Between 10 and 30 Between 10 and 30 degrees N and or Sdegrees N and or S

Prairie of North America,Prairie of North America,the Pampa of Argentina,the Pampa of Argentina,and the steppes of Europeand the steppes of Europe

By Kaitlin O'ConnorBy Kaitlin O'Connor

Savanna: Rainfall >25cm/year,Savanna: Rainfall >25cm/year,has a rainy & dry season.has a rainy & dry season.Usually around 60° F.Usually around 60° F.

Grasslands: 20-60cm of rain/year, Grasslands: 20-60cm of rain/year, depending on the region.depending on the region.Usually around 45° F.Usually around 45° F.

Limiting factors: Amount of fires Limiting factors: Amount of fires annually, precipitation, grazing of annually, precipitation, grazing of livestock, invasive weedslivestock, invasive weeds

Grassland soils developed on Grassland soils developed on the glacial till.the glacial till.

These soils have a deep layer These soils have a deep layer that is filled with broken down that is filled with broken down organic material.organic material.

Fires are important for Fires are important for returning nutrients to the soil.returning nutrients to the soil.

Kettle lakes are often found in Kettle lakes are often found in grasslands. grasslands.

The two climatograms depict a grassland and The two climatograms depict a grassland and savanna. They show that both have the most savanna. They show that both have the most precipitation in the summer months and dry precipitation in the summer months and dry winters.winters.The dry season is also when the most fires The dry season is also when the most fires occur in both biomes.occur in both biomes.

Common types of plantsCommon types of plants: Buffalo Grass, : Buffalo Grass, Sunflower, Asters, Blazing Stars, ConeSunflower, Asters, Blazing Stars, Coneflowers, Goldenrods, Clover, and Wild flowers, Goldenrods, Clover, and Wild Indigos.Indigos.

Some common animals:Some common animals: Coyotes, Eagles, Coyotes, Eagles, Bobcats, the Gray Wolf, Wild Turkey, Fly Bobcats, the Gray Wolf, Wild Turkey, Fly Catcher, Canadian Geese, Crickets, Dung Catcher, Canadian Geese, Crickets, Dung Beetle, Bison, and Prairie Chicken.Beetle, Bison, and Prairie Chicken.

Common types of plantsCommon types of plants: Acacia Senegal : Acacia Senegal Baobab, Bermuda Grass, Candelabra Tree, Baobab, Bermuda Grass, Candelabra Tree, Elephant Grass, Gum Tree, Eucalyptus, Elephant Grass, Gum Tree, Eucalyptus, Jackalberry Tree, Whistling Thorn.Jackalberry Tree, Whistling Thorn.

Common types of animalsCommon types of animals: African Elephant, : African Elephant, African Wild Dog, Black Mamba, Caracal, African Wild Dog, Black Mamba, Caracal, Chacma Baboon, Egyptian Mongoose, Chacma Baboon, Egyptian Mongoose, Emu, Koala Bear, LionEmu, Koala Bear, Lion

Degradation due toDegradation due to::RecreationRecreationResort DevelopmentResort DevelopmentHousingHousingIntroduction of foreign weedsIntroduction of foreign weedsIntroduction of foreign speciesIntroduction of foreign speciesGrazingGrazingWind StormsWind StormsControlled firesControlled fires

United States National GrasslandsUnited States National Grasslands::Black Kettle National Grassland – Western OklahomaBlack Kettle National Grassland – Western OklahomaBuffalo Gap National GrasslandBuffalo Gap National GrasslandCaddo National Grassland -- North TexasCaddo National Grassland -- North TexasCedar River National Grassland Cedar River National Grassland

Africa Savanna ReservesAfrica Savanna Reserves::Kenya -The Masai Mara Nation ReserveKenya -The Masai Mara Nation ReserveKruger and Kalahari Gemsbok NationalKruger and Kalahari Gemsbok NationalParksParks

The SAFE programThe SAFE program for the preservation of for the preservation of Grasslands addresses the issue of the decline in Grasslands addresses the issue of the decline in pollinators, such as bees, due to agricultural pollinators, such as bees, due to agricultural development and farming. development and farming.

The NRCS The NRCS is a voluntary program that helpsis a voluntary program that helpsgive landowners opportunities to restore and give landowners opportunities to restore and preserve land that they privately own.preserve land that they privately own.

"Grassland Ecosystems: Grassland Extended." World Resources Institute. 10 "Grassland Ecosystems: Grassland Extended." World Resources Institute. 10 sep 2008. 19 Oct 2008 <http://www.wri.org/publication/content/8269>. sep 2008. 19 Oct 2008 <http://www.wri.org/publication/content/8269>.

"Biotic Components." Grasslands Conservation Council. 15 sep 2008. GCC. 19 "Biotic Components." Grasslands Conservation Council. 15 sep 2008. GCC. 19 Oct 2008 <http://www.bcgrasslands.org/grasslands/bioticcomponents.htm>. Oct 2008 <http://www.bcgrasslands.org/grasslands/bioticcomponents.htm>.

Strahler, Arthur N., Strahler, Arthur H., Elements of Physical Geography. John Strahler, Arthur N., Strahler, Arthur H., Elements of Physical Geography. John Wiley & Sons, 1984.Wiley & Sons, 1984.

Ritter, Michael. "Kettle Hole." The Physical Environment. 26 sep 2006. 19 Oct Ritter, Michael. "Kettle Hole." The Physical Environment. 26 sep 2006. 19 Oct 2008 <http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/glossary/h_k/kettle_hole.html>. 2008 <http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/glossary/h_k/kettle_hole.html>.

McDonald, Dave. "Savanna BIome." PlantzAfrica. 26 oct 2007. 19 Oct 2008 McDonald, Dave. "Savanna BIome." PlantzAfrica. 26 oct 2007. 19 Oct 2008 <http://www.plantzafrica.com/vegetation/savanna.htm>. <http://www.plantzafrica.com/vegetation/savanna.htm>.