengthoftime.NothingcancallforththisCourtintoactivitybutconscience goodfaithandreasonablediligence;whenthesearewanting,theCourtispassiveanddoesnothing.”

Delayfataltoclaim—Threeconditions—Delaywillbefataltoclaim forequitablereliefonlyunderthefollowingthreeconditions:-

(1)Whenithasresultedinthedestructionorlossofevidencebywhichtheclaim mighthavebeenrebutted;or

(2)Whenitisevidencedofanagreementbytheplaintifftoabandonareleaseofhisright;or

(3)Iftheplaintiffhassoactedastoinducethedefendanttoalterhispositiononthereasonablefaiththathehasreleasedorabandonedhisclaim.Butpartfrom suchcircumstance,delaywillbeimmaterial.

InIndia—Applicationofthemaxim—TheIndianLimitationActhasmadeprovisionsforallconceivablecases;andcasesnotspeciallyprovidedforintheActaregovernedbytheResiduaryAct.Butthisdoesnotmeanthatlachesarenotdefenceatallincaseswherestatutoryperiodoflimitationisprescribed.

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UNIT-IISyllabus[TheConceptofTrust,Distinctionwithagencyandcontract,ClassificationofTrust,Constructivetrust,ReligiousandCharitableTrustCommonpropertyresourcesandpublictrustdoctrine,Power,RightandDutiesandDisabilitiesofTrustee,DischargeandappointmentofnewTrustee,ExtinctionofTrust,RightsandLiabilitiesofBeneficiary–

UnitWisePreviousYearQuestionPaperofLucknowUniversity

LL.B.3Yr.(SemesterVI)2012

LongQuestion

Q.1 Describethedutiesoftrustees.U;kl/kkfj;ksadsdÙkZO;ksadko.kZudhft;sA

Q.2 Discusstherightsofbeneficiaries.fgrxzkfg;ksadsvf/kdkjksadhfoospukdhft;sA

ShortQuestion–

Q.1 DefinitionofTrust U;kldhifjHkk"kk

Q.2 Charitabletrusts [kSjkrhvFkokiwrZU;kl

Q.3 DifferencebetweenTrustandAgency U;kldhrhufuf'prrk,¡

Q.4 ThreecertaintiesofTrust fof'k"VpylEifÙkdsvkf/kiR;dhiqu%izkfIr2014


LongQuestion–

Q.1 Describetherightsandpowersoftrustees.U;kl/kkfj;ksadsvf/kdkjksa,oa'kfDr;ksadko.kZudhft,A

Q.2 Whencannewtrusteebeappointedandbywhom?u;sU;kl/kkjhdcfu;qDrfd,tkldrsgSavkSjfdlds}kjk\O;k[;kdhft,A

ShortQuestion–


Q.2 CharitableTrusts [kSjkrhvFkokiwrZU;kl

Q.3 DifferencebetweenTrustandAgency U;klvkSjvfHkdj.kesavarj

Q.4 ThreecertaintiesofTurst U;kldhrhufuf'prrk,¡


LongQuestion–

Q.1 WhatisConstructiveTrust?Howdoesitdifferfrom impliedtrust?izyf{krU;klD;kgS\;gyf{krU;kllsfdlizdkjfHkUugS\

Q.2 Discusstheliabilitiesofbeneficiaries.fgrxzkfg;ksadsnkf;Roksadhfoospukdhft,A

ShortQuestion–


Q.2 DifferencebetweenTrustandAgency U;klvkSjvfHkdj.kesavarj

Q.3 LiabilityforbreachofTrust U;klHkaxdsfy,nkf;Ro

12


LongQuestion–

Q.1 Distinguishbetweencharitableandprivatetrusts.[kSjkrhrFkkfuthU;kldsHksnksadko.kZudhft,A

Q.2 Whataretheliabilitiesofthebeneficiaries.Discuss.fgrxzkghdsnkf;RoD;kgSa\o.kZudhft,A

ShortQuestion–

Q.1 Definitionoftrust.U;kldhifjHkk’kkA

Q.2 HewhocomestoEquitymustcomewithcleanhands.lkE;kdh“kj.kesavkusokysdksLpPNgkFkksalsvkukpkfg,A


LongQuestion–

Q.1 Whencannewtrusteebeappointedandbywhom?Explain.Uk;sU;kl/kkjhdcfu;qäfd,tkldrsgSavkSjfdlds}kjk\O;k[;kdhft,A

Q.2 DescribethePowersoftrusteesU;kl/kkfj;ksadh“kfä;ksadko.kZudhft,A

ShortQuestion–

Q.1 DischargeoftrusteeU;kl/kkjhdhineqfä

Q.2 IllegaltrustvoS/kU;kl

Q.3 ExpresstrustvfHkO;äU;kl


LongQuestion–

Q.1 DefineTrust.Discussitscreation.U;kldhifjHkk"kknhft,Abldsl̀tudhfoospukdhft,A

Q.2 DescribetheliabilitiesofaTrustee.U;kl/kkjhdsnkf;Roksadhfoospukdhft,A

ShortQuestion–

Q.1 PublicTrustlkoZtfudU;kl

Q.2 WhocanbeTrustee?U;kl/kkjhdkSugksldrkgS\

Q.3 CharitableTrust[kSjkrhU;kl


Unit-II

LongQuestion–

Q.1 Describethenightsandpowersoftrustees.U;k;/kkfj;ksdsvf/kdkjks,oa'kfDr;ksadko.kZudhft,A

Q.2 Discusstherightsofbeneficiaries.fgrxzkfg;ksdsvf/kdkjksdhfoospukdhft;sA

Q.3 DescribethedutiesoftrusteesU;kl/kkfj;ksadsdÙkZO;ksadko.kZudhft;sA

13

LongAnswers

Q.1- Describetherightsandpowersoftrustees.

Ans.-

Section31to35dealwiththerightsoftrusteesasgivenintheIndianTrustsAct.Theyareasunder:

1.Righttotitledeeds-Atrusteeisentitledtohaveinhispossessiontheinstrumentofthetrustandotherdocumentssolelypertainingtotrust-property(Section31).

