Made by: Deepanshu KapoorProject Guide: Dr. Tanuja

Nautiyal

Man is one of the species who inhabit the earth . he is the only one who has interfered with various natural processes for use of both biological & physical resources to meet his multiple demands, man has polluted all the – lithosphere , hydrosphere & atmosphere. it is essential for us e realms of to know about environment & its pollution.

•Primary & secondary pollutants

•Acid rain

•Ozone depletion

•Green house effect

•Noise pollution

That which surrounds, the total sum of the

condition of the surroundings within which an organism, or group, or an object,exists(including the natural as modified by human activity & the artificial).

Our current atmosphere is a mixture of many different gases & suspended particles. It is almost same every where up to an altitude of 80 Kms.The atmosphere is divided in to 4 layers-

Name of sphere or layer

Height in Kms.

Temperature

ImportantChemical Species (Gas)

Troposphere 0-8 15 to 45 N2,O2,CO2,

H2

Stratosphere

8-50 -55 to 05 O3,O2

Mesosphere 50-80

-2 to -90 N2+O2

Ionosphere 80-400

O2,O+,NO+

Exosphere 400-1600

H2,He

Source Pollution

Transportation

42%

Fuel 21%

Industries 14%

Solid waste disposal

05%

Other 18%

42%

21%

Transportation

Fuel

Is an unwanted change in the quality of earth's earths atmosphere caused by emission of gases caused by emission of gases due to burning of fossil fuel,transportation,industrial institution etc.

Industries

waste Other

21%

14%

05%

18%

Different Pollutants1. Gaseous waste: Oxides of

nitrogen,SO2,CO2,CO.Cl,Br,I,O3 & smog.2. Complex organic chemicals: Benzene,

ether.3. Acid prop lets: H2SO4, HNO3

4. Agrochemicals: fertilizers, pesticides,herbicixles,fungicides, rematicides,weedicides,bectrecides etc.

5. Fluorides6. Metals: Mercury,lead,Cd,Zn,Fe,Ni etc.7. Solid wasre:Garbage,plastic etc.8. Radioactive waste: Nuclear

reacters,uranium,nuclear explosion.9. Noise waste

Secondary pollutants :These result from chemical reactions between two or more air components.

Formation of secondary pollutants

2SO2+O2 2SO3

2SO3+H2O H2SO4 (Secondary pollutant)

Primary Pollutants: Harmful chemical that directly enters the air as a result of human activity. These are deforestisation burning of fossil fuel industrialization warfare etc.

Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants

Factory

Volcano

NO2,SO3,HNO3, H2SO4,H2O2,O3, PANs,MostNO3

-- & SO4-

2

CO,CO2,NO,Most Hydrocarbons, Most SPM

Solar radiation

CAUSES

Environmental challenges

Green house effect: Increasing global temperature. Scientists predicting that earth's temperature will increase by 3-40C by year 2030 if the pollution continues to increase at the same pace.

Ozone depletion: As ozone layer in the

upper atmosphere absorbs incoming harmful ultraviolet radiation but it is now getting thinner & more UVs are reaching in to earth creating different disease like cancer& eye problems.

Environmental challengesPhotochemical smog: In 1952 London was

covered by smog for 10 days .This smog was caused by fog, smoke, ash,& SO2 plus NO2.Sunlight played a great role in the formation of this smog .Though deaths occurring at that time were not directly attributed to the smog later statistics confirmed that 6,000 more people.

Acid rain: is caused by oxides of nitrogen & sulphur.It increases acidity of soil & effects the growth of trees & plants. The majestic monument Taj Mahal in India is also affecting by this.

Acid Rain

SO2 & NOX

+water

SEASeaLakeFactories,

Transportation

Solar Radiation

H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid)

HNO3 (Nitric Acid)

A

Methane

Carbon Dioxide

Nitrous oxide

Ozone

EarthEarth

Carbon Dioxide

50%

Methane 18%

Chlorofluorocarbons

14%

Ozone 12%

Nitrous oxide

06%

Green house gases in natural condition insulates the earth against extreme of temperature by limiting both incoming solar radiation & escape of reradiated heat in to space.

This natural balance may be distorted by Green House Effect as gases such as carbon dioxide have built up in the atmosphere trapping more heat

Contribution of different gases to cause green house effect

The real greenhouse

Ultraviolet rays from Sun

The Ozone layer in stratosphere blocks these harmful UV rays

Chlorofluorocarbons are entering in to atmosphere releasing chlorine. The chlorine than break down the ozone

The chlorine released from CFCs break down the ozone molecule.

chlorine

ozone

More ultraviolet radiations are reaching in to earths surface as there is a whole in ozone layer.

