environmental company of sao paulo state – cetesb … · general concepts control technologies...
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ENVIRONMENTAL COMPANY OF SAO PAULO STATE – CETESB
REGIONAL CENTRE OF STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON POPs FORLATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN REGION
V INTERNATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAM ON ENVIRONMENTAL SOUND MANAGEMENT ON CHEMICALS AND WASTES, ESPECIALLY ON PERSISTENT
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPs) AND MERCURY (Hg)
General Concepts Control Technologies and BAT/BEP- Hg
PhD Ing. Ligia Cristina Gonçalves de Siqueira
2016
Sao Paulo – SP – Brazil
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Mercury collection
Primary: Hg mines or gold mines (as by-product)
Secondary: from waste (slag) generatingenvironmental pollution (air, water, soil)
MMA - Brazil
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CONTROL IN GOLD MINESRetorts
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Uses of Mercury- Production of inorganic compounds with metallic
mercury (mercury chloride (HgCl2), mercury chloride(Hg2Cl2) – purgative and anthelmintic, mercuryfulminate (Hg(CNO)2) – explosives detonator,mercuric sulfide (HgS) - pigment).
- Chlor-alkali production (mercury cells)- Battery production (mercury oxide)- Production of control and measurement instruments
(atmospheric pressure, temperature)- Production of electrical materials: lighting, wiring and
switches
CETESB
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PRIMARY EMISSION SOURCES
- Combustion of coal and oil for generatingenergy and heat
- Production of iron and steel, cement and non-ferrous metals
- Waste incineration- Production and uses of mercury
USEPA
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PRIMARY Hg EMISSION SOURCES - BRAZIL
SOURCES Emission (t/year) Emission (%)
Gold mine 20 29.7Chlor-alkali 17 25.2Steel and Iron 12 17.8Burnt in the Amazon 8.7 12.9
Pyrometallurgy 4.5 6.7
Generation of energy 4.2 6.2Other sources 1.0 1.5Total 67.4 100
Lacerda et al., 2007
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Country Particulate matter control (+Hg)
Acid gas control (SO2) Total efficiency
USA Fabric filter - 32
Electrostatic precipitator - 42
USA + Canada
Fabric filter orElectrostatic precipitator
Wet desulfurization (FGD) 18 – 97
USA Fabric filter Spray dryer system (SDA) 23 – 83
Electrostatic precipitator Spray dryer system (SDA) 6 - 97
USA Fabric filter orElectrostatic precipitator
FGD or SDA > 50
USEPA
Combustion of coal and oil for generating energy and heat
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Hg emissions through burning of Natural Gas - Brazil
SOURCES Emission (kg/year) Emission (%)Thermoelectric 38.5 88Industries 3.3 7.6Automotive 0.4 0.9Residential 0.09 0.2Commercial 0.04 0.1Others 1.4 3.2Total 43.7 100
Lacerda et al., 2007
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Steel and iron production
Metallurgical coke
Coal or bituminous
charcoal
- Coal burning (indirect heating)
- Absence of air
Hg
Hg
Bag filter
Electrostatic precipitatoror
-Discharging-Cooling -Obliteration
Hg
Emissions Hg
Particulate Matter
USEPA
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Cement productionDry system
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RAW MATERIALS:
Clay
Limestone
Silicon
Iron
Aluminum
Cement Kiln
ClinkerMill Cement
Additives(Gypsum, others)
Clinker
CrudeMill
Fuels(Oil, coal)
WASTE
ControlDevice Dust collection
Emissions
Process
CO-PROCESSING
Hg
Hg
Hg Hg
Hg
Hg
Hg
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Country Particulate matter control (+Hg)
Acid gas or Hg vapor control
Totalefficiency
USA Fabric filter - 50
Electrostatic precipitator (EP) - 25
USA + Canada
Fabric filter (FF) orElectrostatic precipitator (EP)
- -
Cement production
USEPA
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Non-ferrous metal productionOre
Casting (Lead, Copper)
- Roasting- Smelting furnace- Converting
Sources
Particulate matter Acid gases (SO2)Vapors
Fabric filter orElectrostatic precipitator
Absorption
Emissions
Hg
HgHg
Hg
USEPA
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Waste incineration
Type Country Particulate matter control
Hg vapor control
Total efficiency
MunicipalUSA
Fabric filter - -
Electrostatic precipitator - -
Washers - -
Temperature reduction - -
Canada, Japan and Europe
Fabric filter or Electrostatic precipitator
Injection of carbon or sodium sulfite
50 - 95
Medical USAWashers Absorbents -
Fabric filter orElectrostatic precipitator
Carbon injection -
Sludges USA Washers (Venturi or Venturi + impaction)
- -
USEPA
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Chlor-alkali Industry
UNILINS
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Best Available Tecnologies (BAT)
- Coal boilers- Casting- Cement kilns- Incinerators
- Bag filters-Electrostatic precipitator
Retention of particulate matter
(90 - 95%)
- Casting of steel and non-ferrous metals (lead, copper)
-Activated selenium filter (up to 90%)
-Washer with acid solution with activated selenium (90 - 95%)
Reduction of gaseous Hg
- Casting of non-ferrous metals
-Activated carbon filter (90%)-Absorption tower with lead sulfide beads (99%)
Reduction of gaseous Hg
- Chlor-alkali industry with mercury cells
-Substitution with membrane process
Reduction of gaseous Hg
USEPA
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IMPORT AND EXPORT OF PRODUCTS CONTAINING MERCURY
Reduced use:• Banning of Hg• Don’t use Hg in key sectors (e.g. automobile industry).• Substitution of devices that does not contain Hg.