2.Righttore-imbursement-Atrusteehasarighttoreimbursehimselforpayordischargeoutofthetrustproperty,allexpensesproperlyincurredinorabouttheexecutionofthetrusts,ortherealization,reservation orbenefitto thetrustproperty,ortheprotection orsupportofthebeneficiary(Section32)Twoconditionsmustbesatisfiedinordertoentitlethetrusteetorecovertheexpensesincurredinthefirstplace,itmustbeintheexecution ofthetrustandsecondly,itmustbereasonableandproperinthecircumstancesinwhichitwasincurred.

3.Righttoindemnityfrom againerbybreachoftrust-Apersonotherthanatrusteewhohasgainedan advantagefrom abreachoftrustmustindemnifythetrusteetotheextentoftheamountactuallyreceivedbysuchpersonunderthebreach;andwhereheisbeneficiary,thetrusteehasachangeonhisinterestforsuchamount(Section33).totakedirectionsfrom Court-AtrusteehasarighttoapplybypetitiontoaprincipalCivilCourtoforiginaljurisdictionforitsopinion,adviceordirectiononanypresentquestionrespectingthemanagementoradministrationofthetrustpropertyotherthanquestionofdeal,difficultyorimportance,notproperintheopinionoftheCourtforsummarydisposal(Section34).InDalipKumarv.Nandram,AIR1970Cal.292itwasheldthatSection34oftheIndianTrustsActismerelyanenablingprovisionandthatthetrusteeisnotobligedtoapplyforthedirectionoftheCourtineverycase.

4.Righttosettlementofaccounts-Whenthedutiesofatrustee,assucharecompleted,heisentitledtohavetheaccountsofhisadministrationofthetrustpropertyexaminedandsettled;andwherenothingisduttothebeneficiaryunderthetrust,toanacknowledgementinwritingtothateffect.Section35).

Theanswershallcontainthefollowingpoints:

Rightsoftrustee(sec.31–35)–

1.Righttotitledeeds

2.Righttore-imbursement

3.Righttoindemnityfrom againerbybreachoftrust

4.Righttosettlementofaccounts

Powersoftrustee–

1.Bythetrustinstrument

2.Bystatute

3.Underthegeneralprincipleoflaworequity

Statutorypowersoftrustee(Sec.37–43)

1.Powertoselftrustproperty

2.Powertovaryinvestments

3.Powertomaintainaninfantbeneficiary

4.Powertogivereceiptsfortrustproperty

5. Powertocompromiseclaims.

14

Atrusteemayhavethreekindsofpowersnamely-

1.Powersgiventothetrusteebythetrustinstrument;

2.Powersgivenbystatute;and

3.Powersavailableunderthegeneralprincipleoflaworequity.

Statutorypowersoftrustees-ThestatutorypowersofthetrusteesaredealtinSection37to43oftheIndianTrustAct.Theyareasunder:-

1.Powertoselltrustproperty.

2.Powertovaryinvestments,

3.Powertomaintainaninfantbeneficiary,

4.Powertogivenreceiptsfortrustproperty

5.Powertocompromiseclaims.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Q.2 Discusstherightsofbeneficiaries.

Ans.-

1.Righttorentsandprofits-Thebeneficiaryhas,subjecttotheprovisionaryoftheinstrumentoftrust,righttotherentsandprofitoftherustproperty.(Section55).Thebeneficiarieshaveincertaincases,notmerelytherightstorentsandprofitsofthetrustpropertybutalsotothecorpusorthe

2.Righttospecificexecution-Thebeneficiaryisentitledtohavetheintentionoftheauthorofthetrustspecificallyexecutedtotheextentofhisparticularinterest.(Section55)

3.Righttotransferofpossession-Wherethereisonlyonebeneficiaryandhecompetenttocontractorwherethereareseveralbeneficiariesandtheyarecompetenttocontractandallareofonemind,heortheymayrequirethetransfertotransferthetrust-propertytohim orthem,ortosuchpersonasheortheymaydirect.(Section56)

4.Righttoimpactandtakecopiesofinstruments-Thebeneficiarieshavearightagainstthetrusteesandallpersonsclaimingunderhim withnoticeofthetrust,toinspectandtakecopiesoftheinstrumentoftrust,thedocumentsoftitlerelatingsolelytothetrustproperty,theaccountsofthetrustpropertyand thevouchers,bywhichtheyare supportedandthecasesubmittedandopiniontakenbythetrusteeforhisguidanceinthedischargeoftheduty.(Section57)

Theanswershallcontainfollowinggivenpoints:

Rightsofbeneficiary:-

1.Righttorentsandprofits.

2.Righttospecificexecution

3.Righttotransferofpossession

4.Righttoimpactandtakecopiesofinstruments

5.Righttotransferbeneficialinterest

6.Righttosueforexecutionoftrust

7.Rightstopropertrustee

8.Righttocompelthetrusteetoanyactofduty.

15

5.Righttotransferbeneficialinterest-Thebeneficiary,ifcompetenttocontract,maytransferhisinterestbutsubjecttothelawfortimebeinginforceastocircumstancesandextentinandtowhichhemaydisposeofsuchinterest.(Section58).

6.Righttosueforexecutionoftrust-Whennotrusteesareappointedorallthetrusteesdie,disclaim,oranydischarge,orwhereforanyotherreason,theexecutionofatrustbythetrusteeisorbecomesimpracticable,thebeneficiarymayinstituteasuitfortheexecutionofatrustbythetrusteeisorbecomesimpracticable,thebeneficiarymayinstituteasuitfortheexecutionofthetrust,andthetrustshall,soareasmaybepossible,beexecutedbytheCourtuntiltheappointmentofatrusteeormoretrustee.(Section59).

