environmental procedural rights[1] · • climate change is not only about polar bears anymore •...

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Environmental Procedural Rights: Environmental Procedural Rights: a Tool to Combat Climate Change a Tool to Combat Climate Change Dr. Svitlana Kravchenko, Dr. Svitlana Kravchenko, School of Law, University of Oregon School of Law, University of Oregon

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Page 1: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

Environmental Procedural Rights: Environmental Procedural Rights: a Tool to Combat Climate Changea Tool to Combat Climate Change

Dr. Svitlana Kravchenko, Dr. Svitlana Kravchenko, School of Law, 

University of OregonSchool of Law, 

University of Oregon

Page 2: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

Why Human Rights?Why Human Rights?Why Human Rights?Why Human Rights?

•• Climate change is not only about polar bearsClimate change is not only about polar bearsClimate change is not only about polar bears Climate change is not only about polar bears anymoreanymore

•• Implications on the enjoyment of humanImplications on the enjoyment of human•• Implications on the enjoyment of human  Implications on the enjoyment of human  rightsrights

M ldi i i d UN H Ri hM ldi i i d UN H Ri h•• Maldives petition and UN Human Rights Maldives petition and UN Human Rights Council’s Resolution 7/23 "Human Rights and Council’s Resolution 7/23 "Human Rights and Cli Ch ”Cli Ch ”Climate Change”Climate Change”

Page 3: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •
Page 4: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

Freedom of Opinion and Expression in Freedom of Opinion and Expression in hhHuman Rights treatiesHuman Rights treaties

•• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights gg(UDHR), art.19(UDHR), art.19

•• The International Covenant on Civil and Political The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) art 19Rights (ICCPR) art 19Rights (ICCPR), art.19Rights (ICCPR), art.19

•• The European Convention for the Protection of The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms,Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms,Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, art.10art.10

•• The American Convention on Human Rights, The American Convention on Human Rights, 1313art.13art.13

•• The African Charter of Human and Peoples’ The African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights art 9Rights art 9Rights, art.9  Rights, art.9  

Page 5: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

Case law: InterCase law: Inter‐‐American Court, American Court, l d h l ( )l d h l ( )Claude Reyes v. Chile (2006)Claude Reyes v. Chile (2006)

•• Broad interpretation of  art.13 of the American Broad interpretation of  art.13 of the American ppConvention:  Convention:  right to seek and receive right to seek and receive informationinformation

•• Without the need to prove direct interestWithout the need to prove direct interest•• Without the need to prove direct interestWithout the need to prove direct interest•• Right of individuals Right of individuals to receive information to receive information is is positive obligation of the State to provide itpositive obligation of the State to provide itpositive obligation of the State to provide itpositive obligation of the State to provide it

•• Except in cases in which a legitimate restriction Except in cases in which a legitimate restriction applies applies 

•• Court ordered the government Court ordered the government to provide to provide information information and take measuresand take measures

Page 6: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

European Court of Human RightsEuropean Court of Human RightsEuropean Court of Human RightsEuropean Court of Human Rights

•• Guerra v. ItalyGuerra v. Italy (1998): Right to Information in Art.10(1998): Right to Information in Art.10Guerra v. Italy Guerra v. Italy (1998): Right to Information in Art.10 (1998): Right to Information in Art.10 is not a duty is not a duty of the governmentof the government

•• Resolution 1087 of Parliamentary Assembly on the Resolution 1087 of Parliamentary Assembly on the y yy yConsequences of the Chernobyl disaster: “public Consequences of the Chernobyl disaster: “public access to clear and full information …must be access to clear and full information …must be viewed as a viewed as a basic human rightbasic human right.”.”

