environmental science: toward a sustainable future richard t. wright the atmosphere: climate,...
TRANSCRIPT
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Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright
The Atmosphere: Climate, Climate Change, and Ozone Depletion
PPT by Clark E. Adams
Chapter 20
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El Niño: What Happened?
Jet streams shifted from normal course
Cause unknown
April May
June
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The El Niño Effects: Fig. 20-1
Landslides on the California coast Mildest hurricane season in many years Rain five times normal in an East Africa
drought region Record crop harvests in India, Australia,
and Argentina
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La Niña: What Happened?
Easterly trade winds reestablished with greater intensity
Upwelling of colder water from ocean depths
Jet streams are weakened Global patterns in moisture and
evaporation return to “normal”
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Atmospheric Structure
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Weather: Solar Energy Balance
Most solar energy absorbed by atmosphere, oceans, and land
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Weather: Convection Cell
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Tornadoes
Cold low-pressure air mass collides with a warm high-pressure air mass
http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/nssl/nssl0065.htm
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Fujita Scale Measures the Intensity of Tornadoes F-0: 40–72 mph, chimney damage, tree
branches broken F-1: 73–112 mph, mobile homes pushed off
foundations or overturned F-2: 113–157 mph, considerable damage,
mobile homes demolished, trees uprooted
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Fujita Scale Measures the Intensity of Tornadoes F-3: 158–205 mph, roofs and walls torn down,
trains overturned, cars thrown F-4: 207–260 mph, well-constructed walls
leveled F-5: 261–318 mph, homes lifted off foundation
and carried considerable distances, autos thrown as far as 100 meters
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Climates in the Past
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Ocean and Atmosphere
Covers 75% of the Earth’s surface Major source of water to hydrologic cycle Major source of heat to atmosphere Stores and conveys heat
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The Ocean Conveyor System
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The Earth as a Greenhouse
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Factors Affecting Global Temperatures
Cloud cover: cooling Changes in Sun’s intensity: cooling or
warming Volcanic activity: cooling Sulfate aerosols: cooling
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Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations
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Global Surface Temperatures
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Global Carbon Cycle
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Impacts of Global Warming
Melting of polar ice caps Flooding of coastal areas Massive migrations of people
inland
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Evidences of Climatic Change
17 of the hottest years on record have occurred since 1980 (Fig. 20-5)
Wide-scale recession of glaciers Sea level rising
Predicted mean global temperature changeby 2100 is between 1.5 and 4.5oC
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Responses to Climate Change
Response 1: mitigation = reduce CO2 emissions
Response 2: adaptation = accepting and learning to live with the consequences of climate change
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Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCC) Relied on voluntary approach to reduce
CO2 emissions Developing countries continue toward
developed nation status using fossil fuels
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Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCC) To achieve a 7% reduction by 2010
requires a 25% reduction of present use By 2010 CO2 emissions will have
increased by 30%
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Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCC)
Bottom line: need 60% reduction (144 ppm) in CO2 emission worldwide NOW to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at today’s levels
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Depletion of Ozone Layer
Radiation and importance of the shield Formation and breakdown of the shield Coming to grips with ozone depletion
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Good Ozone!
Bad Ozone!
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Formation of the Ozone Shield
Reaction #1: UV light + O2 O + O
Reaction #2: Free O + O2 O3
Reaction #3: Free O + O3 O2 + O2
Reaction #4: UV light + O3O + O2
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Breakdown of Ozone Shield
Reaction #5: CFCl3 + UV Cl + CFCl2
Reaction #6: Cl + O3 ClO + O2
Reaction #7: ClO + ClO 2 Cl + O2
Which reaction releases Cl from CFCs?Which reaction generates more Cl?
Chlorine is a catalyst that destroys the production of ________?
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Montreal Protocol
1987 – scale back CFC production by 50% by 2000
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Coming to Grips with Ozone Depletion: Montreal Protocol
1990 – amendment to completely phase out ozone-destroying chemicals by 2000
1992 – amendment to completely phase out ozone-destroying chemicals by 1996
Why the rush?
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Ozone Hole: 11 million sq.mi.
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The Clean Air Act of 1990: Title IV
Restricts production, use, emissions, and disposal of ozone-depleting chemicals
Regulates the servicing of refrigeration and air-conditioning units
“Protecting Stratospheric Ozone”
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Greenhouse Gases Ozone
Where
Type of Light
Chemicals
What’s the big deal?
Major Law
How do we fix it?
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End of Chapter 20