7.Righttopropertrustees-Thebeneficiaryhasarighttothepossessionsofthetrustdocumentthatthetrustpropertyshallbeproperlyprotectedandheldandadministeredbyproperpersonsandbyapropernumberofsuchpersons(Section60)

8.Righttocompelthetrusteetoanyactofduty-Thebeneficiaryhasarightthathistrusteeshallbecompelledtoperform anyparticularactofhisdutyassuch,andrestrainedfrom committinganycontemplatedorprobablebreachoftrust.(Section61)

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Q.3 Describethedutiesoftrustees

Ans.-

ThedutiesandliabilitiesofatrusteehavebeenexplainedinSection11to29oftheIndianTrustsAct.Theymaybebrieflystatedasunder:-

1.Trusteetoexecutetrust—Thetrusteeisboundtofulfillthepurposeofthetrust,andtoobeythedirectionsoftheauthorofthetrustgivenatthetimeofitscreations,exceptwhere-

(i) Itisimpracticable,illegalormanifestlyinjurioustothebeneficiaries.

(ii) Itismodifiedbytheconsentofallthebeneficiariescollectivelyprovidedtheyareallcompetentincontract,or

(iii) Adeparturefrom suchdirectionsissanctionedbytheCourt(Section11).

2.Trusteestoinform himselfofthestateoftrustproperty-Atrusteeisboundtoacquaint

Theanswershallcontainthefollowingpoints:

Dutiesoftrustee-

1.Trusteetoexecutetrust

2.Trusteetoinform himselfofthestateoftrustproperty.

3.Trusteetoprotecttitletotrustproperty

4.Trusteenottosetuptitleadversetobeneficiary

5.Carefuldealingwithtrustproperty

6.Conversionofperishableproperty

7.Tobeimpartial

8.Topreventwaste

9.Tomaintainproperaccounts

10.Toinvesttrustfunds.

16

himself,assoonaspossiblewiththenature,andcircumstancesofthetrustproperty;toobtain,wherenecessary,atransferofthetrustpropertyto himself;and subjectto theprovisionsoftheinstrumentoftrust,to getin trustmoneysinvested orinsufficientorhazardoussecurity(Section12).

3.Trusteetoprotecttitletotrustproperty-Atrusteeisboundtomaintainanddefendallsuchsuits(andsubjecttotheprovisionsoftheinstrumentoftrust)totakesuchotherstepsasmaybereasonableandnecessaryforthepreservation ofthetrustproperty,andtheassertionorprotectionofthetitlethereti[Section13].

Itisthedutyofthetrusteetoplacethetrustpropertyinastateofsecurityandforthatpurposetotakeallpossibleandreasonablestepslitigationsorotherwise.Thus,wherethetrustpropertyisimmovablepropertywhichhasbeengiventotheauthorofthetrustbyanunregisteredinstrument,itisthetrustee’sdutytocausetheinstrumenttoberegistered.

4.Trusteenottosetuptitleadversetobeneficiary-Thetrusteemustnotforhimselforanother,setuporaidanytitleinthetrustpropertyadversetotheinterestofthebeneficiary(Section14)

5.Carefuldealingwithtrustproperty-A trustee isboundtodealwiththetrustpropertyascarefullyasamanofordinaryprudencewoulddealwithsuchpropertyifitwerehisown,andintheabsenceofacontracttothecontraryatrusteesodealingisnotresponsiblefortheless,destructionordeteriorationofthattrustproperty.(Section15).

6.Conversionofperishableproperty—Wherethetrustiscreatedforthebenefitofseveralpersonsinsuccessionandthetrustpropertyisofperishablenatureorafutureorreversionaryinterest,thetrusteeisbound to correctthepropertyinto propertyofapermanentandimmediatelyprofitablecharacter,unless-

(i)thewillcontainsadirectionorimplicationtothecontrary;or

(ii)Thewillconfersonthetrusteediscretiontopostponesuchconversionwhichhecaninbonafidewayandimpartiallyexercise(Section16).

7.Tobeimpartial-Wheretherearemorebeneficiariesthanone,thetrusteemustbeimpartialandmustnotexecutethetrustfortheadvantageofoneattheexpenseofanother(Section17).

8.Topreventwaste-Wherethetrustiscreated forthebenefitofseveralpersonsinsuccessionandoneofthem beinginpossessionofthetrustpropertycommitsorthreatenstocommit,anyactwhichdestructive orinjurioustothe trustproperty;thetrusteeisboundtotakemeasuresinpreventsuchact.(Section18).

9.Tomaintainproperaccounts-Atrusteeisbound(a)tokeepclearandaccurateaccountsofthetrustproperty,and (b)atallreasonabletimesattherequestofthebeneficiary,tofurnishhim withfullandaccurateinformationastoamountandstateofthetrustproperty(Section19).

10.Toinvesttrustfunds-Wherethetrustpropertycontainsofmoneyandcannotbeappliedimmediatelyorifanearlydatetothepurposeofthetrust,thetrusteeisboundtoinvestmoneyonthesecuritiesmentionedinSection29oftheAct.ThetrusteeissoboundonlysubjecttoanydirectionscontainedIthetrustinstrument.Exampleofsuchsecuritiesarepromissorynotes,debentures,stockorothersecuritiesofanyStateGovernmentetc.

17

UNIT–IIISyllabus

Meaning,Nature&Scopeofequitablerelief,HistoryofSpecificRelief.Relievesregardingpossession

ofimmovable& movableproperty, Meaningofspecificperformance,enforcementofcontract,

defences,part-performanceofcontract.


LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)2012

LongQuestion

Q.1 StatetheprovisionofSpecificReliefAct,963relatingtothespecificperformanceofthepart

ofthecontractaslaiddowninSection12.fofufnZ"Vvuqrks"kvf/kfu;e]1963dh/kkjk12esafn;sx;slafonkdsHkkxdkfof'k"VikyulEcU/khizko/kkuksadkmYys[kdhft;sA

Q.2 Statethecircumstancesinwhichacontractisnotspecificallyenforceable.muifjfLFkfr;ksadko.kZudhft;sftuesalafonkdkfof'k"V:ilsvuqikyuughagksldrkgSA

ShortQuestion–

Q.1 Recoveryofspecificmovablepropertyfof'k"VpylEifÙkdsvkf/kiR;dhiqu%izkfIr


LongQuestion

Q.1 WhatdoyoumeanbySpecificReliefAct?DescribetheobjectsandhistoryofSpecificRelief

Act.fofufnZ"Vvuqrks"kvf/kfu;elsvkiD;kle>rsgSa\fofufnZ"Vvuqrks’kvf/kfu;edsmn~ns';,oabfrgkldkmYys[kdhft,A

