entretenimento na tv para o pÚblico infantil:a representação da sociedade do consumo nos desenhos...

8/2/2019 ENTRETENIMENTO NA TV PARA O PÚBLICO INFANTIL:a representação da sociedade do consumo nos desenhos animados Turma da Pesada e Três Espiã…

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0 TPCB[ÌÏC O[IR[PFI TFPF OPEFGÌF '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 450'6' F egbøsrpef o{ir{pfi k fs pkifìûks scoefes '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 45

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2'0 Fgæiesk bf ocgsrp{ìïc gfppfreqf bcs bkskgmcs fgenfbcs ’R{pnf bf Tksfbf k Rpès KsteïsBknfes ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?;

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2'2 Opefgìf ocnc acoc bf ocn{geofìïc8 Tkpstkoreqfs tfpf {nf tpclpfnfìïc nfes kb{ofreqf''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;6

2'2'6 Ocgsrp{ìïc bcs qficpks k acpnfìïc bc egbeqîb{c ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;6

2'2'0 Bkskgmc fgenfbc8 f k}tcseìïc bc ocntcprfnkgrc ocgs{nesrf '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;?

; OCGOI[_ÏC ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;=

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-NFPREGC) 0446) t' ?0%' Essc sk bæ tcp nkec bk {nf fìïc ocn{geofreqf'

F tfprep bc såo{ic ]]) f tfifqpf ocn{geofìïc rkn sebc {sfbf tfpf gcnkfp nkecs v{k

rpfgsnerkn egacpnfìïc' [nf gcqf pkfiebfbk s{plk v{fgbc c egbeqîb{c tfssc{ f rkp ocgrfrc

ocn gcqcs pko{pscs rkogciÿleocs' [n`kprc Koc -0444%) ftcgrf c såo{ic ]] ocnc f afsk

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6 _c`pk Tegr{pf P{tksrpk8 Bc apfgoès p{tksrpk) c rkpnc bkselgf lpfqfìïc) rpfìfbc k tegr{pf sc`pk s{tcprkpcomcsc) v{fiv{kp v{k skhf f råogeof kntpklfbf' Ocgsebkpfbf f k}tpkssïc fprîsreof nfes fgrelf bf m{nfgebfbk) ffprk p{tksrpk å pkfiexfbf kn ofqkpgfs) lp{rfs c{ fc fp ieqpk'



64

Pkqci{ìïc Egb{srpefi gcs bex Koc -0444%) å f okprkxf bk v{k gcqfs tcsseèiebfbks bk tpcb{ìïc

qïc s{plep' C tpcokssc bk tpcb{ìïc ocnkìf f scapkp egrkpakpègoef bfs næv{egfs kn afqcp bk

{nf fokikpfìïc gf k}ko{ìïc bkssk tpcokssc'

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nkecs bk ocn{geofìïc' Cs nkecs bk ocn{geofìïc rpfxkn fc n{gbc ocgrkntcpàgkc f

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f`pk {n ikv{k bk ocgmkoenkgrc k beso{ssïc kn rcpgc bfs gkokssebfbks scoefes' _kl{gbc

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lic`fiexfbc'

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egbeqîb{c' Kssk retc bk egrkgìïc gïc tfssc{ bkstkpokèbc fcs cimcs bk rkÿpeocs) v{k sktpct{skpfn f ksr{bfp rcbcs cs kiknkgrcs ksocimebcs tfpf ksrp{r{pfp f egacpnfìïc) c{

nkgsflkn) rpfgsnerebf fc egbeqîb{c' Bfî s{plkn fs Rkcpefs bf Ocn{geofìïc'

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ocn{geofìïc ef fiån bk {n beæiclc kgrpk b{fs tksscfs' Tkpok`kpfn rfn`ån) hæ gc såo{ic

]E]) v{k k}esrefn sîn`cics v{k ocgskl{efn frpfep {nf scoekbfbk bk nfssf) @i{nkp -65?1 k6521 oerfbc tcp \CIA) 65=<) t'0;% ’Z'''^) f nfssf å ocntcsrf tcp tksscfs v{k gïc sk

ocgmkokn) v{k ksrïc sktfpfbfs {nfs bfs c{rpfs gc kstfìc k v{k rèn tc{ofs c{ gkgm{nfs

tcsseèiebfbks bk k}kpokp {nf foìïc c{ {nf egai{kgoef pkoîtpcofs'

