environmental politics building regimes to facilitate cooperation
TRANSCRIPT
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Environmental politics
Building regimes to facilitate cooperation
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Process of regime building
Issue definition
Fact finding
Bargaining
Strengthening
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Issue definition
Agenda created: by one+ states
• Sweden & acid rain 1972 by an IGO
• UNEP (UN Environmental Program) and Ozone Depleting Substances 1977)
by NGOs• In UN Preparatory Commission for UN
Conference on Environment & Development
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Fact finding
Sometimes coordinated by IGOMay be challenged and bargained
UNEP set up coordinating committee to evaluate scientific research on ozone
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Bargaining
Outcomes depend on strength of coalitionsUsually a lead group & veto groupIf consensus not reached: regime may go
ahead without key players … but will be weak eg Acid Rain and US veto
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Strengthening
Continuous processScience may help“Protocol” to set targets/timetableConventionReview: “Conference of parties” to push
for stronger action
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Ozone Depletion
1985 Vienna Convention1987 Montreal Protocol
“far-reaching restrictions” “precautionary principle”
Industrial countries agreed to cut CFCs in half by 1998
Agreed to freeze making and use of HCFCs by 1992
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Still strengthening
1997 9th review of protocol: Montreal celebrating 10th anniversary but 1996 Antarctic hole bigger than ever focus on illegal trade in ODS worries about underfunding crediting UNEP ex-Pres Tolba
1999 Beijing
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In favour of ozone regime
Solutions, described in simple terms cut cfc production
Clear compliance mechanisms monitor production and trade
• 1/5 CFC trade in black market in 1995
Effective leadership Tolba
External shocks or crises Image of ozone layer + cancer rates
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“warming” /climate change
A weaker imageClearly
exponentialBut proof of
human cause?
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Climate regime?
No simple solutions CO2 emissions linked to overall economic
activity can measure fossil fuel production & use
But low targets and weak compliance
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Kyoto Protocol 1997
“3rd Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change”
COP 3
Global climate, but sovereign interestsDivided opinionsDivided states (North-South)
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Inter-State politics
Lead “state” emerging in EUTwo veto coalitions:
LDCs• [especially India & China]
JUSCANZ• Japan, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand
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Internal state politics
Bureaucratic divisions US EPA Canadian Dept of Env Opposed by Departments of Industry,
Trade, etc.
Federal divisions Alberta and “voluntary” corporate code
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Main Results of COP 3 Kyoto
industrialized countries to cut by 5.2% from 1990 levels between 2008-2012
National targets differentiated +8 for Australia, -8 for Europe
Trading in emissions credits allowed Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Allows companies to get credits for clean energy projects in LDCS
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Lack of results
No LDCs commitments to reduceNo reporting, enforcement, penalties Reductions agreed too low to have effect!Rules/cap needed for emissions trading
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Results of COP 6 (Hague)
November 2000Pronounced a failure by President Pronk
(Dutch Env)Canada in the
spotlight
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No agreement on
Technology transfer“best practices” in domestic policiesCompliance & enforcementLand use, land use change and forestry
[LULUCF] The “carbon sinks” argument
See the IISD website on COP 6 and others
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Have to hope science is wrong
Or put faith in publicopinion
Money/taxes must befound to compensateSouth
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Links: this ppt http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/POLS/Grieve/climate politics.ppt
UNEP conventions
WMO World Meteorological
Org
IPCC intergovernmental
panel on climate change
WWF World Wildlife Fund
GreenpeaceSierra Club
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INGOs