eoc review scientific method collaborate share info build upon other work
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EOC Review
Scientific Method
CollaborateShare info Build upon other work
AccuracyAccuracy is how close a measured
value is to the actual (true) value. PrecisionPrecision is how close the measured
values are to each other.
Direct Relationship
variable increases and other variable increases
0 1 2 302468
1012
pHColumn1
Inverse Relationship
variable increases and other variable decreases
1 2 3 40
1
2
3
4
5
6
Series 1Column1Column2
Linear Relationship
each unit change in the x variable will bring about the same change in the y variable
1 2 3 4 50
1
2
3
4
5
6
Series 1Column1Column2
Non Linear
10 20 30 400
20
40
60
80
100
120
Series 1Column1Column2
Percent Error
Difference between a measured value and a known value.
Used to report the difference between a measured or experimental value and a true or exact value.
1000 g = 1 kg
Kilo – 1000Centi – 1/100Milli – 1/1000
44 ml X 1 L 1000ml
Organic Compounds
Compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and usually
oxygenFrequently contains N, S, P
Organic Chemistry
C forms 4 bonds H forms 1 bond O forms 2 bonds H is more plentiful than C because of the
bonding EX: CH4
Building Blocks of Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates: GlucoseLipids: Fatty Acids and Glycerol
Proteins: Amino AcidsNucleic Acids: Nucleotides
EnzymesSpecialized proteins
that lower the activation energy
required to make a reaction proceed
A protein catalyst called an enzyme
Can decrease the energy of activation needed to begin a
reaction
Figure 5.5B
Reactants
EA withoutenzyme
EA withenzyme
Net changein energy
Products
Ene
rgy
Progress of the reaction
It prevents wastes, which would cause problems, from accumulating. It assures that the ecosystem will not run out of essential elements.
1. Begin with a CO2.
2 Photosynthesis
3. Food chains
4. Cell respiration
Phosphorus Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
All organisms are made of roughly the same organic
molecules in similar proportions
A measure of their dry weight is a rough measure of the
energy they contain.
BiomassA census of the population, multiplied by the weight of an
average individual in itGives an estimate of the weight of the population.
A production pyramid explains why meat is a luxury for humans
A field of corn Can support many more human vegetarians than
meat-eatersTrophic level
Secondaryconsumers
Primaryconsumers
Producers
Humanvegetarians
Corn
Humanmeat-eaters
Cattle
Corn
Figure 37.14
Biomagnification The increase of the concentration of a substance that occurs in the food chain.
Substances - pesticides or heavy metals The substances become concentrated in
tissues or internal organs because the substances are very slowly metabolized
or excreted.
Only about 10% of the energy stored at each trophic level is
available to the next level
Eutrophication
Occurs when a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients (phosphates and
nitrates). This increases amount of algae in water.
As the algae die/decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing
organisms deplete the oxygen from the water. This causes the death of other organisms
(fish).
Greenhouse Gases Carbon Dioxide – fossil fuels, solid waste,
trees Methane – production and transportation of
coal, natural gas, and oil Nitrous Oxide – agricultural and industrial Fluorinated gases – industrial, commercial,
and household uses
Fossil Fuels
Fuels formed from remains of plants and animals
Ex: Natural gas, oil coal
Ozone Layer
•Ozone - 0₃ - naturally occurring in the stratosphere
•Ozone layer - Protects earth from ultra violet rays
•CFC’s –– destroy ozone by releasing chlorine into the atmosphere
Atmospheric CO2 is reflecting heat back down to the planet’s surface.
Only by phasing out coal use, ending deforestation and reducing the use of other fossil fuels can the numbers be
reversed.
Other Causes Clear cutting of
forests Increased use of
fossil fuels
Methane pollution
Deforestation Removal of a forest/trees where the land is
thereafter converted to a non-forest use Trees may be cut down to be used or sold as fuel Cleared land is used as pasture for livestock,
plantations of commodities and settlements. Results in damage to habitat and loss of
biodiversity. It has adverse impacts on using of atmospheric
CO2, causing a buildup.