\cia -65=<% ocgsebkpf v{k ksr{becscs bf Rkcpef bfs Ocn{geofìûks) ocnc tpÿtpec Nf}

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fbnegesrpfbf) ap{rc bf egbøsrpef o{ir{pfi ) v{k pkstcgbk bk acpnf tfsseqf fcs ksrîn{ics bk

o{ir{pf bk nfssf) v{k sïc berfbcs tkif nîbef' Kssks ksrîn{ics frkgbkn ftkgfs cs egrkpkssks bk



66

{n nkpofbc o{ir{pfi v{k rkgrf sk sciebeaeofp f tfprep bc bkskhc bc skp) v{k g{gof bkqk skp

sfresakerc bk acpnf ocntikrf'

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bcs nkecs bk ocn{geofìïc tfpf nkbefp f pkifìïc kgrpk egbøsrpef k pkoktrcp' \cia -65=<%

kgafrexf v{k c rkpnc ’egbøsrpef o{ir{pfi„ ace opefbc tfpf ofpforkpexfp rpfgsacpnfìûks v{k efn

cocppkgbc gf scoekbfbk f tfprep bc ocgrfrc bfs nfssfs ocn c tpcb{rc v{k kpf cakpkoebc gfs

beakpkgrks nkgsflkgs rpfgsnerebfs tkics nkecs bk ocn{geofìïc) gfs v{fes) Fbcpgc0 - 65=0)

oerfbc tcp \CIA) 65=<) t'=;% ’Z'''^ gïc å nfes bc v{k f pktpkskgrfìïc sc` acpnfs skntpk

beakpkgrks) bk filc v{k å skntpk el{fiZ'''^'„

C ksr{bc bcs kiknkgrcs {reiexfbcs tfpf f nfget{ifìïc bcs pkoktrcpks ikqc{ cs tksv{esfbcpks

f pks{irfbcs v{k ncsrpfpfn v{k c tpegoetfi c`hkreqc bf nîbef kpf frkgbkp f egrkpkssks

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ftpencpfnkgrc bf rkogciclef afqcpkoef c nkpofbc' _kl{gbc \cia -65=<%) mfqef {nf

tkpstkoreqf) tcp tfprk bcs nkecs bk ocn{geofìïc bk bessknegfp {nf ebkciclef sc`pk f

scoekbfbk bk o{ir{pf bk nfssf' Nfes rfpbk) kssks nksncs rkÿpeocs qïc pkssfirfp v{k rcbf

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scoekbfbk' Fssen ocnc gf pkqci{ìïc bc ocnåpoec) c fqfgìc rkogciÿleoc) tcsseèierc{ nfecp

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bkssks tpcb{rcs) Zseo'^ pkaikork c ncbkic bc nkofgesnc kocgcneoc Zseo'^ v{k bcnegf c rkntc

bc rpf`fimc k c rkntc bc ifxkp„'

0 FBCPGC) Rmkcbcp \' kr fi' Rkcpef bf o{ir{pf bk nfssf' ?' kb' Pec bk Hfgkepc8 Tfx k Rkppf) 65=0



60

0'0 C ocgs{nc kn nfssf k s{f pkifìïc ocn c egbeqîb{c

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ocn Koc -0441%) s{plk f tfprep bf tpcb{ìïc egb{srpefi) c v{k egsrelf c ocgs{nc bkskgapkfbc'

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6?

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62

hæ f`scpqk{ c tct{ifp k f kierk' Bksrk ncbc) frpfqås bk sk{s sîn`cics k selgeaeofbcs) f o{ir{pf

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6;

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06

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00

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0?