MMA
Waste containing Hg in sanitary landfills:• Hg emissions to atmosphere due to volatility.• Separation and treatment of compounds containing
mercury before final disposal.
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Medical Area • Devices for medical use (thermometers)• Reagents, catalysts, preservatives (vaccines)• Dental amalgams (Hg-Ag)
• Actions:• Amalgam waste (Hg-AG):• Correct disposal in the environment• Replacement with new dental repair
techniques and materials (resins) MMA
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Lamps - CETESB/SP Contaminated material
(lamp dust, thermometers, dental amalgams and coal)
Retort (high temperature,
low pressure)
Vapors
Activated carbon filter impregnated
with iodine
Hg
HgEmissions
Lamp breaker ("papa-lâmpada")
EmissionsCartridge filter
(polyester)
Hg
HgEmissions
Hg
Hg
Activated carbon impregnated with iodine
Washer with sodium sulfide
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Control Practices
- Legislation:- Environmental standards (maximum acceptable
concentration for different means)- Regulation for control of sources- Control of mercury content in products
(pesticides, paper coating, drugs, cosmetics,etc.)
- Establishment of programs and standards (arearecovery, risk analysis, dealing with chemicalemergencies, etc.)
USEPA
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Other practices- Processing (washing) of coal (reduction of sulfur and
mercury) or replacement (low sulfur content, use of naturalgas and oil, electricity)
- Separation or reduction of mercury content in waste forincineration
- Reduction of mercury content in batteries- Reduction of mercury content in electrical materials- Use of combustion systems with reduced temperature
(fluidized bed, low type combustors - NOx)- Use of desulfurization systems (acid gases SO2)- Product labeling (Hg free)
USEPA
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REFERENCES- ASTSWMO. Association of State and Territorial. Solid Waste Management Officials. Fluorescent Drum-TopCrusher Survey Results. 2012.-Dias BJR, Almeida JRS. Some considerations on the historicity, characteristics, uses and applicationsof mercury metal. Available at URL: <http: //www.webartigos.com/artigos/algumas-considerações-acerca...>.- CETESB. Mercury. Available at: http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br /userfiles/ file/ laboratorios/ fit/ mercurio.pdf- European Commission. Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control. Reference Document on BestAvailable Techniques in the Chlorine and Alkali Industry. Available at: http://www.netcentro.pt/upl/%7BC16F5627-71C0-486E-B6DA-DB38DAFE1CBD%7D.pdf- Lacerda LD, Santos AF, Marins RV. Emission of Mercury into the atmosphere through natural gasburning in Brazil. Química Nova, vol. 30, no. 2, 2007.- MMA. Ministry of the Environment. Mercury. Available at: http://www.mma.gov.br/ seguranca-quimica/mercurio.
- The Chlorine Institute. Guidelines for mercury cell chlor alkali plants emission control: practices andtechniques. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/region5 /mercury/pdfs/hgcontrolguidancedocument-final.pdf
- UNILINS. Chlorine and alkali industry. Industrial Inorganic Chemistry - Lesson 4. Available at:ftp://ftp.unilins.edu.br/renato.mariano/QU%CDMICA%20INDUSTRIAL%20-%20I/Aula% 20-09/Industria%20de%20Cloro%20e%20%C1lcalis.pdf
- USEPA. Environmental Protection Agency. Position paper on mercury. Chap. 7. Practical opportunities andtechnologies available to reduce anthropogenic emissions of mercury to the environment.- Images: Internet