Oxygen

Whole in Ozone layer

Noise pollution This era has rightly been called as the era of noise.because

heavy industrialization we are exposed to a high level of noise all around us. Noise has become a very important stress factor in modern life.it leads many health hazards.Some of the sources of noise pollution are aircraft,automobiles,factories,loudspeakers& pop& Rock-n-Roll music in clubs

. Noise produces following health problems- 1)Auditory fatigue 2)Deafness or impaired vision 3)Rise in blood pressure, pulse rate 4)Headache 5)Nausea 6)Disturbed sleep 7)Emotional disturbances

Space vehicle launch

Loudspeaker

Jet take off

Very High above than

100db

Loud Conversation

Heavy Traffic

High Approximate 80db

Quit Conversation

Ticking Clock

Pleasant below than 80dB

Quit RainingSports car

18

Water PollutionBased on current water quality

standards, over 70 percent of our rivers, 68 percent of our estuaries and 60 percent of our lakes now meet legislatively mandated goals.

Some of the risks include pollutant runoff from agricultural lands stormwater flows from citiesAbout 40,000 times each year, sanitary

sewers overflow and release raw sewage to streets and waterbodies.

19

Water Pollutionseepage into ground water from nonpoint

sourcesthe loss of habitats such as wetlands. we cannot always eat what we catch because

fish flesh is contaminated by the remaining discharges and sources of toxic substances.

Microbial contamination of drinking water still presents problems in many communities.

16%

36%21%

27%Good Quality

Moderate Quality

Serious Problems

Insufficent Data

The Environmental Protection Agency found that 40% of The Environmental Protection Agency found that 40% of the nation’s assessed waterways remain too polluted for the nation’s assessed waterways remain too polluted for

fishing and swimming. Over 290,000 miles of 840,000 fishing and swimming. Over 290,000 miles of 840,000 miles of assessed rivers and streams do not meet water miles of assessed rivers and streams do not meet water quality standards. Nearly half of all lakes, reservoirs, quality standards. Nearly half of all lakes, reservoirs,

and ponds assessed half of them are polluted. and ponds assessed half of them are polluted.

2021,127

13,739

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Each

BomberBatteries

ExideBatteries

Tires

Solid Waste

Bomber Batteries

Exide Batteries

Tires

If your habits are like other Americans,If your habits are like other Americans, you generate about 4 pounds of solid trash per day. you generate about 4 pounds of solid trash per day.

Americans are generating waste products faster than nature Americans are generating waste products faster than nature can break them down and using up resources faster than they can break them down and using up resources faster than they

can be replaced. can be replaced.

SOLID WASTE

265,526

191,930

60,963

7,770

117,870

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

Pounds

Solid Waste

Newspaper

Magazines

Telephone books

Co-Mixed

Office paper

WHAT ARE WE GOING TO DO?

What What can we can we

do?do?

Water SolutionsWater Solutions•Keep lakes cleanKeep lakes clean

•Take your used motor oil to a drop off placeTake your used motor oil to a drop off place•Use latex paint instead of oil and rinse your Use latex paint instead of oil and rinse your

brushesbrushes in the sink rather than the yardin the sink rather than the yard

•Fill a spray bottle with soapy water instead Fill a spray bottle with soapy water instead of bug sprayof bug spray

•Plant trees to prevent soil erosionPlant trees to prevent soil erosion•Keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass Keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass

clippings out clippings out of gutters and storm drains.of gutters and storm drains.

Air PollutionAir PollutionSolutionsSolutions

Air PollutionAir PollutionSolutionsSolutions

Encourage your family to walk more

Take the school bus

Reduce the amount of spray bottles

Do not burn leaves in your yard- put them in a compost

Keep your family cars in tune

Put catalytic converters on cars

Share your room with others when the air conditioner is on

Take care of your trees

Solid WasteSolid WasteSolutionsSolutions

Carry your own bag with you when you go shopping

Say no to all plastic bags as often as possible

Reduce the use of paper bags alsoDig a compost pit in your garden and

put all the biodegradables in itWhen you go out do not throw paper

and other wrappings or even leftover food here and there-put it in the garbage.

ReduceReduce

ReuseReuseRecycleRecycle

3 R’s

We know that certain environmental conditions like air,water,& food are essential for man,s survival.apart from their availability their quality & quantity must be assured according to man,s natural & acquired capacity for sustenance progress in industrialization has brought environmental hazards such as air water & noise pollution.These have caused many health problems & diseases.

As it has been said-

we do not inherit the environment from our forefathers,we borrow it from future generation.

Stockholm conference of 1972 proclaims that:

The protection & improvement of human environment is a major issue which affects the well being of people & economic development throughout the world&it is duty of all governments & people to common efforts for the preservation & improvement of environment for the benefit of all people & their prosperity

MADE BY:DEEPANSHU

KAPOOR