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02

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0;

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01

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05

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v{kp c qksrebc v{k Gejje) s{f fnelf) ksræ k}tkpenkgrfgbc' Gejje ksræ sk cimfgbc gcs qæpecs

kstkimcs v{k ocntûkn fs tfpkbks bf ichf8

Gejje8 Kssk å c qksrebc) k kssf) sc{ k{) k{) k{ Z'''^@efgof8 Ksv{kok Gejje) kik å nk{) nk{) nk{ Z'''^Gejje8 @efgof qcoè gïc afpef''' K{ ksreqk tpco{pfgbc tcp kssk qksrebc tkpakerc tcp {n nès@efgof8 Nps¸ fqesk f nfbknceskiik Gejje v{k) kgv{fgrc kif ksrkqk tpco{pfgbc k{ ksreqkocntpfgbc'Gejje8 Qcoè v{kp bexkp v{k qfe ocntpfp c qksrebc v{k k{ ksocime3@efgof8 Nfs å oifpc) gc fncp k gfs ocntpfs) qfik r{bc'

Gejje ocnkìf omcpfp bk bkskstkpc) skgrk v{k qfe bksnfefp' C Omcakp bk @efgof sk ftpkssf)ikqf {n octc bk s{oc bk {qf tfpf ncìf) nfs) kik rpctkìf kn {n rftkrk k fof`f nfgomfgbc c

qksrebc' Gejje omcpf bk bkskstkpc k @efgof bex gïc v{kpkp nfes f tkìf' Bksocgsebkpfgbc c

scapenkgrc bf fnelf) @efgof tklf tpfgomkrf bf nïc bc bcgc bf ichf k ksocimk {n qksrebc v{k

kik bex gïc ksrfp ä qkgbf) tces Ifpjk qfe ocntpfp' @efgof sk kga{pkok) tces skgrk egqkhf bf

ncìf' K lperf) `pfqf) sfe bf ichf afxkgbc k}elègoefs' C omcakp bf lfpcrf sfe frpæs) ocn qæpecs

kn`p{imcs) ocntpfs akerfs tkif lfpcrf' Ifpjk omklf ä ichf) f ofomcppegmf bk @efgof) v{k f

focntfgmf tfpf rcbcs cs i{lfpks) ocnkìf f ifrep tfpf f lfrf bk Ifpjk) f lfrf sk fss{srf)

ocnkìfn f ocppkp kn qcirf bc omcakp v{k sk kn`fpfìf k ofe kn oenf bk @efgof'

@efgof8 K{ v{kpc {n ncbkic bk ofbf bf s{f ichf) k v{kpc v{k skhfn kgrpkl{ks frå äs 6=844bk mchk 'Bcgc bf ichf8 Nfs mchk3 K{ rkpef v{k ocgrpfrfp rcbfs fs ocsr{pkepfs bk @kqkpiu Meiis'@efgof8 Gïc egrkpkssf c tpc`iknf å rcbc sk{'Z'''^

@efgof8 \eismepk qcoè å {n lpcssc' Gïc qè cgbk ofe3Ifpjk8 @efgof) \eismepk) qcoès ksrïc `kn3@efgof8 Focgrkok v{k sk{ lfrc v{kp omfrkfp f negmf Entkpfrpex'

Ifpjk8 Refpf3 Kif å rïc bcok'@efgof8 Å tcp essc v{k fs ncsofs qeqkn ocppkgbc frpæs bkif'Ifpjk8 Fm @efgof) k{ ske v{k qcoè ksræ `pegofgbc'@efgof8 K{ gïc ksrc{ `pegofgbc v{fgbc belc v{k qc{ skp f tpegoksf'



?5

Hæ bkgrpc bk s{f ien{segk) fcgbk best{rf kstfìc ocn fs kn`fiflkgs) @efgof rpfìf {n tifgc

tfpf frpftfimfp Ifpjk' @efgof v{kp c qksrebc bk Ifpjk k rfn`ån c rîr{ic bk tpegoksf bc `feik)

tfpf c v{fi Rpcu) v{k ace ksocimebc tfpf skp c tpîgoetk) kn ocgqkpsf ocn Ifpjk) bex v{k

tpkakpk v{k kif skhf ksocimebf' Kn s{f ofsf) kgv{fgrc afx {nf qîbkc ocgakpègoef ocn Rpcu)

Ifpjk qè s{f lfregmf `pegofgbc ocn {n besv{krk v{k tkgsf skp fv{kik v{k rkn sk{ bkqkp

tpcgrc) aeof fieqefbf fc tkpok`kp v{k gïc å' Bæ {nf `pcgof gf lfrf'

