ep heuvelink & leo marcelis - canadian greenhouse …[email protected] some figures on...
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Improving greenhouse production efficiency
Ep Heuvelink & Leo Marcelis Horticulture & Product Physiology group Wageningen University, The Netherlands [email protected]
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Some figures on Dutch greenhouse horticulture sector of great economic importance
About 120.000 people employed Added value greenhouse horticulture: € 5.6 x 109 9.500 ha 0.5% of agricultural land area Production value is 22%
of agrocomplex
70-75% greenhouse produce is exported Mean gross income 600 000 €/ha Mean net return 60 000 €/ha
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Very high yields, still increasing
Yiel
d (k
g m
-2 p
er y
ear)
Yield has doubled over the past 30 years
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Which factors are important for high yield ?
Greenhouse technology (e.g. light transmission)
Cultivation techniques (e.g. soilless)
Modern cultivars
Greenhouse climate control (temperature, CO2, humidity, supplementary light)
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Obtain high light transmissivity of the greenhouse
1% more light ≈ 1% more yield Greenhouse transmissivity in 1980 ≈ 65%
nowadays ≈ 78% represents about 20% yield increase
Large glass panes, small construction parts, white ! Cleaning of cover !
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Component analysis: higher fresh fruit yield in modern cultivars
Total yield of fresh tomatoes (kg m-2)
Fruit dry matter content (kg kg-1)
Total dry matter (kg m-2) Fraction to fruits (kg kg-1)
Total yield of dry tomatoes (kg m-2)
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Total yield of fresh tomatoes (kg m-2)
Fruit dry matter content (kg kg-1)
Total dry matter (kg m-2) Fraction to fruits (kg kg-1)
Light use efficiency (g MJ-1)
Fraction of light intercepted (MJ m-2)
Sink strength of fruits
No. of fruits
Truss appearance rate No. of fruits per truss
Total yield of dry tomatoes (kg m-2)
LAI (m2 m-2) Photosynthetic rate (g m-2 s-1)
Light extinction coefficient
Component analysis: higher fresh fruit yield in modern cultivars
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Better varieties: 0.7% yield increase per year (Expt. 1: August-November; Expt. 2: June-December)
Average yield Sonatine, Calypso and Encore: 6.3 resp. 12.0 kg/m2
P=0.003
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Total yield of fresh tomatoes (kg m-2)
Fruit dry matter content (kg kg-1)
Total dry matter (kg m-2) Fraction to fruits (kg kg-1)
Light use efficiency (g MJ-1)
Fraction of light intercepted (MJ m-2)
Sink strength of fruits
No. of fruits
Truss appearance rate No. of fruits per truss
Total yield of dry tomatoes (kg m-2)
LAI (m2 m-2) Photosynthetic rate (g m-2 s-1)
Light extinction coefficient
Component analysis: higher fresh fruit yield in modern cultivars
Tomato yield doubled over past 30 years; 20-25% results from improved cultivars
Improved Light use efficiency, because of higher leaf photosynthesis and deeper light penetration (less extinction)
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Greenhouse is key factor to minimize water use
0
20
40
60
Israel & Spain, field
Spain, unheated
plastic "parral"
Israel, unheated
glass
Spain, unheated "parral",
regulated ventilation
Holland, climate-
controlled glass, CO2 enrichment
Holland, as at left, with re-use of
drain water
Holland, "closed"
greenhouse
Wat
er u
se
(litr
e pe
r kg
tom
ato)
From Stanghellini
Source: Stanghellini
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Water and Nitrogen (N) efficiency Yearround greenhouse tomato (free drainage)
_________________________________________________________
Soil grown crop Substrate grown crop Water N Water N _________________________________________________________
Addition 12950 2269 9691 1935 Uptake by crop 6700 609 7600 1110 Efficiency (%) 52 27 78 57 _________________________________________________________
Source: Sonneveld
Recirculation: efficiencies above 90%
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Energy use: Towards Climate neutral greenhouses
1980 1990 2000 2010
20
40
60
80
100
target 2000 (50)
target 2010 (35)
2020
target 2020 (0) En
ergy
use
inde
x
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Closed greenhouse
Reduction in energy use
(up to 30%)
Harvest the excess heat in
summer, store in aquifers and re-use heat in winter
warm cold
warm cold
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Cogeneration of heat and power (CHP)
Very efficient use of heat, electricity and CO2
Covers 10% of Dutch national electricity consumption Applied on 7000 ha glasshouses
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Temperature integration (sweet pepper)
0
100
200
300
5 10 15 20 25 30
Dry
wei
ght f
ruits
(g/
plan
t)
Time (weeks)
optimaal
standaard
Optimal strategy: average temperature same as ‘control’ fluctuation between 16 and 30oC less ventilation daytime → higher CO2
2.5 m3 less natural gas equal fruit set and yield
optimal control
Crop responds to average temperature, not exact temperature regime
Source: Dieleman et al.
