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215 Lecture Outline

SiteWaterEnergyIEQMaterial and Resources

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215

1. Minimize Energy Requirements

2. Use Renewable Energy

3. Use Efficient Fossil-Fuel Based

Technologies

Energy- A Blueprint for Design

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215 Minimize Energy Requirements

Minimize Infiltration

Maximize InsulationIntegrate Passive Solar Design

No need to add/remove heat that you don’t remove/add!

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215 Use Renewable Energy

• PV is the most practical means of generating renewable electricity in an urban environment. Further, BIPV can be directly substituted for other cladding materials, at a lower material cost than the stone and metal it replaces.

• A wide variety of BIPV systems are available in today's markets. Most of them can be grouped into two main categories: facade systems and roofing systems. Facade systems include curtain wall products, spandrel panels, and glazings. Roofing systems include tiles, shingles, standing seam products, and skylights.

• And of course, traditional PV

• Purchase green power, though this is a last resort and you pay a premium

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215 Use Efficient Fossil-Fuel Based Technologies

Efficient conditioning strategies• Displacement ventilation (DV)• Under-floor air distribution systems (UFAD)• Natural ventilation• Night-time setback

Efficient mechanical systems for heating and cooling• Efficient chillers, boilers, pumps, fans, controls

Efficient lighting fixtures and control systems• T8 and T5 fixtures• LED exit signs• CFLs• Occupancy sensors• Dimmable ballasts

Efficient non-mechanical equipment• EnergyStar office equipment

Energy management systems• Optimize equipment control strategies• Continuous equipment monitoring

Building Commissioning• New construction, retro-commissioning, continuous commissioning

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215 Goals for Indoor Environmental Quality?

• Health

Productivity• Comfort

• Illumination

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215 Indoor Environmental Quality

Americans, on average, spend:

_______ % of time indoors

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215 Indoor Environmental Quality

Americans, on average, spend:

90 % of time

indoors

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215 Health

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215 Pollutant Sources

Pollutant or Pollutant Class Potential Sources

Environmental Tobacco Smoke Lighted cigarettes, cigars, pipesCombustion Contaminants Furnaces, generators, gas or kerosene space heaters, tobacco

products, outdoor air, vehicles.Biological Contaminants Wet or damp materials, cooling towers, humidifiers, cooling coils

or drain pans, damp duct insulation or filters, condensation, re-entrained sanitary exhausts, bird droppings, cockroaches or rodents,dustmites on upholstered furniture or carpeting, body odors.

Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs)

Paints, stains, varnishes, solvents, pesticides, adhesives, woodpreservatives, waxes, polishes, cleansers, lubricants, sealants, dyes,air fresheners, fuels, plastics, copy machines, printers, tobaccoproducts, perfumes, dry cleaned clothing.

Formaldehyde Particle board, plywood, cabinetry, furniture, fabrics.Soil gases (radon, sewer gas, VOCs,methane)

Soil and rock (radon), sewer drain leak, dry drain traps, leakingunderground storage tanks, land fill

Particles and Fibers Printing, paper handling, smoking and other combustion, outdoorsources, deterioration of materials, construction/renovation,vacuuming, insulation.

Pesticides Termiticides, insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, disinfectants,herbicides.

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215 Low VOC Materials

Adhesives and Sealants Paints and Coatings Carpet (CRI Green Label Program) Formaldehyde-Free Composite Wood Products

MDF (Medex and Medite II by Sierra Pine) Casework Cornice Boards Tackboards Projection Screen Housings

Plywood Fire-treated wood Wood Doors (tested low VOC)

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215 VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds

Eye Irritation

Upper Respiratory Irritation

Headache

Nausea, dizziness

Tired and General Lethargy

Odor Complaints

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215 Mold and Mildew

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215 Sick Building Syndrome

Occupants dissatisfied with their indoor air quality

Most common causes insufficient outside air Biological contaminants within HVAC system Exhaust air / contaminated air re-entering the

building

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215 Comfort

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215 Heat Transfer

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215 ASHRAE Standard 55

Operative Temperature = average of

ambient temperature and mean radiant temperature

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215 Occupant Controls

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/largebldgs/i-beam_html/qref.htm

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215 Operable Windows

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215 Over-crowded Offices

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/largebldgs/i-beam_html/qref.htm

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215 Displacement Ventilation

Graphic courtesy Xetex, Inc.

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215 Illumination

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215 Illuminance vs. Luminance

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215 Xilinx, Longmont, Colorado

Architect: DTJ Design

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215 Efficient Lighting

IDEAS

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215 Boulder Community Hospital

Architect: Unknown

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215 Daylighting & Views

Architects: OZ Architects, Boulder Associates

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215 Productivity

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215 Motivation

Daylit classrooms have been shown to significantly improve student performance.

Daylighting in Schools -- Heschong Mahone Group,

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215

20% faster on math tests than those students with the least daylight

26% faster on reading tests than those students with the least daylight

Daylighting Study

Daylighting in Schools – Heschong Mahone Group, 1991

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215 Retail Study

A skylit store had, on average, sales revenue 40% higher than a store without skylights

If a non-skylit store averaged $2/sf in revenue, a skylit store would average between $2.61 to $2.98/sf in revenue

Daylighting and Retail Sales – Heschong Mahone Group, 1999

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215 Productivity Improvements

Lockheed 15% rise in

production 15% drop in

absenteeism

West Bend Mutual Ins. 16% increase in

claims processes

ING Bank 15% drop in

absenteeism

Verifone 5% increase in

productivity 40% drop in

absenteeism

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