C omcakp afx c bkqkp bk @efgof k kif tkgrkef f s{f ofomcppegmf tkpl{grfgbc ’Z'''^ ocesf iegbf

gïc v{kp {nf ocesf tfpf ocnkp3„ C omcakp) fomfgbc v{k å ocn kik v{k kif ksræ ocgqkpsfgbc)

pkstcgbk v{k sen' Kif) `p{sofnkgrk) pkstcgbk v{k ksræ afifgbc ocn f ofomcppf) k tkpl{grfocnc kik ksræ egbc gf s{f rfpkaf' C omcakp pkstcgbk v{k) sk ksopkqkp b{pfgrk cgxk mcpfs

skl{ebfs) qfe ocgskl{ep rkpnegfp f rkntc' Bfî qkn f ebåef bk @efgof bk tklfp c bkqkp bk

Ifpjk' Tfpf essc) cpbkgf s{f ofomcppf Entkpfrpex) v{k c`kbkok) tklfgbc c besv{krk kn v{k

ksræ c bkqkp bk ofsf bk Ifpjk k nfsrelf rcbc kik' _fe ocppkgbc' Fc qkp c v{k focgrkok{ Ifpjk

o{itf s{f lfrf'

Gc rpkomc bksoperc foenf) nksnc v{k k}esrk {n ncnkgrc bk pkaik}ïc sc`pk fpkstcgsf`eiebfbk ksocifp bcs hcqkgs) tpkqfikok gc beæiclc bcs tkpscgflkgs ä tpkco{tfìïc

ocn f aksrf) k sk ksrfpïc ftfpkgrknkgrk `kn qksrebcs tfpf c kqkgrc' _{fs tpkco{tfìûks

nfecpks) ocnc ftcgrf c rpkomc bkssk ktesÿbec) sïc fs pc{tfs) f ftfpègoef' Nfpregc -0446%

faepnf v{k) gc ncnkgrc kn v{k sk pkifoecgf scoefinkgrk) c egbeqîb{c beficlf) rpfgsneregbc

qficpks k ebåefs' Essc egbeof v{k) c ncnkgrc bk ocgqîqec) cs tkpscgflkgs bïc f ebåef bk v{k

sk{s tpegoetfes qficpks sïc tf{rfbfs tkif `{sof bc rkp' Fiån bessc) qïc opefgbc f ebåef bc

ocgs{nc tkic srfr{s'

Hæ gc sfiïc bk `kikxf) fs nkgegfs ksrïc sk fpp{nfgbc tfpf epkn f aksrf' [nfs afxkn f {gmf)

c{rpfs fpp{nfn c of`kic' _|erom`cfpb) v{k sk bex hcpgfiesrf) nfs v{k) kgrpk f r{pnf) ikqf f

afnf bk acacv{kepf) ocnkgrf ocn fs nkgegfs c v{k cocppk{ ocn Ifpjk' @efgof omklf fc sfiïc

v{kpkgbc sk fpp{nfp) aeof a{pecsf fc sf`kp v{k gïc rkn mcpæpec' Rfpf k Gejje rkgrfn fh{bfp)

cimfgbc gf flkgbf) nfs @efgof rcnf `p{sofnkgrk f flkgbf bf nïc bk Gejje Ä tpenkepf

qesrf) tfpkok v{k f ncìf v{k`pc{ f nïc'

Z'''^ @efgof8 V{k gklÿoec å kssk v{k gïc tcssc afxkp {nf nfssflkn bk ikerk3



24

Rfpf8F @efgof v{kpebf) v{fi å c sk{ tpc`iknf flcpf3@efgof8 Ksrïc bexkgbc v{k gïc rkn mcpæpec tfpf c pksrc bc bef) k k{) tpkoesc afxkp {nfnfssflkn'Rfpf8 Nfs å v{k qcoè bke}c{ tfpf afxkp gc øirenc neg{rc'@efgof8 Nfs å oifpc mcpf) fssen k{ ksrfpef ocn f nkimcp ftfpègoef gc `feik bk mchk'

Gejje8 Tfpkok v{k qcoè ksræ skn scprk) @efgof) gïc rkn nfes gkgm{nf mcpf tfpf mchk'@efgof8 Nk bæ kssf flkgbf fv{eZ'''^Gejje8 Fomc v{k ksræ v{k`pfbfRfpf8 C Gejje v{kpebf) qcoè v{k`pc{ f nïc3Gejje8 Tecp v{k essc) v{k`pc{ negmf {gmf'

