environmental impacts dr. bruce t. bowman chair, carc expert committee on manure management april...
TRANSCRIPT
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Environmental Impacts
Dr. Bruce T. Bowman
Chair, CARC Expert Committee on Manure Management
April 30, 2002
Waterloo, Ontario
ManureNethttp://www.agr.gc.ca/science/initiatives/manurenet/
Livestock Manure Treatment Technologies:
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IF managed properly… Valuable recycled nutrient source Excellent soil conditioner (biological)
IF managed poorly… Nuisance waste Environmental liability
What is the Value of Manure?
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Some History
Manure issues have challenged farmers for well over a century
What has changed?
Technology has advanced a lot … however …
Same old issues … Odour Impacts on Water quality
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Odour intensity
Pathogen levels
Nutrient excesses
Large water volumes
Greenhouse gas emissions
What are the Major Issues?
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Manure has not been actively treated
Exception – composting
Solid manure piles Accidental curing – less odour, pathogens
Traditionally
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Liquid systems - more popular since 1970’s labour-saving – OK for moderate-size operations
Recent trends in livestock operations Great increase in herd size Geographic concentration
Problem issues Increased odour Excess water volumes – land application Nutrient accumulations – P & N
The Current Situation
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Constructed wetlands / filter strips Solid-liquid separation Composting Digestion (anaerobic, aerobic)
Nutrient recovery/recycling Value-added processing Other Treatments
Manure Treatment Technologies
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Benefits Polishing run-off waste water from barn/milkhouse Reducing water volumes (evaporation)
Drawbacks Possible ghg emissions Sediment buildup Nutrient accumulations (P) Significant area at farm site Can’t handle high solids content
Constructed Wetlands / Filter Strips
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Variety of screens, filters, presses, settling beds
Benefits Reducing water volumes – reduced storage Opportunities for nutrient partitioning Flexibility of use - transportation
Drawbacks Possible problems if low solids content Cost – both liquid & solid handling equipment
Solid-Liquid Separation
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Solid-Liquid Separation
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Benefits Reduce water volumes Eliminate odour & pathogens, kill weed seeds Mature compost - low risk for water contamination Soil conditioner
Drawbacks More Labour-intensive Considerable ammonia losses (open composting) Possible GHG emissions (open composting)
Composting
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Composting
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Odour Closed vessel - greatly reduce odours Ammonia emissions minimized Surface application of digested manure?
Suitable for No-till operations?
Pathogens Greatly reduced or eliminated
GHGs Minimal GHG losses during treatment Methane captured and utilized
Anaerobic Digestion
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Anaerobic Digestion
Nutrients Closed vessel, nutrients conserved Increased N content; better N:P ratio Neutral pH to reduce ammonia losses Nutrients more available for plant use
50% of carbon methane
Eco-
Efficiency
Methane captured - heat or electricity Recycled energy
“Green power”; distributed generation Energy independence, revenue source
(power generation being privatized)
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Anaerobic Digestion
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Lagoon Additives (odour control) Generally not (cost)-effective at claimed rates
Ozonation Reduce odours in air & in manure slurries Reduce pathogens in manure slurries
Other Treatments
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Phosphorus – “non-renewal” resource Re-cycle nutrients – sustainability issue 150 M t/yr P extracted & processed (85% Ag)
Flexibility for nutrient utilization On-farm – limited by land base, NMP (P, N) Diverting off-farm, amendments/fertilizer
Nutrient Recovery / Recycling
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Nutrient Recovery / Recycling
Integrated Waste Management System
Integrated Farm Energy System (IFES)
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Blending manure-based amendments Supplementing with mineral fertilizers Fertilizer vs amendment (guaranteed analysis)
Pasteurizing Adding back specific microbes (disease control)
Pelletizing Easier storage, transportation, application
Value-Added Processing
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Need to manage manure for: Soil conditioning value Nutrient value Energy content Value-added products Minimize negative environmental impacts
Innovative partnerships for waste management Other Ag (food processors, rendering, deadstock) Municipal (residential wastes, sewage) Industrial (energy producers, commercial alcohol)
Looking Ahead
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Conference Announcement
A National Conference and Exhibition on
Integrated Solutions to Manure Management: Working Together on Challenges and Opportunities
Location: Convention Centre London, Ontario
September 11-13, 2002
http://res2.agr.ca/initiatives/manurenet/ismm/