env-11-03 english_a preliminary study on aerosol emissions in ppc emissions and reduction options

8/3/2019 ENV-11-03 English_A Preliminary Study on Aerosol Emissions in PPC Emissions and Reduction Options

1/27

A Preliminary Study on the AerosolEmission in Phnom Penh Capital

Presented by: Kong Sopheak

1/27

Tuesday, 12 July, 2011Tuesday, 12 July, 2011

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for thedegree of Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science

Dissemination Workshop on the EnvironmentalDissemination Workshop on the Environmental

Research FindingsResearch Findings

MultiMulti--Purpose Hal, CJCC, Royal University ofPurpose Hal, CJCC, Royal University of

Phnom PenhPhnom Penh


2/27

ContentsContents

2/27

Introduction

Methodology

Results and Discussions

2

1

4

3

Conclusions and Recommendations


3/27

11. Introduction. Introduction

3/27

Emission Inventory

Flood and

Drought ismore

frequently

occurred

Respiratory,

tuberculosis and

chronic

obstructive

pulmonary

disease


4/27

People who died due to air pollution exposure

o Worldwide: 1.5 people/year (WHO, 2000)

o Cambodia: 1800 people/year (WHO, 2007)

4/27

Number of death people due to respiratory disease (MoH, 2002)

Problems DescriptionProblems Description

Aerosol is a collection of solid or liquid airborne particles, typicallyof a size between 0.01 and 10 m, that resides in the atmosphere

for at least several hours (UNEP, 2010)

Numbe

rofdeath

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

500

0

Year

1000


5/27

5/27

Suspended Particulate Matter are

exceeded the Cambodian National

Air Quality Standard(Kashima et al.,

2002)

Detail Emission

Inventory Data is

significant for

Monitoring Air

Quality

Air Quality

Management

Absence Data on:

Emission

Inventory

Activities Data

Air Pollution

Control

Source of

Emissions

Population Growth

Vehicle Growth

Energy Consumption

Demand

trend of Aerosol Emission in Phnom

Penh Capital are being unqualified

ResearchResearch

Rational ofRational of thethe ResearchResearch


6/27

Specific Objectives:Specific Objectives:

(i) To develop aerosol emission database for PPC,

(ii) To determine aerosol emission contribution by sources,

(iii) To calculate spatial emission variation among districts in PPC

(iv) To propose the aerosol emission reduction options.

6/27

Objective of ResearchObjective of Research


7/27

7/27

Top-down Approach and Rapid Assessment Approach

BC

Domestic Cooking Duration,

February to

June, 2011

Vehicle Solid Waste Burning

CO SO2 PM2.5OC

Phnom Penh Capital

NO2

Reduction Options, Vehicle Source

Limitation of ResearchLimitation of Research


8/27

22. Methodology. Methodology

Study Area Selection

Data Collection

Mobile Source Point/Area Source

Data Analysis

Based Year Emission Inventory

Propose Reduction Options

Results and Discussions

Pointed Major Source of Emission

Conclusions and Recommendations

8/27

NoYes

Validation


9/27

Phnom Penh Capital:

Total land 376.95 km2

Total Population: 150,1825 people

Population Growth: 2,83%

GDP= 820$/person/year

8 Districts, 76 Sangkat

Urban Area (Chamkar Mon, Doun

Penh, Prampir Makkakra, Tuol Kouk)

Sub-Urban Area (Dangkao, Mean

Chey, Ruessei Keav, Sen Sokh)

Total Vehicle: 938970 (Motorcycle :

733735 Vehicles (78%)

9/27

Study AreaStudy Area


10/27

Source Activities Data Emission Factor Data Sources

Mobile

Source

Type and amount of fuel

consumption

Number of Registry Vehicle

Vehicle Kilometer Transport

LowBest

EstimateHigh

Geres, MIME,

NIS, MoP,

MoE,

Library, and

Research

Studies

Point/

Area

Source

Type and amount of fuel

consumption

Solid waste generation data

Recycling solid waste

Solid waste collection efficiency Number of Population

LowBest

EstimateHigh

10/27

Atmospheric Brown Cloud Emission Inventory Database (UNEP, 2010)