C bkskgmc ikqf fc pkoktrcp {nf nkgsflkn bkr{ptfbf sc`pk c v{k bkqk skp bk qerfi

entcpràgoef gf qebf ocikreqf bfs tksscfs' Qficpks {geqkpsfes) ocnc pkstkerc) kb{ofìïc)

lkgreikxf k `cf ocgb{rf rèn nkgcs qficp bc v{k c tcbkp bk ocgs{nep' Kiks rèn c`hkrcs ofpcs'

Gïc å oifpf f k}tieofìïc bk cgbk qkn rcbc c begmkepc v{k cs fbciksokgrks lfsrfn) {nf qkx

v{k gïc rèn cs tfes tcp tkprc' Cs tkpscgflkgs tfpkokn c v{k Ofnfplc -6554% ofpforkpexf tcp

tkpscgfiebfbks tfbpcgexfbfs) entcsrfs tkif egbøsrpef bc ocgs{nc'

Kgv{fgrc essc Ifpjk qfe aeofgbc bksfgenfbf) v{fgbc sk{ fnelc Omksrkp f kgocgrpf k faepnf

v{k) frpfqås bk s{fs næv{egfs) ocgskl{k fh{bfp f ncìf' Bktces bk rpf`fimfp kn sk{

if`cpfrÿpec) Omksrkp pko{tkpf c bkqkp bk Ifpjk' Cs bces qïc frå f ksocif ocicofn c bkqkp ‟

tpcgrc ‟ gf ofe}f bk ocppkec' Kn skl{ebf) sk bepelkn tfpf ichf bk qksrebcs) v{k) ksræ akomfbf'Omksrkp) kgrïc) ncsrpf {nf bk s{fs egqkgìûks) v{k kik omfnf bk ’Nfbko Bkrko„' Kik fegbf

pkssfirf fs a{gìûks bc ftfpkimc) bexkgbc v{k skpqk tfpf skp {sfbf tcp v{fiv{kp bkrkreqk bc

n{gbc' [nf nfv{egegmf v{k) frpfqås bk pfec ifeskp) octef f acpnf bc rfn`cp bf akomfb{pf) k)

afx {nf oÿtef bk omfqk egsrfgrfgkfnkgrk) f`pegbc v{fiv{kp tcprf' Ifpjk sk pko{sf f {sfp c

kv{etfnkgrc'

C nkgegc bæ c{rpf sci{ìïc' Kiks qcirfn tfpf sk{ if`cpfrÿpec) bk iæ) kn tc{ocs neg{rcs) s{fsnæv{egfs octefn c qksrebc) rkokn c tfgc k ocsr{pfn c qksrebc bf ncìf' Bktces) ocnc gïc

ocgskl{k kgrpfp kn s{f Akppfpe ocn rcbfs fs fgæl{fs v{k ocntûkn f pc{tf) Omksrfp fegbf

cakpkok {n ofppc kn acpnfrc bk f`ÿ`cpf ‟ v{k bex rkp ocgsrp{îbc v{fgbc regmf rpès fgcs .

tfpf v{k f ncìf omkl{k f rkntc fc `feik' Kik qfe bepelegbc c ofppc' Ifpjk omklf fc `feik ä

nkef gcerk) ocn {n qksrebc `pfgoc) k sk bksrfof gc firc bf ksofbfpef' Iclc kn skl{ebf) sfe c

pks{irfbc bc ocgo{psc bk tpegoksf) k nksnc rkgbc ebc ocn c qksrebc v{k Ifpjk ocntpc{

fgrkpecpnkgrk) @efgof tkpbk c tcsrc tfpf f ’tfrpeoegmf„ bc `kn'Ifpjk k Rpcu rkpnegfn

h{grcs'



