The definition, history and The definition, history and epochs of terrorism epochs of terrorism

COL.COL. ENGR.ENGR. JÁNOSJÁNOS TTOMOLYAOMOLYA PhDPhD

OUTLINEOUTLINE

Definitions of TerrorismDefinitions of TerrorismHistory of TerrorismHistory of TerrorismWaves of Waves of TTerrorismerrorismRoots of TerrorismRoots of TerrorismLatest development of actual terrorism Latest development of actual terrorism Conclusions and Q/A sessionConclusions and Q/A session

WhatWhat isis thethe terrorism?terrorism?

Some bad perceptionSome bad perceptionss on terrorism on terrorismAll Muslims are terroristAll Muslims are terrorist

Terrorism has religionTerrorism has religion

There is immunity against terrorismThere is immunity against terrorism

Situation is worseningSituation is worsening

No defence against terrorismNo defence against terrorism

We are in safeWe are in safe

DefinitionsDefinitions–ManyMany andand AmbiguousAmbiguous–Are terrorists “freedom fighters”?Are terrorists “freedom fighters”?–What is the relationship between What is the relationship between

insurgency and terrorism?insurgency and terrorism?– Are all insurgents terrorists? Are all Are all insurgents terrorists? Are all

terrorists insurgents?terrorists insurgents?–AW, 4GW and terrorismAW, 4GW and terrorism

Defining Terrorism

OriginOriginThe term "terrorism" comes from French The term "terrorism" comes from French terrorismeterrorisme, from Latin: ', from Latin: 'terrorterror'', "great , "great fear", "dread", related to tfear", "dread", related to thhe Latin verb e Latin verb terrereterrere, "to frighten". , "to frighten".

Definition of TerrorismDefinition of TerrorismViolence, force (83,5%);Violence, force (83,5%);

Political reasons (65%);Political reasons (65%);

Fear, emphasis on terror (51%);Fear, emphasis on terror (51%);

Threat (47%);Threat (47%);

Psychological effects, anticipated reactions (41%);Psychological effects, anticipated reactions (41%);

Victim-target differentiation (37.5%);Victim-target differentiation (37.5%);

Purposive, planned, systematic, organized Purposive, planned, systematic, organized action(32%)action(32%)

Method of combat, strategy, tactic (30,5%)Method of combat, strategy, tactic (30,5%)

Extranormality, in breach of accepted rules, Extranormality, in breach of accepted rules, without humanitarian constraints(30%)without humanitarian constraints(30%)

Coercion, extortion, induction of compliance(28%)Coercion, extortion, induction of compliance(28%)

FBIFBI

"Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and "Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives."objectives."

Department of Defense Department of Defense (USA)(USA)

"premeditated politically-motivated violence "premeditated politically-motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audienceusually intended to influence an audience””

UNUN

"An anxiety-inspiring method of repeated "An anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group or state clandestine individual, group or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons, whereby - in contrast to political reasons, whereby - in contrast to assassination - the direct targets of assassination - the direct targets of violence are not the main targets." violence are not the main targets."

NATONATO

The unlawful use or threatened use of force or The unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence against individuals or property in an violence against individuals or property in an attempt to coerce or intimidate governments or attempt to coerce or intimidate governments or societies to achieve political, religious or societies to achieve political, religious or ideological objective (AAP-6)ideological objective (AAP-6)

Sergey GennadiyevichSergey Gennadiyevich NechayevNechayev

who founded People's Retribution (Народная who founded People's Retribution (Народная расправа) in 1869, described himself as a расправа) in 1869, described himself as a "terrorist”"terrorist”

Differences between Terrorism and Differences between Terrorism and Insurgency Insurgency

Guerilla warfare and insurgencies are often Guerilla warfare and insurgencies are often assumed to be synonymous with terrorismassumed to be synonymous with terrorism;;

Insurgencies and terrorism often have similar Insurgencies and terrorism often have similar goals;goals;

A key difference is that an A key difference is that an insurgency is a insurgency is a movementmovement - a political effort with a specific aim; - a political effort with a specific aim;

Insurgency movements and guerilla forces can Insurgency movements and guerilla forces can adhere to adhere to international norms international norms regarding the law regarding the law of war in achieving their goals, but terrorists are by of war in achieving their goals, but terrorists are by definition conducting definition conducting crimescrimes under both civil and under both civil and military legal codesmilitary legal codes;;