Data CollectionData Collection


11/27

11/27

Emission FactorsEmission Factors

Type of fuel (Vehicle)Emission Factor

Pollutants Low Best Estimate High

Diesel

BC 0.54 2 2.6

OC 0.3 0.47 1

CO 4.96 5.2 5.5

SO2 0.3 1 1.8PM

2.51.3 2.2 3.3

NO2

0.17 0.17 0.17

Gasoline

BC 0.005 0.025 0.05

OC 0.021 0.04 0.4

CO 9.8 30 46SO

20.01 0.28 0.56

PM2.5

0.059 0.07 0.59

NO2

0.14 0.14 0.14

Source: UNEP, 2010


12/27

12/27


Type of fuel (DomesticCooking)(g/Kg) Emission Factor

Pollutants Low Best Estimate High

Woodfuel

BC 0.3 0.85 2

OC 0.17 4.75 7.8

CO 19 77.5 136

SO

2

0.008 0.008 0.008

PM2.5

2 5 8.2

Charcoal

BC 1 1 1

OC 1.3 1.3 1.3

CO 35 198 275

SO2

0.3 0.49 0.69

PM2.5 3.9 5.7 7.5

LPG

BC 0.01 0.2 0.2

OC 0.03 0.03 0.05

CO 3.72 3.72 3.72

SO2

0.33 0.33 0.33

PM

2.5

0.26 0.26 0.33Source: UNEP, 2010


13/27

13/27


Source of Solid WasteBurning(Kg/tonne)

Emission Factors

Pollutants Low BestEstimate

High

Solid Waste Burning

BC 5.5 5.5 5.5

OC 5.5 5.5 5.5

CO 42 42 42

SO2

0.5 0.5 0.5

Source: UNEP, 2010


14/27

14/27

Vehicle SourceVehicle Source

Emission CalculationEmission Calculation


15/27

15/27

Domestic Cooking SourceDomestic Cooking Source



16/27

16/27

Solid Waste Burning SourceSolid Waste Burning Source



17/27

Emission Reduction OptionsEmission Reduction Options

17/27

Assumption Reduction Options for Vehicle Source No change means the same as BAU optionBAU BD CNG BS

Population Growth

rate 2,83%

No change No change 20% 25%30% will use buses for the respective

year 2015, 2020 and 2025

Emission

Factor

Same as

base year

No change No change Same as base year

VKT Same asbase year

No change No change VKT of motorcycle and car will decrease to15Km/day when VKT of bus increase 60km/day