Q.2 Describethecircumstancesinwhichspecificperformanceofcontractsmaybegrantedbythe

court.ftuifjfLFkfr;ksaesaU;k;ky;}kjklafonkvksadsfof'k"Vvuqikyudkvkns'kiznkufd;ktkldrkgS]mudko.kZudhft,A

ShortQuestion

Q.1 Meaningofspecificrelieffof'k"Vvuqrks"kdkvFkZ


LongQuestion

Q.1 StatetheprovisionsofSpecificReliefAct1963relatingtotheSpecificperformanceofthepart

ofthecontractaslaiddowninSection12.fof”k’Vvuqrks’kvf/kfu;e]1963dh/kkjk12esafn;sx;slafonkdsHkkxdkfof”k’VikyulEcU/khizko/kkuksadkmYys[kdhft,A

Q.2 DiscusstheobjectsandscopeoftheSpecificReliefAct,1963.fof”k’Vvuqrks’kvf/kfu;e]1963dsmn~ns”;,oafoLrkjdhfoospukdhft,A

ShortQuestion

Q.1 Recoveryofspecificmovablepropertyfof”k’VpylEifRrdsdCtsdhiqu%izkfIr


LongQuestion–

18

Q.1 Discussthecontractswhichcanbespecificallyenforced.lafonk;saftudkfof”k’VvuqikyugksldrkgS]foospukdhft,A

Q.2 WhataretheobjectsandscopeoftheSpecificReliefAct,1963?Comment.fof”k’Vvuqrks’kvf/kfu;e1963dsmn~ns”;,oafoLrkjD;kgSa\o.kZudhft,A

ShortQuestion–

Q.1 DefinitionElectionfuokZpudksifjHkkf’krdhft,A

Q.2 UsufructuarymortgageHkksxcU/kd

Q.3 SubrogationizR;klu

Q.4 LienofBaileemifufgrhdk/kkj.kkf/kdkj


LongQuestion–

Q.1 DiscusstheobjectsandscopeoftheSpecificReliefAct,1963.fof”k’Vvuqrks’kvf/kfu;e]1963dsmÌs”;,oafoLrkjdhfoospukdhft,A

Q.2 Discussthecontractswhichcanbespecificallyenforced.Lkafonk;saftudkfof”k’VvuqikyugksldrkgS]foospukdhft,A

ShortQuestion–

Q.1 Meaningofspecificrelieffof”k’Vvuqrks’kdkvFkZ


LongQuestion–

Q.1 NarratetheprovisionsoftherecoveryofspecificimmovablepropertyundertheSpecificRelief

Act,1963.fofufnZ"Vvuqrks"kvf/kfu;e]1963dsvUrxZrfof'k"VvpylEifÙkdsizR;q)j.kdsmicU/kksadko.kZudhft,A

Q.2 "NormallytheSpecificPerformanceofapartofcontractisnotallowed."Explainandpointout

theexceptionstothisrule.ÞlkekU;#ilslafonkdsfdlhHkkxdkfofufnZ"Vvuqikyuughadjk;ktkldrkAÞLi"Vdhft,rFkkblfu;edsvioknksadkmYys[kdhft,A

ShortQuestion–

Q.1 RescissionofContractsLkafonkvksadkfo[k.Mu

Q.2 SpecificPerformanceofContractsLkafonkvksadkfof'k"Vikyu


Unit-III

Q.1 WhatdoyoumeanbySpecificReliefAct?DescribetheobjectsandhistoryofSpecificRelief

Act.fofufnZ"Vvuqrks"kvf/kfu;elsvkiD;kle>rsgSa\fofufnZ"Vvuqrks’kvf/kfu;edsmn~ns';,oabfrgkldkmYys[kdhft,A

Q.2 Describethecircumstancesinwhichspecificperformanceofcontractsmaybegrantedbythe

court.ftuifjfLFkfr;ksaesaU;k;ky;}kjklafonkvksadsfof'k"Vvuqikyudkvkns'kiznkufd;ktkldrkgS]mudko.kZudhft,A

Q.3 Specificperformanceofthepartofthecontract?

19

lafonkdsHkkxdkfof'k"VikyuA

LongAnswersQ.1 WhatdoyoumeanbySpecificReliefAct?DescribetheobjectsandhistoryofSpecificReliefAct.

Ans.

SpecificRelief—Itsmeaning—ThelawofSpecificReliefseekstoimplementtheideasofBenhamwhosaid,“Thelawoughttoassuremeeverythingwhichismine,withoutforcingmetoacceptequivalents,althoughIhavenoparticularobjectionstothem.”

SpecificReliefisareliefinspecie—Itisaremedybywhichapartytoacontractiscompelledtodooromittheveryactswhichhehasundertakentodooromit.

Itsobject—TheobjectoftheSpecificReliefActisconfinedtothatclassofremedieswhichasuitorseekstoobtainandaCourtofJusticeseekstogivehim theveryrelieftowhichheisentitled.AccordingtoSirEdwardFry“Aperfectsystem ofjurisprudenceoughttoenforcetheactualperformanceofcontractofeverykindandclass,exceptonlywhentherearecircumstanceswhichrendersuchenforcementunnecessaryorinexpedient.”

Inordertoprovidereliefincasesrelatingtocontracts,tortsandothercasesSpecificReliefAct,1877 wasenacted.Thislegislationhad becomenecessarybecauseIndianContractAct,1872providedonlythereliefofcompensationincaseofbreachofcontract.Itwasfoundthattheremightbesituationswhereinthegrantofcompensationwouldnotaffordadequatereliefandonlyspecificperformanceofthecontractwouldrenderjusticeandprovideadequaterelief.IntheabsenceofdevelopmentofseparateequitylawasinEngland,thiscreateddifficultiesandhardships.Inviewoflongdrawnconflictbetweenequitycourtsandcommonlawcourts,theBritishersdidnotintroduceequitylaw inIndiaasaseparatebranchoflaw whereveritwasfoundnecessaryequitylaw wasintroducedinthefrom ofstatutes.Thatiswhy,toprovidecertainreliefsuchasspecificperformanceofcontracts,SpecificReliefAct,1877wasenacted.