History of terrorismHistory of terrorism

1st Century BCE-13th Century: 1st Century BCE-13th Century: Terrorism in the Pre-Modern WorldTerrorism in the Pre-Modern World

History of terrorismHistory of terrorism as old as humans' as old as humans' willingness to use violence to affect willingness to use violence to affect politicspolitics

the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 B. C

Tiberius and CaligulaTiberius and CaligulaRoman emperors Roman emperors such as Tiberius such as Tiberius (reigned AD 14–37) (reigned AD 14–37) and Caligula (reigned and Caligula (reigned AD 37–41) used AD 37–41) used banishment, banishment, expropriation of expropriation of property, and property, and execution as means execution as means to discourage to discourage opposition to their opposition to their rule. rule.

ZealotsZealots (Si(Siccarri)arri)

66-70:66-70:The Great The Great Jewish RevoltJewish Revolt (The (The First Jewish–Roman First Jewish–Roman WarWar ) )

assassinated both assassinated both Romans and Jewish Romans and Jewish leaders with daggersleaders with daggers

Zealot revoltZealot revolt

Zealot revolt became unsuccessful, and they Zealot revolt became unsuccessful, and they were finally besieged and committed mass were finally besieged and committed mass suicide at the fortification of Masada.suicide at the fortification of Masada.IdeologistIdeologist:: Simon,Simon, thethe Zealot;Zealot;

AssassinsAssassinsSecretive Islamic sect active in Iran Secretive Islamic sect active in Iran and Syria from 11th-13th century.and Syria from 11th-13th century.

FirstFirst leader:leader: HassanHassan binbin SabbahSabbah

1092:Defence of Maysaf a1092:Defence of Maysaf againstgainst SSaladinaladin

– the term Assassin had taken the the term Assassin had taken the meaning of "professional murderer"meaning of "professional murderer"

Rashid ad-Din Sinan the Grand Master of the Assassins

1192: Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem, is stabbed to death by Assassins before his coronation.

Guy FawkesGuy Fawkes (13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606) (13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606)

Roman Catholic conspiratorRoman Catholic conspirator

King James I of England

ThugsThugs  (India)(India)

KALIAccording to some estimates the Thugs murdered 1 million people 

between 1740 and 1840

process of strangling

1793:1793:French RevolutionFrench RevolutionThe Origins of Modern Terrorism The Origins of Modern Terrorism --  Reign of TerrorReign of Terror ((Government Government Sponsored TerrorismSponsored Terrorism))Goal: Eliminate opposition and Goal: Eliminate opposition and consolidate power. consolidate power.

The word terrorism was coined.The word terrorism was coined.

Klu Klux KlanKlu Klux KlanAfter the American Civil War (1861–65) defiant After the American Civil War (1861–65) defiant Southerners formed a terrorist organization Southerners formed a terrorist organization called the Ku Klux Klan to intimidate supporters called the Ku Klux Klan to intimidate supporters of Reconstruction. of Reconstruction.

““Sons of Liberty”Sons of Liberty”

Provoked by Stamp Act, organized mobs Provoked by Stamp Act, organized mobs to tar and feather colonists still loyal to the to tar and feather colonists still loyal to the king, forcing many to flee the country and king, forcing many to flee the country and settle in Canadasettle in Canada

Summary of Early Historical examplesSummary of Early Historical examples

Zealots – 1Zealots – 1stst century BCE, murdered Romans in broad century BCE, murdered Romans in broad daylight in Jerusalemdaylight in JerusalemThugs – Hindu sect that strangled & robbed victims in Thugs – Hindu sect that strangled & robbed victims in ritual sacrificeritual sacrificeAssassins – Muslim followers of Hassan (Persian, not Assassins – Muslim followers of Hassan (Persian, not Arabic) known for public acts of violenceArabic) known for public acts of violenceFrench revolution – use of revolutionary tribunals; rule French revolution – use of revolutionary tribunals; rule by fear/terror (Robespierre’s “lists”)by fear/terror (Robespierre’s “lists”)““Sons of Liberty” – provoked by Stamp Act, organized Sons of Liberty” – provoked by Stamp Act, organized mobs to tar and feather colonists still loyal to the king, mobs to tar and feather colonists still loyal to the king, forcing many to flee the country and settle in Canadaforcing many to flee the country and settle in CanadaKlu Klux Klan – effective in spreading fear; forced Klu Klux Klan – effective in spreading fear; forced federal government to end Reconstructionfederal government to end Reconstruction