Greenhouse EffectCar in summer
Greenhouse gases absorb some the energy radiated from the earth and
trap it in the atmosphere.Human activities have INCREASED
the amount of greenhouse gases
Animal: Heterotrophs – consume food
Plants: Autotrophs – make their own food
Fungus: Heterotrophs/ Decomposers – absorb food
Robert Hooke
Coined the name cellLooked at cork cells under
microscope
Organelles Nucleus: Control center ER: Transportation center Rough ER: Helps make protein Smooth ER: Breaks down toxins Golgi: Packaging and shipping Mitochondria: Power House, ATP Vacuole: Store water nutrients and waste
Organelles Lysosome: Recycling center Cytoskeleton: Support and movement Ribosomes: Makes protein Cytoplasm: Bathes organelles
Organelles
Plant Chloroplast Cell Wall
Huge vacuole
Animal Centriole
Photosynthesis
Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen
PhotosynthesisGreen plants and algae use the
solar energy and molecules of CO2 into sugar/starch and 02.
CO2 + H20 C6H12O6 + O2
Photosynthesis Recap
Primary Productivity
is the production of organic compounds from atmospheric
or aquatic CO2 through the process of photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Occurs primarily in the mitochondriaAerobic breakdown of glucose into
CO2 and H20
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H20 + energy
MeiosisOccurs in plants and animals
that reproduce sexually.Usually occurs in specialized
sex organs - Ovaries, Testes
Haploid Found in gametes
n=? Cells formed in meiosis
Diploid Found in somatic cells
Fertilized egg 2n =?
Cells formed in Mitosis
Prophase IChromosomes form
Homologous pairs come together
Crossing Over occurs
Principle of Independent Assortment
The inheritance of alleles for one trait does not affect
the inheritance of alleles for another trait
Principle of Segregation
1.Heredity characteristics are determined by distinct
units
Principle of Segregation
2.For each characteristic, an individual carries 2 factors, one inherited from each
parent
Principle of Segregation
3.The 2 factors of each pair segregate
from each other and end up in gametes
Frederick Griffith - studying 2 strains of bacteria
1 causes pneumonia, 1 harmless When killed pathogenic bacteria and mixed
with living healthy bacteria - some converted Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey - showed that
DNA was genetic material Used radio isotopes to label DNA and protein
in Phage T2 and ecoli cells Sulfer - protein Phosphate - DNA
The direct manipulation of genes for practical
purposes
Genetic Engineering
Nuclear Transplantation: replaces the nucleus of an egg cell or a zygote with a nucleus of an adult
somatic cell Cells divides creates blastocyst
Reproductive Cloning: If animal is a mammal, the blastocyst is implanted into uterus for further
development Therapeutic Cloning: Produce embryonic stem
cells for therapeutic treatments
Cloning
Combining genes from different sources into a single DNA
moleculeCan use different species
Often uses plasmids
Recombinant DNA Technology
DNA from two different sources are combined into the same DNA
Recombinant DNA
Polymerase Chain ReactionDNA is copied many times in a
test tube.Process can generate 100 billion
copies of DNA in 4 hours
PCR
Gel Electrophoresis
Human Genome Project
The main goals were to provide a complete and accurate sequence of the 3 billion DNA base pairs that make up the human genome and to find all of the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 human genes.
SpeciationEvolution of a new
species
Adaptation
Product of Natural SelectionChange usually is caused by
mutationStructures or behaviors that make
efficient use of environment
Selection
Natural Survival of the
fittest Those with the best adaptations,
survive and reproduce
Artificial Done by us
Typically done by breeders or geneticists
Select desirable traits and breed those individuals with
those traits
Allopatric Speciation
Speciation due to being separated by a geographic
barrier
Sympatric Speciation
New species develop without geographic isolation
Formation of a new species as a result of a genetic change that produces reproductive barriers
Mostly in plants
Parapatric Speciation
Speciation that occurs due to variations in the mating habits
or rituals of a population within a continuous geographical area.
Punctuated Equilibrium
Abrupt Changes in species within very long periods of equillibrium
Evolutionary changes happens radidly
Trilobites, some dinosaurs
Divergent Evolution
The process by which an interbreeding population or species diverges into two or more descendant species.
Occurs when a group from a specific population develops into a new species
Ex: Human foot vs Monkey foot
Protein Synthesis DNA: Made in nucleus, double stranded, A-T, G -C RNA: 3 types, single stranded, A,U,G,C
mRNA: Messenger RNA, made in nucleus according to DNA (DNA: ATGC mRNA: UACG)
tRNA: Brings amino acids to ribosome based on mRNA mRNA: AUG tRNA brings in Methionine
rRNA: Holds ribosome together Transcription: Process of making mRNA Translation: Process of making a polypeptide
MutationsChange in DNA sequence
Can change phenotype
Can be passed down to future generations
X – Rays can cause
Point Mutation
Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Point Mutation: The fat hat ate the wee
rat.