Withaview toadoptthelaw inaccordancewiththechangingtimesandcircumstances,thelawwasamendedandanewAct,namelySpecificReliefAct,1963wasenactedbytheParliament.Asitisclearfrom thePreambleoftheAct,itis‘anActtodefineandamendthelawrelatingtocertain


Specificreliefact

Meaning

Specificreliefisareliefinspecie

Object

Modeofspecificrelief

1.Bytakingpossession

2.Byorderingapartytodotheactwhichheisobligedto

3.Byinjunction

4.Bydeclaratorydecrees

5.Rectificationofinstruments

6.Rescissionofcontracts

7.Cancellationofinstruments

8.Enforcementofpublicduties

20

kindsofspecificreliefontheirsubjectaBillwasintroducedonDecember,23,1960inLokSabhabutitlapsed.ThereafterasecondBillwasintroducedandthistimetheBillwaspassedandthusSpecificReliefAct,1963wasenacted.ThisActcameintoforceonMarch1,1964.Thisactisnotexhaustiveanddoesnotincludethecompletelaw onthesubject.Thisisclearfrom thePreambleoftheActwhichhasbeennotedabove.But,aspointedoutbytheSupremeCourtinHungerfordInvestmentTrustLtd.v.HaridasMudra,(1972)3SCR690 theActiscompleteandexhaustiveinrespectofthematteritdeals.

ModeofSpecificRelief

UndertheSpecificReliefAct,1963,thespecificreliefmaybegiveninanyofthefollowingways:

1.Bytakingpossession-Bytakingpossessionofcertainpropertyanddeliver,inittoclaimant,i.e.recoveryofpossessionofproperty.(Section5,6,7,8).

2.Byorderingapartytodotheactwhichheisobligedto—Byorderingapartytodotheveryactwhichheisunderanyobligationtodo,i.e.specificperformanceofcontracts,(Section10to14).

3.Byinjunction—Bypreventingapartyfrom doingthatwhichheisunderanobligationnottodo.Thisiscalledpreventiverelief,i.e.injunction.(Sections36to42).

4.Bydeclaratorydecrees-Bydetermininganddeclaringtherightsofpartiesotherwisethanbyanawardofcompensation,i.e.declaratorydecrees.(Section34and35).

Inadditiontotheseclassesofcasesofanequitablerelieftheactincludesandprovidesforthefollowing:-

5.Rectificationofinstruments.(Section26).

6.Rescissionofcontracts.(Section28to30)

7.Cancellationofinstruments(Section31to33)

8.Enforcementofpublicduties.

Inadditiontothese,twomoreclassesofreliefswereknowninIndia,buttheyarenowomittedbytheSpecificReliefAct,1963.

______________________________________________________________________________________

Q.2 Describethecircumstancesinwhichspecificperformanceofcontractsmaybegrantedbythecourt.

Ans.

Thespecificperformanceofanycontractmayinthediscretionofcourt-

1-Whennostandardforascertainingactualdamageexists-

AccordingtoSection10theCourthasdiscretiontoenforcethespecificperformanceofcontractwhenthereexistsnostandardforascertainingtheactualdamagecausedbythenon-

Theanswershallconsistoffollowingpoints:

Specificperformanceofcontracts

1.Whenthestandardforascertainingactualdamageexists.

2.Whencompensationinmoneywouldnotprovideadequateelief.

3.Case–Madhusoodhanvs.KeralaKaumudiPvt.Ltd.

4.Case–Ram Karanvs.GovindLal

21

performanceoftheactagreedtobedone.Forexample,AagreestobuyandBagreestosellapicturebyadeadpainterandtworareChinavases.AmaycompelBspecificallytoperformthiscontractbecausethereisnostandardforascertainingtheactualdamagewhichwouldbecausedbyitsnon-performance.

2-Whencompensationinmoneywouldnotprovideadequaterelief-Thecourtmayenforcethespecific performance ofthe contractwhen the actagreed to be done is such thatcompensationinmoneyforitsnon-performancewouldnotaffordadequaterelief.

IthasbeenmadeclearthatunlessanduntilthecontraryisprovedtheCourtshallpresumethatthebranchofcontracttotransferimmovablepropertycannotbeadequatelyrelievedbycompensationinmoneyandthatthebranchofacontracttotransfermovablepropertycanbesorelieved.However,evenincaseofcontracttotransfermovablepropertytheCourtshallpresume thatcompensation in moneywould and be adequate reliefin theconditionsstatedbelow-

(a) Wherethepropertyisnotanordinaryarticleofcommerceorisofspecialvalueorinteresttotheplaintifforconsistsofgoodswhicharenoteasilyobtainableinthemarket.

(b) Wherethepropertyisheldbythedefendantasagentortrusteeoftheplaintiff.

Itistobenotedthatthepresumptionintheconditionsstated abovemayberebuttedbyrovingthecontrarytoit.

InMadhusoodhanv.KeralaKaumudiPvt.Ltd.AIR2004S.C.909 theSupremeCourthasheldthatthesharesofaprivatecompanyaregoodsandeasilyobtainableinmarketandthereforethecontractrelatingtosuchsharesmaybespecificallyenforgedi.e.thespecificperformanceofsuchcontractshouldbegranted.

InRam KaranvGovindLal,AIR1999Raj.167 therewasanagreementforsaleofagriculturalland.Thewholeconsiderationwaspaidbythepurchasertothesellerbuttheselleravoidedtheexecutionofthesale-deed.TheCourtheldthatthepaymentofcompensationinmoneywasnotadequatereliefanddetectedthesellertoperform thecontractspecificallyi.e.toexecutethesale-deed.

EventhecauseofmovablepropertythespecificperformanceofthecontractmaybeorderedbytheCourt.ForexampleAcontractwithBtopaintapictureforBandBagreestopayRs.1,000therefore.Bisentitledtohaveitdeliveredtohim onpaymentortenderofRs.1,000.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Q.3 Specificperformanceofthepartofthecontract?

Ans.