26

Bk focpbc ocn Nflfimïks -044<%) k}esrk {nf tpkco{tfìïc tcp tfprk bcs tpcb{rcpks) bc

kgrpkrkgenkgrc egafgrei rkikqeseqc) rpfgsnerep nkgsflkgs v{k skhfn tcssîqkes bk skpkn

ocntpkkgbebfs tcp rcbfs fs afe}fs kræpefs' Rfn`ån ikn`pf v{k) gf nfecpef bfs qkxks)

tpclpfnfs bk kgrpkrkgenkgrc sïc nkbefbcs tcp {n beso{psc `fskfbc gc ocgs{nc' Essc egbeof

v{k) sk f rpfnf tkptfssf fs mesrÿpefs bk ocgrcs bk afbfs) nfs ksræ skgbc tkpnkfbc tcp

kiknkgrcs bk ocgs{nc) kgrïc å nkbefbc tkif scoekbfbk bk ocgs{nc' Fs gfppfreqfs sïc

rpf`fimfbfs bk acpnf v{k tcsseèierk f ocgsrp{ìïc bk {nf ftfpkgrk ’qebf tkpakerf„' Cgbk

k}esrkn afbf nfbpegmf) kakercs næleocs k f tpegoksf) v{k rkn skntpk {n aegfi pcnàgreoc ocn

c tpîgoetk'

C`skpqf.sk v{k) cs tkpscgflkgs sïc tpcb{xebcs faen bk v{k c pkoktrcp opek {nf ebkgrebfbkocn kssks tkpscgflkgs' Ofrkiis -0444% fpl{nkgrf v{k gf egaàgoef) c egbeqîb{c rkn {nf nkgrk

nfget{iæqki tcp s{f enfr{pebfbk' Essc egbeof v{k) ftpcqkerfgbc.sk bc ofntc iøbeoc) egkpkgrk

ä opefgìf) å pkfaepnfbc {n tfbpïc bk qebf skn tpcìknfs' Essc å c`skpqfbc bksbk c egîoec bc

bkskgmc) kn v{k f tkpscgflkn Ifpj) rkn {nf ocgqkpsf ftfe}cgfbf ocn Rpcu) tfssfgbc tkic

ncnkgrc kn v{k Omksrkp cakpkok {n ofppc kn acpnf bk f`ÿ`cpf) tfpf v{k kif qæ f aksrf)

egoi{egbc f omklf gc `feik ä nkef gcerk' Å ocnc sk Omksrkp acssk {nf kståoek bk ’oekgresrf

tfbpegmc„' K aegfinkgrk) c `kehc ftfe}cgfbc gc tpîgoetk bktces bk ocgskl{ep ksoftfp bcstifgcs bf qeiï) v{k gc ofsc å @efgof'

C{rpc tcgrc v{k tcbk skp c`skpqfbc) gc bkskgmc) å f v{fgrebfbk bk pko{pscs rkogciÿleocs

{reiexfbcs tkics tkpscgflkgs' Ofppc ocn ocnt{rfbcp) rkikacgk oki{ifp) k fs qæpefs egqkgìûks

bk Omksrkp' Koc -0441% gcs ncsrpf v{k fs qæpefs acpnfs bk sk ocn{geofp bc egbeqîb{c acpfn

sk rpfgsacpnfgbc frå c mcnkn egqkgrfp f næv{egf' Bfî) s{plk {n tpcokssc bk tpcb{ìïc kn

såpek) tfbpcgexfbc' Fssen) f{nkgrfpfn fs tcsseèiebfbks bk ocgs{nc bc mcnkn gfscoekbfbk' Befgrk bessc) tfpkok v{k cs tkpscgflkgs ’ifgìfn nïc„ k}oksseqfnkgrk bc

ocgs{nc tfpf ocgskl{epkn nfgrkp sk{ tfbpïc bk qebf'

Gc ktesÿbec Ofakxegmc Egbelksrc) bc bkskgmc ’Rpès Ksteïs Bknfes„) f gfppfreqf sk pktkrk gc

v{k focgrkok gf nfecpef bcs ktesÿbecs8 f i{rf bfs ksteïs ocn {n qeiïc) v{k scapk{ fil{n retc

bk ap{srpfìïc gf qebf) k v{k) tcp kssf pfxïc) v{kp fof`fp ocn c n{gbc' C ktesÿbec ocgrf ocn

f tfpreoetfìïc bk Nkgb) v{k sk tpkco{tf ftkgfs ocn se) kn rcbcs cs ncnkgrcs) elgcpfgbc f

entcpràgoef scoefi bf freqebfbk pkfiexfbf tkifs nkgegfs'



