epilogue magazine, november 2010

Essay : Ambiguity of

KashmiriyatJ&K : The Question of a

Accession

BALRAJ PURI

EpilogueJ & K ’ S M O N T H LY M A G A Z I N E ISSN : 0974-5653

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C O N T E N T

Vol. 4, Issue 2 Epilogue, February 2010www.epilogue.in

Epilogue because there is more to know

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I N FOCUSMuslims in Indian Administration

25 Missing Link or Connecting Link

Muslims in Indian Administration

Towards InclusionDr. Shahid Iqbal

26 Muslims : Selections in IAS

26 Muslim IAS Officer in Indian States

27 Chief Secretaries : Heads of Bureaucracy in States

28 Muslims in Top Scale

28 Muslim : Secretaries to Gol Bank

28 Muslim : In Top Commissions

29 Literacy Rate and Share in Administration

29 Gender and Empowerment : Muslim Women in IAS

30 Muslim Share in another Civil Services : Group ‘A&B’ and IFS

31 Conclusion and Discussion

Volume 4, Issue 11, November 2010

Contributors to this Issue 3

Eye WitnessThe Question of Accession 4Balrajj Puri

Exclusive StoriesOctober 1947 9Rakesh Ankit

Current AffairsThree Idiots and Worlds 13arguably ‘ toughest’ jobZafar Choudhary

Is Pakistan Re-poistioning itself in Kashmir ? 16Islamabad’s Five Likely StrategiesD Suba Chandran

Pakistan and Militant Groups in Kashmir 20Musharraf’s AdmissionRadha Vinod Raju

What really is at state in Kashmir 21Zeenat Zeeshan Fazil

China-India : 23Return to Robust Relations ?Swarn Singh

LadakhEducation in Ladakh 32.....................

Notes from Leh 34Manisha Sobhrajani

ReportBGSB University 35Epilogue Bureau

ColumnRaja Ranjit Dev’s Inclusive Policies 40and Politico-Economic Developmentsin JammuProf. Jigar Mohammad

DigestQuick Guide : J&K’s Economic Profile 43

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1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE

Ankit Rakesh; (Exclusive Series p9) Puri, Balraj; (Eye Witness, p4) is a

is a young historian from Bihar. As a journalist, writer and social

Rhodes Scholar recently he studied activist based at Jammu. He is

various missing links in the making Director of Institute of Jammu and

of Kashmir conflict. Based on his Kashmir Affairs. Engaged in public

first hand study, he is contributing life since 1942, he is recipient of

exclusive series to Epilogue many national awards, most

notably Padma Bhushan in 2005.

Chandran, D Suba; (In Focus, p16)

is Deputy Director at Institute of Raju, Radha Vinod; (Current

Peace and Conflict Studies. Author Affairs, p20) is former Director of

of many books and an acclaimed National Investigation Agency of

expert on Kashmir and Indo-Pak India. Earlier he served as

relations, he is Consulting Editor of Additional Director General of

Epilogue Magazine Jammu and Kashmir Police

reached at

[email protected] Fazil, Zeenat Zeeshan; (Issues, p21)

is a Srinagar based researcher

engaged with Charkha Development Singh, Swarn; (Current Affairs,

and Communication Network p23) is Professor at Jawahar Lal

Nehru University, New Delhi

Iqbal, Dr Shahid; (in Focus, p25) is

an officer of Indian Administrative Sobhrajani, Manisha; (Features,

Services, Jammu and Kashmir P.34) is a Delhi based independent

cadre. Presently he is posted in researcher working on the various

Leh. aspects of Kashmir conflict. She

divides her time between Delhi

and Jammu and KashmirMohammed, Prof Jigar; (History,

p40) is professor of History at the

University of Jammu. He is

associated with Epilogue since

inception as Editorial Advisor on

History of Jammu and Kashmir

Readers' requests for getting in touch with the

authors, for feedback, comments and further

discussions on their subjects of interest, are

welcome. Since all authors/contributors are not

interested in taking mails directly, the readers are

requested to send us interview requests at

[email protected] for passing on to the authors

Vol. 4, Issue 11 Epilogue, November 2010www.epilogue.in

3

Eye witness

Excerpts


he circumstances and the man- leader, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, declared: might do on the issue of accession. In a

ner in which the princely state of press statement issued in May 1947, the Constitutionally and legally the TJammu and Kashmir acceded to acting president of the All Jammu and Indian States will be independent and

the Indian Union in October 1947 pro- K a s h m i r M u s l i m C o n f e r e n c e , sovereign on the termination of para-

vide vital clues to our understanding of Chowdhary Hamidullah Khan, also mountcy and they will be free to decide

the vicissitudes of its later politics and urged 'His Highness' to 'declare Kashmir for themselves to adopt any course they

its emotional, political and constitu- independent immediately and establish like; it is open for them to join the

tional ties with the rest of the country. a separate constituent assembly to Hindustan Constituent Assembly or the

The Hindu maharaja of the state, who frame the constitution of the State.' He Pakistan Constituent Assembly or [to]

had the constitutional authority under assured Muslim co-operation and sup-decide to remain independent.

the India Independence Act to decide its port to the maharaja as the first consti-More specifically, on 11 July 1947,

future affiliation when the country was tutional ruler of an independent and Jinnah said that 'if Jammu and Kashmir

partitioned into two dominions, was democratic Kashmir. He said, in a press opted for independence, Pakisran

reluctant to opt for India. It was not any conference, that 'Should the Pakistan would welcome and would sign friendly

easier for the large Muslim population government invade Kashmir, Muslims of agreements with her for [the] common

to take such a decision especially as the the state will rise in arms against weal of both the peoples. Liaquat A.H.

partition line was being drawn more or Pakistan and if necessity demands, they Khan, the leader of the Muslim League

less along communal lines. The year of will seek Indian help.in the interim government, had

independence had also witnessed a col- All those who raised pro-India declared that the states were perfectly

lapse of the citadels of the 'nationalist free to refuse to have anything, to do voices, including me, were condemned

Muslims' in the subcontinent. with the Constituent Assembly. by Hindu chauvinists as anti-Hindu and

Jammu and Kashmir was one of traitors. The Jammu daily Ranbir, HINDU RAJ VS SECULAR INDIAthose princely states, which did not join edited by Mulk Raj Saraf, was banned by

The maharaja was in no mood to the Constituent Assembly of India, set the state government in June 1947 for join the Indian dominion even when par-up under the Cabinet Mission Plan that demanding accession to India and the tition became inevitable. He was sup-had commenced functioning since release of Sheikh Abdullah. The All India ported by loyal Hindu leaders in Jammu December 1946. The maharaja of the Congress Committee had resolved on 15 who vociferously argued that a Hindu state refused to yield despite a warning June 1947 that the Congress could not State, as Jammu and Kashmir claimed by Jawaharlal Nehru, then vice- admit the right of any state to declare to be, should not merge. its identity president of the interim government, its independence. During his visit to the with a secular India. The working com-that such an act by any state would be state in July 1947, Lord Mountbatten mittee of the All Jammu and Kashmir considered a hostile act. The unequivo- had also tried to persuade the maharaja Rajya Hindu Sabha (the earliest incarna-cal support of the Muslim League to 'the to accede to either of the two domin-tion of the present Bharatiya Janata" sovereign right of the princes' strength- ions before 15 August 1947. He Party in the state) formally adopted a ened the recalcitrance of the maharaja instructed the British Resident in the resolution in May 1947 reiterating its in not joining the Constituent Assembly. state to continue to give the same faith in the Maharaja and extended its On 17 June 1947, the Muslim League advice to the maharaja. Quoting 'support to whatever he was doing or

BALRAJ PURI

The Question of Accession

4

Excerpts


Mountbatten in his Mission with would not touch a hair of his head or not respond to the suggestion. Thus, no

Mountbatten, Alan Campbell Johnson take away an iota of his power. The such agreement could be signed.

states that, 'the State's ministry, under Hindu Sabha, in a bid to reconcile its loy- Prime Minister Nehru prophetically

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's direction, alty to the maharaja with the ground- apprehended that 'Pakistan's strategy is

went out of its way to take no action swell of pro-India opinion amongst to infiltrate now and to take some big

which could be interpreted as forcing Hindus modified its stand on the ques- action as soon as Kashmir is more or less

Kashmir's hand and to give assurance tion of accession. Pandit Prem Nath isolated because of its coming winter.' In

that accession to Pakistan' would not be Dogra, who later became the president a letter to Home Minister Sardar Patel,

taken amiss by India. Envisaging no trou- of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, moved he expressed the view that the only

ble if the Maharaja acceded either way, what was called a compromise resolu- course open to the maharaja was to

Mountbatten said that the 'only trouble tion in the party (between pro-RSS and seek the cooperation of the National

that could have been raised was by non- non-RSS factions, of which the latter led Conference (NC) and accede to India.

accession and this was unfortunately by G.D. Mengi was pro-India), on the eve This would make it difficult for Pakistan

the very course followed by the of Indian independence. It was left to 'to invade it [the state] officially or unof-

Maharaja. the maharaja to 'decide the issue of ficially without coming into conflict

As communal tensions spread accession to India at an appropriate with the Indian Union. If this advice had

within the Jammu region and the sur- time.' been heeded in time, there would have

rounding Punjab, the loyalty of the been no Kashmir problem today.

Hindus and Muslims began to gravitate Meanwhile, communal tensions

to India and Pakistan respectively. On 19 continued to grow in Jammu. There was

July 1947, the working committee of serious trouble in the Muslim majority

the State Muslim Conference again Poonch estate within the Jammu region.

drafted a resolution in favour of inde- This began with some local demands

pendence for the approval of the like the rehabilitation of 60,000

General Council of the party which met demobilised soldiers of the British Army

at Srinagar. The Council was sharply belonging to the area. As issues got

div ided between fol lowers of mixed up, the agitation finally turned

Chaudhary Ghulam Abbas and Ch. communal. The State Army was used to Hameed Ullah, leaders from Jammu crush the local unrest, but 'the tradi-region, on the one hand, and Mirwaiz tional loyalty of a large number of Yusuf Shah of Kashmir on the other. Muslim troops of the State forces Eventually they agreed on a modified towards the Maharaja could no longer resolution which 'respectfully and fer- be taken for granted under the vently appealed to the Maharaja changed circumstances. The soldiers Bahadur to deelare internal autonomy O n 1 5 A u g u s t 1 9 4 7 , t h e refused to fire on the demonstrators of the State... and accede to the Government of Pakistan accepted the with whom they had religious and eth-Dominion of Pakistan in the matters offer of the Jammu and Kashmir State nic ties. They desired the army and the relating to defence, communications for a standstill agreement. Under this agitation took the form of an armed and external affairs. However, the agreement the central departments of revolt. The supply of ammunition and General Council did not challenge the the State functioning within the Lahore other types of assistance from across maharaja's right to take a decision on circle were to be under the jurisdiction strength to the revolt. It also gathered accession, and it acknowledged that his of Pakistan. Accordingly, Pakistani flags support sentiments is Poonch which rights should be protected even after fluttered over the offices if the post and had been offended when the area acceding to Pakistan. Jinnah's personal telegraph department throughout the brought under direct control of the secretary Khurshid Ahmad, who was in state. The Government of India, how- Jammu Durbar e British courts in 1936. Kashmir during those crucial days, ever, insisted on prior negotiations with Until then it had been a separate jagir assured 'His Highness' that 'Pakistan the J&K government, but the latter did under the descendants of Dhian Singh,

Jammu and Kashmir was one of

those princely states, which did not

join the Constituent Assembly of

India, set up under the Cabinet

Mission Plan that had commenced

functioning since December 1946.

The maharaja of the state refused to

yield despite a warning by

Jawaharlal Nehru, then vice-

president of the interim government,

that such an act by any state would

be considered a hostile act

Eye witness5

Excerpts


the brother of Gulab Singh, for about a of accession. He expressed his ambition distinct regions of the state. Its popula-

century. to make Kashmir a Switzerland of the tion was less than that of Jammu, which

By October, communal riots had East, which would be on the 'friendliest also had a Muslim majority, before 1947.

spread all over Jammu and Gandhi held of terms with both the dominions.' He The Northern Region, consisting of

the maharaja responsible for this. The expected 'as worthy a treatment from Ladakh, Skardu, Gilgit and Baltistan,

State Army was also weakened by deser- Pakistan as from a good neighbour.' He was many times greater in area than the

tions and shortage of ammunition. It ridiculed the suggestion of Indian lead- Jammu and Kashmir regions combined,

was also too thinly spread from Gilgit to ers to form a responsible government in and is also overwhelming Muslim, along-

Jammu, to overcome the revolt in the state by retorting that there was no side a significant Buddhist and tribal

Poonch and the adjoining areas, since responsible government even in India. population. Kashmir is mostly inhabited

the revolt was actively supported by In his view, the maharaja 'was all the by pre-Aryan and non-Aryan communi-

Pakistan. Regular supplies of foodstuffs, time hoping that Kashmir could retain ties. Jammu is almost entirely Aryan

petrol and cloth from Pakistan were an independent status without acceding while the northern region is inhabited

stopped. The communication system to either Dominion. Meanwhile, the by the Dardic-Tibetan races. The Line of

(under the administrative control of Pakistani government sent Major (later Control (LoC) divides the Jammu region

Pakistan vide the standstill agreement) Colonel) A.S.B. Shah, the-u Joint while leaving intact the Kashmiri-

did not render proper service. The situ- Secretary of the Pakistan Ministry of speaking region on the Indian side.

ation was rapidly approaching a stage Foreign Affair to Kashmir, where he met Within the Northern Region, Ladakh is

which would have affirmed Gandhi's various officials including Prime on the Indian side whereas Gilgit,

prophecy of October 1946, that if the Minister M.C. Mahajan. According to Baltistan and Skardu are on the

maharaja persisted in his policy, the Mahajan, Shah had brought with him a Pakistani side. state might disappear as a unit. blank Instrument of Accession to On the eve of the partition, Jammu

Mountbatten and Nehru had also Pakistan, which he hoped the maharaja was paralysed by communal riots and

forseen a similar situation if the would fill and sign. On 21 October 1947, the people were largely polarised on

maharaja did not accede to the Indian the maharaja appointed Bakshi Tek communal lines, pardy as an impact of

Union in time. Chand, a retired judge of the Punjab communal developments in the neigh-

Hence of his dominion was increas- High Court, to frame the constitution of bouring Punjab. The maharaja, who

ingly threatened, :sperate attempts to the state. But, already, Path an tribal belonged to this region, was incapable

mend his fences with Pakistan. invaders,' sponsored by the Pakistani of providing leadership to its people.

Government, were marching to The Northern Region was too sparsely As the very existence of his domin-

Srinagar. Thus all seemed set to prove populated to be of much political conse-ion was increasingly threatened, the

that it was not an empty boast of Jinnah quence. Thus, it was Kashmir, geograph-maharaja made desperate attempts to th when he had reportedly declared that ically compact and culturally homoge-mend his fences with Pakistan. On 1

'Kashmir is in my pocket.' nous, that stood out politically, with its October, his newly-appointed prime min-

people mobilised in mass struggle ister, Mehar Chand Mahajan, offered to THE UNIQUENESS OF KASHMIRagainst the feudal system with the non-make an impartial enquiry into One major factor that prevented Kashmiri royal family belonging to Pakistan's allegations that the Kashmir this eventuality was the response of the Jammu at the top. Kashmiris-a people State Army had attached Muslim villages people and leaders of the Kashmir val-with a unique civilisation and five-of Poonch. The Pakistan Governor ley to the question of accession. In thousandyear-old history-had found a General welcomed the offer of an order to understand how and why they

th charismatic leader in Sheikh Abdullah enquiry on 20 October and invited behaved the way they did, it is neces-who led the National Conference, the Mehar Chand Mahajan to Karachi to dis- sary to understand the peculiarities of banner under-which the Kashmiris were cuss the matter. the Kashmiri personality, and the histor-fighting the monarchy.The new prime minister reiterated ical, cultural, political and geographical

Kashmir's history has been one of that the Independence Act gave com- inputs that moulded it.gradual accretion of cultural attributes plete authority to the ruler on the issue Kashmir valley is one of the three

Eye witness 6

Excerpts


over numerous waves of migration. The Muslim or non-Muslim. continent. The moral appeal of Gandhi

valley has been a melting pot of ideas Maharaja Hari Singh was both non- combined with Nehru's emotional

and cultures. It received every new Muslim and non-Kashmiri. The struggle appeal was irresistible-both appealed

creed with discrimination an enriched it against his rule culminated in the 'Quit to the sentiments of Kashrniri patrio-

with its own contribution, without Kashmir' movement on the eve of Indian tism to neutralise the appeal of Muslim

throwing away its earlier acquisitions. independence, and addressed the reli- communalism.

All the people who migrated to Kashmir gious, regional and democratic urges of AZADIfrom ancient times merged their indi- Kashmiris. The watershed in the history On 29 September Abdullah was vidual identities into one whole. The of Kashmir is, thus, not Islam, as is often released from prison. This delay was proverbial beauty of Kashmir has fur- regarded in the rest of the subconti- due to the maharaja's insistence on ther inspired a sense of collective pride nent, but the changeover from a securing a pledge of loyalty from him. As in the Kashmiri mind about its unique- Kashmiri to a non-Kashmiri rule. a hero of Kashmiri nationalism, ness. Nehru had established his political Abdullah side-tracked both the Hindu-

As G.M.D. Sufi observes in his monu- and emotional links with Kashmir a Muslim and the India...Pakistan polaris-mental work, Kashir, 'the cult of Budha, decade earlier, describing himself as a ation that was developing all around the teachings of vedanta, the mysticism son of Kashmir. On the eve of assuming Kashmir by declaring that the issue of of Islam have one after another found a office as head of the interim govern- accession was secondary. The primary

23congenial home in Kashmir.' Even the ment of the country, in June 1946, he issue was freedom and the formation of people who came from Arabia, Iran, rushed to Kashmir to identify himself a responsible government-for an Mghanistan and Turkestan more than six with the popular Quit Kashmir move- enslaved race could not decide its fate. centuries ago were so mixed with ment which Jinnah had condemned as a He acknowledged his ideological affin-Kashmiri Muslims in culture, civilisa- movement of 'goondas.' Nehru was forc- ity with Gandhi and Nehru and recalled tion, and through matrimonial rela- ibly prevented by the police from enter- Jinnah's hostility to the struggle of the tions, according to the renowned ing the state and received some bruises Kashmiri people. But as Pakistan had Kashmiri scholar and historian, in the process. He visited Kashmir again become a reality, he was willing to nego-Mohammad Din Fauq, that 'all non- a month later when he donned a law- tiate with the governments of both the Kashmiri traces are completely absent yer's robes to defend Abdullah who was countries to find out where Kashmir's from their life. on trial for charges of sedition. interests would be secure.