•• ÖneryildizÖneryildiz v. Turkey (2004): v. Turkey (2004): “public access to clear “public access to clear d f ll f dd f ll f d b hb hand full information is viewed as aand full information is viewed as a basic human basic human 

right”right”

Page 7: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

Access to Access to EnvironmentalEnvironmental Information Information in  MEAsin  MEAs

•• United Nations Framework Convention onUnited Nations Framework Convention onUnited Nations Framework Convention on United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto ProtocolClimate Change and the Kyoto Protocol

•• The Rotterdam Convention on the PriorThe Rotterdam Convention on the PriorThe Rotterdam Convention on the Prior The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International TradeInternational Trade

•• Cartagena Protocol on Cartagena Protocol on BiosafetyBiosafety•• The Convention on Persistent Organic The Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants , etc.Pollutants , etc.

Page 8: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

Regional MEAsRegional MEAsRegional MEAsRegional MEAs

•• Espoo Convention on EIA inEspoo Convention on EIA in TransboundaryTransboundaryEspoo Convention on EIA  in Espoo Convention on EIA  in TransboundaryTransboundaryContextContext

•• The Convention on the Protection and Use ofThe Convention on the Protection and Use ofThe Convention on the Protection and Use of The Convention on the Protection and Use of TransboundaryTransboundary Watercourses and Watercourses and International LakesInternational Lakes

•• Convention on Convention on TransboundaryTransboundary Effects of Effects of Industrial Accidents Industrial Accidents 

•• The Aarhus Convention on Access to The Aarhus Convention on Access to Information…Information…

Page 9: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

The Aarhus ConventionThe Aarhus ConventionThe Aarhus ConventionThe Aarhus Convention

•• “The best regional development of Principle“The best regional development of PrincipleThe best regional development of Principle The best regional development of Principle 10 of Rio Declaration” (Kofi Annan)10 of Rio Declaration” (Kofi Annan)

•• Right of access toRight of access to environmentalenvironmental•• Right of  access to Right of  access to environmentalenvironmentalinformation: active and passive  information: active and passive  

D f hD f h di idi i•• Duty of the governmentDuty of the government to disseminate to disseminate environmental information or provide it upon environmental information or provide it upon requestrequest

Page 10: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

Wide access to Wide access to environmentalenvironmentalffinformationinformation

•• AllAll information is accessible subject only toinformation is accessible subject only to aaAllAll information is accessible, subject only to information is accessible, subject only to a a limited exceptions that shalllimited exceptions that shall be interpreted in be interpreted in a restrictive waya restrictive way (the Aarhus Convention art 4)(the Aarhus Convention art 4)a restrictive waya restrictive way (the Aarhus Convention, art.4)(the Aarhus Convention, art.4)

Th C i i f Uk i “fTh C i i f Uk i “f•• The Constitution of Ukraine:  “free access to The Constitution of Ukraine:  “free access to information about the information about the environmental environmental i i N h ll k hi i N h ll k hsituation…No one shall make such situation…No one shall make such information secret.”information secret.”

Page 11: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

EnvironmentEnvironment‐‐PeoplePeople‐‐Law (EPL): case 1Law (EPL): case 1EnvironmentEnvironment PeoplePeople Law (EPL): case 1Law (EPL): case 1

•• Request to the Ministry of the EnvironmentRequest to the Ministry of the EnvironmentRequest to the Ministry of the Environment Request to the Ministry of the Environment to provide information on climate change to provide information on climate change policy and measurespolicy and measurespolicy and measurespolicy and measures

•• Request is deniedRequest is denied

EPL ll d h h Mi i did f lfillEPL ll d h h Mi i did f lfill•• EPL alleged that the Ministry did not fulfill EPL alleged that the Ministry did not fulfill the requirements of the UNFCCC and filed a the requirements of the UNFCCC and filed a 

( di )( di )court case (pending)court case (pending)

Page 12: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

EPLEPL ‐‐ Case 2Case 2EPL EPL  Case 2Case 2

•• A cooperation Agreement was signed between A cooperation Agreement was signed between p g gp g ggovernments of Ukraine and Japan, beneficial governments of Ukraine and Japan, beneficial for both sidesfor both sides