Individual TerrorismIndividual Terrorism

The major means of creating terror was assassination. The major means of creating terror was assassination. ((Sadi Carnot, the president of France, and U.S. Sadi Carnot, the president of France, and U.S. president William McKinleypresident William McKinley))

Propaganda deedsPropaganda deeds,,Goal: Use terror to bring down a Goal: Use terror to bring down a governmentgovernment

Wall Street bombing of 1920Wall Street bombing of 1920

Late 19th and Early 20th Century Late 19th and Early 20th Century - The Anarchists- The Anarchists

LUGI GALLEANI

Late 19th and Early 20th Century Late 19th and Early 20th Century - The Anarchists- The Anarchists

EduardoEduardo  Rózsa-FloresRózsa-Flores

Михаил Александрович Бакунин

Statism and Anarchy and God and the State.

  28 June191428 June1914

assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Austria byby "Black"Black Hand"Hand"

Early 20th Century - Russian Early 20th Century - Russian Revolution Revolution 

Government Sponsored TerrorismGovernment Sponsored Terrorism;;

Goal: Use terror to maintain power and control anGoal: Use terror to maintain power and control an

entire population. Added systematic society wideentire population. Added systematic society wide

use of terror to the concept of governmentuse of terror to the concept of government

sponsored terrorismsponsored terrorism

Early 20th Century - Irish Early 20th Century - Irish RebellionRebellion

Selective TerrorismSustained TerrorismCell OperationsGoal: Use terror to gain

independence

Republican Brotherhood

Roger Casement

Middle 20th CenturyMiddle 20th CenturyTerror to End ColonialismTerror to End Colonialism

Goal: Use of selective terrorism on Goal: Use of selective terrorism on sympathizers and civilianssympathizers and civilians

Vietnam warVietnam war1972,1972, TrangTrang Ban,Ban, Kim PhucKim Phuc

SaigonSaigon  bombingbombing

1964 Brinks Hotel bombing1964 Brinks Hotel bombing

Viet Cong detonated a car-bomb outside the Viet Cong detonated a car-bomb outside the USAUSA  embassyembassy

1950s: The Rise of Non-State 1950s: The Rise of Non-State TerrorismTerrorism

Jewish Resistance Movement(IRGUN)Jewish Resistance Movement(IRGUN)

Muslim Brotherhood(Egypt)Muslim Brotherhood(Egypt)

FNL(Algery)FNL(Algery)

VietnamVietnam

ETAETA

Formation of IsraelFormation of IsraelZionist movement (19th Century)Zionist movement (19th Century)

Immigration to the Holy LandImmigration to the Holy Land

–19th through early 20th Century19th through early 20th Century

–pre World War II (c. 1930s)pre World War II (c. 1930s)

–post World War IIpost World War II

Independence declared (1948)Independence declared (1948)

First Arab-Israeli War (1948)First Arab-Israeli War (1948)

Admitted to UN (1949)Admitted to UN (1949)

Jewish Terrorist GroupsJewish Terrorist Groups

Several terrorist groups, includingSeveral terrorist groups, including– Irgun Irgun Tsvai-Leumi (“Military-National Tsvai-Leumi (“Military-National

Organization”) or Organization”) or EtzelEtzel

– LehiLehi or Lohamei Herut Israel ("Fighters for or Lohamei Herut Israel ("Fighters for the Freedom of Israel") or Stern gang the Freedom of Israel") or Stern gang

Attacked British & Arab interestsAttacked British & Arab interests

"Neither Jewish morality nor Jewish tradition "Neither Jewish morality nor Jewish tradition can negate the use of terror as a means can negate the use of terror as a means of battleof battle..””//Lohamei Herut Israel – Lehi/ Lohamei Herut Israel – Lehi/

Terrorism in the Israeli Fight for Terrorism in the Israeli Fight for IndependenceIndependence

– Haifa market bombing (1939)Haifa market bombing (1939)– Lord Moyne assassination (British government Lord Moyne assassination (British government minister): advocated limiting Jewish minister): advocated limiting Jewish immigration to Palestine (1944)immigration to Palestine (1944)

– King David Hotel bombing (1946)King David Hotel bombing (1946)

– British Embassy bombing, Rome (1946)British Embassy bombing, Rome (1946)

– Count Folke Bernadotte assassination (UN Count Folke Bernadotte assassination (UN mediator): supported Arab ‘rights’ (1948)mediator): supported Arab ‘rights’ (1948)

– Deir Yassin massacre: reprisal (1948)Deir Yassin massacre: reprisal (1948)

The ProposalThe ProposalThe RealityThe Reality

UN Partition Plan for Palestine (1947)

Map of Israel

The Middle East / Cold War -Late The Middle East / Cold War -Late 1960's 1960's

Between the French Revolution and the end of WWII, Between the French Revolution and the end of WWII, terrorism was local and organization of terror was terrorism was local and organization of terror was confined to a specific area of conflict. confined to a specific area of conflict.