Meanwhile, the All India State's People's The Kashmiri language is another Dr Mohammed Din Tasir and Sheikh Conference, an ally of the Indian basis of the distinct personality of Sadiq, the two Pakistani emissaries who National Congress in the princely states, Kashmir. According to Sir George met Abdullah in Srinagar, did not buy his elected Abdullah as its president while Grierson, a pioneering authority on argument. Abdullah has recorded in his he was still in jail.Indian languages, Kashmiri is not of autobiography, Atash-i-Chinar, that

Sanskritic but of Dardic origin. The Gandhi's visit to Kashmir on 1 they insisted on a decision in favour of Encyclopaedia Britannica states that August 1947 was another crucial factor Pakistan. Otherwise, they observed, 'Kashmiri is neither Iranian nor Indo- that influenced the Kashmiris. He 'other means would have to be used. Aryan.' described the Amritsar Treaty that gave The meeting was far from cordial.

the maharaja the legal title to rule Kashmir had a 250-year-Iong his- Abdullah next sent his colleagues, Kashmir as a sale deed that lapsed with tory of indigenous Muslim rule before Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad and Ghulam the lapse of paramountcy. In sharp con-Akbar annexed it to the Mughal empire Mohammad Sadiq, to talk to Pakistani trast to Jinnah's stand, he unequivocally in 1586. The next four centuries (361 leaders while he himself proceeded to declared that sovereignty belonged to years, to be exact) are regarded by the Delhi where he stayed as Nehru's guest. the people and not to the ruler. He paid Kashmiris as a period of slavery when According to Abdullah, Bakshi and Sadiq a unique tribute to the people of the val-they were ruled in turn by the Mughal, could see neither the prime minister nor ley by acknowledging that in those days Pathan, Sikh and Dogra kings. The com- the Governor General of Pakistan. But of communal strife Kashmir was the mon thread running through this long he regrets that while they were discuss-only ray of light in the benighted sub-period was of rule by aliens, whether ing his probable visit to Pakistan with

Eye witness7

Excerpts


second-rank leaders of that country like maharaja had not closed the Pakistan ment guaranteed it. In fact, in his letter

Nawab Mamdot and Mumtaz Daltana, option despite what it had done to the enclosing the instrument of accession to

‘raiders sponsored by Pakistan were state enraged Nehru who, Mahajan the Governor General of India, the

crushing under their feet the land and records in his autobiography, gave vent Maharaja wondered 'whether it is not in

rights of the people of Kashmir.’ to his temper and 'told me to get out.' the best. interests of both the

The trust that Gandhi and Nehru However, Nehru's attitude softened Dominions and my State to stay inde-

expressed in the people and leadership after the intervention of Abdullah, who pendent.'

of Kashmir and their unequivocal sup- came in from the adjoining room. Durga Das rightly observes in his

port to the Kashmiri urge for freedom Thereafter, the maharaja signed the introduction to Sardar Patel ' s

and their right to self-determination instrument of accession, which the Correspondence which he edited, that

had baffled the leaders of Pakistan. In Governor General accepted on 27 the maharaja and Sheikh Abdullah

desperation, they decided to settle the October. The Indian army was rushed to 'shared and worked' in their own way for

future of Kashmir by the power of the clear the state of invaders. The a similar objective, namely independ-

gun. The 'tribal raiders' that Pakistan Kashmiris welcomed the army as the ent Kashmir.' If they acceded to India,

had sent to Kashmir overran the defenders of their 'honour, freedom and he adds, 'it was because by' invading

defences of the Dogra army led by identity.' Kashmir, Pakistan left them no other

Brigadier Rajinder Singh, and reached The accession of the state of choice.' Sheikh Abdullah often told the

the outskirts of Srinagar. En route they Jammu and Kashmir to India, supported present writer during the years of his

committed many atrocities on the peo- by the constitution authority of the alienation from India that had his rela-

ple, irrespective of their religion. 'At maharaja and, politically and emotion- tions with the maharaja not been so

Muzaffarabad,' according to Mohammad ally, by the people of Kashmir, was the strained, both could have jointly

Aslam Khan Khattak, who was the hon- greatest triumph of Indian nationalism worked for and achieved independent

orary secretary of the scheme, 'valuable after independence. It was Sheikh Kashmir.

time was wasted while two chiefs con- Abdullah who had led Kashmir's acces- The urge for azadi, which moti-

tested who would be Amir of Kashmir sion to India. But he could not have suc- vated the people of Kashmir to resist

when it had been conquered. 'As a con- ceeded if the Kashmiri mind had not the Pakistani invasion and cooperate

sequence of this needless violence and been what it was. Because of its inher- with the Indian army, subsumed a wide

loot [in 1947],' M.P. Bhandara observes, ent qualities, it responded to the emo- range of aspirations. It expressed their

'Operation Gibraltar launched by Ayub tional and ideological appeal of Nehru desire for independence, freedom, iden-

government in 1965, too, was a failure.' and the moral appeal of Gandhi. The tity, autonomy and dignity. 'India has

The tribal invasion roused the ignorance and distrust shown by the come to defend our azadi while Pakistan

anger of a self-respecting Kashmiri com- Pakistani rulers, in sharp contrast to the tried to enslave us' was the refrain of

munity against the threat that Pakistan empathy of the Indian leaders, pushed the Kashmiri leaders as they defended

posed to its freedom, identity and hon- Kashmir to the Indian Union. their decision to accede to India.

our. This course of events left the Pakistan had no justification for its The basic urge of the Kashmiris has

Kashmiri leadership and the maharaja policy. Neither the maharaja nor Sheikh not changed much over the years they

no option but to turn to India. When the Abdullah had provided any provocation. have been a part of India. The slogan of

Governor General refused assistance, Both were eager to negotiate with the azadi, by the end of the eighties, no lon-

unless the state acceded to India, Mehar Pakistan government, but had delayed ger meant respect for and emotional

Chand Mahajan flew to Delhi on 26 the decision on accession for their own attachment with the Indian nation but

October. He conveyed to Nehru the reasons. Mehar Chand was prepared to expressed a feeling of alienation. The

maharaja's willingness to accede to fly down to negotiate terms with Jinnah militants trained and armed by Pakistan

India. But this message was accompa- even on the day the maharaja was seek- now assumed the leadership of the

nied by a demand from Maharaja Hari ing armed help from India. There are azadi movement.

Singh that 'the army must fly to Srinagar also indications that both the maharaja Excerpted from Puri’s book

this evening, otherwise I will go and and Abdullah might have settled for “Kashmir : Insurgency and After”

negotiate terms with Jinnah.' That the independence had the Pakistan govern- (Orient Longman)

Eye witness 8

New Research on Kashmir


as the Maharaja feels that he can rely on sure to shatter the already thin veneer o paraphrase Bismarck, the new road from Pathankot for supplies and of stability and legitimacy of the Dogra hinges of history are loosened on

i thT possibly military assistance from India'. dynasty. The next ten days from the 15 some dates. For Jammu and th thHowever, on the 10 , came reports that to the 25 saw a hectic traffic of tele-Kashmir, October 1947 is such a pivotal

the Maharaja is bargaining for better grams between Srinagar on one hand date. It opened with a provisional repub-terms with Pakistan by making it appear and Karachi and London on the other lic government being established at

ii with New Delhi conspicuously absent, that he contemplates joining India. Muzaffarabad by the Muslim Conference th hard as it may appear to believe now, with Mohammad Anwar at its head and Three days later, on the 13 ,

during this round of accusations and ended with a provisional emergency Norman Cliff – special correspondent counter-accusations. Srinagar turned administration being established at with News Chronicle – confirmed the first to distant London with its litany of Srinagar by India with Sheikh Abdullah worst kept secret since 9 September complaints against Karachi/Rawalpindi of the National Conference at its head. that Pakistan had cut off Kashmir's sup-than the nearby New Delhi. In between, it saw the beginnings of a plies of petrol, sugar, salt and kerosene

daring raid and the sad end of a dynasty; One can now see what these were – as well as stopped trade in timber,

collapse of negotiations between the last-ditch attempts at negotiations fruits, fur and carpets in spite of the

Srinagar and Karachi and signing of which were doomed to failure given the standstill agreement signed in August as

accession between Srinagar and Delhi. digging of heels by all parties in an atmo-well as the trade agreement of 1870. He

In the process, it made de facto the de sphere which was thick with mistrust, also mentioned, almost in passing, that

jure division of the territory of the misapprehensions and mistakes. On the Soviet posts had advanced 20 miles thstate. 15 , Mehr Chand Mahajan, Hari Singh's through what had previously been no

third Prime Minister in three months, The first event of any note in that man's land in the areas adjoining Gilgit th wrote similar letters to Liaquat Ali Khan in present-day Tajikistan. fateful month occurred on the 6 when

and Clement Attlee. It complained Sheikh Abdullah was released from In the first fifteen days of October, against 'permitting threats [alluded to prison in Srinagar and set off to meet then, the proverbial lull before the above]to invade Kashmir to be made Nehru in Delhi. Simultaneously, storm prevailed in Kashmir. Outwardly from Pakistani territory'; 'actively con-Maharaja Hari Singh removed Messers there was a tense calm and quiet apart niving at armed incursions into the Banbury and Powell from their com- from Poonch and Gilgit which were Poonch area'; 'arming the border peo-mand of Kashmir Armed and Police plainly slipping out of Srinagar's hands. ples' and, finally, 'permitting the murder Forces and replaced them by Hindu offi- Meanwhile, Chitral, Swat, Dir and the or wounding, in cold blood, of the cers. These were widely perceived as 'a Pir of Manki Sharif warned Hari Singh majority of a party of 200-odd state sub-clearing of the decks for action as soon against accession to India which was

RAKESH ANKIT

October 1947

EXCKYSUVE SERIES

An action-packed, perilous month full of dramatic personalities and remarkable events of immediate,

intermediate and long-term significance, October 1947 was a milestone in the modern history of not

one but two and perhaps three nations. Those 31 days achieved nothing but desperation and defeat –

for the raiders; for Pakistan; for the old (Hari Singh) and the new (Sheikh Abdullah) Kashmir(s) and,

not the least, for India.

9


t hjects en route from Rawalpindi'. These tude towards Srinagar and increased 26 , Mahajan wrote to Lord

specific charges were, of course, in addi- their doubts of Mahajan's bona fides Mountbatten requesting help who

tion to the continuing requests to then it is perfectly and reasonably replied the next day setting out the

resume trade and lift embargo of essen- understandable. Mahajan was to get a terms of India's intervention – provi-tial items. warning from a fuming Liaquat on the sional accession, release of Abdullah,

ndLiaquat replied four days later 22 , for his troubles, of the 'gravest con- emergency administration headed by with charges of his own. He claimed sequences' if Kashmir acceded to him and plebiscite once the raiders had

viiithat Kashmir troops were being infil- been thrown out. India. On this occasion, Liaquat's tim-trated by Sikhs and Muslims were being ing – intended or otherwise – was spot on At last, New Delhi was in the thick systematically massacred in Poonch. He for the rumbling of what would be of things. The political and official class refused to acknowledge the embargo called the 'great tribal raid or invasion there had first become aware of the hap-

thand asked Mahajan to meet the Joint of Kashmir' of 25 October 1947 had penings in Muzaffarabad on the 24 . Sir Secretary at Rawalpindi to clear the air already begun along the Muzaffarabad George Cunningham, Governor NWFP, in this regard. He also invited Mahajan border, certainly unknown to Mahajan had sent a letter to General Rob to visit Karachi or to send a representa- thLockhart, C-in-C Indian Army, on the 20

ivtive 'to seek an impartial enquiry'. rdwhich was read on either the 23 or the Attlee replied quickly but lamely. He th24 and is worth quoting: merely acknowledged Mahajan's

'I am afraid that certain people up request for help against Pakistan and

here have been playing with fire. I have expressed his desire that Srinagar and

pointed out to them the probable Karachi would reach an early settle-

results of their activities and they have ment. For far too many 'obvious rea-

at last realised, I think, the dangers. But sons', it was impossible for London to do I am afraid that it may be too late. anything concrete with Mahajan's Anyhow, we shall know one way or the request, as the Commonwealth

xother long before you get this'. Relations Office submitted to the Prime th

v On the morning of the 25 , a meet-Minister. ing had taken place of the military mind During the four days which it took to explore and examine possibilities and Liaquat to reply to Mahajan's missive, plans of involvement. In the afternoon, the latter wrote to Jinnah, as well, on

th officers from the Army and the Air force the 18 , requesting his intervention. were sent to Srinagar to talk to the State Jinnah took half of Liaquat's time to

vi troops and the infantry started its prep-repeat Liaquat's reply. He invited

arations for any eventuality. On the thMahajan on the 20 to Karachi to settle thand probably unknown to Liaquat as morning of the 26 , the officers

the differences – the same day on which well in terms of the specifics. The Times returned and reported their impressions the first batch of 900 Mahsuds started duly brought the raid to global light on of the about-to-begin battle. By after-viifor Poonch, Domel and Baramulla. On 25 October 1947. noon, plans were finalised and ready to his part, nurturing his own doubts at the Mahajan made one last attempt to be taken to the political masters as by sincerity of these invitations and his stir London into action on Kashmir's now it had become clear that India lack of confidence in the 'impartial behalf. On this occasion it was the would intervene following accession. enquiry' Pakistan offered, Mahajan nei- thForeign Office which unambiguously On the morning of the 27 , first Indian ther responded to Jinnah or Liaquat nor xiadvised Attlee that they doubted troops flew to Srinagar. So did someone went to Karachi or sent someone. 'whether there is any case for our inter- else except his destination this time, it

This 'no-response' attitude is ques- vening with the Government of Pakistan was his second trip in two days having tionable; more so when, later, Mahajan on the lines suggested by the PM of accompanied the officers to Srinagar on

ixchose to visit New Delhi instead on the thKashmir'. Hari Singh, now, appealed to the 25 as well, was Jammu. V. P. Menon th25 . Indeed, if this prejudicially India before leaving Srinagar and on the had the instrument of accession in his

affected Pakistan government's atti-

iii

thThree days later, on the 13 , Norman

Cliff – special correspondent with

News Chronicle – confirmed the

worst kept secret since 9 September

that Pakistan had cut off Kashmir's

supplies of petrol, sugar, salt and ker-

osene as well as stopped trade in tim-

ber, fruits, fur and carpets in spite of

the standstill agreement signed in

August as well as the trade agree-

ment of 1870.

EXCKYSUVE SERIESNew Research on Kashmir

10


sthands and his task was to get the in Kashmir by either India or Pakistan. On 31 , a frantic week of a fraught

Maharaja to sign it. Hari Singh and his This came in response to Jinnah's order month ended. The British, the Indian

entourage were by now in Jammu. to General Gracey, C-in-C Pakistan and the Pakistani sides prepared their thMenon was back in town by early after- first appreciations of what had hap-army, of the previous day, 27 , to move

noon having got what he and pened and braced themselves for the regular Pakistan troops into Kashmir as

Mountbatten wanted. M. M. Batra, the long road ahead – of military and diplo-a response to the Indian air-lift. Gracey

deputy PM, had signed the instrument matic battles. It would only be fitting to had refused and called the 'Auk' – the

of accession on behalf of Maharaja Hari end this recapitulation of October 1947 Supreme Commander of both domin-

Singh. by taking a look at the very initial posi-ions' forces. Auchinleck eventually had thLondon was formally informed of to fly into Lahore on the 28 and explain tions outlined by the contending par-

the invasion by its respective High- his decision to Jinnah in person. On the ties.thCommissioners in New Delhi and Karachi 28 itself, Mehr Chand Mahajan issued a First Pakistan:

thon the 25 itself. Nehru too sent a first statement regarding accession and its 'There is no doubt that state

cable outlining India's position. Attlee reasons. This first round of explanations troops first attacked Muslims of Poonch

wrote separately to Nehru and Liaquat leading to refugee exodus to Pakistan.

the following day in different voices. He Further killings in Jammu lead to “1,

urged Nehru to 'not let your answer to 00, 000” refugees from Jammu to West

this appeal [Srinagar's for help] take the Punjab'.

form of armed intervention as it would 'The refusal of Kashmir to send a

result in communal disorder and tempt representative for an impartial

xiiPakistan to intervene leading to war'. enquiry and their failure to reply to

He appealed Liaquat to 'do everything Governor-General's invitation to the

possible to prevent armed intervention PM to come; the deliberate causing of

in Kashmir by Muslims or tribesmen seek-disturbances in their state by employ-

ing to pass through Pakistan adminis-ment of troops to attack Muslims; the

tered territory' and hoped that 'it will be fact that by 9 AM on the morning of

possible for you to use your influence the day on which Kashmir's accession

with any such who have already entered was accepted, Indian airborne troops

xiiiKashmir to return home'. Next day, the had landed in Srinagar clearly show

th27 , once informed of the signing of the the existence of a plan for accession instrument of accession and the air-lift against the will of the people possible of Indian troops, Attlee asked Nehru to only by the occupation of the country 'inform the Pakistan government of your th

was over on the 29 when Pakistan, by Indian troops. This plan is clear military action and troop movements' finally, made a comprehensive public from the start'. and requested Liaquat to 'do what you rebuttal. The stage was now set for 'Kashmir's action can not be based

xivcan to control the tribesmen'. On the Liaquat's famous 'accession achieved by on the action of Pathans who did not th28 , the Indian Prime Minister took to fraud and violence' speech which so dis- infiltrate into Kashmir, as they are not

pen. He explained, in notes to Attlee tressed Nehru. India responded on the reported to have done so, till 22 thand Liaquat, India's reasons for acces- 30 by asking Pakistan to seal its borders October and correspondence with the

sion, its provisional nature and sending with Kashmir. Jinnah publicly refused State ceased on 20 October. All that of troops. In reply Attlee refused to 'com- the request in a speech the same day could be done short of use of troops ment on any action taken by India' and where he raised the cry of 'Islam in dan- which would have violently disturbed instead asked both Nehru and Liaquat to ger'. A 1200 word official communiqué the frontier was done to prevent their convene a joint conference with Hari too was issued from Karachi asserting going to Kashmir'. Singh. that the Pathan raid was the inevitable 'In these circumstances, Pakistan

On the same day, Field Marshal result of the provocative actions of the can not recognise accession achieved by Claude Auchinleck prohibited the use of xvGovernments of Kashmir and India fraud and violence'. British forces for operational purposes against the Muslims.

On the same day, Field Marshal

Claude Auchinleck prohibited the use

of British forces for operational pur-

poses in Kashmir by either India or

Pakistan. This came in response to

Jinnah's order to General Gracey, C-

in-C Pakistan army, of the previous thday, 27 , to move regular Pakistan

troops into Kashmir as a response to

the Indian air-lift. Gracey had

refused and called the 'Auk' – the

Supreme Commander of both domin-

ions' forces.


11


'There is no evidence for Pakistan December and 1947 turned into 1948 Next, India: having organised invasion. Instead they and beyond. But for now it could be said 'Pakistan was behind the incursion brought strong political pressure on the that an action-packed, perilous month of tribesmen from NWFP. The plan was tribes and did not recognise the full of dramatic personalities and to reach and take over Srinagar by 26 Provisional Government of the Muslim remarkable events of immediate, inter-October and announce accession to Conference even though India had mediate and long-term significance, Pakistan'. openly fac i l i tated Junagadh ' s October 1947 was a milestone in the

'From Indian perspective, Kashmir Provisional Government in similar cir- modern history of not one but two and

could not be allowed to be overrun and cumstances'. perhaps three nations. Those 31 days

tribal control was unacceptable. India achieved nothing but desperation and 'Pakistan was unwise in not physi-is supported by Sheikh Abdullah and defeat – for the raiders; for Pakistan; for cally stopping tribesmen and doubtless more than 50% of the Muslims of the the old (Hari Singh) and the new (Sheikh local authorities showed some conniv-state. There is Russian danger to be had Abdullah) Kashmir(s) and, not the least, ance [in particular, Abdul Haq, DC in the immediate vicinity incase of for India. In the process, they saw not Rawalpindi and Syed Ikramul Haq, ICS chaos'. just the beginning of the first India-attached to Ministry of Defence]. But it

'We are anxious for peace and pre-Pakistan war but the story of the making must be remembered that we could not

pared to discuss with Pakistan. No of a conflict which endures to this day. prevent Muslims from joining in

intervention was made in Kashmir till i. 6.10.47, Shone to CRO, T. No. 108, File No. Kashmir disturbances in 1931 with

the last moment when we were given no L/PS/13/1845b, India Office Records (IOR), much more troops. Moreover, Pakistan choice and we did inform Pakistan gov- London

is weakened by refuges problem. Then, ernment [so any talk of planned coup is ii. 10.10.47, P. J. Patrick to Gordon-Walker,

Muslim slaughter in Delhi, Jammu, and Stephenson & Archibald Carter, File No. nonsense]. In fact, well-armed, well-East Punjab excited the tribes and gave L/PS/13/1845b, IORequipped and well-led raiders were

iii. 15.10.47, Mahajan to Attlee and Liaquat, them direction. Pakistan government allowed to pass through Pakistan terri-

POL 1427/47, File No. L/PS/13/1845b, IOR(like Indian Punjab) had difficulty in tory. They could have been easily iv. 19.10.47, Liaquat to Mahajan, POL imposing its authority over local offi-stopped in the Jhelum valley'. 1427/47, File No. L/PS/13/1845b, IOR

cials'.v. Attlee to Mahajan, POL 1427/47, File No. 'Raiders must be driven back. We

'There was no need on the part of L/PS/13/1845b, IORinvite Pakistan to join in this. We shall India to accept accession. Troops could vi. 20.10.47, Jinnah to Mahajan, POL

then withdraw our troops and conduct 1427/47, File No. L/PS/13/1845b, IORhave been send otherwise and it was an

plebiscite. Pakistan will be discussed vii. 8.5.48, Cunningham to Mountbatten, MSS unnecessary and provocative mistake. with on the modalities of the plebi- Eur D670/9, Cunningham Papers, IOR

There was no prior consultation with scite. We have informed Pakistan at viii. 22.10.47, Liaquat to Mahajan, POL

Pakistan on this matter. There was also 1427/47, File No. L/PS/13/1845b, IORevery step. They, instead, have not needless provocation in the form of xvi ix. Attlee to Mahajan, POL 1427/47, File No. informed us of anything'.

L/PS/13/1845b, IORSikh troops which were sent and this Finally, the British: x. 20.10.47, Cunningham to Lockhart, MSS could have been avoided'.

Eur D670/9, Cunningham Papers, IOR'It is natural for Kashmir to have 'All this does seem to suggest that xi. From Delhi to London, POL 1427/47, File acceded to Pakistan given its Muslim one object of the Government of India No. L/PS/13/1845b, IOR

population; its communications which was to secure Kashmir's accession to xii. 26.10.47, Attlee to Nehru, T. No. 303, POL pass through Pakistan and its reve- India and Pakistan could be hardly 1427/47, File No. L/PS/13/1845b, IOR

nue/trade/transport/custom depend- xiii. 26.10.47, Attlee to Liaquat, T. No. 302, expected to put any other interpreta-POL 1427/47, File No. L/PS/13/1845b, IORence on Pakistan via the 1870 agree- tion. The task now is to stop fighting xiv. 27.10.47, Attlee to Nehru, T. No. 1163; xviiment'. and arrange plebiscite'. Attlee to Liaquat, T. No. 302, POL 1427/47, File

'Kashmir's failure to respond to Of course, these were only the first No. L/PS/13/1845b, IORPakistan's proposal of 19 and 20 October impressions and each one of the above xv. POL 1427/47, File No. L/PS/13/1845b, IORsuggest that it valued differences with xvi. 29.10.47, From Delhi to London, T. No. were modified in the light of new and

1116, POL 1427/47, File No. L/PS/13/1845b, Pakistan as providing an excuse for fresh information from the battlefield IORaccession to India. As do the attack on and persuasion on the diplomatic front xvii.31.30.47, POL 1486/47, File No. Muslims in Poonch by the State troops'. as October turned into November, then L/PS/13/1845b, IOR


12

Current Affairs

Dialogue


From Akbar's emissary to Yusuf Shah Chak in 1580, the job of interlocutors has rarely been successful in Kashmir. Of late any engagement in Kashmir is dubbed as world's most difficult job. In 2010, Manmohan Singh's three-member team is faced with criticism even before first assessment note is jotted down in their diaries. Their position is being undermined for non-political backgrounds and they are being accused of pre-empting options. There is still hope. This rare combination of journalist-economist-academician has a deep understanding of the sentiments and diversities in Jammu and Kashmir as they have already spent a good part of their life in studying this troubled part of world. After an Aamir Khan trendsetter of Bollywood, 'idiot' is these days an attractive definition for the one who thinks out of box, the one who do things differently and from the heart to get maximum out of what one is made for. The three interlocutors can create a history with their sustainable creative engagement with all shades of opinions in Jammu and Kashmir to bring the parties and the governments to a common ground. This is an 'idiot's' job and the politically correct politicians could not have done that. Therefore, people must stop crying for a political heavy weight as his wisdom would have crumbled under his party weight. Let idiots do the job.

