environemtal science chapters 1-5 review

With ______, a quantity increases by a fixed percentage of the whole per unit time.

a. exponential growth

b. linear growth

status: not answered () correct: a

your answer:

2

Which of the following represents indirect solar capital?

a. aluminum ore

b. wildlife

c. flowing water

d. soil

status: not answered () correct: c your answer:

3

The rule of 70 is a quick way to estimate

a. gross national product (GNP) .

b. carrying capacity.

c. per capita income.

d. doubling time.

status: not answered ()

correct: d your answer:

4

The world population reached 6 billion in

a. 1999.

b. 1927.

c. 1987.

d. 1804.

status: not answered () correct: a your answer:

5

Most ______ countries are in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

a. developed

b. developing


correct: b your answer:

6

Which of the following is not greater in developing countries than in developed countries?

a. annual population growth rate

b. infant mortality

c. population under age 15

d. average GNP per person

status: not answered () correct: d your answer:

7

The world's population is growing exponentially at a rate of about ______ percent per year.

a. 0.5

b. 1.3

c. 25.6

d. 10.4

status: not answered () correct: b your answer:

8 Since 1970, the difference between the per capita GNP of the rich and poor countries has

a. remained about the same.

b. deceased.

c. increased.


9

For any given country, which of the following variables would be the highest?

a. per capita GNP

b. GNP

c. GDP


10

During the next 25 years, most population growth is expected to occur in

a. developing countries

b. developed countries.


your answer:

11

Which of the following is considered a nonrenewable resource?

a. solar energy

b. biological diversity

c. fresh air

d. metallic minerals

status: not answered () correct: d

your answer:

12

The tragedy of the commons refers to the overuse of

a. solar capital.

b. unowned or jointly owned resources.

c. synthetic chemicals.

d. governmental regulation.



13

Pollution prevention is usually more expensive than pollution cleanup.

a. True

b. false


14

The environmental impact of population is the ____ of population size, affluence, and impact per unit consumption.

a. square

b. product

c. doubling

d. sum


15

Each person in a developed country has a greater environmental impact than five people in an undeveloped country.

a. false

b. true


16

The traditional decision making system considers

a. the interaction between economic and environmental issues.

b. the interaction between social and environmental issues.

c. the interaction between social, economic and environmental issues.

d. social, economic, and environmental issues separately.



What happened to the bison population between 1870 and 1875?

a. The number of bison nearly doubled.

b. The bison population remained the same.

c. The bison population was reduced by at least 2.5 million.

d. The bison became extinct.

status: not answered () correct: c

your answer:

2

Early hunter-gatherers

a. lived in small groups.

b. used non-renewable resources.

c. developed stable cities.

d. had many possessions.


3

The ______ was accompanied by a shift from reliance on renewable energy sources to reliance on nonrenewable energy sources.

a. agricultural revolution

b. industrial revolution

c. hunter-gatherer revolution

d. information revolution


4 With the shift from hunting and gathering to farming,

a. the average energy use per person decreased.

b. conflict between societies decreased.

c. death rates rose faster than birth rates.

d. people began accumulating material goods.


5

Which of the following is a benefit of advanced industrial societies?

a. increased income

b. increased population growth

c. increased agricultural imports.

d. increased use of renewable resources


6

How many people lived on the North American continent before European settlement?

a. 20 million-50 million

b. 5 million-10 million

c. 200,000-500,000

d. 1 million-2 million

status: not answered () correct: b

your answer:

7

Conquering a land of apparently unlimited resources is characteristic of the

a. Tribal Era.

b. Frontier Era.

c. Anti-environmental Era.

d. Conservation Era.


8

In the 1800's, which congressman questioned the idea of inexhaustible resources?

a. Theodore Roosevelt

b. George Perkins Marsh

c. John Muir

d. Henry David Thoreau



9

Who pioneered scientific forest management?

a. Gifford Pinchot

b. John Muir

c. George Perkins Marsh

d. Rachel Carson


10

Then environmental movement began during the

a. 1930's.

b. 1990's.

c. 1960's.

d. 1890's.


11

Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring

a. described the effects of pesticides in the environment.

b. won her a Nobel Prize.

c. was not widely read or taken seriously for many years after it was published.

d. was published in 1982.


correct: a your answer:

12

1973 and 1974 are best known for what major event?

a. Persian Gulf war

b. The OPEC oil embargo

c. The establishment of Yosemite National Park

d. Cuyahoga River in Cleveland burned.