•• Under the Kyoto Protocol Ukraine sold to JapanUnder the Kyoto Protocol Ukraine sold to Japan•• Under the Kyoto Protocol, Ukraine sold to Japan Under the Kyoto Protocol, Ukraine sold to Japan 30 million units of emission credits (AAU) for 30 million units of emission credits (AAU) for GHG emission. The value of the deal was not GHG emission. The value of the deal was not discloseddisclosed

•• EPL sent a request to the National Agency for EPL sent a request to the National Agency for Ecological Investment asking about amount ofEcological Investment asking about amount ofEcological Investment asking about amount of Ecological Investment asking about amount of money and how they will be spentmoney and how they will be spent

•• Response: information is Response: information is confidentialconfidentialpp ff

Page 13: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

Climate science information is being Climate science information is being k f d lk f d lkept confidentialkept confidential

•• Kivalina, a village of 400, accusing two dozen fuel and Kivalina, a village of 400, accusing two dozen fuel and , g , g, g , gutility companies of causing climate change and utility companies of causing climate change and accelerating the island’s erosionaccelerating the island’s erosionTh k d t $400 illi f l ti t thTh k d t $400 illi f l ti t th•• They asked to pay $400 million for relocating to the They asked to pay $400 million for relocating to the mainlandmainland

•• One of the legal theories isOne of the legal theories is conspiracyconspiracyOne of the legal theories is One of the legal theories is conspiracyconspiracy•• The plaintiffs allege that the companies had scientific The plaintiffs allege that the companies had scientific information about how their activities impact climate information about how their activities impact climate 15 years ago but they kept information confidential15 years ago but they kept information confidential

•• The plaintiffs’ lawyers will embark wideThe plaintiffs’ lawyers will embark wide‐‐ranging civil ranging civil discoverydiscoverydiscoverydiscovery

Page 14: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

The right of consumers/investors to The right of consumers/investors to l k fl k fclimate risk informationclimate risk information

•• In November 2009 investors representing aboutIn November 2009 investors representing aboutIn November 2009 investors representing about In November 2009 investors representing about $1 trillion in assets filed a petition asking the $1 trillion in assets filed a petition asking the SEC to require disclosure of climateSEC to require disclosure of climate‐‐related risksrelated risksqq

•• On January 27 2010 the Securities andOn January 27 2010 the Securities and•• On January 27, 2010, the Securities and On January 27, 2010, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) approved guidance Exchange Commission (SEC) approved guidance on existing SEC disclosure requirements as theyon existing SEC disclosure requirements as theyon existing SEC disclosure requirements as they on existing SEC disclosure requirements as they apply to business or legal developments relating apply to business or legal developments relating to climate changeto climate changegg

Page 15: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

Open and Transparent Systems of Open and Transparent Systems of ReportingReporting

•• Monitoring, verification, and reporting (MRV) Monitoring, verification, and reporting (MRV) g, , p g ( )g, , p g ( )was very contentious issue at the COPwas very contentious issue at the COP‐‐15 in 15 in CopenhagenCopenhagen

•• US delegation for strong provisionsUS delegation for strong provisions•• US delegation for strong provisionsUS delegation for strong provisions•• China argued that this would be an intrusion on China argued that this would be an intrusion on their state sovereigntytheir state sovereigntytheir state sovereigntytheir state sovereignty

•• Copenhagen Accord:  “Delivery of reductions Copenhagen Accord:  “Delivery of reductions and financing by developed countries will be and financing by developed countries will be 

d d d ifi d i dd d d ifi d i dmeasured, reported and verified in accordance measured, reported and verified in accordance with existing and any further guidelines adopted with existing and any further guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties…” (para.4)by the Conference of the Parties…” (para.4)y (p )y (p )

Page 16: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

Public participation: Public participation: l b l l l f kl b l l l f kglobal legal frameworkglobal legal framework