Motorcycle Increase

10%

No change No change Motorcycle reduces 20% 25% 30% in the

respective year according to population use

buses

Passenger

Cars

Increase

14%

Only diesel engines

will use BD

Only

minibus

Cars reduce 20% 25%30% for the respective

year according to population use buses

Light Duty

Vehicle

Increase

12%

All will use BD All Increase 17%, 12%, and 11% for the respective

year in 2015, 2020, and 2025 compared to BAU

Heavy Duty

Vehicle

Increase

7%

All will use BD All No Change


18/27

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3

000

3500

4000

4500

BC OC CO SO2 PM2.5 NO2

Tonperye

ar

Pollutant

COmultiply 100 tons

33. Result and Discussion. Result and Discussion

18/27

Emission inventory in Phnom Penh Capital for 2010

Emission InventoryEmission Inventory

130130,,781781..7373 tonstons

5454,,7979 tonstons


19/27

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

B

C

O

C

C

O

SO

2

PM2

.5

NO

2

B

C

O

C

C

O

SO

2

PM2

.5

NO

2

B

C

O

C

C

O

SO

2

PM2

.5

NO

2

Tonperyear

CO multiply 100 tons

Emission Contribution from SourcesEmission Contribution from Sources

19/27

Aerosol emission contribution from sources in Phnom Penh Capital for 2010

89% 9% 2%

120120,,749749..9494 tonstons

4545..9191 tonstons

99,,089089..0101 tonstons

55..4343 tonstons

5656..1212 tonstons

44,,713713..99 tonstons

Solid Waste BurningVehicle Domestic Cooking

Low BestEstimate

High


20/27

Spatial Emission VariationSpatial Emission Variation

20/27

Vehicle Source

Emission of pollutants in each districts in Phnom Pehn Capital in 2010

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Chamkar

Mon

DounPenh

PrampirMak

akra

TuolKouk

Dan

gkao

MeanChey

RuesseiKaev

SaenSokh

Urban Sub-Urban

Tonperyear

CO

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Chamkar

Mon

Doun

Penh

PrampirMak

akra

Tuol

Kouk

Dan

gkao

Mean

Chey

Ruessei

Kaev

SenSokh

Urban Sub-Urban

Tonperyear

BC OC SO2 PM2.5 NO21919,,690690,,4646 tonstons

88,,814814..1313 tonstons 33..3535 tonstons

548548..3333 tonstons


21/27

020406080

100120140160180

ChamkarMon

Dou

nPenh

PrampirMakakra

TuolKouk

Dangkao

MeanChey

RuesseiKaev

SenSokh

Urban Sub-Urban

Tonp

eryear

BC OC SO2 PM2.5

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

ChamkarMon

Dou

nPenh

PrampirMakakra

TuolKouk

Dangkao

MeanChey

RuesseiKaev

SenSokh

Urban Sub-Urban

Tonp

eryear

CO

Spatial Emission Variation (Spatial Emission Variation (ContCont))

21/27

Domestic Cooking Source11,,983983..9191 tonstons

556.08 tons556.08 tons

164164..1919 tonstons

11..1818 tonstons



22/27

0

50

100150

200

250

300

350

ChamkarMon

Doun

Penh

PrampirMa

kakra

TuolKouk

Da

ngkao

Mean

Chey

RuesseiKaev

Sen

Sokh

-

Tonp

eryear

CO

05

101520

2530354045

ChamkarMon

Doun

Penh

PrampirMa

kakra

TuolKouk

Da

ngkao

Mean

Chey

RuesseiKaev

Sen

Sokh

Urban Sub-Urban

Tonp

eryear

BC OC SO2

22/27

Solid Waste Burning

Non of Solid

Waste are burned

318318..44 tonstons

11..5656 tonstons

Spatial Emission Variation (Spatial Emission Variation (ContCont))



23/27


23/27

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000120000

140000

160000

180000

2010 (Base Year) 2015 (Vehicle) 2020 (Vehicle) 2025 (Vehicle)

Tonperyear

All Source Vehicle BAU BD CNG BS

CO under each reduction options (2010-2025)

CO is not reduced under BAU, BD,

CNG options

CO is reduced 70%(2020) (KoK, 2007)CO is reduced 70%(2020) (KoK, 2007)

CO is reduced 78.32% (2020)and 75.32% (2025)


24/27

24/27

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

BC

OC

SO2

PM2.5

NO2

BC

OC

SO2

PM2.5

NO2

BC

OC

SO2

PM2.5

NO2

BC

OC

SO2

PM2.5

NO2

2010 (Base Year) 2015 (Vehicle) 2020 (Vehicle) 2025 (Vehicle)

Tonperyear

All source Vehicle BAU BD CNG BS

Decrease in 2015. Then

increase from 2020-2025

Continue increase


Pollutants under each reduction options (2010-2025)


25/27

44. Recommendation and Conclusion. Recommendation and Conclusion

25/27

o The annual emission in Phnom Penh Capital in 2010: BC (868.31 tons) OC

(2,916.33 tons) CO (130,781.73 tons) SO2 (3,361.75 tons) PM2.5 (4,114.77

tons)and NO2 (54.79tons)

o The major source of aerosol emission in Phnom Penh Capital is Vehicle

source (89%), which followed by Domestic Cooking source (9%) and Solid

Waste Burning source (2%), respectively.

o Chamkarmon emit the highest aerosol emission from vehicle and solid

waste burning sources, and Prampir Makakra is the lowest.o BAU, BD, and CNGoptions in the period 2010 to 2025 could not reduce

aerosol pollutants. In contrast, BS has potential reduced CO (75.32%) in

2025.

o Vehicle is still the main source of air pollution in the PPC future

ConclusionConclusion


26/27

26/27

o Future emission inventory additional sources should be considered

include Agriculture Activities, Power Plant, Small and Medium

Enterprise, and Industry sources.

o Emission Inventory should be regularly updated

o Apply Dispersion Model for assessing sources of emission and air

quality

RecommendationsRecommendations

44. Recommendation and Conclusion. Recommendation and Conclusion


27/27

27/27For more information: 017 477 930 or [email protected]

env-11-03 english_a preliminary study on aerosol emissions in ppc emissions and reduction options

Documents