ZAFAR CHOUDHARY

Three idiots and worlds arguably 'toughest' job

13


s main outcome of an All Party dialogue was required at highest level

Delegation to Kashmir, the and that too after addressing the five AGovernment of India recently conditions set earlier by Syed Ali Shah

appointed three non-pol i t ica l Geelani. Separatists, at this stage,

interlocutors to talk to various groups in precisely do not want to engage in a

Jammu and Kashmir. Names of Dileep dialogue which is being held keeping in

Padganokar, a journalist, MM Ansari, an mind the stated position of the

economist who recently retired from Government o f I nd ia . D i leep

the Central Information Commission Padgaonkar makes that amply clear

and Radha Kumar an academician when says, “any solution will have to be

earned an immediate ridicule from found within the ambit of the

parties ranging from Hurriyat to BJP. constitution of India”. Therefore, the

Everyone had expected a senior separatists accuse them of carrying the

political head with a clear mandate Indian agenda. In Jammu, the

from New Delhi. Before they could interlocutors are being accused of

catch up with their first target in toeing separatist line and dragging

Srinagar, the team leader Dileep Pakistan into an 'internal issue'.

Padgaonkar made two statements, at So whose purpose are the different occasions, which has put the interlocutors actually serving? That is whole exercise under sharp criticism. perhaps the most important question

Dictionary describes interlocutor as and answer can be traced from the size

someone who takes government of crowds that gathered at the Guest

policies to public and bring public Houses in Srinagar and then in Jammu to

opinion back to the government. Then, have a word with the interlocutors.

Dileep Padgaonkar does nothing wrong Kashmir issue is not entirely all about

in putting Pakistan as an essential party Hurriyat or the BJP. The majority is

to resolution of Kashmir issue. Talking outside their purview and they want to

Kashmir with Pakistan has been a legacy talk about their present and future. As

of the Shimla Agreement and Prime the groups with extreme positions keep

Ministers Vajpayee and Manmohan Singh away, the smaller social groups, the

have done that well. Prime Minister local minorities, the NGOs, the

Manmohan Singh has defended the right academicians and a horde of

of interlocutors in expressing their mainstream political leaders were

opinions. That said, the lesser they talk among up of 500 persons who met the

the better it would be in facilitating interlocutors during their brief time in

people to talk. Srinagar and then in Jammu. “Had the

team stayed put at one place more than Observers, however, believe that 1000 persons would have met them. the statements were tacit and much M a n y p e o p l e c o u l d n o t g e t required and they were made carefully appointments as the interlocutors t o a d d r e s s t w o p a r t i c u l a r travelled to different places like jails con s t i tuenc ie s . The Ka shmi r i etc”, says a duty officer from the state separatists have called for a total government. Given the size of people boycott of the interlocutors and in who met them at their own, the present Jammu two key parties –the BJP and the dialogue exercise seems to have begun Panthers Party –have done exactly the at a successful note. Says a senior same. Radha Kumar says 'at least there journalist, “in Kashmir, people have is one similarity between Valley and shared sentiments but that does not Jammu'. Separatists say that the mean everyone is bound to go by what appointment of interlocutors and Hurriyat says”. When people start meeting with them serves no purpose as

1580: Akbar sent an unknown interlocutor to hold parleys with Kashmir's ruler Yusuf Shah Chak. Talks failed. On June 5, 1586 he invaded Kashmir by force

1947: Lord Mountbatten deputed Lord Ismay to persuade Maharaja Hari Singh to sign instrument of accession. Talks failed. Later, Lord Mountbatten came himself, got Prime Minister Ram Chander Kak arrested and Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah released

1947: Pakistan Government sent Major ASB Shah, the Joint Secretary of Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs with a blank instrument of accession to get the Maharaja to fill in and sign. This did not happen.

1953: Nehru sent Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad to talk to Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah who had sig-naled a revolt. Talks failed. Sheikh was overthrown, arrested and jailed.

1953: Lal Bahadur Shastri carried Nehru's mandate to resolve Hazratbal crisis

1974: G Parthasarthy negotiated on behalf of Indira Gandhi with M i r z a A f z a l B e i g , S h e i k h Mohammad Abdullah's deputy. Talks were successful. Sheikh Indira Accord was signed.

1986: Prof JD Sethi is reported to have worked out accord between Farooq Abdullah and Rajive Gandhi. The accord brought Farooq back to power but put Jammu and Kashmir in a deeper mess.

1990s: George Fernandes and Rajesh Pilot did the most of talking on Center's behalf with Kashmiri groups in early years of militancy and separatist movement.

Chronology of INTERLOCUTORS

Current AffairsDialogue

14


meeting the interlocutors and express their opinions the Hurriyat might as well be

compelled to come and talk. Geelani may be the only exception. In fact this is what

Dileep's team has in mind. “This was our first tour and the idea was to have a basic

assessment of moods”, says Radha Kumar. “We did not expect separatists to meet us

immediately but I am sure they will talk”. Observers view Dileep's 'Pakistan essential'

remark as tacit statement to attract the Kashmiri separatist sentiment and the

'Indian constitution' remark to address the Jammu constituency.

The initial term for the team if of one year which makes the job time bound. It is

not one like that of KC Pant or NN Vohra which had no limitations. Another best about

the exercise is that interlocutors have decided to visit the state once every month

and submit interim report to the Government of India after every visit. Here are few

quick recommendations the interlocutors might want to consider:

r

r

r

r

r

There should be a permanent secretariat in Jammu, Srinagar and Ladakh with

staff to do a comprehensive research job like historical developments, a study

of past promises and proposals, the causes and solutions for regional issues

etc. while focus at resolving Kashmir issue is must but the issues beyond

Kashmir must be taken care of to accommodate the sentiments of traditional

exclusion.

The secretariats should maintain a database of different groups, their

aspirations and important persons who interlocutors should meet.

Youth is the most important factor in reaching at any solution. Interlocutors

must hold well organized sessions with groups of youths in different parts of

the state and for this purpose local universities or other institutions can be

taken on board.

Going to the Press by interlocutors should ideally be cut to bare minimum and

instead people should be allowed to do most talking.

Jobs and development issues should ideally be kept out of the purview of

present exercise as enough has been done on this by way of Prime Minister's

Working Groups Task Forces etc. However, an action taken report on their

recommendations and pressure for implementation of what has already been

recommended would be important.

2000: Vajpayee appointed to a team of Home Ministry bureau-crats to talk to group of Kashmiri militants belonging to a faction of Hizb. Appointment of bureaucrats failed the whole exercise. Militants struck in vengeance killing 94 per-sons at different places over two days.

2001: Vajpayee Government a p p o i n t m e n t P l a n n i n g Commission Deputy Chairman KC Pant as high profile interlocutor to talk to separatists and others. His findings were never made public and he was suddenly replaced by NN Vohra in 2003.

2002: BJP leader Arun Jaitly was appointed as Center's interlocu-tors to talk to the National Conference on autonomy resolu-tion. There were two rounds of meetings between Jaitly and s e n i o r N C l e a d e r G h u l a m Mohiuddin Shah. NC lost vote the same year and autonomy talks ended.

2003: Prime Minister Vajpayee appointed NN Vohra as his emis-sary to talk to Kashmiri separat-ists. Interlocutor's office worked at Vigyan Bhawan for five years. Results never made public. Vohra is Governor of Jammu and Kashmir since 2008.

2004: Deputy Prime Minister LK Advani was named as Prime Minister Vajpayee's emissary to talk to separatists. This was first and last highest level dialogue between Government of India and separatists. There were two rounds of meetings but reaching any conclusion Vajpayee govern-ment lost vote the same year.

DILEEP : The Journalist

Current AffairsDialogue

RADHA : The Academician

ANSARI : The Economist

15


within. In fact, it was like Pakistan was Pakistan's influence and interest hit the From J&K Elections In 2008 at war with itself. A series of events nadir in J&K during 2008-09. On the

To The Kashmir Unrest In made Pakistan to look inwards. other hand, for India, the positive situa-

2010 Kashmir Back In tion in J&K hit the highest point, only to Third, the unfortunate, but lethal

fall once again. And what a disastrous terrorist attack on Mumbai in 2008 not Pakistan's Agenda?fall it has been! India, in the last two only reversed the Indo-Pak peace pro-Towards the end of 2008, Pakistan's years, since the 2008 elections in J&K, cess, but resulted in enormous interna-interest and influence reached the low-appears to be back at square one. tional pressure on Pakistan. As a result, est in J&K. Four significant reasons Nothing, but a hara-kiri. Like the Indian there was an unofficial control over the could be identified for this; first, was cricket team at times, which manages activities of the Lashkar-e-Toiba within the Musharraf factor. Without a doubt, to snatch defeat from the jaws of vic-Pakistan. Subsequently, the Lashkar led President Pervez Musharraf pursued a tory, New Delhi gave up all its cards, by terrorist attacks in J&K and the rest of positive approach towards since the simply doing nothing.India came down significantly. Except beginning of the Indo-Pak peace process

for a few aberrations, that are too The turning point for Pakistan in in 2004. There was a sudden decline in minor, there were no major terrorist J&K came this year, when Kashmiri terrorist related violence in J&K. More attacks in India. youths started their agitation. Neither importantly, Musharraf also advised the

the separatist leaders in Kashmir Valley Fourth, the aforementioned three Hurriyat leadership to take into account nor Pakistan designed this youth unrest. factors resulted in making the elections the changed regional environment In fact, it caught them by surprise. Since for J&K legislative assembly an inclusive (meaning the Indo-Pak peace process) then, both the separatists and Pakistan one, and were the most successful. For and devise a strategy accordingly. Initial are trying to reposition themselves to the first time in the last two decades, remarks by now President Asif Ali the changed situation within Kashmir the elections were held in a peaceful Zardari, were also along the same lines, valley. The time is ripe for them; for the atmosphere, with no violence. In retro-when he mentioned that the Kashmir waters are muddled and soaked with spect, the 2008 elections in J&K was the dispute should put on the back burner. blood, and the Kashmiri youths are most positive event in the last two The Hurriyat at this point was crest-angry. This will suit Pakistan and the decades, and the environment during fallen and was thoroughly disappointed Hurriyat; for they have fodder now, who this phase was the most peaceful, with Pakistan and its leadership. could be manipulated and exploited to despite the regional differences.Second, during 2006-08, Pakistan suit their narrow political interests.Because of all these reasons itself was witnessing continuous turmoil

D SUBA CHANDRAN

Is Pakistan Re-positioning itself in Kashmir?

Islamabad's Five Likely Strategies

There is a renewed Pakistani interest in the Kashmir issue today, after a lull during 2007-09. There

have been a series of activities, including rallies, meetings, statements etc, signifying a shift in

Pakistan's approach, in terms of re-igniting the Kashmir debate within its body politic. From an Indian

perspective, it is essential to find out and confirm whether there is a new trend inside Pakistan vis-à-

vis J&K. More importantly, it is also imperative to trace the path that Pakistan is likely to pursue in

terms of exploiting the existing situation in Kashmir valley.

Current Affairs 16


J&K: The Change within Pakistan

There has been a sudden change within Pakistan

in the last two months, and there have been a series of

Kashmir related activities within Pakistan. During

September-October 2010, there were at least two sig-

nificant meetings/conferences /rallies in Islamabad

and Lahore. The first one was a rally, almost a jihadi

one, led by one of the Lashkar front - Tehrik Azadi-i-

Kashmir (TAK) in Islamabad. This rally witnessed a

carefully organized caravan – “Azad-i-Kashmir”,

from Mirpur, starting three days earlier, reaching the

venue via Kotli, Bagh and Muzafarabad. The organiz-

ers of this rally also organized a national confer-

ence, in which political parties including the PML-N

and Jamaat-e-Islami and Jamiat Ulema-i- Islam.

From Abdur Rehman Makki, the leader of the TAK to

Maulana Sami-ul-Haq, there was a repeated empha-

sis on jihad as the only option to resolve Kashmir.

The second meeting/conference, this time in

Lahore, was organized by the Jamaat-e-Islami, on

Kashmir. The speakers included political leaders,

and more importantly, editors and other represen-

tatives from the media. Some of the participants in

this conference included Qazi Husain Ahmed (for-

mer JI chief), Majid Nizami (Editor in Chief of the

the national daily - The Nation), Mushahid Husain

(PML-Q Secretary General), Jehanir Badar (PPP's

Secretary General), and Imran Khan. Most impor-

tantly, this meeting also included the Jamaat-ut-

Dawa chief; Hafiz Muhammad Saeed and Muttahidda

Jehad Council Chairman Syed Salahudin.

Besides the above meetings led by the political

parties and organization, during the last few

months, there is an increased shrill against India in

Pakistani media on Kashmir. Comparing the violence

in Kashmir to the intifada in Palestine, one could wit-

ness numerous editorials and articles in the main-

stream English and vernacular media, lashing India

and its security forces and accusing them of commit-

ting atrocities against the Kashmiris.

Clearly, there is a renewed effort being made

to bring Kashmir back in the national debate within

Pakistan, forcing the government to take action. It

was not a surprise then, that the Lahore conference

adopted a resolution demanding the government of

Pakistan “to call an all parties conference for devis-

ing a national policy that could play a role in ending

atrocities in Kashmir.”

Pakistan's Repositioning In Kashmir:

Islamabad's Five Likely StrategiesWhile it is evident that Pakistan is trying to reposition itself on (and

in) Kashmir, it is imperative for India to find out the likely course of action

that Pakistan may pursue vis-à-vis J&K, at the national, regional and

international levels. One could identify the following five strategies that

Pakistan may like to pursue.

Strategy 1: Bring Kashmir back in Pakistan's National Debate

As can be seen from the recent meetings and rallies within Pakistan,

a clear effort is being made to bring Kashmir back on their national

debate. The situation in Kashmir Valley and the increased international

attention towards the ongoing violence provides an ideal platform for

Islamabad to reposition itself. As for the beleaguered PPP, especially

Zardari, this may even provide some breathing space by diverting

national attention. Unfortunately, J&K has always been a smokescreen

for the ruling elite – (political and military) - to gain legitimacy and divert

the public mood.

What will be the likely fallouts of Kashmir issue assuming impor-

tance in Pakistan's national debate? Pakistan's much abused ISI and mili-

tant groups, especially the Lashkar-e-Taiba (and perhaps Jaish-e-

Mohammad), along with the religious parties, are likely to gain credence

within Pakistan's body politic.

One should also keep in mind the happenings in Afghanistan and the

FATA, and what is likely to happen over the next few years. In the last few

years, there has been substantial involvement of the local groups, from

Punjab in the FATA and especially by the members of Jaish-e- Mohammad,

Sipah-e-Sahaba and Lashkar-e- Jhangvi, who, along with the TTP have

been fighting the security forces in the FATA. Crudely termed the

“Punjabi Taliban”, these groups have also been occasionally engaged in

terrorist attacks in Lahore and Islamabad. Once the war on terrorism in

Afghanistan and FATA comes to a conclusion (one way or the other, espe-

cially after the American exit), these battle hardened Punjabi groups are

unlikely to stay in the FATA. Unlike the Central Asian militants and others

belonging to the al Qaeda, the Punjabi groups are likely get back, for

their base and families are in Punjab. They will return to Punjab, and

engage themselves in a sectarian blood bath. In that scenario, Pakistan

will have two options – either to fight them or to divert them into J&K.

Instead of fighting them (due to the lack of domestic consensus and the

mayhem it will create), Islamabad will find it convenient to divert them

elsewhere, most likely into J&K. Fighting India, after “defeating” the

“evil Americans” may be more attractive to the jihadis. The history will

repeat itself; it will be almost similar to what happened during the first

half of the 1990s.

Strategy 2: Reach out to the Hurriyat and the Kashmiri Youth

From now on, there will be an increased effort to repair Pakistan's

image in Kashmir. While there is an increased anti-Indian sentiment

Current Affairs17


within the Hurriyat and the stone throw- an onslaught, especially targeting the on J&K? With the terrorist attacks on

ing youths, there is not much love for youths. While there is no visible Mumbai in 2008 almost becoming his-

Pakistan either. Many in Kashmir valley Pakistan's direct involvement in this tory, the Lashkar is waiting for a chance

consider Pakistan as opportunistic, who new phenomenon, groups such as the to renew militancy against India. With

is not Lashkar has been engaged in finding a the Indo-Pak peace process remains

foothold to propagate their ideology as frozen and unlikely to be revived in the genuinely interested in their future. Nor

well. Increased inflow of financial near future, there is every chance that do the Kashmiri youths want to emulate

transactions on one pretext or the militancy will be revived and that it will Pakistan. Besides, Pakistan's failing sta-

other, from some of the Gulf countries, start from J&K.tus in the world is known to all. Pakistan

does have an ideological component would like to change the above percep- Despite the enhanced counter mili-

attached to it. This phenomenon is not tion in Kashmir valley, as a part of its tancy grid and the fencing along the

limited to Kashmir valley alone; the repositioning strategy. One is likely to LoC, it is not impossible for the militants

Muslim majority districts of Jammu witness an increased interaction to cross-over into J&K through Mendhar

between Pakistan and the Hurriyat lead- or Kupwara sectors. Besides, Islamabad

ership one pretext or the other. While will always retain tight control over the

one would witness statements from the militant groups; and those who try to

highest levels on the significant contri- form their own will become irrelevant,

bution of the Hurriyat, organizations as the JKLF in early 1990s and a section

and individuals linked to Pakistan and its of the Hizbul Mujahideen did during this

ISI will be asked to organize more politi- decade. Even Syed Salahuddin is

cal events inside and outside Pakistan, sidelined, which is being seen in their

and highlight the Hurriyat's importance performance in Kashmir valley.

in resolving the Kashmir issue. One is Strategy 4: Call for International also likely to witness back channel meet- Interventionings between Pakistan and the Hurriyat; Fourth, there is likely to be an the latter will be assured of Pakistan's increased demand from Pakistan for support. Musharraf will come under international intervention. The recent increased criticisms for his Kashmir pol- speech by Pakistan's foreign minister in icy, and leaders will highlight the need the United Nations was not merely an

region – Rajouri and Poonch, are already for getting back to “Pakistan's princi- emotional rhetoric, but a carefully cali-witnessing this. The recent violence in pled stand on Kashmir.” Especially, with brated effort to raise the issue at the Mendhar (in Poonch district) over the his announcement of his new party and highest level. Shah Mehmood Qureshi, alleged burning of the Holy Book, is an intention to get back, PML-N is likely to Pakistan's foreign minister led a diatribe expression of this new trend.get more critical about his U-turn in in New York, with his statements within

J&K. Strategy 3: Revive Militancy in J&K the UN and outside it. He has asked the While Pakistan would love to reach out While the national debate and the US to “invest its political capital” in to the youths, it will not be as easy, as it rhetoric within Pakistan led by the radi- Kashmir as much as Washington is doing could do with the separatist leadership. cal groups are likely to gain new in the Middle East. During his speech in Amongst the youths, while a section recruits, the government policy is also the UNGA, Qureshi mentioned: “The amongst them will be waving Pakistani likely to change in terms of using the Jammu and Kashmir dispute is about the flags during their protests, it is more out armed groups – from the restraint that exercise of the right to self-of their hatred against New Delhi, than we see today, to fishing in troubled determination by the Kashmiri people any love for Islamabad. However, what waters. If not the PPP government, at through a free, fair and impartial plebi-India needs to be worried about is, the least a section which is running the show scite under the UN auspices…A peaceful increased influence of radical ideology, in J&K will be tempted to revive mili- resolution of Kashmir dispute in accor-led by certain underground groups. tancy. Why not? Is Pakistan testing the dance with the UN Resolutions and tak-While Islam in Kashmir valley has always waters, by allowing Hafiz Saeed to ing into account the aspirations of the been famous for its Sufi nature, there is appear in public and make statements Kashmiri people would create condu-

There has been a sudden change

within Pakistan in the last two

months, and there have been a

series of Kashmir related activities

within Pakistan. During September-

October 2010, there were at least

two significant meetings/ confer-

ences/rallies in Islamabad and

Lahore.

Current Affairs 18


cive atmosphere for durable peace and stability in the South Asian

region…Pakistan reaffirms its complete solidarity with the Kashmiri peo-

ple, and urges the international community to persuade India to end its

repression in Kashmir.” Qureshi's UNGA speech is likely to provide the

basis for Pakistan's subsequent statements on the issue in various plat-

forms and their leaders meetings in different countries. With Obama's

visit to India only few weeks ahead, this shrill will only increase, espe-

cially with regard to US intervention in the issue. While, there is nothing

new in the above rhetoric of Pakistan at the international level, what is

likely to be of increased importance from an Indian perspective, is

whether there is a Sino-Pak convergence on

Kashmir. China has remained a silent spectator over the last decade,

and in fact its silence was in India's favour on Indo-Pak issues. Since Kargil

conflict, Beijing always insisted Kashmir as a bilateral issue between

India and Pakistan. In fact, China refused to get involved and support

Pakistan's position during the Kargil conflict.

However, much has changed in this decade vis-à-vis China's percep-

tions. While on the one hand, China is anxious to build road and rail links

via Karakoram, on the other hand, Beijing is also apprehensive of the

Indo-US nuclear deal. The recent tensions in India- China relations should

be seen in this perspective. Moreover, there has been a heavy Chinese

presence in Gilgit-Baltistan; while scholars like Selig Harrison hint a mili-

tary component to this Chinese presence, what is well known has been

the investments, especially in infrastructure and energy sectors by

Beijing. The US will be forced to involve, especially with an increasing

Chinese presence (at least that is what, Selig Harrison's article want to);

given their deep entrenchment in the Af-Pak what form will this involve-

ment take? Not easy to predict.