The Internationalization of Terrorism and State-The Internationalization of Terrorism and State-Sponsored TerrorismSponsored Terrorism

The unification of different terrorist groups as a The unification of different terrorist groups as a worldwide network. Additionally, due to the Cold War worldwide network. Additionally, due to the Cold War different countries supporting different terrorist groups different countries supporting different terrorist groups in order to destabilize rival governments. Terrorist in order to destabilize rival governments. Terrorist groups allied in order to bring attention to the Arab-groups allied in order to bring attention to the Arab-Israeli conflict.Israeli conflict.

PLFPPLFP(Popular Front for the(Popular Front for the

Liberation of Palestine Liberation of Palestine))

1968: hijacking El Al1968: hijacking El Al

1970: 3 hijacked airplane1970: 3 hijacked airplane

In 1972, working in conjunction with In 1972, working in conjunction with PFLPPFLP Japanese Red Army terrorists killed 24 Japanese Red Army terrorists killed 24 people at Lod International Airport (now Ben people at Lod International Airport (now Ben Gurion International Airport).Gurion International Airport).

Japanese Red ArmyJapanese Red Army

The Middle East / Islamism The Middle East / Islamism (Militant Islam) - 1979 (Militant Islam) - 1979

Religious Based TerrorismReligious Based TerrorismExpansion of Islam and the protection of Expansion of Islam and the protection of Islam against Jews, Christians and the Islam against Jews, Christians and the West formed a justification for the use of West formed a justification for the use of terror independent of the Arab-Israeli terror independent of the Arab-Israeli conflict.conflict.

Modern History of TerrorismModern History of TerrorismTerrorism is Terrorism is Asymmetric WarfareAsymmetric Warfare..– Asymmetric warfare is the use of apparently Asymmetric warfare is the use of apparently

random/unpredictable violence by an weak random/unpredictable violence by an weak military against a stronger military to gain military against a stronger military to gain advantage. (Allen, 1997).advantage. (Allen, 1997).

– The key of Asymmetric warfare is using The key of Asymmetric warfare is using unexpected, unconventional tactics in combat unexpected, unconventional tactics in combat (Craig, 1998).(Craig, 1998).

4545

WavesWaves ofof terrorismterrorismFour waves of modern terrorism,Four waves of modern terrorism, Each roughly 40-45 yearsEach roughly 40-45 years (David Rapoport) (David Rapoport)

– Anarchist WaveAnarchist Wave– Anti-Colonial/Decolonization WaveAnti-Colonial/Decolonization Wave– New Left Wave/Leftist anti-Western sentimentNew Left Wave/Leftist anti-Western sentiment– Religious Inspiration WaveReligious Inspiration Wave

1881:1881: Narodnaya VolnyaNarodnaya Volnya assassinates assassinates Tsar Alexander IITsar Alexander II

1901:1901: Leon Czolgosz Leon Czolgosz assassinates USassassinates US President McKinleyPresident McKinley

1914: Acrhduke Ferdinad’s 1914: Acrhduke Ferdinad’s assassinationassassination

1st1st Wave: Anarchist c.1880- c.1920Wave: Anarchist c.1880- c.1920

1st wave 1st wave II.II.Doctrines: Doctrines: – Nechaev’s Nechaev’s Revolutionary CatechismRevolutionary Catechism; Bakunin; ; Bakunin;

Kropotkin’s “propaganda by the deed” – words are Kropotkin’s “propaganda by the deed” – words are not enough . . . not enough . . .

Technology:Technology:– communication and transportation patterns; communication and transportation patterns;

telegraph; daily newspapers; railroads; technology telegraph; daily newspapers; railroads; technology shrank time and spaceshrank time and space

– weapons: mostly guns and knives; but invention of weapons: mostly guns and knives; but invention of dynamite helped launch new terrorist capabilitiesdynamite helped launch new terrorist capabilities

Financing:Financing:– Bank robberies, extortion, etc.Bank robberies, extortion, etc.