Section12providesforspecificperformanceofapartofthecontract.Theprovisionsofsection6asfollows:


Specificperformanceofpartofcontract–

Sec.6andsec.12

Case–H.P.A.Internationalvs.Bhagwandasandothers

Case–Sundaram vs.DiraviaNadar

22

(1)Exceptasotherwisehereinafterprovidedinthissection,thecourtshallnotdirectthespecificperformanceofapartofacontract.

(2)Whenapartytoacontractisunabletoperform thewholeofhispartofit,butthepartwhichmustbeleftunperformedbyonlyasmallproportiontothewholeinvalueandadmitsofcompensation in money,the courtmay atthe suitofeitherparty directthe specificperformanceofsomuchofthecontractascanbeperformedandawardcompensationinmoneyforthedeficiency.

(3)Whenapartytoacontractisunabletoperform thewholehispartofitandthepartwhichmustbeleftunperformedeither:--

(a)Formsaconsiderablepartofthewhole,thoughadmittingofcompensationinmoney;or

(b)Doesnotadmitcompensationinmoney;heisnotentitledtoobtainadecreefor specificperformance;buttheCourtmay,atthesuitofotherparty,directthepartytodefaulttoperformspecificallysomuchofhispartofthecontractashecanperform,iftheotherparty:-

(i) Inacasefallingunderclause(a)paysorhaspaidtheagreedconsiderationforthewholeofthecontractreducedbytheconsiderationforthepartwhichmustbeleftunperformedandacasefallingunderclauseb)paysorhadpaidtheconsiderationforthewholeofthecontractwithoutanyabatement;and

(ii) Ineithercase,relinquishesallclaimstotheperformanceoftheremainingpartofthecontract andallrighttocompensation,eitherforthedeficiencyorforthelossordamagesustainedbyhim thoughthedefaultofthedefendant.

(4)Whereapartofacontractwhich,takenbyitself,canandoughttobespecificallyperformed,standsonaseparateandindependentfootingfrom anotherpartofthesamecontractwhichcannotoroughtnottobespecificallyperformed,theCourtmaydirectspecificperformanceoftheformerpart.

Explanation-Forthepurposeofthissection,apartytoacontractshallbedeemedtobeunabletoperform thewholeofhispartofitifaprotectionofthesubmitmatterexistingatthedateofthecontracthasceasedtoexistatthetimeofitsperformance.

InH.P.A.Internationalv.Bhagwandas&othersA.I.R.2004,S.C.3858 theSupremeCourthasmadeitclearthatspecificperformanceofapartofcontractcannotbeorderedwhentenureofcontractevinceintentionagainstsegregationofinterest.

InSundaram v.DiraviaNadarA.I.R.2005,S.C.167 thelandinquestionwasjointlyinheritedbytwobrothersandthreesisters.Theagreementtosellwasexecutedbythetwobrothersandthesisterswerenotmadeparties.TheCourtheldthatthepurchasercouldnotinvokeSection12toobtainsaleofundividedsharesofthetowbrotherswitharighttoforcepartitiononthesisterswhowerenotpartiestotheagreementofsale.TheCourthasobservedthatsuchareliefundersection12cannotbeobtainedbavendor,onpurchaseofanundividedshareofthepropertyofsomeoftheco-ownersagainstotherco-ownerswhoarenotpartiestothesaleagreement.

23

UNIT–IVSyllabus

[Conditionsofrectification,Cancellation,Partialcancellation,Powerofrestorationorcompensation,

ConditionsofRescission,GroundsofDeclaration,Theeffectofdecreeofdeclaration,Meaningof

injunction&itsKinds,Groundsofissuingofperpetualinjunctions&theexception.]



LongQuestion

Q.1 Underwhatcircumstancescanapersonsueforcancellationofaninstrument?Discuss.fduifjfLFkfr;ksaesa,dO;fDrfdlhfoys[kdsfoyksiu¼fujL=hdj.k½dsfy;soknnk;jdjldrkgS\foospukdhft;sA

Q.2 Discussthelawrelatingtograntofperpetualinjunctions.'kk'orO;kns'kdksvuqnÙkfd;stkuslslEcfU/krfof/kdhfoospukdhft;sA

ShortQuestion

Q.1RectificationofInstruments foys[kksadkifj'kks/ku

Q.2DeclaratoryDecrees ?kks"k.kkRedvkKfIr;k¡


LongQuestion



ShortQuestion

Q.1 Temporaryinjunction vLFkk;hO;kns'k

Q.1 Rescissionofcontracts. lafonkvksadkfo[k.MuA


LongQuestion


Q.2 ExplaintheGeneralPrinciplesgoverninggrantofmandatoryinjunction.lekns”kkRedvkns”kiznkufd;stkuslslEcfU/krlkekU;fl)kUrksadhfoospukdhft,A

ShortQuestion

Q.1 Rescissionofcontracts lafonkvksadkfo[k.Mu

Q.1 PerpetualInjunction fpjLFkk;hvkns”k


LongQuestion–

Q.1 Defineperpetualinjunctionanddistinguishwithtemporaryinjunction.“kk”or¼fpjLFkk;h½O;kns”kdksifjHkkf’krdhft,rFkkvLFkk;hO;kns”klsmldsvUrjdhft,A

Q.2 Explaintherescissionofcontractsandwhataretheirnecessaryconditions?Lafonkvksadsfo[k.Mudko.kZudhft,rFkkfo[k.Mudhvko”;d“krsZaD;kgSa\

24

ShortQuestion–

Q.1 RevivaloftrustU;kldkiqu#RFkku

Q.2 RectificationofInstrumentsfy[krksadkifj”kks/ku

LL.B.3Yrs.(SemesterVI)–2018

LongQuestion–

Q.1 DiscussthelawrelatingtograntofPerpetualInjunctions.“kk”orO;kns”kdksvuqnÙkfd;stkuslslEcfU/krfof/kdhfoospukdhft,A