While there are no visible Sino-Pakistan linkages on J&K detrimental to

India's interests, such a development should not be totally over ruled. What

if? In such a (worst case) scenario, J&K will become a different issue.

Strategy 5: Bring Kashmir Back in the Bilateral Dialogue

Kashmir is likely to figure high on Pakistan's agenda in Indo-Pak dia-

logue. If one has to follow the statements made by Qureshi in New York

recently, it is evident that Pakistan would like to make Kashmir, Siachen

and water the primary issues. Gone are the days in which the PPP talked

about placing Kashmir on the

back burner and improving the

Indo-Pak ties. While on the one

hand, Pakistan will pressurize

the international community

to force India to give high pri-

ority to a Kashmir specific dia-

logue, on the other hand, it will

be able to re-establish the lost

ties with the separatists, by

emphasizing “take Kashmiris

into account” rhetoric.

An Indian Response?All the above five strategies are not

mutually exclusive. Pakistan may pursue

some or all of them simultaneously. There

may be a political cost and few wild cards.

India needs to plan ahead for a political, and

if there is a need, even a military response.

First of all, blaming Pakistan for every-

thing that is happening in J&K is not the solu-

tion. The current unrest in J&K, first and fore-

most, is New Delhi's own making. After the

wonderful efforts made by the security

forces and the excellent response by the civil

society in J&K, New Delhi lost the plot some-

time after the 2008 elections. Both New

Delhi and the other stakeholders failed to

evolve a positive road map visà- vis J&K.

Elections and the positive response by the

civil society in 2008 elections was inter-

preted as the return of normalcy to J&K.

Complacency set in; the round table confer-

ences and working group reports became his-

tory and relegated to the dark chambers of

the Home Ministry and the Prime Minister's

Office. Why should they be pursued, if nor-

malcy has returned to Kashmir?

Second, there was a total failure to

anticipate what the losers of the 2008 elec-

tions will plan. From the Hurriyat to the PDP,

the 2008 elections was a negative outcome

for their survival. They have been waiting for

an opportunity; and the youth unrest and fol-

low up violence provided them an issue on a

silver platter. They grabbed it first; and

Pakistan followed suit.

The response to Pakistan should begin

from the inside, by wresting control of the

lost initiative. The All Party Delegation that

visited J&K should be the starting point for

New Delhi to re-engage itself. India should

build confidence and maintain consistency

vis-à-vis Kashmir. New Delhi's road to

Islamabad on J&K lies in improving its con-

nectivity with Jammu and Srinagar. Pakistan

can only fish, if the Kashmiri waters are mud-

died and unclear. Ensuring transparency and

accountability will keep J&K clear.

New Delhi's road to Islamabad on

J&K lies in improving its connectivity

with Jammu and Srinagar. Pakistan

can only fish, if the Kashmiri waters

are muddied and unclear. Ensuring

transparency and accountability will

keep J&K clear.IPCS

Current Affairs19


solution, which inevitably meant allow- are the realities, then can any small DER SPIEGEL: Why did you form ing the stronger side to retain the power go counter to the trend? Or, spe-militant underground groups to advantage even when it was wrong. This cifically, can Pakistan counter the

fight India in Kashmir?interpretation can be seen reflected in Western-Russian support for India? On

MUSHARRAF: They were indeed the oft repeated Pakistani complaint the Kashmir issue, it can if the situation

against the West that they were ignor- on the ground is sustained. In other formed. The government ing the civilian casualties in Kashmir and words, the freedom struggle on ground turned a blind eye because they were favouring the militarily stronger in IHK cannot fade out because that is

wanted India to discuss Kashmir. India, and though the interpretation is the only pressure on the international

of events prior to July 2001, is neverthe- community and India-especially the

or Indian Intelligence Agencies less relevant even today. Indian military. Dialogue must not be

and the J&K police, this is old accompanied by a cessation of the mili-Fnews. We always knew that the tary struggle on the ground until sub-

terrorists crossing over into J&K from stantive progress has been made.”

across the border were trained, armed, The above assertion bears remark-

and infiltrated by the Pakistani forces. able resemblance to the current

Even the rest of the world is convinced Pakistani strategy vis-à-vis Kashmir, by

about this, as is implied in the above Musharraf's successor, General Parvez

question put to Gen. Musharraf by the Kayani. Militants will continue to be

Der Spiegel. trained, armed and infiltrated into

In this connection, an article by Kashmir from Pakistan in order to bring

Shireen Mazari, (Director General of the pressure on the international commu-

Institute of Strategic Studies, Pakistan nity by pointing to the threat of a

till May 2008) just before the Vajpayee- nuclear war between India and

Musharraf summit in Agra in July 2001, is Pakistan, and on the Indian Government Mazari further continues thus in relevant and significant. Mazari's stew- and military to come to terms, favour-

the article: “The most disturbing fact ardship of this prestigious Institute able to Pakistan. These militants would that is emerging in this new approach to more or less coincided with Musharraf's be fully under the control of the resolution of conflicts involving people tenure. This article was written in the Pakistan Army, as was claimed by Lt. s eek i n g t he i r r i g h t t o s e l f -background of what Mazari claimed General Aziz in his telephone conversa-determination is the manner in which were the new rules of the game at the tion with General Musharraf who was in the US, EU and Russia are closing global level which 'pushed' India into China, in May 1999, during the Kargil ranks…In the Balkans, Russia will now accepting Pakistan's continuous call for war. This is why the Pakistan military find more in common with the US and a dialogue, and citing developments in refuse to take action against the the EU in its consistent support for the the Middle East and the Balkans. Lashkar-e-Taiba and other India centric Serbs. And, of course, the West has cho-According to Mazari, the US and its outfits. Apart from Kashmir, Mumbai sen to accept Russia's conduct of a pol-allies, who have been exerting pres- type attacks in other sensitive centres icy of genocide in Chechnya... If these sure, were interested only in a 'quick fix' in India in the future, cannot be ruled

RADHA VINOD RAJU

Pakistan and Militant Groups in Kashmir:

Musharraf's Admission

While we draw the attention of the

international community to the

widely acclaimed elections that were

held in J&K in late 2008, in which

there was strong public participa-

tion, our failure to control civilian

killings by the police and paramilitary

forces in the last three months

needs to be looked into.

Current Affairs 20


out. What indeed is striking is

that now the admission has

come from a former Pakistan

President, who hopes to

come back to power again in

Pakistan!

What the Generals in

Pakistan refuse to see is that

this unfortunate strategy of

using terrorism as an instru-

ment of State policy has now

become an existential threat

to Pakistan itself. In Kashmir,

it has resulted in death and

destruction in unimaginable

terms causing untold suffer-

ing to innocent people.

Musharraf claims that it is

the right of his country to

train militants to put pres-

sure on India to discuss

Kashmir. He forgets India's

right to counter them with

all the force at its command

to preserve its integrity!

While we draw the

attention of the interna-

tional community to the

widely acclaimed elections

that were held in J&K in late

2008, in which there was

strong public participation,

our failure to control civilian

killings by the police and

paramilitary forces in the

last three months needs to

be looked into. During the

last twenty years or more,

these forces have been in an

anti-militancy and counter

insurgency mode, where the

gun was the main weapon,

and not the lathi. Have the

police and paramilitary

forces deployed been suffi-

ciently re-oriented to change

into the law and order mode

to deal with unruly crowds?

While environmental clearances for mining projects across

the country now hang like a Damocles Sword on companies

that are seen flouting norms, in Kashmir it seems like a free

for all. Limestone quarrying and cement factories are

playing havoc with its fragile environment, robbing the

flourishing saffron and almond cultivation of its potential.

The state government departments need to quickly get their

act together to stem this rot.

ashmir has always been fragile, in more ways than one. In the lap of the

Himalayas, its pristine landscape is indeed breathtaking and has drawn Ktourists like bees to honey. Known for production of apples, walnuts,

cherries and almonds, it offers an idyllic climate and conditions for horticul-

tural growth. Yet there is a seamier side to all that appears pristine.

Over the last few years, close to 20-25 limestone quarrying mines have

come up in Khrew and Khanmoh range, in an area, which falls within the 10 km

range of Dachigam National Park. This is a complete violation of the Wildlife

Conservation Strategy 2002, which upholds the notifying of land falling within

10 kms of the boundaries of national parks and sanctuaries as eco-fragile zones

under Environment Protection Act. This in turn takes credence from an earlier

Act, the Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1978, which prohibits

destruction of habitat of wild animals in a national park, sanctuary or conser-

vation reserve.

Yet the quarrying has continued unabated. When in the rest of the coun-

try Environmental clearances from the Ministry has taken up strong positions

on mining activities here in Kashmir, it is a different story In pockets, which

were pristine and productive, the destruction continues unabated. Besides

endangering wildlife, this is the prime area of saffron production, the prized

item that has reached global markets and indeed has come to be identified

with Kashmir.

The poisons spewing out of the cement factories and limestone quarries

are having a drastic impact on the production of saffron and almonds which

the region is famous for and the source of livelihoods for many farmers. By

allowing indiscriminate and mindless construction, the government is in effect

snatching away from the people their means of livelihood. This lack of

ZEENAT ZEESHAN FAZIL

What really is at stake in Kashmir

Current Affairs21


accountability and transparency at the from the area. According to Director the environment.”

level of governance has been the bane Geology and Mining, Ishtiyaq Ahmad The inevitable face-off between

of the region. Ashai, only eight quarries are func- the bodies responsible for Mining and

Why is the state government play- tional in Shimnag area while a nine oth- for those giving Environmental

ing ducks and drakes with the Kashmiri ers are non-operational. The scope of Clearances is evident in Kashmir as

people? Is it only responsible for han- their powers however stops at correc- well. SPCB authorities allege that in

dling crises in Srinagar or equally for tive action. Says Ashai said, “Our Geology and Mining Department allows

long-term development of rural pock- department has very limited powers. mining in several cases without seeking

ets of the region, for sustaining liveli- We can only fine but cannot arrest the No Objection Certificate (NOC) from

hoods, protecting the environment violators”. This means if anyone is them. Giving an instance, Director

and ensuring that no one takes the law 'caught' indulging in illegal extraction, SPCB, Kashmir, Syed Farooq Gilani says

into their own hands? Sadly this does the department can seize tools and “ They (Geology and Mining) have not

not seem to be so. Those whom the material. There leaves a disconcert- received NOC from us for mining in Uri

Kashmiri people have entrusted their sector. Now we have written to the con-

welfare to are not really concerned. cerned District Magistrate to close it

The departments, which are involved, down. I don't understand how the

are busy leveling charges against each Department can give the lease permis-

other or simply looking away. At times sion without taking the consent of the

there is a grudging acknowledgement environmental agency, SPCB,”

of this from insiders. “Yes, it has Concerned over random extraction

caused much damage to our heritage of lime-stone and mud particularly from

crop, saffron and the almond produc- the forested areas, an environmental-

tion too,” Director, Agriculture, ist, Dr. Mubashir Jeelani says: “Our ecol-

Kashmir, Mian Adbul Majeed, regretting ogy is going to be disturbed by such

that incessant mining and quarrying are activities and if such things are not

continuing unabated. stopped at the earliest, we will invite an

There is another disturbing trend, inevitable disaster for ourselves as no

threatening the fragile ecology of forests will be left for our future gener-

Kashmir; soil extraction. Rues Majeed ations or for the wild animals. “Our for-

“Soil is being extracted randomly from est resources were already depleting

Pampore, Budgam and other areas to fast due to illegal felling of trees and

fill railway tracks and this activity has are now bearing the brunt of mass-scale ing sense of a vacuum; that no one caused major damage to the agricul- extraction of stones within the forest here is responsible. With each depart-tural produce in these areas, ” In north covers,” he laments.ment hiding behind the smoke screen Kashmir, stone quarries have come up The war of words and ideas not of 'limited powers' the question is where in forested areas endangering the withstanding, what is at stake is some-does the buck stop? green cover. According to sources, a thing which goes beyond the politics, The pollution caused by these ille-couple of years back, three stone quar- beyond the implementation of policies, gal mining is another disturbing ries came up within the mountainous infact beyond even the present genera-aspect. Some of the officials are can-range on the right side of Trehgam- tion and the situation of conflict in did about it. Abdul Majid Mir, a geolo-Shimnag road in district Kupwara. The Kashmir. Resolving this issue is crucial gist and a Mineral Officer in Geology forest is dense with coniferous trees not only in immediate context but in the and Mining department says, “The like Deodhar, Kail and Fir extending long-term. Kashmir can benefit enor-State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) over a sprawling area of eight square mously from the wondrous gift of nature doesn't regularly check whether the kilometers. and Kashmiris can prosper if the envi-owners of quarries and mines are using

This green cover is now being ronment that supports them is pro-their pollution control devises. The threatened by illegal stone extraction tected and nourished.negligence is telling upon the state of

There is another disturbing trend,

threatening the fragile ecology of

Kashmir; soil extraction. Rues Majeed

“Soil is being extracted randomly

from Pampore, Budgam and other

areas to fill railway tracks and this

activity has caused major damage to

the agricultural produce in these

areas, ” In north Kashmir, stone quar-

ries have come up in forested areas

endangering the green cover.

Current Affairs 22


he week lasting 18-23 October its voting rights. In the communiqué senior Indian general.

2010 witnessed three major issued at the end of this meeting, it was China's becoming the number two Tevents that promise to inject a agreed to shift a total quota of six per world economy in September had

positive enthusiasm in China-India cent shares to emerging economies and already brought a certain focus on

relations. this will be over and above the amount China. Meanwhile, India – now the

First, the release of Regional that was previously agreed at the fourth-largest economy in purchasing

Economic Outlook 2010 by the Pittsburg G20 summit of June 2009. parity terms – is also growing at a rapid

International Monetary Fund (IMF) in These quotas in IMF shares and seats in pace and has begun to receive rapidly

Jakarta underlined how, with their the board of governors will be expanding FDI. This sudden deluge has

growth rates of 10.5 and 9.7 per cent transferred to emerging economies like become a matter of concern in India.

respectively, China and India are clearly China and India. Indeed, World Bank World projections

recognized today as the torchbearers of At the end of the Gyeongju for 2011 last week believe that India's

global economic recovery. The fact that meeting, the IMF Managing Director, growth rates will outpace the Chinese

China and India are located in the Dominique Stauss-Kahn, said “This growth rate as early as 2011 while

thriving Asia-Pacific makes the Chindia clearly [was] an IMF day in Asia… now Morgan Stanley puts the date at 2013.

phenomenon the most robust driver of the board represents the reality of the The coming weeks will witness a

what is being described as an impending global economy.” To recall, both China slew of interactions between their

transformation in global economy and India have been raising the issue of leaders that perhaps augur well for

followed by the transformation in global need for reforms in the UN and Bretton China-India relations. Indian Prime

political relations. Woods institutions citing this as an issue Minister, Manmohan Singh will be

Some sparks of this gradual but of their credibility and efficacy in the meeting his counterpart Wen Jiabao on

certain power shift were visible in the face of the changed ground realities of the margins of the Fifth East Asia

second event of last week – the G20 the 21st century. Summit in Hanoi late this month, their

finance ministers' and central bank The third event was nearer home. first meeting since the controversy

chiefs' meeting in Gyeongju, South This was the 50th anniversary about the denial of visa to Gen. BS

Korea. In spite of media hype over celebrations of New Delhi's premier Jaswal had resulted in suspension of

'currency wars' on which they only strategic institute, the National their defence exchanges. India has also

agreed to 'refrain from competitive Defence College. The participation of since been concerned about reports on

devaluations' these financial leaders Prof. Shen Dingli, Executive Dean of the China's increasing investments and

managed a breakthrough agreement on Institute of International Studies, Fudan military presence in infrastructure and

IMF reforms, efforts for which had been University, Shanghai was highlighted in humanitarian relief projects in

on for several years, if not decades. Indian media as a signal of India lifting Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir.

From initial reports, Europe has agreed the bar on visits by senior Chinese However, while leaving for his

to give up two of its six seats in the 24- defence officials and strategists that three-country tour – Japan, Indonesia,

member board of governors of IMF and New Delhi had imposed since July when Vietnam – this week, Singh tried to

also agreed to surrender five per cent of China had declined to give visa to a strike a positive chord as he

SWARAN SINGH

CHINA-INDIA:

Return to Robust Relations?

Current Affairs23


acknowledged India's conditional Standing Committee (PSC) and meeting between their two Special

support to China's decision to supply President Hu's envoy on sensitive issues Representatives on the boundary

nuclear reactors to Pakistan. Singh will like North Korea and Tibet – and Li question is also expected anytime. And

be meeting President Hu during the G20 Keqiang – the seventh-ranking member finally, their bilateral trade that had

summit from 11-12 November in South of the PSC and expected successor to fallen from US$52 billion to US$45

Korea. In between, both Barack Obama Premier Wen Jiabao in 2012. billion last year is all set to now cross

and Nicolas Sarkozy will be visiting New Also, Indian Foreign Minister, SM US$60 billion for this year.

Delhi. Two important Chinese visitors Krishna will meet his counterpart Yang All these events together are

are also expected to arrive in New Delhi Jeichi on the sidelines of the coming likely to provide a positive spin to the

sometime during the middle of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) and complex and volatile Sino-Indian

November. These are Zhou Yongkang – trilateral Russia-India-China Foreign relationship which has become

China's security czar and the ninth- Ministers' meetings in Wuhan mid- increasingly critical beyond just their

ranking member of the CPC's Politburo November. Besides, the much-awaited bilateral policy prism.

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IN FOCUS

Muslims in Administration


DR SHAHID IQBAL

Missing Link or Connecting Link

Muslims In Indian Administration

he Government system provides a framework for equitable socio economic development and

planned growth of any nation state. Participation of various identities, in equitable proportions, in Tthe governance may not be a necessary precondition for such a planned growth and development as

well as nation building but equitable outcome is certainly a desired outcome. The Indian administration

provides a unique model for securing national integration on one hand and providing a machinery of

unbiased persons selected through an open competitive examination and allotted to states for carrying out

good governance in unbiased manner and ensuring delivery of services apart from reinforcing

accountability of government towards the masses. This has been achieved through creation of three All

India Services viz Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), and Indian Forest Service

(IFS), apart from many central services in Group A & B working in the affairs of states and Union. The IAS

represents the framework of permanent executive in a democratic set up. When Lord Cornwallis created

Indian Civil Service (ICS) in 1893, it was aptly described as steel pillars of the Government. After more than

two centuries the ICS, now IAS, has witnessed a lot of erosion of its powers with separation of executive

and judiciary, decentralisation in government, compartmentalisation and so on. But still it wields the real

power of decision making in executive. Presence of various communities, religious and linguistic identities

in the administration has been an issue of debate since decades. The inclusion of minorities in various

services has always been on agenda of successive governments as it provides a platform for articulation of

specific needs and ideas as well. Muslims, comprising the largest minority with 13.4 % population have only

a 2.96% presence in the IAS which is apparently a cause of concern as it cultivates a sense of

marginalisation in the corridors of power and decision making. But if we analyse the trends, the Muslim

participation has also show a steady pattern of inclusion across the years. Upon analysis of this trend, one

can arrive at lacunas and suggest future measures to be taken to avoid such a feeling of marginalisation in

governance and administration.

Towards Inclusion

25


IN FOCUSMuslim in Administration

The 1995 batch recorded the highest ratio of Muslims to Muslims: Selections in IASoverall number of candidates selected for appointment in IAS, An analysis of IAS selections by the Union Public Service at 8.9%. Commission in past 20 years reveals a static number of Muslims

selected for the coveted service over the years, with peak MUSLIM IAS OFFICERS IN INDIAN STATESnumbers a couple of times crossing half a dozen. The candidates selected by the UPSC for

appointment to IAS are allotted to various cadre states by

the Department of Personnel and Training, under the Prime

Minister's office. Twenty eight states and 7 Union Territories

of the Indian dominion have been formed into 24 cadres for

allocation of All India Services officers. All union territories

and states of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, NCT Delhi and

Goa have been included in one cadre named AGMUT

(Arunachal-Goa-Mizoram and Union Territories). Likewise

Assam and Meghalaya; and Manipur and Tripura are clubbed

as joint cadres. There are total 4456 IAS officers serving in

all the cadre states as on 01.01.2010, which includes both

direct recruits (RR) and those promoted from the state civil

services (SCS). An analysis of the IAS composition across

cadres reveals that there are 132 Muslim IAS officers out of

the total whopping strength of 4500 odd officers of the

premier service in India. Further, only 81 of them are RR i.e

selected by the UPSC through competitive examination and

the rest 51 have been inducted from the state civil services.

The State of Jammu and Kashmir is the only Muslim

dominated state in country; and has the highest number of

Muslims in IAS serving under affairs of state. Out of 92 IAS

officers in Jammu and Kashmir, 30 are Muslims – 5 RR and 25

SCS. The number in case of J&K is high because it is the only

state where promotion quota for induction in IAS is 50 % of RR

while in other states it stands uniformly at 33%. Apart from

J&K, all the 23 rest cadres send only 102 IAS officers out of

4364 i.e. 2.34 % share in rest of India.

*This is as per actual number of officers serving as on

From the table above, the number of Muslims selected

for IAS every year ranged from zero to 7 in last 20 batches,

from 1990 to 2009 batch. The highest number was registered

in 1995 and 2009 batches with respectively 7 and 6 Muslims

being appointed in the IAS. In 1992 and 2004 not even a

single Muslim could make it to the elite IAS. Out of 1609

selections in past 20 years since 1990 batch, only 47 Muslims

could become members of the IAS, which includes 9 Muslim

women. Thus, 2.92% is the average selection of Muslims in

IAS in last two decades, compared to 2.96% total serving

Muslim IAS officers in the country – a slight decline to overall

percentage of Muslims in administration.