2nd2nd Wave Wave anti-colonial anti-colonialCirca 1920s – 1960sCirca 1920s – 1960s,, ExamplesExamples::– Irgun (precursor to Lehi), the “Stern Gang” – Zionist Irgun (precursor to Lehi), the “Stern Gang” – Zionist

extremismextremism– South AfricaSouth Africa,, VietnamVietnam,, AlgeriaAlgeriaDoctrines:Doctrines:– Freedom for indigenous peoples to decide own Freedom for indigenous peoples to decide own

system, structuresystem, structure– Anti-racism, imperialism; fewer assassinations then Anti-racism, imperialism; fewer assassinations then

previous wave; attacks mainly on police, military, previous wave; attacks mainly on police, military, colonial govt. targetscolonial govt. targets

Technology:Technology: Faster means of communication, Faster means of communication, transportation, money transfertransportation, money transferFinancing:Financing: – Diaspora support, particular from immigrants to Diaspora support, particular from immigrants to

developed Western countriesdeveloped Western countries

3rd wave:3rd wave: New Left Wave/Leftist New Left Wave/Leftist anti-Western sentimentanti-Western sentiment

Circa 1960s – 1990sCirca 1960s – 1990sNew Doctrines: New Doctrines: strategies for political change, strategies for political change, Marxism, separatismMarxism, separatism - Carlos Marighella, - Carlos Marighella, Minimanual Minimanual of the Urban Guerillaof the Urban Guerilla

„…. The accusation of "violence" or "terrorism" no longer has the negative meaning it used to have…”—Carlos Marighella Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla

New Left WaveNew Left WaveBuilt on widespread anti-Western political Built on widespread anti-Western political undercurrent throughout former European colonies as undercurrent throughout former European colonies as well as sentiments within Europewell as sentiments within EuropeSupported by Vietnam experienceSupported by Vietnam experience– Vietcong “David defeats Goliath” idea fuels other Vietcong “David defeats Goliath” idea fuels other

groups around the worldgroups around the worldAnti-Western political movements encouraged by Anti-Western political movements encouraged by Soviets, Iran, Libya, N. KoreaSoviets, Iran, Libya, N. Korea– Of course, this came back to bite the Soviets . . . Of course, this came back to bite the Soviets . . .

AfghanistanAfghanistanChechnyaChechnya

Technology: Global sharing of new timing devices, other trigger switches for explosivesAirplane hijackings

ExamplesItalian Red BrigadesETA (Spain, France)LTTE (Sri Lanka)PLO (Middle East)West German RAF (Baader-Meinhof Gang)Japanese Red ArmyAmerican Weather UndergroundPeru (Sendero Luminoso) Shining Path Puerto Rican FALNal-Fatah

3rd3rd wavewave II.II.

4th 4th ((CurrentCurrent)) Wave: Religious Wave: Religious Inspiration WaveInspiration Wave

Religious Cults (e.g., Aum Shinrikyo)Religious Cults (e.g., Aum Shinrikyo)Christian extremists, and Islamist extremists – JihadChristian extremists, and Islamist extremists – Jihad– Iran – 1979 revolutionIran – 1979 revolution– Afghanistan – 1980s Jihad to oust the SovietsAfghanistan – 1980s Jihad to oust the Soviets– Iraq – 2003-? Jihad to oust the AmericansIraq – 2003-? Jihad to oust the AmericansDoctrines: Doctrines: – FatwasFatwas against the West; oust them from holy against the West; oust them from holy

lands; late 1990s shift from near enemy to far lands; late 1990s shift from near enemy to far enemyenemy

Technology: -Technology: - Increasing sophistication of IEDsIncreasing sophistication of IEDs;;– Use of “ultimate smart bomb” (suicide terrorists)Use of “ultimate smart bomb” (suicide terrorists)– Weapons of Mass DistructionWeapons of Mass Distruction

Summary Summary ofof modernmodern history history1880s-1920s1880s-1920s

– Anarchists, Nechaev’s Anarchists, Nechaev’s Revolutionary CatechismRevolutionary Catechism; Bakunin; ; Bakunin; Kropotkin’s “propaganda by the deed” – words are not Kropotkin’s “propaganda by the deed” – words are not enough . . . enough . . .