Q.2 ExplaintheDeclaratoryDecrees.?kks’k.kkRedvkKfIrdhO;k[;kdhft,A

ShortQuestion–

Q.1 PreventiveRelieffuokjdvuqrks’k

Q.2 DeclaratoryDecrees?kks’k.kkRedvkKfIr;k¡

Q.3 MandatoryInjunctionsLkekns”kkRedO;kns”k


LongQuestion–

Q.1 Underwhatcircumstancescanapersonsueforcancellationofaninstrument?Discuss.fduifjfLFkfr;ksaesa,dO;fäfdlhfoys[kdsfoyksiu¼fujLrhdj.k½dsfy,oknnk;jdjldrkgS\foospukdhft,A

Q.2 Whatisaninjunction,itskindsandgroundsforgrantingaperpetualinjunction?O;kns'k,oaO;kns'kdsizdkjD;kgSavkSj,d'kk'orO;kns'kdkstkjhdjusdsvk/kkjD;kgSa\

ShortQuestion–

Q.1 TemporaryInjunctionvLFkk;hO;kns'k


Unit-IV

LongQuestion



Q.3 ExplaintheDeclaratoryDecrees?kks"k.kkRedvkKfIrdhO;k[;kdhft,A

LongAnswersQ.1- Underwhatcircumstancescanapersonsueforcancellationofaninstrument?Discuss.

Ans.-


Cancellationofaninstrument

Conditionfortherelief

Illustration

Otherpointstobenoted

25

Thereliefofcancellationoftheinstrumentisfoundedupontheadministrationofprotectivejusticeforfeartechnicallyknow as‘quatinict.Section31ofSpecificReliefActlaysdownthefollowinggroundsofcancellationofaninstrumentinthefollowingways:

1.Anypersonagainstwhom awritteninstrumentisvoidorvoidable,anadwhohasreasonableapprehensionthatsuchinstrument,ifleftoutstanding,maycausehim seriousinjury,maysuetohaveitadjudgedvoidorvoidable;andthecourtmay,initsdiscretion,soadjudgeitandorderittobedeliveredandcancelled.

2.IftheinstrumenthasbeenregisteredundertheIndiaRegistrationAct,1908,thecourtshallalsosendacopyofitsdecreetotheofficerinwhoseofficetheinstrumenthasbeensoregistered,andsuchofficershallnoteonthecopyoftheinstrumentcontainedinhisbooksthefactofthecancellation.

Conditionsfortherelief

Beforeapersoncanclaim reliefforcancellation,hemustprovethefollowingfactsbeyonddoubt—

(1)Thatthewritteninstrumentiseithervoidorvoidableagainsthim;

(2)Thathehasreasonableapprehensionofinjuryfrom theinstrumentifitisleftoutstanding;

(3)Thatthethreatenedinjuryisserious;

(4)Thatinviewofallthecircumstancesofthecase,thecourtconsidersitreasonableandpropertoadministerprotectiveandpreventivejusticeaskedforandthatthecourtought,intheexerciseofitsdiscretion—(a)adjudgetheinstrumentvoidorvoidableinhisfavour,and(b)orderittobedeliveredupandcancelled.

Illustration

(i) A,theownerofashipbyfraudulentlyrepresentinghertobeseaworthyinducesB,anunderwriter,toinsureher,Bemayobtainthecancellationofthepolicy.

(ii)AconveyslandtoBwhobequeathsittoCanddies,ThereuponDgetspossessionofthelandandproducesaforgedinstrumentstatingthattheconveyancewasmadetoBintrustforhim (D).Cmayobtainthecancellationoftheforgedinstrument.

(iii)Adeedofsettlementpurportingtoconveypropertymaybecancelledifthemarriageincontemplationofwhichithadexecutedcannotbeperformedonaccountofthedeathofeitherparty.

Otherpointstobenoted—

(1)“Thepartisrelievedupontheprincipleasitistechnicallycalled,quatinict,thatis,forfearthatsuchagreement,securities,deedsforotherinstrumentsmaybevexatiouslyorinjuriouslyusedagainsthim,whentheevidencetoimpeachthem maybelost;ortheynowthrowacloudorsuspicionoverhistitleorinterest(Story).”

(2)Onadjudgingthecancellationofaninstrument,thecourtmayrequirethepartytowhomsuchreliefisgrantedtomakeanycompensationtotheotherwhichjusticemayrequire(Section33).

_________________________________________________________________________________________Q.2 Discussthelawrelatingtograntofperpetualinjunctions.

Ans.

26

Section38-Whentheplaintiffhasestablishedhisright,aperpetualinjunctionisissuedafterthetrial.Itholdsgoodsforever,restraintsthedefendantforevery,andsinceitconcludesarightitisineffectadecree.Itisgrantedwherethereisaquestionofsubstantialdamagewhichcannotbecompensatedbymoneyandwherealegaldutyisbroken.Ingrantingit,thecourtwilllooktotheplaintiff’sconductandthebalanceofconvenienceandconsiderthequestionfrom theviewpointofpreventingmultiplicityofjudicialproceedings.

Whengranted

Aperpetualinjunctionwillbegrantedinthefollowingcases:

i. topreventthebreachofanobligation,

ii. incaseofpreventingthebreachofobligationsarisingfrom contract,

iii.topreventtheinvasionorthreatofinvasiontoplaintiff’srighttopropertyortoitsenjoyment.

ThoughtincaseofwasteoroutsteraninjunctionmaybegrantedagainstthemanagerofajointHinduFamilyattheinstanceoftheCoparcener,butnonethelessablanketinjunctionrestrainingpermanentlyfrom alienatingthepropertyoftheJointHinduFamily,evenincaseofalegalnecessitycannotbegranted.

Forpermanentinjunctiononehastoprovethathetheownerofthepropertyinquestion,itremainedinhispossessionandthedefendanthadnoright,titleorinteresttherein;Permanentinjunctionisadiscretionaryreliefandisequitableinnature.Itmustbegranted interaliaonconsiderationsofequityandjusticeandtheappellantwhoishimselfguiltyofinequitableconductcannotclaim suchrelief.

Onceaperpetualinjunctionisgrantedandbecomesfinal,anyattempttocircumventthesamecannotbepermitted.Itsnon-compliancewouldbeacontinuingdisobedience,entailingpenalconsequences.