Table I: Muslims selected in IAS compared to total selections

The State of Jammu and Kashmir is the only Muslim

dominated state in country; and has the highest number

of Muslims in IAS serving under affairs of state. Out of 92

IAS officers in Jammu and Kashmir, 30 are Muslims – 5

RR and 25 SCS. The number in case of J&K is high

because it is the only state where promotion quota for

induction in IAS is 50 % of RR while in other states it

stands uniformly at 33%. Apart from J&K, all the 23 rest

cadres send only 102 IAS officers out of 4364 i.e. 2.34 %

share in rest of India.

26


01.06.2010 and not the sanctioned Pradesh another mega state has 4

cadre strength. **Officers inducted Muslims out of 300, Maharashtra has

into IAS from amongst the State Service only 2 out of 314, Andhra Pradesh has 8

Officers. Muslims out of 289 IAS officers,

Karnataka stands still better at 12 out of Some of the major Indian states

234 and Kerala having 6 Muslims out of with huge Muslim population have

161 keeps the percentage high in south almost negligible presence of Muslims in

India. It is heartening to observe that 3 the IAS. Uttar Pradesh with a population

Cadres out of 24 do not have even a sin-of more than 17 crores and an IAS cadre

gle Muslim IAS officer in state, and 13 strength 367 officers has only 11

Cadres do not have any Muslim SCS offi-Muslims IAS serving in the state, Madhya

cer promoted to IAS- the later reflects

low number of Muslims in state adminis-

trative services.

Chief Secretaries: Heads of

Bureaucracy in StatesAs on 01.06.2010 there are 40 offi-

cers in the country designated as Chief

Secretaries. There is one Chief

Secretary in state who heads the entire

bureaucracy and is usually the top most

IAS officer of that cadre state having put

in mandatory 30 years of service. But

many states have designated multiple

chief secretaries in charge of major

departments and one chief secretary

heads the whole structure e.g. UP has

designated 5 top officers as Chief


Table 2: State Wise Statistics of Muslim IAS Officers

Compared To Total Strenght Of Ias*

nSome of the major Indian

states with huge Muslim

population have almost

negligible presence of

Muslims in the IAS

nUttar Pradesh with a pop-

ulation of more than 17

crores and an IAS cadre

strength 367 officers has

only 11 Muslims IAS serv-

ing in the state

nMadhya Pradesh another

mega state has 4

Muslims out of 300,

Maharashtra has only 2

out of 314

nAndhra Pradesh has 8

Muslims out of 289 IAS

officer

nKarnataka stands still

better at 12 out of 234

and Kerala having 6

Muslims out of 161

keeps the percentage

high in south India.

27


Secretaries while as Rajasthan has 7, Government of India, one needs to put tive. Presently there are 78 IAS officers

rest states have one each. The Union in roughly 35 years in service. The working as Secretaries to Government

Territories have administrators as Cabinet Secretary is senior most civil ser- of India, out of which only one officer

heads. Out of present 40 top officers vant of the country. Cabinet secretary is heading the Border Management

heading states, none is a Muslim. But appointed from amongst the senior Department, Ministry of Home Affairs, is

many Muslims have remained as chief most IAS officers serving as Secretaries a Muslim. Three other Muslim officers,

secretaries before. to Government of India. The commit- having the apex scale, are presently eli-

tee of secretaries, having all the gible for empanelment as Secretary to Muslims: in Top Pay ScaleSecretaries to Government of India as Government of India.

The highest pay scale of a bureau-members and the cabinet secretary as th Muslims: In Top crat in the country after the 6 Central its head, is the most powerful decision

Pay Commission has been fixed as Rs Commissionsmaking body of the Indian Government. 80,000/- plus allowances. Beyond that The three member Election The various secretaries head the only Cabinet Secretary, senior most IAS Commission of India, entrusted with con-departments in ministries and are officer of country, has the pay scale of duct of free and fair elections in world's directly answerable to the minister. In Rs 90,000/ fixed. At present there are largest democracy has one Muslim IAS fact, these are the key position holders 208 officers in the top pay scale of Fixed officer as its member. The National wielding the real executive power in pol-Rs 80,000/-, out of which only 4 are Commission for Minorities, a powerful 5 icy making and decision making in the Muslims i.e 1.92 %. This low percentage member Commission, has 2 Muslim mem-country. The political executive is is mainly attributed to the prevailing lit- bers including the Chairman, who has eracy rate among Muslims in 1970s. served as Governor of 5 states. The Since fewer candidates appeared for Planning Commission, responsible for the examination so number of selec- pegging the budgets of states and allo-tions in corresponding batches cating resources, has one Muslim remained comparatively low. woman among 8 members. The Union

Muslims: Secretaries to Public Service Commission, which is the

top most recruiting authority for the GoI Rank Union of India, has one Muslim member

The Secretary to Government of out of total 9 members and a Chairman. supreme and through Parliament the India is a Civil Servant, having served It is evident that eligible Muslim officers laws and policies are enacted by legisla-more than 30 years in IAS and and eminent personalities have found tion which is initiated by these top offi-empanelled on seniority basis. due position in country's top most bod-cials under direction of political execu-Presently, to become Secretary to

Presently there are 78 IAS officers

working as Secretaries to

Government of India, out of which

only one officer heading the Border

Management Department, Ministry of

Home Affairs, is a Muslim.


28


tors like participation in competitive examinations, coaching

and guidance available to minorities, and state support in this

regard are very important factors. Also we find very high share

of Muslims in medicine and engineering, which signifies that a

majority of talent is pooled to these disciplines also, and

hence those competing for administrative positions are com-

paratively less in most of the states.

Gender and Empowerment: Muslim Women

in IASies and commissions having a major say in the decisions of the At present there are only 9 Muslim women IAS officers Government and responsible for ensuring a fair and just sys- serving in the country, out of the total strength of about 4500 tem across the country - free from any discrimination. serving officers. In past 20 years the ratio women selected in

Literacy Rate and Share in Administration:- IAS through the Civil Services Examination has varied from 15

to 30 %, with more tendency towards higher end over the years Literacy has a major role to play in empowerment of e.g the 2009 batch of IAS comprising of 188 officers which minorities but at the same time many other factors are respon-passed out of LBS National Academy of Administration sible for availing the opportunities in a competitive world --

right information and guidance to youth, socio-economic sup-

port, quality education and the like. If we analyse the Muslim

literacy rate in relation to their presence in administration at

national level, the results vary from quite satisfactory to dis-

appointing. Out of total 132 Muslim IAS officers in country, 39

come from states with highest literacy rate among Muslims. As

already mentioned, mere population of a community cannot

be a yardstick or claim for having proportional representation

in administration, since the selection examinations are com-

petitive and level playing for all, but the analysis below has

been done to show that factors other than mere literacy also

play a major role in dismal presence of Muslims in Indian

administration.

Kerala state with 15% Muslim population and 89% Muslim

literacy rate has sent 139 IAS officers to Indian administration,

serving across the country, out of which 13 i.e 9.35% are

Muslims, which is quite impressive compared to all states. Goa

stands first in percentage terms as far as Muslims in IAS are con-

cerned, sending one out of total 2 IAS officers from the state.

While, Delhi and Tripura, together, having sent 244 IAS officers

have not even a single Muslim IAS officer even the Muslim liter-

acy rate is 66.6% and 61% respectively. This is attributed to

reported tendency of Muslims in capital towards other profes-

sions like private sector, media and business where they are

doing excellently well. In states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu

where general literacy rate stands very high, the share of

Muslims in IAS selected also stands at a comparatively better

position. From the table above, where comparison has been

done about high Muslim literacy rate and their share in IAS

selections from state, it is evident that literacy is not the only

measure of ensuring participation in administration. Other fac-


Eligible Muslim officers and eminent personalities have

found due position in country's top most bodies and com-

missions having a major say in the decisions of the

Government and responsible for ensuring a fair and just

system across the country - free from any discrimi-

nation.

nKerala state with 15% Muslim population

and 89% Muslim literacy rate has sent

139 IAS officers to Indian administra-

tion, serving across the country, out of

which 13 i.e 9.35% are Muslims, which is

quite impressive compared to all states

nGoa stands first in percentage terms as

far as Muslims in IAS are concerned,

sending one out of total 2 IAS officers

from the state

nWhile, Delhi and Tripura, together, hav-

ing sent 244 IAS officers have not even a

single Muslim IAS officer even the

Muslim literacy rate is 66.6% and 61%

respectively

nThis is attributed to reported tendency

of Muslims in capital towards other pro-

fessions like private sector, media and

business where they are doing excel-

lently well

nIn states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu

where general literacy rate stands very

high, the share of Muslims in IAS

selected also stands at a comparatively

better position.

29


equalled Muslim men selected in IAS. But over the years the

performance has been disappointing - in 12 out of 20 years no

Muslim woman in the country could make it to IAS; but in 6

years Muslim women and men were selected in equal numbers.

Further, for years number of Muslim women selected in IAS was

same as Muslim males, one each. But the bottom-line still

remains that Muslim women , till date have not been able to

create a niche in the Indian administration, with not more than

15 Muslim women IAS officers serving in the country, out of

4500 odd strength of Indian Administrative Service. They do recently, had a total of 32 women IAS officers, out of which 2

have sizeable presence in medicine, engineering, education were Muslims The share women in IAS is on the rise year after

and various technical disciplines but administration still year. Upon analysis of Muslim women selected in IAS over these

remain an area where Muslim women are still missing. years it becomes evident that they are not keeping pace with

Nevertheless, the Muslim women who made to the top posts in the trend even though many them who are selected for IAS

administration are very vocal and articulate, like the women have made it to top ranks.

administrators in majority are. More initiatives are required to From the table above, showing data of past 20 years, it

bring women into administration and that will automatically appears that in past couple of years the Muslim women

attract Muslim women as well. The UPSC has taken some

encouraging steps in this regard – like exemption of examina-

tion fee, encouragement message in advertisements/ notifi-

cations and the like.

Muslims Share in other Civil Services:

Group 'A & B' and IFSIn the UPSC conducted annual Civil Services Examination,

based on merit and preference, top 80 to 100 candidates are

allotted to the Indian Administrative Service depending on the

vacancies available as notified by the Central Government.

Among the top positions, few also get the coveted Indian

Foreign Service – however since the preference for Foreign

Service has been on a decline so maximum candidates falling

below the IAS cut off line are slated to join it as their second

option. The other popular second preference for aspirants is

Indian Police Service, but most women prefer Indian Revenue

Service than IPS and other. The UPSC prepares the combined

merit list as per vacancies referred to it and sends in the list of

candidates recommended for appointment to the Department

of Personnel and Training (DoPT) which is the final authority on

allocation of services- depending on vacancies, categories,

preference and merit.

To have a holistic view of presence of Muslims in whole

administrative structure, it is necessary to go through their

percentage and numbers in all the services – selected on the

basis of above mentioned Civil Services Examination at

national level.

Last 10 years data shows that Muslim candidates selected

for all the services –All India Services (IAS/IPS/IFS), Foreign

Service and Central Services; ranged between 3 to 4 %. It

it appears that in past couple of years the Muslim women

equalled Muslim men selected in IAS. But over the years

the performance has been disappointing - in 12 out of 20

years no Muslim woman in the country could make it to

IAS; but in 6 years Muslim women and men were selected

in equal numbers.


30


crossed 4% mark only in year 2009 with selection of 32 Muslim including rich biodiversity is unique in its selection proce-

candidates among selection list of 795 – including 6 in IAS. If we dure. Known as IFS, the service has a separate all India level

compare the data presented above in Table 1 showing selec- competitive examination open to science graduates only.

tion of Muslims in IAS and Table -showing all civil services The IFS has gained importance and wields more importance

together, it can be concluded that share of Muslims in other now given the issues of environment and climate change,

central services, every year, is higher than that in the stringent Acts and Rules related to Forests, Wildlife and

IAS. For all services taken together the percentage of Environment, the Apex Court Forest Bench and the Court

Muslims is pulled up because of the reason that more appointed all powerful Central Empowered Committee

Muslims find berth in allied services. Since the margin of etc. Moreover the Forest administration is more or less

marks between ranks is very less in this examination, independent of the general administration as far as man-

there is scope of improvement and bridging the gap to aging the forest land and wealth is concerned. Number of

bring more Muslims into IAS, which will automatically candidates selected into IFS in past ten years has ranged

pave way for more minority candidates into the overall from meagre 22 to 84 per year – not in a fixed range as the

selection list. IAS and IPS. Here again, Muslim candidates have not been

able to keep the pace and secure berth in the IFS list. The Indian Forest Service, an All India Service entrusted

following table reflects the state of affairs as regards with protection and management of country's forest wealth

selection in IFS is concerned:- spread over approximately 24% geographical area and


Conclusion and DiscussionAs evident from the discussion above, Muslims have not been able to make their presence quite visible at the level of top

administration owing various reasons like preference for medicine and engineering at secondary level, lack of proper coaching

and guidance, socio-economic causes, lack of translation of high literacy into employable education and so on. But at the same

time there are some positive notes also – more number of Muslim women selected in recent years, gender parity in Muslim

selections, increased presence in central services and allied services of the Union, and higher competitiveness. Still the fact

remains that despite such a high literacy among Muslims in a dozen states and successive governments' genuine efforts the Muslims

make only 2.96% of the Indian Administrative Service at present. The Prime Minister's 15-point formula specifically mentions

encouragement of minorities for joining central and state services, and many initiatives in this regard have been taken. Thus, it is

a call upon educated Muslim youth to avail these opportunities provided by the Government and become a part of the

administration at national and state level. Since the recruiting agencies are fare and transparent in selection process, rather

there is special encouragement for minorities, the young educated people must come forward with openness to ideas and face the

competition without any feeling of prejudice, fear or favour. Only then an INCLUSIVE ADMINISTRATION can become a reality in

India.

31

Ladakh

Education


things go wrong. Worse still is the Empirical observations of the working he PPP (Public Private Partnership) enhanced possibility of scapegoating of any organization– “For power to be fully became the new mechanism to T raised by more complex governance sys- legitimate …… three conditions are deliver educational services, but the tems. Blame avoidance and scapegoating required: its conformity to established key differences were on responsibility, own-are not new phenomenon but governance rules; justifiability of the rules by refer-ership, nature of services and structures do extend the capacity for such ence to shared beliefs; and the express risk/rewards. In Ladakh, responsibility activities. Game playing, subversion, consent of the subordinates which is the and risk / reward were key differential creaming and opportunism in a range of most significant among them”. World over points. Full retention of responsibility and forms were observed in both policy state- the allied concept which frequently makes risk by the government; and rewards to go ment and outcomes. Though there should its appearance in discourse is that of par-to the non governmental actors. But those be greater willingness to cope with ticipation. Need of the hour is participa-in the position to interpret and lead public uncertainties and open-endedness on the tion being treated both as a means and as debate can, often with considerable part of out of the box imitators (locally an end. Did organizations involved for the effectiveness, blame others for failures they are known as innovators). Because past 20 years conform to above mentioned and difficulties (with visual aids and semi-of this there is thawing of the ideological rules? Before giving a blank cheque in the nars). The dilemma suggested by the blur-frost between the grass root workers and veil of resolution of Councilors to re launch ring of responsibilities is that it creates an Non governmental organization. anybody, I do think that Education needs ambiguity and uncertainties in the minds

educationist not megalomaniacs. ALSJAC's of policy makers and public about who is The rationale offered is that a well edu-(All Ladakh Students Joint Action responsible and can lead to actors passing cated labor force and available good infra-Committee) effort looked like a stage man-of responsibilities to each others when structure which are crucial to the quality aged open discussion or was it sabotaged for education do not need fringe idiots to individual's benefit? The discussion and interfere as the syllabus introduced by behavior of few motivated audience was them to primary students in mid 1990s are poor reflection of their awareness? The base-giving their matriculate examination only line is that little knowledge is dangerous. in mid 2000s and there after. The results Thorough comprehensive knowledge is what have never crossed 32 percent, so lets re is required before debating on a subject.look at policies. Where is the success story

and why all this hue and cry about? The poli- The dilemma created by the emer-

cies which were implemented were repli- gence of new self governing pressure

cation of success stories elsewhere. groups is that of accountability. Members

Researches have shown that to implement of these groups are dissatisfied with the

new policies and changes you should have arrangements agreed by all and yet find

backup researches ably supported by sta- it difficult to express or more particularly

tistical & scientific tools and techniques. act on. They are driven by self interest

Were our policies followed standard pro- rather than a wider concern with the pub-

cedures worldwide? Did ONH (Operation lic interest or more particularly those

New Hope) extended to government excluded from the social network.

schools in mid 1990s followed standard pro- Convention and seminar were held with-

cedures or are they ably supported with out having one percent comprehension of

researches? Let's not boast about appreci- the whole complex network of problems.

ations when outputs are abysmal? The first task involves defining a situa-

Educational in Ladakh

(In our most of earlier

reportings on educational

scenario in Ladakh, we

mostly endorsed the policies

and approaches applied by

Operation New Hope or ONH.

This paper is critically

challenging the perceptions

built around ONH. We have

published this while giving

respect to author's right of a

particular view point and to

encourage a healthy debate

on the issue. Feedback is

welcome at

[email protected])

32


tion, identifying key stakeholders and develop- human resource pool for societal uplift- Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) in real

ing effective linkages between the relevant ment and development. form? Should we either apply Central

parties. The second is concerned with Policies or there should greater devolu-Let facilitators be facilitators not admin-influencing and steering relationship in tion of decision making in Education istrators? Let's apply O&M (Organizational and order to achieve desired outcomes. Policy to LAHDC (Ladakh Autonomous Hill Methods) techniques to find out the decline Thirdly and finally is what other called Development Council) et cetera?in rolls of government schools and their “system management” or call it “Educa- non preference? What should be done to In order to provide these public services, tional System Management”. For an save the one of the largest employer in we have to necessitate accountability, trans-effective system there is always a feed- government sector for future suste- parency, clarity of rules governing each poli-back loop which is as essential as the sys- nance? Do we need ONH primary books cies and adequate information regarding tem itself. Though well one recognizes which emphasized on localization in the the different policy and reason thereof. the capacity to get things done which age of liberalization, globalization and But retrospection always had taken a does not rest on the power of govern- universalization? I definitely agree to form of Convention or Seminar and ended ment to command or use its authority. It Manish Sabharwal, Chairman, Teamlease with a Peace Rally in Ladakh? We need sees government as able to use new tools Services who aptly puts that “Employ- real RETROSPECTION with all the and techniques to steer and guide. There ment outcomes are 300% higher for Stakeholders and with concrete objec-is need for government to give leader- English speakers and we must encourage tives and corrective measures.ship, build partnership, protect and regu- multi-lingual instruction because English If administrative law and order are late its environment and promote oppor- is a vocational skill and like Windows, an bypassed by the legislator's resolution then a tunity. operating system for the world of work”. wrong precedent would be set and will

It involves thinking and acting beyond the Further added that India really does have always have future repercussion. Let us individual sub system, avoiding unwanted side a unique opportunity as the only country respect law of land and be less gullible. effects and establishing mechanism for growing younger in a rapidly ageing Rather let's prepare so that new entrants effective coordination. The paradox of world: 25 % of the world's new workers in to our labor force over the next few the educational perspective was that the next five years will be Indian and are decades are not locked out of liveli-even when government developed an we gearing up for our share in this oppor- hoods, jobs, skills and education. Then it appropriate operating code governance tunity? Some other facts that India needs will lead to dramatic social and cultural failure still occurred. Tensions and diffi- some 450 million jobs & largest employer upheaval which will lead to the discon-culties with the institutions of actors, as is Govt of India which employs some 20 tented population turned to crime, cor-well as inadequacies in the organizations million with Organized Private Sector ruption, greedy private sector, sleepy that bridge the gaps between public, pri- employing some 10 million but total 30 bureaucrats, myopic public and goofy pol-vate and voluntary sectors had lead to million is too few for our needs? What iticians. Why not question legislation like failures. about future security of 360 million or the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) which

20% of world's children population The largest group and majority of people links money to enrolment rather than between 0 to 14 years who are Indian? Is are for retrospection, change and are flexible in learning outcomes & quality? Experts of there a need of different set of policies their outlook. Awards (given by panel) are Education have tried to acquire quality and syllabus for private schools and gov-not their yardstick rather personal satis- through quantity and now we have nei-ernment schools? If mother tongue is faction is what drives them to serve with ther. Why a Centre Govt scheme always essential then let's press for Bodhi to be sincerity. Take a leaf out of His Holiness fails when the exchequer burden falls included in 8th Schedule of Constitution Kushok Bakula Rinpoche's contribution heavier on the State, though they have of India so that our mother tongue is pre-for Education which is unmatched till Federal Structure to blame? Let's not get served & is also more relevant for socio, date and people's appreciation is what too much fixated with SECMOL, ALSJAC & religious & cultural education? What we should strive for. Selflessness dedica- the various Messiahs of Education? Truth about valid point raised by Rev. E S tion is needed and let work speak for is 500 million people in the age group Gergan, Principal, Moravian School, itself instead of forcing our viewpoint from 20-25 years are job seekers with about separate or allied services for upon others. Let's collectively rectify pol- very few to offer, thus our Education and Education headed by an IAS / KAS icy defects and strive for the universal its various schemes are definitely unpre-Officer? Why board examination (espe-application of policy alike for private and pared for the future demographic divi-cially for 3rd, 5th, & 8th standard) at government schools. We should encour- dends.Primary, Middle, and High School in J&K age competitive environment for both Myopic focus on Education is the great Board level when Centre is going for Government and Private Schools to flour- deception; we should indeed reassess and Grading System? What about Continuous ish together to have well educated proceed with humility and openness.