•• Agenda 21Agenda 21Agenda 21Agenda 21•• Principle 10 of the Rio DeclarationPrinciple 10 of the Rio Declaration•• UNFCCCUNFCCC•• UNFCCC UNFCCC 

–– Art. 4(1)(Art. 4(1)(ii) obliges Parties "encourage the widest ) obliges Parties "encourage the widest participation in this process including” … NGOsparticipation in this process including” … NGOsparticipation in this process including  … NGOs participation in this process including  … NGOs 

–– Art.6: parties "shall promote and facilitate at the Art.6: parties "shall promote and facilitate at the national … subnational … sub‐‐regional and regional levels… regional and regional levels… public participation.”public participation.”

•• National constitutions and lawsNational constitutions and laws

Page 17: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

Public participation: Public participation: l l ll l lregional levelregional level

•• The Espoo Convention on EIA in a The Espoo Convention on EIA in a e spoo Co e t o o ae spoo Co e t o o aTransboundaryTransboundary Context: the public in areas likely Context: the public in areas likely to be affected to participate in relevant EIA to be affected to participate in relevant EIA 

ddprocedures procedures •• The Aarhus Convention: PP in all decisions  that The Aarhus Convention: PP in all decisions  that 

h i ifi t i t thh i ifi t i t thmay have a significant impact on the may have a significant impact on the environment (art.6) environment (art.6) ‐‐ clear procedureclear procedure

•• The Convention promotes public participation inThe Convention promotes public participation in•• The Convention promotes public participation in The Convention promotes public participation in the preparation of environmental plans, the preparation of environmental plans, programs, policies, and regulations (art.7&8)programs, policies, and regulations (art.7&8)p g , p , g ( )p g , p , g ( )

Page 18: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

PP in EIA:PP in EIA: MaptapudMaptapud casecasePP in EIA: PP in EIA: MaptapudMaptapud casecase

•• Government  of Thailand promoted heavy and Government  of Thailand promoted heavy and petrochemical industries in petrochemical industries in MaptapudMaptapud

•• Article 67 of Thailand’s 2007 Constitution: the right of Article 67 of Thailand’s 2007 Constitution: the right of a person to participate in projects that may seriouslya person to participate in projects that may seriouslya person to participate in projects that may seriously a person to participate in projects that may seriously affect communities and the quality of the affect communities and the quality of the environmentenvironment

•• 2727 MaptapudMaptapud residents successfully used the right ofresidents successfully used the right of•• 27 27 MaptapudMaptapud residents successfully used the right of residents successfully used the right of PP in EIA to stop the PP in EIA to stop the construction of 65 industrial construction of 65 industrial projects projects emitting GHGemitting GHGTh S Ad i i i C i D b 2009Th S Ad i i i C i D b 2009•• The Supreme Administrative Court in December 2009 The Supreme Administrative Court in December 2009 declared these projects unconstitutional declared these projects unconstitutional and granted and granted an injunctionan injunction

Page 19: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

Gray v. Minister for PlanningGray v. Minister for PlanningGray v. Minister for PlanningGray v. Minister for Planning

•• Landmark decision by the Land andLandmark decision by the Land andLandmark decision by the Land and Landmark decision by the Land and Environment Court in New South WalesEnvironment Court in New South Wales

•• The court ruled that an EIA for a large coalThe court ruled that an EIA for a large coal•• The court ruled that an EIA for a large coal The court ruled that an EIA for a large coal mine mine must address global warmingmust address global warming

Th bli b l i f d iTh bli b l i f d i•• The public must be properly informed in The public must be properly informed in order to determine if they wish to make order to determine if they wish to make b i ib i isubmissionssubmissions

Page 20: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

PP inPP in TransboundaryTransboundary EIAEIAPP in PP in TransboundaryTransboundary EIAEIA