13

During which president's term did the environmental movement suffer significant setbacks?

a. Bill Clinton

b. Theodore Roosevelt

c. Ronald Reagan

d. Richard Nixon


14

What was a major goal of the wise-use movement?

a. Increasing energy efficiency.

b. Sustainable resource use.

c. Preserving national forests and parks.

d. Weaken or repealing environmental laws.



15

Who was a strong proponent of a "humans as part of nature" philosophy?

a. John Muir

b. Alice Hamilton

c. Henry David Thoreau

d. Aldo Leopold


1

What is the first step in the scientific study of a phenomenon?

a. devise a hypothesis

b. develop a model

c. carry out a test

d. ask questions

status: not answered () correct: d

your answer:

2

What is the function of a control group?

a. It prevents researcher bias

b. It assures that results of a test are due to the variable being tested

c. It allows for double-blind experiments

d. It increases sample size


3

Much of the knowledge provided by environmental science falls into the realm of frontier science.

a. false

b. true


correct: a your answer:

4

A series of equations that describes the movement of the waters in the Earth's oceans and can be used to predict weather patterns in coastal areas would be an example of a

a. graphical model.

b. mental model.

c. mathematical model.

d. conceptual model.


5

In a ______ feedback system, a change in a certain direction causes the system to change further in the same direction.

a. positive

b. negative


6

Which of the following is an element that occurs as a molecule in nature?

a. water

b. DDT

c. nitrogen

d. sodium chloride

status: not answered () correct: c

your answer:

7

Ions are

a. radioactive compounds that emit alpha, beta, or gamma radiation.

b. electrically neutral fragments of a compound that has been split apart.

c. atoms that have more than the usual number of neutrons.

d. charged atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons.



8

Water is

a. an organic compound.

b. a covalent compound.

c. a polymer.

d. an ionic compound.


9

Which of the following is not an organic compound?

a. sulfuric acid

b. glucose

c. DDT

d. methane gas


your answer:

10

Which of the following is a type of ionizing radiation?

a. visible light rays

b. radio waves

c. ultraviolet radiation

d. microwave rays


11

Still water stored behind a dam has a large amount of

a. potential energy.

b. kinetic energy.

c. chemical energy.

d. heat energy.


your answer:

12

Which of the following is an example of a chemical reaction?

a. ice is melted to form water

b. a piece of coal is broken into small fragments

c. water evaporates

d. coal combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide


13

One consequence of the ______ is that everything we throw away is actually still here, in one form or another.

a. law of conservation of matter

b. atomic theory of matter

c. second law of thermodynamics

d. first law of thermodynamics


14 The insecticide DDT is an example of a ____ pollutant.

a. nondegradable

b. slowly degradable

c. degradable


15

The harmful effects of a chemical pollutant will be determined by the pollutant's

a. chemical nature, concentration, and persistence.

b. origin, chemical nature, and concentration.

c. concentration, origin, and chemical nature.

d. concentration, origin, and persistence.


16

In ______, two isotopes are forced to combine releasing energy.

a. nuclear fusion

b. nuclear fission


your answer:

17

A nuclear power plant carries out controlled

a. nuclear fission.

b. nuclear fusion.


18 As a car is driven, about 90 percent of the energy in the gasoline fuel is degraded to low-quality heat

energy and escapes into space. Only about 10 percent of the energy can actually be used to power the car. This is an illustration of the

a. atomic theory of matter.

b. first law of thermodynamics.

c. law of conservation of matter.

d. second law of thermodynamics.



19

The best long-term solution to the constraints imposed by the laws of conservation of matter and energy is a

a. high-throughput society.

b. matter-recycling society.

c. low-throughput society.


correct: c your answer:

20

Most of today's advanced industrialized countries are

a. matter-recycling societies.

b. low-throughput societies.

c. high-throughput societies.