LadakhEducation

33

Ladakh

Narative


was in Chennai when I heard about the with the construction work since nothing working in Leh. During a traffic jam on cloudburst and subsequent flashflood was available: no labour, no construction the highway (due to construction of a Iin Leh. It took several phone calls and material, no help, and no one ready to road), we overheard a group of Army

many hours before the enormity of the believe that we were there to stay and jawans interact with a group of police flood and the damage caused thereby carry out the work we said we would do. jawans from the Punjab Police. They sunk in. But once that happened, the deci- It took every possible connection we had spoke about everything from the sudden sion to carry out relief and rehabilitation in the state of Jammu & Kashmir to orders to go to Leh to the changing operations was almost immediate. arrange all that we needed. We also got a weather. They even talked of militancy in However, the question was: where to piece of land allotted to build a 'model Punjab and compared it to that in begin. house'. The local administration was Kashmir. Their jolly mood helped to

reluctant to give us permission to build lighten the heaviness of the traffic jam.We made a quick trip to Leh to because we wanted to construct pre-assess the situation, and nothing could On the construction site, our group fabricated houses which are earth-have prepared us for what we were to wit- is an interesting mix of Hindus and quake-resistant and flood-resistant as ness: kilometers of roads and bridges Muslims, and a few foreign volunteers. opposed to typical Ladakhi houses washed away; miles of agricultural land Without much ado, we have decided that which are largely made of mud bricks. buried under debris; houses and shops 'English' is our common ground. Each By the time we persuaded the adminis-destroyed beyond recognition; and peo- morning when we meet, we greet each tration that our intentions were good ple rendered homeless, hungry and aban- other with a 'good morning' rather than a and we knew what we were doing, a doned to face a severe winter. The ques- 'namaste' or 'salam-ailekum'.month had already passed, and there tion 'where to begin' hounded us like In village Nimmo, where we are were more people who discouraged us never before. We made a commitment to building a house for an old couple, the old than those who encouraged us.build and donate 500 houses, and man has taken on the responsibility of

returned to Delhi to come back to Leh While the construction work was being our father. He makes sure we have two days later, mentally prepared for going on, we made trips to distribute food every afternoon, and whenever any what we promised to do. relief material to the 50-odd villages in one of us is going back home to take a

Leh district which were affected by the Initially, the local administration break, we are promptly given a bagful of flood. As was expected, it was very evi-assured us of all possible help and support the freshest apples or apricots from his dent that relief and rescue operations for our work. We also met with several own trees to share with our families.had reached only a few villages which other NGOs working towards relief and This continuing experience in Leh were close to Leh town. We traveled to a rehabilitation in the hope that we would has certainly taught us invaluable lessons village called Wanla, which is a 5-hour all be able to combine our efforts and pro- in caring, patience and in overcoming drive from Leh town, on September 13. duce better results. However, two bureaucratic hurdles which will indeed We were told that the road to reach months later, the story is completely dif- be useful for the coming few years as we Wanla had only been cleared of the flood ferent. We struggle to get help from the plan to carry on with our intervention in debris the previous day, September 12, local administration. And the various Leh for at least the next 5 years or so. It is which was more than a month after the NGOs which promised to build homes a road less traveled and one that does not cloudburst!with us are hardly seen on the ground. We have too many co-travelers. Perhaps that

seem to be fighting a lonely battle, but Several interesting experiences is what makes our involvement all the are not willing to give up. have left their mark on our minds during more necessary, and our experiences all

these two months that we have been It took us three weeks to get started the more worthwhile.

MANISHA SOBHRAJANI

Notes from Leh

34

Report

BGSB University


notable Gujjars across the country and Things Chancellors Must Do in process came in close contact with All along his career Masud maverick yet all-powerful Rajesh Pilot. Chaudhary remained an out of the This association pinned a Congress tag ordinary kind of Police officer. More on his forehead and therefore a persona than one cap on his head made more a non-grata status in the ruling National social and political entity out of him Conference circles. Pilot's emotional than a stick wielding cop. His deep assoc iat ion with and growing engagemen t w i t h s o c i a l a nd engagements in Jammu and Kashmir in educational upliftment of Gujjar tribe 1990s were huge displeasure for Dr earned him the name of Sir Syed of Farooq Abdullah. Result –Masud was Gujjars. Towards making things happen mostly kept away from visible postings for the hapless tribe in Jammu and and would be parked to places like Kashmir he went on collaborating with Police Academy. During his exemplary

EPILOGUE BUREAU

Change of Guard at a University and New Things J&K Must Do

The Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, the first wakf-funded varsity, which came into being in

2004 in the hitherto educationally disadvantaged hilly region of Rajouri recently saw first change of

its leadership. It was a quiet development and rather quiet affair. A day after an order by the Chief

Minister, in his capacity as Chancellor, a teacher and botanist of repute Irshad Ahmed Hamaal called on

then-incumbent Masud Ahmed Chaudhary, both drove to University's camp office at winter capital

and formal handover-takeover papers were signed. Next day Hamaal assumed charge at Rajouri

campus. A brief interaction with students, an introductory meeting with staff and then resumes the

business as usual. He didn't have the need to go around campus as he is as familiar with the University

as anyone else in his team.

This quiet change of guard is though not very exceptional for the Universities but not routine

either given the political nature of appointment of Vice Chancellors and vested interests of the

incumbents to cling to the posts and wait for a disgraceful exit. None of them proved to be one of

those. There are three important things involved in this change of guard which drew our attention in

the larger context of how things happen in Jammu and Kashmir where politics (rather party politics) is

behind every decision, where institutions leaders are appointed mostly on considerations of castes,

religions and regional sentiments and where merit is last element in scheme of things. What if

institutions rot? Who cares? If these three aspects involved in the change of guard at Baba Ghulam

Shah Badshah University are followed at all important institutions that matter, Jammu and Kashmir

can be a model of its kind where progress is everyone's shared goal.

Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah

University has seen three

Chancellors, bitterly opposed to each

other, in a short span of time. None

of them let the politics or personal

linking and disliking creep in while

dealing with the University. This is

the approach model which people of

Jammu and Kashmir expect at all

levels of decision making.

35


stint at the Academy, which he literally election to Legislative Assembly in 2002 illustrious grand Abdullah (Sheikh

ran like an academician, Farooq on ticket of Abdullah's party. National Mohammad) and the legislation was

realized the capabilities of the officer Conference lost elections the same year cleared in Assembly during Farooq's

and soon Masud was among his and their arch rival Mufti Mohammad regime. It was, however, Mufti who took

favourites. By this time Pilot had passed Sayeed of Peoples Democratic Party the very keep and personal interest in

away in a road crash and Masud's took over as Chief Minister. There is no getting the University established.

forehead had the title of a National second opinion about that the concept 'Farooq's man' becoming Mufti's choice

Conference man which was further of Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah for job which is very close his heart

highlighted by his brother Javed's University was conceived by the –unimaginable. But it happened. At a

time when NC loyalists were being

made to hang on for a while, Mufti

picked up Masud, then Additional

Director General of Police, to take up

the job of Chief Executive and Project

Director of BGSB University, in addition

to his Police responsibilities. Eye

brows were raised. In 2004, soon after

his retirement from Police, Masud was

named as first Vice Chancellor of the

University.

How he brought up the University

at a place where Chief Minister had to

make first landing by helicopter in

absence of any connecting road, is a

different story altogether. Mufti's

successor Ghulam Nabi Azad had a word

of explanation. In November 2005, Azad

replaced Mufti as Chief Minister. In very

f i r s t admin i s t ra t i ve shakeup,

predecessor's loyalists were relegated

to insignificant positions. Masud's first

two-year term had to expire in

February-March 2007. By that time Azad

had made five trips to the campus and

said in his November 2, 2006 speech (on

this occasion of first anniversary of his

government) “V-C has done miracles in

a jungle…if, at any time, he wishes to

join my cabinet, my doors are open for

him”. A two-year extension which he

later got was a foregone conclusion.

Azad's government fell in 2008.

Governor NN Vohra, who held charge of

affairs for almost six months, visited the

University on its annual day and

remarked that he had not actually

imagined what he saw.

Omar Abdullah took over as

Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University became operational in 2004. It was indeed an experiment to have an institution of high learning at a remote and far-flung area.

At this moment when I am quitting after serving for six long years as Vice Chancellor, I can say with confidence that it was a great success.

‘We could establish an institute at such a far-flung area where no body would have believed. The university is operational now and has reputation of a great institute coming up in that area.’

‘I wish all success to Prof. Irshad Ahmed Hamal, the new Vice Chancellor, who is not new to this institute. He has rendered yeoman's service to the institute during his stint as Dean Academic Affairs.’

‘I am sure that this university under his able leadership & guidance will make further progress and will diversify to its fullest potential. ‘

MASUD CHOUDHARY

ReportBGSB University

36


Focus is at

consolidation

IRSHAD A HAMAL

hange, is the essence of a life. CBGSB University, which started

its maiden academic session in

2005, has grown leaps and bounds

in a short span of five years under

the stewardship of its founder Vice

Chancellor Mr Masud Chaudhary.

Innovative growth, strategic

planning, state-of-art

infrastructure, heterogeneous cross

cultural environment and world-

class facilities are what have made

this University a Centre of

Excellence in higher Education. In Environment & Forests, GOI. Government. This was a long times to come, knowledge economy Consequently, budding local talent cherished dream of the people is going to govern all aspects of life. shall now get an opportunity to of this region. It is indeed a It shall be our endeavor to ensure avail world class facilities and moment of pride for us that out of that the University reaches new National exposure in the University the 18 Polytechnics sanctioned by strides in academic excellence and Campus in the foothills of the Pir- the GOI for our State, the only achieves pinnacles of success in the Panjal. Polytechnic to be made operational years to come. this year is the one which has been Our first batch of students of

The College of Engineering & established by BGSB University. masters' programme of Information Technology which is a flagship Technology have achieved 100% We are also taking up projects College of the University has been placement. This is truly a reflection with different agencies of State strengthened. Slowly and gradually, of the quality of products being Govt. & Government of India for we have overcome the constraints trained by the young university. augmenting infrastructural and of infrastructure and human research facilities in the We have received an resource. Our priority shall be to University. A new Hostel block overwhelming response from ensure that the first batch of B. has come up in the Campus this aspirants of the newly introduced Tech. which shall pass-out this year year and we shall make efforts to BA (Hon's) Arabic programme. We gets suitable placements. enhance residential facilities for shall be introducing short-term

We shall also be augmenting students and staff shortly. part-time certificate and diploma infrastructure and shall be adding programmes in Arabic and computer Our focus in the coming year more teaching programmes in the skills, especially for women, for shall be to put all our resources Centre for Biodiversity Studies, local populace to fill the vacuum together to consolidate all that has which has achieved National and that exists. been established over the last few International fame in a short span years. We look forward to The University has pioneered of time. We have now made make a quantum jump to in establishment of the first operational the Mahatma Gandhi achieve new strides in Centrally funded Polytechnic in the Chair for Environment & Ecology academic excellence. State in collaboration with State fully funded by Ministry of


37


youngest Chief Minister and, of course, Irshad Hamaal. academic sessions lost in row, the

youngest Chancellor of the University in Central University of Jammu is nowhere Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah

January 2009. He took some time to in sight. With Jammu caught in petty University has seen three Chancellors,

settle down and understand how things and misconceived identity politics, sev-bitterly opposed to each other, in a

were moving. Next month people eral Ladakhi groups are demanding short span of time. None of them let the

perceived close to his predecessors establishment of Central University in politics or personal linking and disliking

Mufti and Azad were eased out from the Ladakh. creep in while dealing with the

key responsibilities they held. That was University. This is the approach model Jammu and Kashmir is comprised

also the time when Masud's second which people of Jammu and Kashmir of a society bitterly divided along caste

extended term was about to expire. expect at all levels of decision making. and regional lines. People want sym-

Along with his greetings, the Vice bolic representatives and merit is rarely Things Peoples Must Do Chancellor wrote to the new Chancellor talked about. Divides are further too Government of India sanctioned a that since he is already sitting over his deep and too bitter in Jammu province. Central University and an IIM for Jammu extension and therefore way is paved Go to places like Rajouri and Poonch the and Kashmir in 2009 which saw Kashmir for the successor. Possibility of a Central divides are seen further sharpened and Jammu province pitted against each University was also in talks then. Masud along caste lines where Gujjars and

again offered to step down with a Paharis fight it day out and day in. elec-

request that BGSB University may be tions are fought along caste lines and

considered for Central University status therefore the governments make

and his continuation should not come in appointments to key positions keeping

way of the UGC norms. That, however, in mind vote banks. Masud Chaudhary is

did not happen and Omar preferred to not just a Gujjar but a leader, in his own

continue with the arrangement. right, who has built reckonable institu-

Masud had to go in any case as his tions and given community an identity

second extended term had already and sense of pride. His brainchild, the

ended. It was for the Chancellor to Gujjar Cultural Center, which was inau-

decide when. Omar Abdullah's many gurated by Sonia Gandhi earlier this

decisions have come in for sharp focus year, matches Mayawati's aggressive

but this one reflects the arrival of an identity plank. For six years which he

astute and composed leader. He did not spent at BGSB University campus there

fire Masud in early 2009 when expiry of was not a single incident of Paharis or other –where to establish the campuses. his term could have made kill of per- any other community gunning for him. Since the campuses could not have been ceived Mufti loyalist a normal death. He His many approaches for welfare of mounted atop Banihal pass, the visited University a couple of times and Gujjars were countered by the competi-Government, as a special case, decided complimented the administration for tive groups but work at the campus got to grant two Central Universities at cost doing the nearly impossible. Meanwhile hails across the board –a reflection of of the IIM. The CU of Kashmir started the Chief Minister continued to have a political maturity and progressive working in 2009 but the CU of Jammu is sharp eye on who could be best replace- approach of the people of Rajouri and almost lost in another caste and regional ment. The interests of the University Poonch. When Masud's first and then sec-sensitivity. Some groups in Jammu want a clearly reigned large on Chancellor's ond term ended, there was no demand local 'Dogra Vice Chancellor' and not a mind who, for all reasons, was looking for a Pahari Vice Chancellor. Community Kashmiri Pandit as reports suggested that for best replacement and not just did not make noises for a Pahari after a HRD Ministry considered name of Prof replacement. There were political pres- Gujjar which has often been a norm in Amitabh Mattoo. While Mattoo's name sures, palace intrigues and ruthless the region. Hamaal is a person of still raises selective Dogra tempers, media campaigns. Chancellor did not Kashmir accent coming from Kishtwar. rumours of HRD considering name of yield to any lobby. For an imminent His appointment has been widely wel-Masud Chaudhary for CU have led to change with essential continuity, no comed in the region. Rest of Jammu another round agitation. Meanwhile, two choice could have been better than region needs to learn a lesson.

Masud had to go in any case as his

second extended term had already

ended. It was for the Chancellor to

decide when. Omar Abdullah's many

decisions have come in for sharp

focus but this one reflects the

arrival of an astute and composed

leader. He did not fire Masud in early

2009 when expiry of his term could

have made kill of perceived Mufti loy-

alist a normal death.


38


Things Vice Chancellors Must

Do Big men have small egos. Even

those who have not read Ram

Jethmalani's book know this fairly well.

University is feeling a sense of continu- May main priority would to being in So what do mostly people do to estab-

ity in the working atmosphere even senior faculty so that we are eligible for lish their immediate writ when they

after change. “I could not have done UGC funding”. move into big offices? They talk bit low

what Mr Chaudhary did”, he tells about the predecessors, remove their

Epilogue. That I served the University photographs and mementos from the

under Masud Chaudhary for one year at offices walls, glean with bit of arro-

very inception puts me in an advantage gance at their files, make some immedi-

of familiarity with the persons and the ate changes on the system to show that

system which I need to use for further they are different and people must fall

consolidation”, he says. He says enough in line. How different is Irshad Hamaal

has been done in terms of infrastructure will be known in time but has shown that

and academics and therefore the time he is not the one discussed in

of for consolidation before any new Jethmalani's book. That Masud's photo-

expansion is thought of. So how is he graphs and mementos with his name

going to make the University more use-inscribed still adore the walls of new

ful for the locals? “My doors at shut at Vice Chancellor is reflection of the

jobs and locals should look at the cam-grace he brings to office. While talking

pus as an avenue of that kind. Rather I to the students and teachers he begins

am going to launch some short term eve-with a line of appreciation for his prede-

ning courses out of the campus to cessor's works. Soon after taking the

enhance local skills for jobs else-appointment orders, he called on Masud

where”. Any immediate changes he at his Jammu residence and both drove

wants to do? “No. Things are in order together at their camp office for hand-

and I need to focus at consolidation. over-takeover of charge. Staff at the

A reflection of political maturity and

progressive approach of the people

of Rajouri and Poonch. When Masud's

first and then second term ended,

there was no demand for a Pahari

Vice Chancellor. Community did not

make noises for a Pahari after a

Gujjar which has often been a norm

in the region. Hamaal is a person of

Kashmir accent coming from

Kishtwar. His appointment has been

widely welcomed in the region. Rest

of Jammu region needs to learn a

lesson.

How different is Irshad Hamaal will

be known in time but has shown that

he is not the one discussed in

Jethmalani's book. That Masud's pho-

tographs and mementos with his

name inscribed still adore the walls

of new Vice Chancellor is reflection

of the grace he brings to office.

While talking to the students and

teachers he begins with a line of

appreciation for his predecessor's

works. Soon after taking the appoint-

ment orders, he called on Masud at

his Jammu residence and both drove

together at their camp office for

handover-takeover of charge.


39

COLUMN

History


ammu was well connected with Muhammed Akbar (1556-1605), the very liberal and practiced the concept

the Punjab, Kashmir, Delhi and political autonomy of the Jammu state of political alliance with the Mughals Jother parts of north India from was well maintained. It is important to and other neighbouring states. The

ancient period onwards. It was a sharer mention that during the ancient and Mughal emperors were very much

of the Harappan Culture, the first medieval periods the modern Jammu confident of the support of the Rajput

historical civilization of the Indian sub- region or Jammu hills had no political kings of Jammu for the maintenance of

Continent. The history of ancient uniformity or unity. There were several the law and order in the hills. The

Jammu is not very much highlighted independent or autonomous political Mughal emperor Nuruddin Muhammad

because of the non-availability of both entities. The first important work on the Jahangir trusted Raja Sangram of

the literary and archaeological sources. Jammu hill states is produced by J. Jammu state very much and treated him

But some important aspects of the Hutchison and J. Ph. Vogel entitled most favoured king of the hills. The

history of Jammu hill states are traced History of the Panjab Hill States in Two Mughal emperor general honoured the

from the 15th century onwards. It is a Volumes. They put the Jammu hill Raja with mansas and gift of an

well established historical fact that first states in the line of the Punjab hill elephant. Similarly, Jahangir was also

time the nomenclature Jammu has been states. It seems that Jammu hills states very much impressed from the socio-

used by the Mangol invader Timur Lung were linked to the Punjab through land political grandeur of the Raja of

in his autobiography entitled Malfuzat- and river routes both and in terms of Kishtwar. According to Jahangir, “He

i-Timuri. It was written by Timur during socio-political life they were associated (Kunwar Singh, the Raja of Kishtwar) is

the early 15th century A.D. It is known with the Punjab. Therefore, Hutchison not wanting in dignity. His dress is after

that Timur invaded India from Punjab to and Vogel deal with the history of the the Indian fashion, and he knows both

Delhi in 1398 and we back to his native Jammu hills associating with the the Hindi and Kashmiri languages.

country Samarqand via Jammu. Punjab. For Hutchison and Vogel, the Contrary to other Zamindars (Rajas) of

However, When Mughal rule was major states of Jammu hills were these regions, he looked like the

established in the north India by Jammu, Mankot, Jasrota, Lakhanpur, inhabitant of a town.” (Tuzuk-i-

Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur during the Samba, Bhau, Bhoti,Chenehni, Jahangiri, Volume II, English Tr. Pp. 139-

early 16th century, the historical Bandralta, Basohli, Bhadrawah, Bhadu, 40). Similarly, the Rajput kings of Rajour

sources of the Mughal empire Kashtwar, Rajouri, Punch, Bhimbhar such as Sarmast Khan (1580-1600) and

recognized Jammu as one of the and Khari-Khariyali. Raja Tajudding (1600-46) assisted the

powerful states of the Punjab hills. Abul Mughal emperors such as Akbar, Before the formation of the Jammu

Fazl's Ain-i-Akbari depicts Jammu a Jahangir and Shahjahan very sincerely. and Kashmir state in 1846 by Maharaja

state ruled by the Manhas Rajputs. Consequently, the Mughal kings Gulab Singh the Jammu hill states either

respected the Political autonomy of the The genealogical history of Jammu functioned as the independent or

Rajas of Jammu hills and treated them shows that it was the Dev Rajput autonomous political units. The Persian

as the partners of the Mughal empire in dynasty which made Jammu as one of and other sources of the Mughal empire

India. the most active and leading states of show that the Rajput kings of Jammu

the hills. Though the Rajput ruler of hill states had accepted the Mughal However, the Mughal empire faced

Jammu state accepted the sovereignty sovereignty and enjoyed political huge political and economic crisis

to the Mughal emperor Jalaluddin autonomy. These Rajput rulers were during the 18th century after the death

PROF. JIGAR MOHAMMAD

Raja Ranjit Dev's Inclusive Policies and Politco-economic developments in Jammu

40


of the Mughal emperor Mohiuddin Negative virtues only are expected from Muslims and never allowed fanatic

Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658- an Asiatic despot, and under such a elements to disturb the practices of the

1707) in 1707. sanction his subjects might deem Muslims. According to George Forster,

themselves fortunate; but the chief of “He (the Raja) was so desirous also of The foreign invaders Nadir Shah of