Frame Shift Mutation
Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Frame Shift The fat caa tet hew eer at.
Frame Shift
Deletion
Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Deletion The fat ate the wee rat.
Insertion
Original The fat cat ate the wee rat. Insertion The fat cat xlw ate the wee rat.
Insertion
Inversion
Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Inversion: The fat tar eew eht eta tac.
Genetic Problems
Monohybrid Cross: Cross involving 1 trait Dihybrid Cross: Cross involving 2 traits Incomplete Dominance: Blending of
phenotypes Codominance: Shared dominance; blood
type AB Sex Linked: On X chromosome; more
males get
Dihybrid
Codominance, Blood Types
Sex Linked
Bacteriophage
Two Types of MoneransArchaea bacteria:
Ancient BacteriaEubacteria: True
Bacteria
Archaebacteria: Ancient Bacteria
Confined to extreme environmentsCell walls lack peptidylglycanPlasma Membranes have lipid
compositions unlike any organismLive without oxygen
Archaebacteria: Ancient Bacteria
Methane producers (Methanogens)Salt loving Bacteria (Extreme
Halophiles)Heat and Acid Loving Bacteria
(Extreme Thermophiles)
Eubacteria: True BacteriaIncludes all modern
prokaryotesHas a cell wall of complex
carbohydratesHas a cell membrane or 2
Reproduction
Asexual
Clones Exact copies of
parents Binary Fission,
Cell cycle, buds
Sexual
Combination of genetic
information
Based on the data, which of the following fish would most likely experience the largest population declines due to acid rain
pollution?
A. brown trout
B. smallmouth bass
C. fathead minnow
D. yellow perch
The graph below shows the levels of acidity that different kinds of freshwater fish can tolerate. Low pH values mean the water is more acidic.
C. fathead minnow
The graph below shows the levels of acidity that different kinds of freshwater fish can tolerate. Low pH values mean the water is more acidic.
The diagram below shows the final steps of a biochemical pathway used by the bacterium Serratia marcescens to produce a red pigment molecule.
Letters X, Y, and Z represent intermediate molecules produced in the pathway. Four enzymes are also involved in the pathway, as shown.
A mutant strain of S. marcescens produces molecules X and Y but does not produce the red pigment molecule or molecule Z.
Based on this result, it can be concluded that there must be a mutation in the gene coding for which enzyme?
A. enzyme 1 B. enzyme 2 C. enzyme 3 D. enzyme 4
The diagram below shows the final steps of a biochemical pathway used by the bacterium Serratia marcescens to produce a red pigment molecule.
Letters X, Y, and Z represent intermediate molecules produced in the pathway. Four enzymes are also involved in the pathway, as shown.
A mutant strain of S. marcescens produces molecules X and Y but does not produce the red pigment molecule or molecule Z.
Based on this result, it can be concluded that there must be a mutation in the gene coding for which enzyme?
C. enzyme 3
Students in a biology laboratory aremonitoring the rate at which hydrogenperoxide breaks down to produce water
and oxygen gas. They begin monitoring a
sample of hydrogen peroxide and then addcatalase, an enzyme that speeds up its
breakdown. Their data are shown in the
table below.
Time (min) Rate of Hydrogen Peroxide Breakdown (molecules per min) 0.0 0.000
0.5 0.030 1.0 0.032
1.5 4,970,000.000 2.0 5,001,000.000 2.5 4,985,300.000 3.0 5,021,700.000
Based on the data in this table, duringwhich of the following time periods did
the students add the catalase to thehydrogen peroxide?
A. between 0.0 and 0.5 min B. between 1.0 and 1.5 min C. between 2.0 and 2.5 min D. between 2.5 and 3.0 min
Based on the data in this table, duringwhich of the following time periods did
the students add the catalase to thehydrogen peroxide?
B. between 1.0 and 1.5 min
A graph of atmospheric carbon dioxideconcentration over time is shown below.
Scientists are investigating the cause ofthe large increase in atmospheric carbondioxide concentration since about 1800.
Which of the following provides thebest explanation for the increase?
A. eruptions of large volcanoes B. use of fossil fuels by humans C. natural fluctuations of climate D. photosynthesis by phytoplankton
Scientists are investigating the cause ofthe large increase in atmospheric carbondioxide concentration since about 1800.
Which of the following provides thebest explanation for the increase?
B. use of fossil fuels by humans