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Leaf picking in sweet pepper: reduce energy use without production loss
LAI = Leaf Area Index
Source: Dueck et al. 2006
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Energy saving
The application of energy saving measures is limited by the crop and by risks perceived by the growers (e.g. botrytis)
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Next Generation Cultivation (‘The New Way of Growing’): 40-50% energy saving
Isolation (e.g. 2 or 3 screens) Follow nature De-humidify by controlled inlet air Humidification Heat harvest= cooling
droge warme lucht
Luchtbehandelingskast (10 per
Buitenlucht aanzuiging
Dry warm air
Sucking outside air
Air treatment unit
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Diffusing light Clear results: 5-10% yield increase
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Diffuse light: more homogeneous Direct light Diffuse light
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Photosynthetic capacity (standard and diffusing glass)
-5
5
15
25
35
0 400 800 1200Licht op blad (µmol PAR/m2/s)
Net
to fo
tosy
nthe
se, (
µmol
/m2/
s)
-5
5
15
25
35
0 400 800 1200Licht op blad (µmol PAR/m2/s)
Net
to fo
tosy
nthe
se, (
µmol
/m2/
s)
High in the crop
Light on leaf (µmol PAR m-2 d-1) Light on leaf (µmol PAR m-2 d-1) Net
pho
tosy
nthe
sis
(µm
ol m
-2 s
-1)
Net
pho
tosy
nthe
sis
(µm
ol m
-2 s
-1) Low in the
crop
Standard
Diffuse
Source: T. Dueck
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Diffusing light Clear results: 5-10% yield increase
0
2
4
6
Total horizontal light distribution
vertical light distribution
leaf photosynthesis
LAI
% in
crea
se c
rop
p
ho
tosy
nth
esis
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Efficient use of supplementary light
determined by the balance between source (assimilate production) and sink (demand for assimilates) (source-sink balance)
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Source/sink ratio during plant development 3 cultivars different in fruit size
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
0 20 40 60 80 100
Sou
rce/
sink
rat
io
Days after planting
Komeett Capricia Sunstream
Large fruit size
Small fruit size
Medium fruit size
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LED light more energy efficient (and allow interlighting, spectral control)
● HPS: 1.8 µmol/J ● LED Toplight 2.3 µmol/J (according to companies)
Hybrid lighting – HPS above, LED interlight
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Most modern protected cultivation. From greenhouse to factory Most suitable when
High added value (product, marketing concept)
Critical growth stages (e.g. propagation)
Small crops
● Feeding the world is a different story
Lettuce transplant production
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Reduce labour demand: robotics and vision: rapid developments for automation
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Conclusions
Ever increasing level of control ● In 30 years: yield doubled
Strong reductions in energy use Recirculation in soilless cultures: very high water and
nutrient efficiency Developments in light: diffuse, LED (spectrum, timing,
direction, heat) Labour efficiency: robotics and vision From greenhouse to factory?
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Thank you for your attention !
Co-workers Anja Dieleman Tom Dueck Higashide Tadahisa Pornpipat Kasemsap Frank Kempkes Tao Li Cecilia Stanghellini Wim Voogt