Jumbo went farther than the acquiring their (Muslims) confidence Iran and Ahmad Shah of Afghanistan in

forbearance of injuries; he avowedly and esteem, that when he has been 1739 and 1748 respectively crippled the

protected and indulged his people, riding through their quarter during the political stability of the north India.

pa r t i c u l a r l y t he Mahometan s time of prayer (of the Muslims), he Moreover, because of mismanaged and

(Muslims)”. never failed to stop his horse until the exploitation of the peasantry by the

priest (theologian) had concluded his Jagirdars (government officers) Raja Ranjit Dev respected the

ritual exclamations. The Hindoos once agricultural productions of the north sentiments of the Muslims very much

complain to this Chief (Ranjit Dev), that India declined on large scale. According and appreciated their contribution to

the public wells of this town defiled by to Professor Irfan Habib, the most the economic development of the

the vessels of the Mahometans, and expert historian of the Economic history Jammu hills. He not only provided

desired that they might be restricted to of India, finds the occurrence of the opportunities to the Muslims in the

the water of the river, but he (the Raja) 'Agrarian Crisis' the main cause of the

abruptly dismissed the complaint, decline of the Mughal empire. (The

saying , that water was a pure element, Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1556-

designed for the general use of 1707, pp. 364-405). But it was the

mankind, and could not be polluted the Jammu king Raja Ranjit Dev (1733-82)

touch of any class of people.” (George who kept Jammu hills far from the

Forster, Journey From Bengal to foreign invasions and impact of the

England, Vol. I, pp. 246-47). economic crisis of the other parts of the

north India. Respecting his own subjects and

others Raja Ranjit Dev intensified the Raja Ranjit Dev of Jammu not only

economic activities the Jammu hills. maintained the political stability in the

George For s ter not i ced huge Jammu hills through his military power,

commercial activities and participation but more importantly he also made

of the persons of the multiple Jammu hills as the centres of the

background in these making Jammu an economic development. During the

attraction for people in terms of earning 18th century George Forster, an English

benefits. According to him, “An traveler, visited Jammu. He was very commercial activities of Jammu, but administration of munificent and much impressed by the social justice of the Raja ensured that the Muslims had judicious, at the same time it enforced Raja Ranjit Dev. He also found Raja live with dignity and sense of pride. the respect of his (Ranjit Dev) subjects, Ranjit Dev a great tolerant and visionary George Forster records the religious made Jambo, a place extensive ruler. Appreciating liberal policies and toleration of the Raja in these commercia l resort, where al l sense of entrepreneurship of Raja words:”..he (the Raja) allotted a description of men experienced, in Ranjit Dev, George Forster writes, certain quarter of the town (to the their persons and property, a full “Runzeid Deve (Ranjit Dev)…who Mu s l im s ) , wh i ch wa s t hence security.” The Raja also strengthened deservedly acquired the character of a denominated Moghulpour; and that no the trading ties between Jammu and just and wise ruler, largely contributed reserve might appear in his treatment Kashmir. Consequently the people of to the wealth and importance of Jumbo of them, a mosque was erected in the both Jammu and Kashmir were (Jammu). Perceiving the benefits which new colony; a liberality of disposition benefited and sense of regional would arise from the residence of the the core conspicuous, and conferring cooperation became the dominant Mahometan (Mohammedan) merchants, the greater honour on his memory, as it trend of the economic development in he held to them many encouragement, is the only instance of the like toleration these two regions. and observed towards them a in this part of India.” Raja Ranjit Dev

disinterested and honourable conduct. The initiatives of Raja Ranjit Dev also ensured religious freedom to the

Before the formation of the Jammu

and Kashmir state in 1846 by

Maharaja Gulab Singh the Jammu hill

states either functioned as the

independent or autonomous political

units. The Persian and other sources

of the Mughal empire show that the

Rajput kings of Jammu hill states had

accepted the Mughal sovereignty and

enjoyed political autonomy.

COLUMNHistory

41


for strengthening the commercial joining political institutions. According When political stability realized by

relations between Jammu and Kashmir to Ganeshdas Badehra, the author of the merchants in terms of acceleration

regions find special mention in the the Rajdarshani, written in Persian of the commercial activities in Jammu it

travel account of George Forster. language, “…On account of the fame of also attracted the attention of the

According to him, “The articles of the justice and equity, high morality political aspirants of Punajb and other

merchandize constituting the trade of and virtues of Raja Ranjit Dev areas to come to Jammu and express

Jumbo, and Kashmir, are transported by merchants and respectable persons their expertise. Ganeshdas Badehra

men usually Kashmirians, whose from all round came to the Chakla of who wrote his Rajdarshani during

burthens(burdens0 are heavy, two of Jammu and settled there; wealthy Maharaja Gulab Singh (1846-57) period

them making the load of a strong mule, people came in so large number that records the arrival of the persons of

and the hire a fixed at the rate of four heaps of uncovered ashrafis were seen noble background in a very interesting

rupees for each carrier. The shawls, in shops but no body dared to look at manner. According to him, “…the nobles

when exported from Kashmire, are them with coveted eyes, and women of Punjab, such as Rai Megh Raj,

packed in an oblong bale, containing a families of Raja Kaura Mal bahadur, Rai

certain weight or quantity, which in the Kabuli Mal, the subahdar of Lahore, and

language of the country is termed a several others, had taken refuge in this

biddery, the outward covering of which very 'Darul-Aaman' (Abode of Peace). On

is a buffalo or ox's hide, strongly sewed one occasion the veiled inmate of

to amount, with little variation, to a modesty, the paragon of chastity,

value long since ascertained, they are Begam Malika Zamani, the queen of

seldom opened until conveyed to the Emperor Muhammad Shah of Delhi,

destined market. A Kashmirian porter enhanced the splendour of Jammu by

carries a load as a soldier does his knap- her visit and laid foundations of lovely

sack, and when dispatched to rest, he gardens on the bank of the river Tawi

places under it a stick in the form of a and elegant mansions on the Dhaunthali

crutch which supports the load and height and lived there for some time.”

assists him also in walking. Two cause Raja Ranjit Dev's enlightened

are assigned for employing men only in vision and policy of inclusion attracted

this service: an agreement, it is said large number of artists and musician bedecked in ornaments traveled alone arising from a mutual jealousy, has been and intensified the processes of the on deserted roads and through jungles made between the chiefs bordering on cultural development. It is very without any fear. Every body lived his either side of the river Chinnaun important to mention that Jammu hills days in peace and pleasure. It is saind (Chinab), that no fixed bridge shall be started to get huge publicity in terms that about ten thousand shops were constructed, or any boat stationed on centres of economic developments and strewn in the bazar of Jammu spreading that stream. The other cause ascribed, confluence of various identities. Thus from the Dhaunhali to the site below which seems to be more forcible, is the Raja Ranjit Dev established that Gumat. A number of famous Punjabi stupendous height and steepness of the existence of multiple identities in Khatris like Lala Pindi Das, Jawala Nath, intervening mountains, which renders Jammu was instrumental for socio-Bal Hira Nand, Koru Shah, Jog Das, the passages dangerous, if not wholly economic progress. The head of state Shahzada Mal, Kunj Lal Manh, Milkhi impracticable, to other horse or mule.” was to be very much concerned with Shah, and father of Bahar Sigh Badhera, Raja Ranjit Dev welcomed inclusiveness. And policy of inclusion and others, who were men of lakhs lived merchants and experts in administrative was source of the arrival of the experts in Jammu. What to speak of the Dogra affairs from Punjab on large scale. Since in various arts and crafts leading to the merchants, Brahmans and Mahajans, Punjab was facing political instability peace and prosperity in the region. He whose description is beyond the scope of because of the invasion of Ahmad Shah also set an example of religious this brief account.” (Rajdarshani, Eng. Abdali, the Punjabis found Jammu a toleration and flourishment of Jammu Tr. By S.D.S. Charak, Annotated by Anita very suitable region for their actions in with the contribution of the persons of K. Bilawaria, pp. 162-63)terms of trade and commerce and diverse opinions.

During the 18th century George

Forster, an English traveler, visited

Jammu. He was very much

impressed by the social justice of

Raja Ranjit Dev. He also found Raja

Ranjit Dev a great tolerant and

visionary ruler.

COLUMNHistory

42

Digest


nThe State Economy was expected to grow at 6.87% during Capita Income for the state during 2009-10(Advance

2009-10 as compared to the growth rate of 6.12% in 2008- Estimates) at constant prices works out to be Rs 22730/- only.

09 (preliminary estimates). This growth rate is noteworthy nThe Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) at current prices considering the fall in growth momentum during the year is worked out to be Rs 2008-09 because of the global economic slowdown and n38297.58(advance estimates) crores indicating a growth repeated rounds of disturbances of law and order that rate of 10.03% and Per Capita Income for the state during affected the state during the year. 2009-10 (Advance Estimates) at current prices works out

nThe target growth rates set for the state's economy at the to be Rs 33285/- only indicating growth rate of 8.54%. beginning of the Eleventh FYP were 7% for 2007-08 and nThe agriculture sector is likely to register a growth rate of 7.5% for the year 2008-09. The growth rate for the state is 1.74%. The industrial sector which is likely to grow by increasing surely but slowly over the years and still lags 11.84% has helped to maintain the growth momentum, in behind the national level growth rate. the state economy. The overall growth is mainly driven by

nThe Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) at factor cost the growth in the sectors of construction, trade & hotels, works out for J&K to be Rs 26153.37 crores (Preliminary transport and communication and other services. The estimates), indicative of a growth of 6.87% in 2009-10 as 'services' sector is the major contributory sector of the compared to the growth of 6.12% in 2008-09 (Preliminary state economy and is expected to grow by 6.64% . estimates). nDistrict Jammu, Kathua and Udhampur are among the top

nAt the beginning of 11 th Five year Plan, the growth rate three ranked districts in terms of Gross Per Capita Income for the current financial year 2009-10 for the state was of Rs. 31705/-, Rs. 29203/- and Rs. 26541/- respectively targeted at 8%. However, the growth performance whileas Kargil is the lowest ranked district with Rs. recorded during the first two financial years of 11 th FYP 17428/- preceded by Kupwara and Poonch districts with indicates that the stiff target of 8% for 2009-10 appears Gross Per Capita Income of Rs. 17722/- and Rs. difficult to be achieved. 20163/respectively at Current Prices of 2005-06.

nThe Per Capita Income for the state during 2008-09 at nContribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors to constant prices works out to be Rs 21561/- only as against the GSDP for 2009-10 (Preliminary stimates) has been the Per Capita Income of Rs 28937/- at all India level for 24.62%, 29.58% and 45.80% respectively. Whileas at all the same period. India level, the contribution of these sectors to GDP was

nThe Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) at constant 19.78%, 24.49% and 55.73% respectively as per figures of

prices is worked out to be Rs 26153.37 crores and Per 200708 (Quick estimates).

Quick GuideJ&K’S ECONOMIC PROFILE

GROWTH PROFILE

43


nPlan size of Rs 25833.98 crore agreed for 11 th FYP period nThe overall increase in the plan allocation during 2009-10

is 78.16% higher than plan size of Rs 14500.00 crore of 10th is 21.53% more than previous year. The increase in

FYP. Energy with Rs. 8196.95 crore is the priority sector for allocation of Annual Plan is 22.22% and 18.46% under

development followed by Social Services sector with an PMRP.

outlay of Rs. 6501.40 crore and General Economic Services nThe Per Capita Plan expenditure during 2007-08 and 2008-

and Transport with outlays of Rs 2740.98 crore and Rs 09 works out to be Rs. 3613/- and Rs. 3816/- respectively

2660.81 crore respectively. as compared to the Per Capita plan expenditure of Rs.

nAnnual plan for 2009-10 was approved at Rs 5500.00 crore. 3254/- at national level for 2007-08 (RE).

Besides an amount of Rs. 1200.00 crore approved as outlay nAllocation under BAOP for 2009-10 was fixed by Gol at Rs

under PMRP, both aggregating to Rs. 6700.00 100.00 crore, in addition to the unspent balance of Rs

ncrore, against which the tentative expenditure (ending 31.10 crore during 2008-09 aggregating a total availability

January, 2010) was Rs 2882.90 crore (52.40%). The of Rs 131.10 crore, against this an expenditure of

expenditure under PMRP (ending November, 2009) was Rs approximately Rs 60.40 crore was registered till January,

473.32 crore (39.44%). 2010.

nBudget estimates of the state for 2008-09 stood at Rs nWith the successful introduction of the V A T in the state,

17054.00 crore which is 6. 96% more than 2007-08 figures. the tax revenue has increased by 42.25% from Rs. 1799.00

Estimated disbursements for the year 200809 were placed crore in 200607 to Rs 2559.00 crore as per actuals for 2007-

at Rs 12048. 00 crore under non-plan budget and Rs 08. For the year 2008-09, the tax revenue of Rs. 2683.00

5006.00 crore under plan budget. crore has been recorded indicating 4.85% increase over

2007-08 actuals. nThe State Government resorted to an overdraft (00) of Rs

2290.25 crore from J&K Bank as ways and means (WAM) n57.27%, 29.11%, 13.38% and 0.05% disbursements were

facility to meet temporary mismatches in liquidity during meant for revenue account, capital account, interest

2008-09 (31 st March, 2009) as compared to Rs 2055.22 payments and loan disbursements respectively during

crores during 2007-08. 2008-09.

nIn view of their role in the economic environment the growth in the aggregate deposits in India was 21.94%.

spread in the bank networking is a continuous process. The During the same period growth in gross bank credit was

number of bank branches has increased from 816 as on 12.38% in J&K and 19.33% in the country.

March 2001 to 968 as on September 2009 posting a growth nAs on September 2009 aggregate deposits of the

of 18.63% during this reference period . Scheduled Commercial banks were recorded at Rs. 29853

nBanking system of J&K constitutes 1.19% of total 81090 crore and gross bank credit was Rs. 14686 crore. The Other

bank branches of the country as on September, 2009. Scheduled Commercial banks as a bank group held the

Banks located in rural area accounted for 54.96% of total maximum share of both deposits and advances,

968 bank branches in J&K . accounting for 61.50% and 74.88% respectively.

nOn an average one bank is available per 104.74 sq km and nThe highest growth in deposits than credits as on March

13000 people as compared to 39.05 sq km and 14000 2009, reflected decline in the credit deposit ratio from

people at all India level. 48.08% as on March 2008 to 46.29% as on March 2009. COR

for India ending March 2008 was 74.16% and 72.58% ending nAggregate deposits of all scheduled commercial banks

March 2009. As on September 2009, 49.19% COR for J&K increased from Rs. 25148 crore in March 2008 to Rs. 29355

and 70.26% COR was observed for the country. crore in March 2009 reflecting growth rate of 16.73%, this

DEVELOPMENT PERFORMANCE

FINANCE

BANKING

Digest 44

Digest


n61.77% credit deposit ratio of banks located in nAs on September 2009, 68.73% bank advances were

urban/metropolitan areas {September, 2009) only was received by Srinagar (46.44%) and Jammu (22.29%)

above the RBI norm of 60%. All the bank groups (on the districts leaving thereby only 31.27% advances to be

whole) recorded COR below 60%, it is much lower in case shared by the rem8ining 20 districts.

of State Bank of India and its Associates i.e. only 24.98%. nCredit Arosit ratio (September 2009) of 85.16% was highest

nWith 21.69% and 31.43% share in bank branches and in Srinagar followed by Shopian district with 71.49%.

aggregate deposits, Jammu district has the lead followed Kishtwar district recorded lowest COR of 14.92% followed

by Srinagar district with 15.50% share in bank branches by district Kargil with COR of 14,98%.

and 26.85% share in deposits. The remaining 20 districts

are left with 62.81 % bank branches and 41.75% deposits as

on September 2009 .

nJammu and Kashmir economy continues to be nDuring 2009-10 (ending November. 2009) 6.10 lakh tonnes

predominantly agrarian although the contribution of of fruit were exported outside the state of which 98.36%

agriculture and its allied sectors towards GSDP has was of fresh fruits. Foreign exchange earning on export of

decreased from 51.05% in 1980-81 to 31 % in 1999-00 and dry fruit for 200H-09 were Rs 142.24 crare.

to 27°10 in 2007 -08. Contribution of agriculture and its nEstablishment of Tulip Garden first of its kind, spread over

allied activities in 2008-09 (Preliminary estimates) an area of 35 hectares of land, traving distinction of being

towards GSOP is estimated to be 25.81 %. Asia's largest Tulip garden at Siraj Bagh Srinagar is the

n30.57% of the reporting area constituted the net area landmark achievement in the floriculture segment.

sown of the state during 2008-09. 42.48% and 41.45% of nMutton and Wool production during 2009-10 (ending

the net area sown and gross area sown respectively was November, 2009) stands at 216.74 lac kgs and 53.78 lac kgs

irrigated during 2008-09. respectively. Whileas it was 275.02 lac Kgs and 69.13 lac

nAs per 41", advance estimates, foodgrains production in kgs during 2008-09.

the state during 2008-09 is projected at 17171 thousand nMilk processing capacity of Milk plant Cheshmashahi and

quintals. Satwari is 25000 liters per plant per day.

nAverage yield has increased to 16.83 quintals per hectare n19.95% of the geographical area on this side of the control

during 2008-09 against the previous year's figure of 16.58 line is under forest comprising (Jammu region 45.89%,

quintals. Kashmir region 50.97% and Ladakh region 0.06%). This

nTotal cropped area during 2008-09 is estimated at 1137.88 ratio for the country is 24.47%. However, the prescribed

thousand hectares. ratio of forest area for the Hill states is 67%.

nProduction of saffron for 2008-09 has been provisionally nThe state has four National Parks, 14 Sanctuaries and 35

reported as 56.13 quintals as against 91.31 quintals for Conservation Reserves covering an area of 15912 Sq Kms.

2007-08. Area under saffron cultivation has decreased by nFish production of the state reached to 192.70 thousand

25°" in 2008 when compared with 1998 area figures under quintals during 2008-09 . Under Prime Minister's package.

the crop. 481 fishing units have been completed ending March. 2009

nSeed Replacement Rate in Jammu and Kashmir continues with most of them harvesting the crop. Against the target

to be less than 10% as compared to more than 25% in the of 51.50 lakh du ring 200910, 19.50 lakh have been

country. Besides natural factors, low ratio of seed achieved ending November. 2009 .

replacement rate, yield stagnation, lack of adequate nUnder Centrally Sponsored Schemes for welfare of

irrigation and small size of land holding is considered as a fishermen, 205 beneficiaries were covered under

significant cause.; ~ low growth in agriculture and allied insurance scheme (CSS) involving an amount of Rs 65.00

Sectors, lakhs as on 31-03-2009. Besides, 1481 beneficiaries were

nFruit production of state for 2008-09 was 16.91 lakh covered under construction of low cost housing scheme.

tonnes posting an increase of 3,35°0 over 2007-08 fruit Against the target of 500 houses in 2009-10, sanction for,

production. 10 houses has been obtained from Gal.

SECTORAL ACHIEVEMENTS

45


nAn Aquarium cum awareness centre at Baghi Sahu was nFor integrated and focused development of places of

established at a cost of Rs 1000 crores and its 1st phase tourist attraction across the state, 19 High Powered

was thrown open to the public in July. 2007. During 2009- tourism development authorities have been created.

10, Rs 34.43 lac has been realized as revenue by way of n44 projects have been taken up under the central

entry fee till ending November, 2009. assistance at a cost of Rs 97.20

nUnder Fisheries sector an amount of Rs 189.717 lakhs was ncrore for development / promotion of leisure, heritage,

realized as revenue by the state during 2009-10 (ending pilgrim and adventure tourism against which the

November, 2009). expenditure was of the order of Rs 39.17 crore during

nThe Co-operative Banks have a network of 210 Bank 2008-09 .

Branches with 1531 employees as on 31-03-2009. nA total of 24614 S81 units are functioning in the State

nThe deposits of the Central Co-operative Banks as on 31- providing employment opportunities t0103650 persons

03-2009 were RS.1556.15 crare with loan outstanding ending Nov. 2009 .

amounting to Rs.711.06 crore. nDirectorate of Industries and Commerce which is nodal

nIn Poultry development, 470 cooperatives have been agency at State Level for implementation of Central and

registered with membership of 11500, out of which 150 State Packages of incentives to industrial units has

cooperatives have started their business with rearing provided various incentives amounting to RS.63.34 crore

capacity of 17.15 lac birds per annum. to 2591 industrial units from 2003-04 to 2009-10 (ending

Nov. 2009). nThere were 23908 functional SSI units in the State

providing employment to around one lakh persons ending nThe J&K State is the home of 18 different minerals,

March 2009 as against 22937units ending March 2008. amongst available mineral resources; lime stone, coal

gypsum and lignite are in abundance in the State. The n1163 units in Large, Medium and SSI sectors have so far

revenue realized by the Directorate of Geology and Mining been set up in various industrial complexes managed by

in the form of royalties is Rs. 1966.72 lacs during the J&K SIDCO.

current year (ending November 2009). About 350 tube nAs per the Fifth Economic Census-2005, there were 324908 wells for drinking water and irrigation purposes have been establishments in the state as against 41826989 constructed upto November, 2009. establishments in the country.

nAbout 22000 rural families in 2300 villages are presently nThe number of workers in the establishments was 751532 associated with silk worm. as compared to 100904121 workers in the country during

n1287 numbers of units in large, medium and 881 sectors 2005.

have so far been set up in various industrial complexes nWhile establishments grew at the rate of 6.03% (Jammu managed by J&K SIDCO in State. The total investment and Kashmir) and 4.69% (India) per annum during 1998-mobilization in all these units is to the tune of 2005, the corresponding rate of growth in the employment approximately Rs. 4304.00 crore and total employment was 6.82% (Jammu and Kashmir) and 2.78% (India). generated is 533353 persons. nSICOP has so far (ending November, 2009) developed 9

nThe total turnover of the 81COP were valuing Rs. 294.00 Industrial Estates spread over an area of 4617 kanals of crore ending Nov. 2009 and is expected to achieve Rs. land. 525.00 crore during the financial year 2009-10. nSericulture activities are carried out in 2300 villages of the

nFinancial status of the Jammu & Kashmir Industries Ltd. 8tate. 22000 families are reportedly engaged in reveals that it is running in loss. sericulture activities.

nJK Cement Ltd. has earned huge profits and registered a nThe influx of tourists to J&K state has increased from profit of Rs. 356.00 lacs during the year 2008-09. The 7718175 in 2008 to 8650255 (ending November, 2009) company has liquidated loan of all financial institutions registering an increase of 12.08% over the previous year. and is now debt free. The JKCL paid out of its resources Rs. n51255 foreign tourists have visited the state comprising of 1243.05 lacs as salary to migrants during the period 1990-20809 (Kashmir valley) and 30446 (Ladakh region) till 91 to Oct.2009.November, 2009.