1920s-1960s1920s-1960s– Anti-colonialism; Freedom for indigenous peoples to decide Anti-colonialism; Freedom for indigenous peoples to decide

own system, structureown system, structure– Anti-racism, imperialism; fewer assassinations then previous Anti-racism, imperialism; fewer assassinations then previous

wave; attacks mainly on police, military, colonial govt. targetswave; attacks mainly on police, military, colonial govt. targets1960s-1990s1960s-1990s

– Marxism, nationalism, ethnic separatismMarxism, nationalism, ethnic separatism– Civilian targets; Carlos Marighella, Civilian targets; Carlos Marighella, Minimanual of the Urban Minimanual of the Urban

Guerilla; Guerilla; IRA,IRA,– Shiite revolution; state-sponsored terror (Iran, Libya)Shiite revolution; state-sponsored terror (Iran, Libya)

1990s – present1990s – present– Afghanistan (1980s) Jihad to oust the Soviets; Iraq (present) Afghanistan (1980s) Jihad to oust the Soviets; Iraq (present)

Jihad to oust the AmericansJihad to oust the Americans– FatwasFatwas against the West; oust them from holy lands; late against the West; oust them from holy lands; late

1990s shift from near enemy to far enemy1990s shift from near enemy to far enemy

Roots of Roots of terrorismterrorism

Invalidated myths Invalidated myths about causes of terrorismabout causes of terrorism

PovertyPoverty: : There are only a weak and indirect There are only a weak and indirect relationships between poverty and terrorismrelationships between poverty and terrorism

State sponsorship of terrorismState sponsorship of terrorism: not a root : not a root cause to terrorism, but an enabling factor cause to terrorism, but an enabling factor

Religious fanaticism: Religious fanaticism: Suicidal terrorism is Suicidal terrorism is not caused by religion as such, but religion not caused by religion as such, but religion may give shape to and justification of may give shape to and justification of political extremismpolitical extremism

Madness: Madness: Terrorists are not insane or Terrorists are not insane or irrational actors irrational actors

Preconditions for terrorismPreconditions for terrorism

Lack of democracy, civil rights and the rule of Lack of democracy, civil rights and the rule of law law

Failed or weak statesFailed or weak states

Illegitimate and corrupt governments Illegitimate and corrupt governments

Powerful external actors upholding corrupt Powerful external actors upholding corrupt regimesregimes

Extremist ideologies (secular or religious) Extremist ideologies (secular or religious)

More preconditions for terrorism…More preconditions for terrorism…

Historical traditions of political violance, civil Historical traditions of political violance, civil war, revolutions, dictatorship or occupationwar, revolutions, dictatorship or occupation

HegemonyHegemony and inequality in powerand inequality in power

Repression by foreign occupation or colonial Repression by foreign occupation or colonial powerspowers

The experience of discrimination on the basis The experience of discrimination on the basis of ethnic or religious originof ethnic or religious origin

Failure by the state to integrate dissident Failure by the state to integrate dissident groups or emerging social classes groups or emerging social classes

The experience of social injusticeThe experience of social injustice

GlobalGlobal PeacePeace IndexIndex 20122012

What is GPI about?What is GPI about?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbslsABmmXcv=qbslsABmmXc

USA?USA?

top 10 most peaceful countries top 10 most peaceful countries 20122012

USA, least 10USA, least 10

the key determinants of peacethe key determinants of peace

Factors sustaining terrorismFactors sustaining terrorism

Terrorism may continue for other reasons than Terrorism may continue for other reasons than what gave birth to it, such as…what gave birth to it, such as…

• The need of the group to provide for its members or for the survival of the group

• Profitable criminal activities

• Cycles of revenge

TThe latest development of actual he latest development of actual terrorism terrorism

Elements of the New TerrorismElements of the New Terrorism1.1. America, Europe are at riskAmerica, Europe are at risk2.2. Terrorists are more violent – Terrorists are more violent – different political different political

aimsaims3.3. Terrorists have global reach and are transnational Terrorists have global reach and are transnational

non-state actorsnon-state actors4.4. Terrorists are better financed Terrorists are better financed – zakat, charity – zakat, charity

orgs., wealthy donorsorgs., wealthy donors5.5. Terrorists are better trained Terrorists are better trained 6.6. Terrorist cells are more difficult to penetrate Terrorist cells are more difficult to penetrate (esp. (esp.