Whilegrantingthesame,thecourtwillconsiderthefollowingandsatisfyitselfastotheconditionslaiddowninSection38(3).Wherethereexistsnostandardforascertainingtheactualdamagecausedorlikelytobecausedbytheinvasion,wheretheinvasionissuchthatcompensationinmoneywouldnotaffordadequaterelief,andwhereinjunctionisnecessarytopreventmultiplicityofjudicialproceedings,aperpetualinjunctionwillbegranted.

_________________________________________________________________________________________Q.3ExplaintheDeclaratoryDecrees.

Ans.


Perpetualinsunction(sec.30)

(i) Topreventthebreachofanobligation.

(ii) Preventingthebreachofobligationsarisingfrom contract

(iii) Topreventtheinvasionorthreatofinvasiontoplaintiff’srighttoproperty

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Meaningof“declaratorydecree”-Adeclaratorydecreeismodeofreliefwherethereisnospecificperformanceandnoawardofcompensation.Thereisonlyadeclarationoftherightsofthepartieswithoutanyconsequentialreliefwhichcanbeenforcedbytheexecutionofthedecree.Inotherwords,declaratorydecreesarethosewheresomerightisdeclaredinfavouroftheplaintiffbutnothingissoughttobepaidorperformedbythedefendant.Further,thedeclarationdoesnotconferanynewrightupontheplaintiff,itmerelydeclareswhathehadbefore.

Objectofdeclaratorydecrees-Theobjectofsuchdecreesisthatwhereaperson’sstatusorlegalcharacterhasbeendeniedorwhereacloudhasbeencastuponhistitlestorightsandinterestsinsomeproperty,hemayhavethecloudremovedbyhavinghislegalstatusorrightsdeclaredbthecourt.

Circumstancesunderwhichcourtmaypassadeclaratorydecree—Section34oftheSpecificReliefAct,laysdownthecircumstancesunderwhichiadeclaratorydecreemaybepassedbythecourt.Itmaybestudiedasfollows:

Whomaysue?—Anypersonentitledto(i)anylegalcharacter,or(ii)anyrightastoanyproperty,mayinstituteasuit.

Againstwhom suitcanlie?—Againstanyperson,(i)denyingor(ii)interestedtodeny,histitletosuchcharacterorright.

Whatorderthecourtmaypass?—Andthecourtmayinitsdiscretion,makethereinadeclarationthatheissoentitledandtheplaintiffneednotinsuchsuitaskforanyfurtherrelief.

WhentheCourtmayrefusetoact?—Providedthatnocourtshallmakeanysuchdeclarationwheretheplaintiffbeingabletoseekfurtherrelief,thanameredeclarationoftitle,omitstodoso(Section34).

Explanation—A trusteeofpropertyisa“personinterestedtodeny”atitleadversetothetitleofsomeonewhoisnotinexistence;andforwhom,ifinexistence,hewouldbeatrustee.

Themeaningofthesectionisthatanyperson,whohasarighttoanystatusortitlemaybringadeclaratoryactionagainstanyonewhodenieshissuchstatusortitle.AndtheCourtmay,inthe


DeclaratoryDecrees

Meaning

Objectofdeclaratorydecrees

Circumstancesunderwhichcourtmaypassordeclaratorydecree.

Whomaysue?

Againstwhom suitcanlie?

Whatorderthecourtmaypass?

Whenthecourtmayrefusetoact?

Essentialelementsofsection–34

1.Legalcharacterofplaintiff

2.Denialoftitlebydefendant

3.Declarationsuitforlegalcharacter

4.Righttoseekfurtherreliefratherconsequentialrelief.

Illustration

Furtherpointstobenoted.

28

exerciseofitssounddiscretion,makethedeclarationaskedfor,andinsuchasuittheplaintiffneednotaskforanyfurtherrelief.ButtheCourtshallrefusetomakethedeclarationaskedfor,ifitfindsthattheplaintiffbeingabletoseekforfurtherreliefthatthemeredeclarationhasomittedtodoso.

EssentialElementsofSection34

ThustomaintainasuitunderSection34oftheAct,thefollowingelementsareessential–

1.LegalCharacterofPlaintiff-Thattheplaintiffisapersonentitledtoanylegalcharacterorrightastoanyproperty;

2.DenialofTitlebyDefendant—Thatthedefendantisapersondenyingorinterestedtodenytheplaintiff’stitletosuchlegalcharacterorright;

3.DeclarationsuitforLegalCharacter-Thatthedeclarationsuedforisadeclarationthattheplaintiffisentitledtoalegalcharacterortoarighttoanyproperty;and

4.Righttoseekfurtherreliefratherconsequentialrelief-Thatwheretheplaintiffisabletoseekfurtherreliefthanameredeclaration,heisseekingsuchrelief(consequentialrelief).

Illustration

(i)Aislawfullyinpossessionofcertainland.Theinhabitantsofneighboringvillageclaim arightofwayacrosstheland.Amaysueforadeclarationthattheyarenotentitledtotherightsoclaimed.

(ii)Worshippersofatemplecanmaintainasuitforadeclarationthatapermanentleaseoftemplepropertygrantedtothedefendants;Possessionisinvalid[Worshippershavingrighttoworshipintempleareentitledtosue]

(iii)Wheninpriorproceedingsthefatherreferredthemattertoarbitration,adecreewaspassedonthebasisoftheawardandthesonsubsequentlysuedforameredeclarationthatthefatherhasnoauthoritytorefer,heldthatthesuitwasnotmaintainablewithoutafurtherprayerforcancellationofthedecree.[SriRam v.KhawajiAIR1934Lah.235]

Furtherpointstobenoted

1.Thereliefbywayofdeclarationispurelydiscretionary.

Eveniftheplaintiffsatisfiesalltheconditions,itisatthediscretionoftheCourttograntthereliefornot;itcannotbeclaimedasamatterofabsoluteright.

2.Atrusteeofapropertyisapersoninterestedtodenyatitleadversetothetitleofsomeonewhoisnotinexistenceandforwhom ifinexistence,hewouldbeatrustee(ExplanationtoSection34).

equity,trust,fiduciaryrelationship&specificreliefact ll.b ... equity trust english f.pdf · 1...

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