1

Which of the following levels of organization is the most inclusive?

a. ecosystem

b. community

c. population

d. biosphere


correct: d

your answer:

2

A(n) ______ includes both living and non-living components.

a. ecosystem

b. community

c. species

d. population


correct: a

your answer:

3

The innermost part of the Earth is the

a. mantle.

b. troposphere.

c. core.

d. lithosphere.


correct: c

your answer:

4

The ecosphere or biosphere

a. is the portion in which living organisms exist.

b. includes some of the mantle.

c. includes none of the hydrosphere.

d. includes all of the lithosphere.


correct: a

your answer:

5

The sun is a like a gigantic ______ reactor, running on hydrogen fuel.

a. chemical

b. nuclear fusion

c. nuclear fission


correct: b

your answer:

6

Most of the solar energy that reaches the troposphere is

a. captured by green plants.

b. degraded into heat energy.

c. reflected back into space.


correct: b

your answer:

7

The presence in the atmosphere of natural greenhouse gases is vital to continued life on earth.

a. false

b. true


correct: b

your answer:

8

The chemicals dissolved in the water of a lake are a(n) ______ component of the lake

ecosystem.

a. biotic

b. abiotic


correct: b

your answer:

9 According to the ______, there are maximum and minimum limits for physical conditions and

concentrations of substances beyond which no members of a particular species can survive.

a. law of tolerance

b. first law of thermodynamics

c. the limiting factor principle

d. law of conservation of mass


correct: a

your answer:

10

High levels of a metal in the soil may prevent a plant from growing in an environment to which

it is otherwise optimally adapted. This illustrates

a. law of tolerance.

b. law of conservation of mass.

c. the limiting factor principle.

d. first law of thermodynamics.


correct: c

your answer:

11

Phytoplankton in a freshwater ecosystem are

a. producers.

b. secondary consumers.

c. tertiary consumers.

d. primary consumers.


correct: a

your answer:

12

Which of the following is not a heterotroph?

a. a primary consumer

b. a secondary consumer

c. a producer

d. a decomposer


correct: c

your answer:

13

A tertiary consumer

a. occupies the first trophic level in a food chain.

b. is capable of chemosynthesis.

c. feeds only on carnivores.

d. is capable of photosynthesis.


correct: c

your answer:

14

A decomposer is a type of

a. herbivore.

b. autotroph.

c. producer.

d. detritivore.


correct: d

your answer:

15

In most cells, energy is released when oxygen is used to convert organic nutrients into carbon

dioxide and water. This process is called

a. chemosynthesis.

b. aerobic respiration.

c. fermentation.

d. chemosynthesis.


correct: b

your answer:

16

All organisms at a given trophic level

a. are the same number of transfer steps away from an energy input into the ecosystem.

b. are members of the same species.

c. interact only with other organisms at that same level.

d. are consumed by the organisms at the next lowest level.


correct: a

your answer:

17

The percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another is called

a. biotic potential.

b. primary productivity.

c. ecological efficiency.

d. carrying capacity.


correct: c

your answer:

18

An energy flow pyramid

a. shows little variation between trophic levels.

b. is one way of depicting the trophic structure of an ecosystem.

c. is based on the weight of all the members at each trophic level.

d. always has the smallest tier at the producer level.


correct: b

your answer:

19

At every trophic level

a. most incoming energy is transferred into organic wastes.

b. most incoming energy is transferred to the next highest level.

c. most incoming energy is used in metabolism.

d. most incoming energy is transferred to the next lowest level.


correct: c

your answer:

20

The rate at which primary producers of an ecosystem capture and store a given amount of

energy as biomass is that ecosystem's

a. primary productivity.

b. ecological efficiency.

c. biotic potential.

d. carrying capacity.


correct: a

your answer:

21 Which of the following has the greatest annual average net primary productivity per unit of

area?

a. temperate forests.

b. estuaries.

c. open ocean.

d. agricultural lands.


correct: b

your answer:

22

Bacteria play a major role in the

a. sulfur cycle.

b. nitrogen cycle.

c. hydrologic cycle.

d. carbon cycle.


correct: b

your answer:

23

The conversion of gaseous nitrogen to ammonia is called

a. nitrification.

b. denitrification.

c. assimilation.

d. nitrogen fixation.


correct: d

your answer:

24

What is systems analysis?

a. modeling ecosystem function.

b. observations of food webs.

c. generating maps with GIS.

d. applied field research.


correct: a

your answer:

25

Which of the following is an ecosystem service?

a. climate control

b. a litter pickup crew

c. a sewage treatment plant

d. a coal-fired power plant


correct: a

your answer:

environemtal science chapters 1-5 review

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