AQ)AQ)7.7. Terrorists have access to more lethal weapons Terrorists have access to more lethal weapons

(Soviets, Iran,(Soviets, Iran, North Corea North Corea bio/nukes)bio/nukes)8.8. Success and/or failure are difficult to measure – Success and/or failure are difficult to measure –

no clear outcomeno clear outcome

Elements of the New Terrorism Elements of the New Terrorism II.II.Global in scope and strategic objectivesGlobal in scope and strategic objectivesGenerational in scope; epic struggle, David vs. GoliathGenerational in scope; epic struggle, David vs. Goliath - Bin Laden as Robin Hood- Bin Laden as Robin Hood““The number of the brothers is large . . . I do not know The number of the brothers is large . . . I do not know everyone who is with us in this base or this everyone who is with us in this base or this organization.” organization.” – Bin Laden as Pied Piper., with a constant call to – Bin Laden as Pied Piper., with a constant call to jihad as the duty of every good Muslim jihad as the duty of every good Muslim Educated members as martyrs in AQ; longer planning Educated members as martyrs in AQ; longer planning cycles (9/11 hijackers arriving in U.S. as early as cycles (9/11 hijackers arriving in U.S. as early as 1994)1994)Evolution into a political social movement, a global Evolution into a political social movement, a global insurgency against Western-oriented globalizationinsurgency against Western-oriented globalizationAfghanistan and Afghanistan and PakistanPakistan offering new locations for offering new locations for Jihad, indoctrination, tactical training, network Jihad, indoctrination, tactical training, network formationformation

Nature of TerrorismNature of Terrorism

There are six basic components to all terrorism. There are six basic components to all terrorism. Terrorism is (1) an intentional and (2) rational Terrorism is (1) an intentional and (2) rational (3) act of violence to (4) cause fear (5) in the (3) act of violence to (4) cause fear (5) in the target audience or society (6) for the purpose of target audience or society (6) for the purpose of changing behaviour in that audience or societychanging behaviour in that audience or society;;

Terrorism is a political act, the goal of which is to make a change.

NatureNature ofof TerrorismTerrorism II.II.

Terrorism is about impact on society. There are three types of terrorist attacks: (1) attacks that involve weapons of mass destruction, (2) weapons of mass casualty and (3) weapons of mass disruption. These distinctions are made to focus on the intent of the terrorist act rather than the means per se.

SummarySummary

Terrorism is an Terrorism is an ancientancient tactic.tactic.Terrorism is a mode of Terrorism is a mode of communicationcommunication. . Terrorism is a special type of violence and Terrorism is a special type of violence and Asymmetrical warfareAsymmetrical warfare..Terrorism is Terrorism is used in times of peace, conflicts and used in times of peace, conflicts and warwar..Terrorism is designed to make a point, through Terrorism is designed to make a point, through psychological means, psychological means, fear.fear.

ConclusionsConclusionsIn summary, terrorism should be understood In summary, terrorism should be understood as a political act to achieve a desired goal as a political act to achieve a desired goal through the use of violence. Terrorism is not through the use of violence. Terrorism is not an irrational act committed by the insane. an irrational act committed by the insane.

Terrorism has no language, religion, nationality, region or ideology.

CONCLUSION II.CONCLUSION II.

There are six basic components to all terrorism. There are six basic components to all terrorism. Terrorism is (1) an intentional and (2) rational Terrorism is (1) an intentional and (2) rational (3) act of violence to (4) cause fear (5) in the (3) act of violence to (4) cause fear (5) in the target audience or society (6) for the purpose of target audience or society (6) for the purpose of changing behaviour in that audience or societychanging behaviour in that audience or society;;

Terrorism Is Not An Apocalyptic ThreatTerrorism Is Not An Apocalyptic Threat;;

Jihadi terrorism going from a strategic Jihadi terrorism going from a strategic threat to a more tactical threatthreat to a more tactical threat

Growing immigration flows will impact on Growing immigration flows will impact on terrorism and extremismterrorism and extremism

Remember…Remember…We cannot remain passive or We cannot remain passive or indifferent in this war against terrorismindifferent in this war against terrorism

The enemies of freedom are highly The enemies of freedom are highly motivated and aggressive in their aimsmotivated and aggressive in their aims

We must meet force with force, and We must meet force with force, and defeat these ideologies of oppression defeat these ideologies of oppression and slaveryand slavery

ThankThank youyou for foryour attention!your attention!

Questions?