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31. 32. K. Popper53. T. Kuhn64. 7910

: . . . . , . , . , - , , , , , , . . . , , . , . ; . , .26

1. ... . , , , , , , , . . , .. o . , o . [footnoteRef:1] [1: Chalmers, A.F. (2009), .., . 233.]

. . [footnoteRef:2] [2: Chalmers, A.F. (2009), .., . 233.]

o . , , , , , .[footnoteRef:3] [3: Chalmers, A.F. (2009), .., . 234.]

, , . , . . [footnoteRef:4] [4: Chalmers, A.F. (2009), .., . 235.]

.[footnoteRef:5] [5: Chalmers, A.F. (2009), .., . 235.]

. , , .[footnoteRef:6] [6: Chalmers, A.F. (2009), .., . 236.]

De Revolutionibus , . , , Osiander, . . . . . . [footnoteRef:7] [7: Chalmers, A.F. (2009), .., . 237.]

2. K. Popper Popper , . . , Popper , a priori . , , , .

, . : (Conjectures and Refutations, 1963). Popper, , . Popper , . . , . . , .

Popper . , , , - . Popper .

, oo o , , . To o . , , , .[footnoteRef:8] [8: Chalmers, A.F. (2009), .., . 66.]

3. T. Kuhn , . . , . o o o . , o . u . v Ko . :- - - - - - . [footnoteRef:9] [9: Chalmers, A.F. (2009), .., . 140.]

n o ox (paradigm). n , oo . , o ov . o . , . ' o noo o . , . . , . [footnoteRef:10] [10: Chalmers, A.F. (2009), .., . 141.]

, , . . , os .[footnoteRef:11] [11: Chalmers, A.F. (2009), .., . 140.]

4. - - - - .

- .[footnoteRef:12] [12: . (2008), .., . 92.]

. , , . [footnoteRef:13] [13: . (2008), .., . 93.]

, , . . , . [footnoteRef:14] [14: . (2008), .., . 95.]

, , . , . , , . [footnoteRef:15] [15: . (2008), .., . 100.]

. .

[footnoteRef:16] [16: Chalmers, A.F. (2009), .., . 70.]

, . , - - .

Bhaskar , , . , , .

Popper 17 20 . Popper , , , , . Kuhn .

A . . ( ). . , , . .

. ( ). . ' , . , , . ', , -.

, , . .[footnoteRef:17] . [17: Cottingham J., .., . 17.]

Hume . , .[footnoteRef:18] [footnoteRef:19] [18: ., .., . 130.] [19: ., .., . 130.]

., , . , , 2008.

., , - ( 22), . 2005-2006.

: ., , Descartes Hume.

Chalmers, A.F. (2009), ; , , ., . , / , 1998.

Cottingham, J. (2003), : , . , , 2003.

Woolhouse, R.S. (2004), : , . , , 2003.

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