•• The Czech Environment Ministry will delay aThe Czech Environment Ministry will delay aThe Czech Environment Ministry will delay a The Czech Environment Ministry will delay a reconstruction of reconstruction of PrunerovPrunerov, the country's biggest coal , the country's biggest coal power plant and largest producer of GHGpower plant and largest producer of GHG

•• A petition by Micronesia to be included in the A petition by Micronesia to be included in the transboundarytransboundary EIAEIA

•• A precedentA precedent‐‐setting way for vulnerable countries to setting way for vulnerable countries to challenge projects that contribute to climate changechallenge projects that contribute to climate change

•• Micronesia argues that EIA failed to access all Micronesia argues that EIA failed to access all potential impacts and alternatives to minimize potential impacts and alternatives to minimize d i t PP t it i t bd i t PP t it i t badverse impacts;  PP opportunity remains to be seenadverse impacts;  PP opportunity remains to be seen

Page 21: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

Procedural rights in Procedural rights in hhpostpost‐‐Copenhagen treatyCopenhagen treaty

•• Working Group Human Rights and Climate ChangeWorking Group Human Rights and Climate Changeg p g gg p g g•• Draft proposals for negotiation text prepared by the Draft proposals for negotiation text prepared by the Ad Hoc Working Group on LongAd Hoc Working Group on Long‐‐term Commitment term Commitment A ti (LCA)A ti (LCA)Action (LCA)Action (LCA)

•• Existing language in the shared vision recognizes Existing language in the shared vision recognizes climate impacts’ implications for the full enjoymentclimate impacts’ implications for the full enjoymentclimate impacts  implications for the full enjoyment climate impacts  implications for the full enjoyment of human rightsof human rights

•• We suggested including “access to information, full, We suggested including “access to information, full, early and effective participation, and access to justice early and effective participation, and access to justice with respect to climate change adaptation and with respect to climate change adaptation and mitigation actions.”mitigation actions.”mitigation actions.mitigation actions.

Page 22: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

WG HR&CCWG HR&CCWG HR&CCWG HR&CC

•• Also suggested to create Also suggested to create a complaint mechanism a complaint mechanism so suggested to c eateso suggested to c eate a co p a t ec a sa co p a t ec a sfor nonfor non‐‐party : party : 

•• “The COP [SBI] shall create a mechanism to “The COP [SBI] shall create a mechanism to receive receive communications from members of the communications from members of the public public to ensure that implementation of the to ensure that implementation of the C ti i i t t ith th tC ti i i t t ith th tConvention is consistent with the respect, Convention is consistent with the respect, protection and fulfillment of the rights and protection and fulfillment of the rights and interests of indigenous peoples and localinterests of indigenous peoples and localinterests of indigenous peoples and local interests of indigenous peoples and local communities.”communities.”

•• Inspired by the Aarhus compliance mechanismInspired by the Aarhus compliance mechanismp y pp y p

Page 23: Environmental Procedural Rights[1] · • Climate change is not only about polar bears anymore • ImplicationsImplications onon thethe enjoymentenjoyment ofof humanhuman rights •

A “marriage” of art.6 of the UNFCCC A “marriage” of art.6 of the UNFCCC d h hd h hHappy Valentines Day!Happy Valentines Day!and art.6 the Aarhus Conventionand art.6 the Aarhus Convention

•• A comprehensive approach to publicA comprehensive approach to public

Happy Valentines Day!Happy Valentines Day!A comprehensive approach to public A comprehensive approach to public participation established by the Aarhus participation established by the Aarhus ConventionConvention–– Public must be informed early in the decisionPublic must be informed early in the decision‐‐making processmaking process

–– Must have access to all relevant information , Must have access to all relevant information , including a nonincluding a non‐‐technical summary and technical summary and alternativesalternativesalternativesalternatives

–– Written or oral comments or public hearingsWritten or oral comments or public hearings–– All public comments shall be taken into accountAll public comments shall be taken into accountAll public comments shall be taken into account All public comments shall be taken into account