Digest 46

Digest


nEstimated Birth Rate of 19.0 per milli (per thousand). nTwo Central Universities under the aegis of Ministry of Human

Death Rate of 5.9 per milli and Infant Mortality Rate of 51 Resource Development, Gal stand sanctioned for J&K state.

per thousand live births was recorded in J&K for 2007 nAs per Census 2001, there were 55.52% persons (66.60%

against the all India figures of 23.5, 7.5 and 57 males and 43.00% females) literate in J&K.

respectively. nThe Literacy Rate in the state for the year 2009 has been

nI The Sex ratio in the state as per Census 2001 stood at 892 estimated at 67.89 percent (74.96 percent males and

females per 1000 males. However. the results of the sex 59.71 percent females) by the Directorate of Economics &

ratio survey conducted by the Directorate of Economics & Statistics. thereby showing a growth of 12,37 percentage

Statistics in 2007 have shown 925 females per thousand points over the figures of Census 2001 .

males. These figures are almost similar with the figures of nThe highest Estimated literacy Rate for the year 2009 in

923 females per thousand males revealed by 60th round of the State has been recorded in district Jammu with the

NSSO Survey conducted during (January to June 2004). indicator standing at 86.59 percent. District Samba stood

nAt present there are 4804 number of Health Institutions at rank 2nd with Estimated Literacy Rate of 84.77 percent.

ending March, 2009. recording (lbout 40 times Increase District Srinagar stood at rank 3rd with Estimated Literacy

since 1951. Rate of 77.14 percent.

nEnding December. 2009 average population covered per nThe lowest literacy rate for the year 2009 was exhibited by

Health Institution is 2604. Bed Strength per lakh of district Kupwara (50.90) preceded by district Budgam (53.00%).

population is 105 and population per Doctor has been nThe J&K government attaches paramount importance to

worked out to be 2086 persons for J&K State. the development of housing infrastructure to achieve the

nI Under NRHM during 2009-10 (ending November. 2009) 96 objective of the "National Housing Policy" for providing

PHCs have been functional for 24 X 7 services. 44 Child "shelter to all".

Health Centres (CHCs) have been upgraded as First nUnder lAY I RHS housing schemes implemented in rural

Referral Units (FRUs) and 125 Ambulances were procured areas. 19010 houses were constructed upgraded during

to improve referral transport system in the state. 2008-09. During the year 2009-10, as on September 2009,

nThere are 14820 (13516 Government and 1304 Private) out of a target of 28023 houses taken up. for

Primary Schools, 8300 (6264 Government and 2036 construction/upgradation, 7858 houses were completed.

Private) Middle Schools. 1901 (1156 Government and 745 nUnder the central project Basic Service for Urban Poor

Private) High Schools and 786 (597 Government and 189 (BUSP) launched under the flagship programme JNNURM,

Private) Higher Secondary Schools functioning in the 5 projects have been sanctioned for construction of 6677

State. Besides 2 Sainik Schools. 36 Kendriya Vidyalayas housing units with allied infrastructure for slum dwellers

and 14 Jawahar Nawodalayas are in the Government at a sanctioned cost of Rs . 162.39 crere. Central share of

sector. Rs. 33.64 crore was received and Rs. 4.01 crere has been

nThe number of 'out of school children' stands at 0.40 lakh spent on this account.

as on March, 2009.The Dropout Rate at Primary level and nUnder Integrated Housing and Slum Development

Upper Primary Level is 1.13% and 2.94°,,) respectively. Programme (IHSDP), another main component of JNNURM

nProfessional courses such as SCA, SBA, BIT and MCA have has been implemented by taking up housing and slum

been started in 15 colleges of the state during 10lh Plan. upgradation programme in non-BSUP cities. 5176 dwelling

n18 New Degree Colleges have been setup (14 Colleges units shall come up at a sanctioned cost of Rs. 85.00 crore.

under PMRP Phase-I, 4 under the assistance of Ministry of For 25 projects taken under this programme, central

HRD. Out of 14 New Degree Colleges, 10 have been assistance of Rs. 29.91 crore has been received and Rs.

completed and four are under progress. 9.11 crore have been spent till November 2009.

n18 Degree Colleges (10 under PMRP Phase-II ,and 8 Under nConservation and Management Plan for Dal Lake was

State Plan) have also been made functional and sanctioned at a cost of Rs. 298.76 crore. Upto September

construction of these college buildings is expected to start 2009, expenditure incurred was Rs. 139.55 crore on this

during 2009-10. account.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENTS

47


nThe urban population of J&K state has observed a nAt present there are 141 ICDS projects with 25483

tremendous increase of 98.4% against the national Sanctioned Anganwadi Centres against which 23029

average of 64.2% during the last two decades. centres are presently functional for providing services to

approximately 7.93 lakh beneficiaries comprising of 5.30 nFor providing free boarding, lodging and health care to the

lakh children and 1.32 lakhs pregnant and lactating destitutes, 12 Nari Nikatens are presently functional in

mothers and 1.30 lacs adolescent girls. the state, with an intake capacity of 400 inmates.

nFor young Urban educated unemployed women, the state nFor Welfare and Development of Backward Classes and

will provide help to establish integrated communication other Weaker Sections, 1460 cases were sponsored to

'kiosks' or specialized marketing cells for promotion of Banks, out of which 206 units were established with

local handicrafts or organic food and organically financial supplementation of Rs. 19.38 lakh as subsidy and

processed kiosks or such like activities. This will be RS.53.85 lakh as loan disbursement during 2009-10

exclusively for young women in the urban areas under a (ending December, 2009).

special package for promotion of self employment. nFor disabled (physically handicapped persons) monthly

nGovernment has been implementing various programmes pension has been enhanced from Rs. 300/- per month to

which support women to take up new ventures and start Rs. 400/- per month from January 01, 2009.

self employment through State Women Development nNational Programme for education of girls at elementary

Corporation, Social Welfare Department and Rural education (NPEGEL) aimed to enhance education of girls

Development Deptt. by providing need based incentives like stationery, books,

nFemales in the age group of 15 to 35 years are imparted uniforms etc to the girl student. 287 girls Middle schools

trainings in various crafts through Social Welfare Training have been developed under NPEGEL in the State.

Centre run by the Social! Welfare Department so that they nKishori Shakti Yojna (KSY) aims at addressing the needs of

can become self dependent and can become able to earn self development, nutrition and health status, literacy,

their livelihood. At present, there are 150 Social Welfare numerical skills and vocational skills of adolescent girls in

Centres engaged in imparting training to the women folk. the age group of 11-18 years.

Apart from these, there are four ladies vocational nTo reduce gender disparities in education access and to

trainings centres In the State - one each at Jammu, promote women empowerment, 9 women ITls and 12

Srinagar, Kargil and Leh. In these centres, besides Women Wings in the existing ITls have been established

imparting advanced trainings in various crafts, training in under Prime Ministers Reconstructions Programme (PMRP).

stenography is also Imparted. nPrematric scholarship by State Government is provided to

n A separate and independent Directorate of Tribal Affairs girls to enhance their level of literacy and to reduce the

has been established In September 2008. burden on the parents to sustained education.

nVarious types of Pre-matric scholarships for different nSupport to training and employment programme (STEP)

reserved categories of students were integrated, has been launched to provide updated skills and new

rationalized and enhanced w.e.f 1-1-2009. knowledge to poor women in 10 traditional sectors viz

nrer day Diet charges for inmates of various hostels being Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Dairying, Fisheries,

run by the Social Welfare Department like Nari Niketans, Handlooms, Handicrafts, Khadi and Village industries,

Bal Ashrams. G&B Hostels, Hostels for the Pahari Speaking Sericulture, Social Forestry and Waste land Development

Students were enhanced from As. 25/- per day per inmate through mobilizing into cohesive groups.

to Rs. 50/ per day per inmate w.e.f. 1-1-2009. nTo facilitate employment of women and to support the

nTwo special buses with barrier free faoilities for working women away from their homes/towns who come

facilitating the travel of physically challenged persons one in the cities and towns for undergoing short term training

each for Jammu and Srinagar cities in the first instance courses, Working Women Hostels with day care centres

have been sanctioned at an estimated cost of As. 15 and creches have been set up in the State, catering to

lacs/bus. social needs of the destitute. In J&K State, 5 hostels for

nSRD 294 of 2005 regarding Jammu and Kashmir working women have been sanctioned. Out of these, two

Reservation Rules stands modified vide SRO 144 of 2008 have been completed, one in Jammu and other in Kashmir.

dated 28-5-2008, wherein reservation in promotion for SC The work on other 3, is in progress .

Digest 48

Digest


and ST has been increased from 4% to 8% and 5% to 10% crore was received and Rs. 79.54 crore were spent ending

respectively. This has resulted in addressing the long September 2009 under this central project.

pending demand of these communities. nWater supply scheme for Sopore town costing Rs. 33.00

nOne ST Hostel in the premises of Women's college MA Aoad crore and water supply scheme for Udhampur town

Srinagar with an intake capacity of 100 in-mates stands costing Rs. 28.82 crare were sanctioned under central

completed and handed over 10 Education Department. project "UIDSSMT". Additional central assistance of Rs.

15.09 crore and Rs. 13.40 nAs on September 2009, 8770 habitations were fUlly

covered under safe drinking water supply, _ 2930 ncrore received respectively for water supply schemes

habitations were partially covered and 315 rural Sopore and Udhampur towns.

habitations were uncovered, out of 12015 total nWater supply projects Tangnar and Sukhnag are being

habitations, based on 2005 survey. executed under the central project Development of Urban

nErstwhile Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme Infrastructure and Govemance (DUIG) at a cost of Rs.

(AUWSP) and Integrated Development for Medium and 148.37 crores and 121.00 crores respectively. For these

Small Towns (IDMST) water supply schemes have been water supply projects, budgetary support of Rs. 58.38

subsumed in Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme crore has been received from Government of India.

for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMD launched under nAll the 22 districts have been covered under Total

Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission Sanitation Campaign. As on October 2009, 131727

(JNNUAM). 23 water supply projects costing As. 317.89 individual household latrines 11288 school toilets, 495

crore were sanctioned under UIDSSMT. An amount of Rs. community sanitary complexes and 955 anganwari toilets

156.42 crore including central assistance of Rs. 143.33 were constructed.

nOut of the estimated hydro power potential of 20,000 MWs nAggregate Technical and Commercial (A T&C) losses in

in the State, 16480 MWs have been identified of which power are very high in the state and have been put around

only approximately 14 percent Le. 2318 MWs have been 63.94% (E).

exploited safar. nThe revenue realization of Rs 457.99 crore (ending

nIn the year 2009-10, the State is likely to add December, 2009) under Power Sector during 2009-10.

137.50MWs which will make an aggregate of 2456.20 nJAKEDA under Rural Electrification Scheme has electrified

MWs or 14.90 percent of identified potential and by 50 unelectrified villages during 2008-09 by providing 8297

the end of 1'1 th Five Year Plan about 5733.61 MWs will Solar Home Lights.

be added which will accumulate total harnessed n2500 Solar Home Lights have been also distributed under potential to 8189.81 MWs or 50.46 percent of general category under Solar Photovoltaic Programme of identified potential. MNRE, Gol. Besides, 8000 Solar Lanterns were also distributed

nWith the commissioning of 450 MW Phase-I of Baglihar in the unelectrified villages/hamlets of the state.

Hydroelectric Power Project in December 2008. the nAgainst the total road length of 18809 kms maintained by installed capacity of the State sector power projects has State R&B Department, 9560kms are black topped, 4832 reached 758.70 MWs. kms metalled, 1315 kms shingled, 3000 kms fair weather

nWith the completion of four more power projects of and 102 kms jeepable.

Pahalgam (Unit III), Machil, Sanjak and Baderwah (Unit nFour lanning of Jammu- Srinagar national highway has III), 3.61 MWs will be added to the power generation been approved by the Central government. The work on potential during 2009-10. the historical Mughal Road as an alternate road to the

nThe Installed capacity of Central sector power projects present Sri nagar- Jammu highway is under execution at

from three commissioned projects is 1680 MWs an approved cost of Rs 639.85 crore, the completion of

(estimated, by the end of 2009-10). The demand of Power which is expected during the year 2011.

in J&K state, as per the 16th Power Survey conducted by n2735 habitations are yet to be connected with roads as Ministry of Energy, Gal is around 2120 MWs. against the total number of 9933 habitations.

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

49


nEnding March, 2009, 119 bridges under PMRP have been Anantnag-Mazhama section. The rail link from Anantnag to

completed. Besides, 90 bridges are presently at different Qazigund has also been completed and made operational.

stages of progress. Similarly the work on the rail link from Qazigund to

Banihal is going at a full swing and is expected to be nThe number of registered vehicles in March 2009 stood at

commissioned by May 2012. 668427 as compared to 299104 number of registered

vehicles in March 2000. The number of vehicles available nOut of the three domestic Airports of the State, Srinagar

per lakh of population in the state stood at 5342 (March Airport has been upgraded as International Airport and

2009) as against the figure of 6739 at all India level of inaugurated on 14th of February 2009.

March 2004. nThe subscriber base of the mobile service providers -

n33 km Railway section of MazhamaBaramulla has been Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), Bharti Televentures

inaugurated on Feb. 14th, 2009 for normal train traffic as (Airtel), Dishnet Wireless (Aircel) - and Vodafone Eraser

against the previous service which was available for was 4347781 ending December 2009 in the state.

nSince the start of the LoC trade from 21.10.2008 to Miscellaneous items [Rs 1.32 crore].

31.12.2009, forty three items in total have been exported nSince inception of the LoC trade on 21.10.2008 up to

through Chakan-da-Bagh-Poonch route valuing RS.5269 31.12.2009, twenty nine items in total have been

crore. Agriculture I Horticulture Products valuing Rs. exported through Salamabad Uri route valuing Rs. 52.7218

50.10 crore, Dry Fruits of Rs. 0.36 crore, Herbs amounting crore. Fresh fruits and vegetables, dry fruits, Rajmash,

to Rs. 1.38 crore and Miscellaneous items for Rs. 0.82 mixed spices, Shawls and Stoles, Paper Machie and Kangdi

crore were the most prominent items. were the most prominent goods.

nDuring the period 21-10-2008 to 31-012010, imports worth nDuring the period 21-10-2008 to 31-012010, imports worth

Rs. 93.82 crore. (Pakistani currency) were traded through Rs. 64.6719 crore. (Pakistani currency) were traded

the same route .The most important items were through the same route. The most important items were

Agriculture/Horticulture products (Rs 76.33 crore), Dry fresh fruits and vegetables, Maize, Dates Fresh, Honey,

Fruits (Rs. 13.73 crore) and Herbs (Rs. 2.43 crore) and Jaya Namaz, and Shawls / Scarfs / Dupata.

nThe total BPL estimated population ratio of J&K State has nThe Social-group distribution of BPL Population indicates

arrived at 21.63% (24.21 lakh persons) constituting 26.14% the dispersion of 42.05 percent in case of Scheduled

(22.00 lakh persons) for rural areas and 7.96% (2.21 lakh Tribes, 38.07 percent in case of Other Backward Classes

persons) for urban areas as per the survey conducted in (including Paharis), 22.77 percent in case of Scheduled

2008 by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics. Caste while as others categories show only 16.85 percent

Poverty ratio at all India level for the year 2004-05 was of population under Below Poverty Line when compared

found to be 27.50% with 28.30% in Rural and 25.70% in with the respective population of a particular category.

Urban areas as per NSSO Survey. This shows that highest incidence of poverty is among

Scheduled Tribe population followed by OBC Category nOn the basis of BPL Head Count Ratio, the seven poorest

inclusive of Pahari speaking population. districts in the State are Reasi, Ramban, Kisthwar, Poonch,

Kupwara, Kargil, and Bandipora which have more than 30 nThe Government has ordered for re-verification of BPL

percent estimated BPL Population ranging between 31.09 lists maintained by the various departments in the state.

percent to 37.93 percent. The Deputy Commissioners and Tehsildars have been

appointed as Nodal authorities for carrying out the re-nThe BPL Survey conducted by the Directorate of

verification within their respective jurisdictions The Economics & Statistics in 2008 reveal that the highest

report has to be submitted to the State Planning & percentage of Urban poverty is in district Kulgam with

Development Department within three months from the 15.83% followed by district Pulwama with 14% and district

date of the issue of the order i.e 25-06-2009. Ganderbal with 13.87%.

LOC TRADE

POVERTY AND UN-EMPLOYMENT

Digest 50

Digest


nUnemployment rate in respect of J&K State, has been 400 crore annually for stipend to be provided under

worked out to be 5.2% (5.4% for males and 3.5% for package. The Policy document depicts that the state

females) which is on higher side when compared to All government shall provide 5 lac employment opportunities

India figures of 3.1 percent (3.1 % for males and 3.0% for for the youth including one lac government jobs to

females) as per Usual Principal Status as per the findings of unemployed educated youth in a phased manner in coming

62nd round of NSS (July 2005-June 2006) Report. five years. The policy also has a place for loans on easy

instalments for unemployed youth to generate their own nThe number of registered illiterate unemployed youths

units, besides providing financial support in the shape of has increased to 4033 in 2009 from 3141 during 2008,

monthly Voluntary Service Allowance (VSA) to all the thereby showing an increasing of 28.39 percent in the

unemployed educated youth of the State. state. The number of educated unemployed has increased

to 376520 in 2009 from 80529 during 2008. This sharp nTo overcome the problem of constantly increasing

Increase has been attributed to the latest data provided population of educated unemployed youth, (reason being

by district employment exchanges after registering lack of adequate private sector) the state government

almost every unemployed youth who voluntarily came to sanctioned the setting up of "J&K Sate Overseas

register their names this time before announcement of Employment Corporation" with an authorized share

Employment Policy by the Govt of J&K. capital of Rs 100 lakh to facilitate educated and skilled

youth to seek employment within and outside the country. nSher-i- Kashmir Employment and Welfare Programme

(SKEWPY) for the youth was launched on 5th December nUnder National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

2009. The state government has announced that the (NAREGA), 61.18 lac persondays were generated and 5.79

implementation of the historic Employment Policy in the lakh (cumulative) job cards have been issued till ending

state will start from April 2010. The policy needs Rs 300 to November, 2009.

nGeneral Index of Industrial Workers in Srinagar City Workers in Srinagar city increased by 8.73% against 9.02%

increased by 8.17% during 2008-09 compared to 6.39% at all India when compared to 2007-08 Index. During April

during 200708. Inflation rate of 8.93% (2008-09) and 5.03% to September 2009 regarding Sri nagar centre and April to

(2007-08) on this series has been posted at All India level. August 2009 in case of all India CPI - IW (General Index),

recorded inflation rate of 7.46% in Srinagar city and 9.15% nGeneral Index of Agricultural Labourers recorded 8.49% at all India when compared to the corresponding periods increase during 2008-09 in J&K compared to 9.59% rate of of previous year . increase in the country.

nCPI - Al dunng 2008-09 increased by 10.05% in J&K and nGeneral Index of Rural Labourers inflated by 7.86% in J&K 10.02% at all India over 2007-08 and during the penod April and 10.84% in India during 2008-09. to August 2009 CPI - Al increased by 12.74% In J&K and nAlthough Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is the popular 11.44% at all India when compared to the corresponding measure of headline inflation in the country, however, period of previous year. Consumer Price Index are also used to tract inflation. The

nRegarding Consumer Price Index for Rural labourers the sections for which CPls are computed are Industrial rate of inflation for the year 2008-09 was 7.33°/0 Workers (CPI - IW), Agricultural labourers (CPI - Al), Rural compared to 6.23% for 2007-08 and 10.02% at all India for labourers (CPI -Rl) and Urban Non Manual Employees (CPI UNME . 2008-09. nDuring the year 2008-09 General Index of Industrial

PRICE / INFLATION

nFor distribution of the essential commodities efficiently focused towards poor. Under TPDS, there are 19.56 lakh

the Consumer Affairs & Public Distribution Department ration card holders, (12.23 lakh APl, 4.80 lakh BPl and 2.56

has a network of 6200 authorised sale centres and fair lakh AA V). They are provided 35 kg food grains per month on

price shops. On an average one sale centre/fair price shop the subsidized prices prescribed for each scheme .

is available per 2018 people . nImport of food grains during the year 200809 were 784.4

nTargeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) is an important thousand metric tonnes and off take figures were 656.6

constituent of poverty alleviation programme as it is thousand mel tonnes.

FOOD MANAGEMENT

51

PATNITOP

SANASAR

PATNITOP HILL RESORT

AN ECO-FRIENDY TOURIST DESTINATION

Help Us to Preserve the Environment & Ecology of the area

Use of Polythene is banned in PATNITOP

Patnitop Development AuthorityKud, District Udhampur (J&K)Tele-fax: 01992-288146, 288129

epilogue magazine, november 2010

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