20

Fs nkgegfs omklfn gf ksocif bk tæpf.v{kbfs) fopkberfn gïc ksrfpkn skgbc qesrfs tcp

gegl{ån' Kglfgfn.sk) Nkgb sk ftpc}enf bksocgaefbf) k tkpl{grf c v{k ksræ focgrkokgbc)

_fn egqkgrf {nf bkso{itf) afifgbc v{k sïc f{ifs bk tæpf.v{kbfs' Nkgb iclc tkpl{grf cgbk

tcbk afxkp f egsopeìïc' Oicqkp k _fn bexkn v{k sÿ gc tpÿ}enc fgc) k) sfkn fgbfgbc) v{fgbc)

rcof c ’ocn{geofbcp„ -{n ftfpkimc rkikaògeoc n{irea{goecgfi {reiexfbc gfs nessûks%' Å Fik})

v{k ftfpkok kn enflkn bk mciclpfnf) v{fgbc qè Nkgb) aeof kstfgrfbf' Fs nkgegfs rkgrfn

kglfgfp Nkgb bk qæpefs acpnfs) nkgrkn sc`pk c ocn{geofbcp) k sc`pk f pc{tf bk ksteï) r{bc

essc) rkgrfgbc sfep bfv{kif ser{fìïc) kn v{k) v{fsk rèn s{f ebkgrebfbk bk ksteï pkqkifbf' Nfes

Nkgb qfe bksoc`pep essc nfes rfpbk) tces) fc tkpskl{ep fs nkgegfs) ofe gf \CCT'

Nkgb8 K c v{k å essc3Oicqkp8 Essc3 Å c nfes gcqc oki{ifp) qîbkcaògeoc mciclpæaeoc bk tifsnf qef sfråierk'Nkgb8 K{ rkgmc r{bc v{k ftfpkok bk gcqc k k{ g{gof qe kssf ocesf'Qcoès ksrïc ftpcgrfgbc fil{nf ocesf' Gkgm{n rkoebc gc n{gbc ef flùkgrfp {n rcn`cbkssk'Fik}8 _ÿ {n gcqc rkoebc bk neopcae`pf bk Tfpes'Oicqkp8 Qcoè rkn v{k fr{fiexfp sk{ l{fpbf pc{tf) Nkgb'Z'''^Fik}8 K v{fes cs ftkrpkomcs v{k flkgrk rkn tfpf kssf nessïc3Hkppu8 Ksrfpïc kv{etfbfs ocn tpfgomfs bk qepfp f of`kìf) `pegocneopcacgeoc ocn{geofbcp{irpf.skgsîqki) t{iskepf omfpnegmc) k f nfes gcqf egqkgìïc bk gcsscs ksreiesrfs8 f skl{gbftkik'Oicqkp8 @kn iklfi) k{ qc{ {sfp essc gf acpnfr{pf'

Z'''^Nkgb8 _f`ef v{k fs ebecrfs ksrfqfn ksocgbkgbc c hclc'Z'''^Hkppu8 V{k egrkpkssfgrk) gegl{ån fgrks tfssc{ tkif skl{pfgìf bf \CCTNkgb8 C v{k å essc3 [n oi{`k bcs gkpb―s3 Hkppu8 Å f cplfgexfìïc n{gbefi bk tpcrkìïc m{nfgf) gÿs fh{bfncs c n{gbc skopkrfnkgrk)å oifpc'Nkgb8 Kgrïc qcoès sïc ksteûks'Hkppu8 K}frfnkgrk'Nkgb8 Tfpf rpæs ofpkof) k{ aex fs {gmfs k ske n{erc `kn ocnc {sæ.ifs'Z'''^Hkppu8 Z'''^ lcsrfpef bk sk h{grfp f kv{etk3Z'''^

Nkgb8 V{kp bexkp v{k k{ lfgmc tpksrîlec) qeflkgs tkic n{gbc) rkikacgk `cgeregmc) k tcsscaeofp tkpr{p`fgbc fs cræpefs3Hkppu8 m{pp{'Nkgb8 K{ v{kpc sen'

Gc bkskgmc) f rcbc c ncnkgrc kn v{k beficlfn) cs tkpscgflkgs ksrïc afxkgbc pkakpègoef f

pc{tfs) fokssÿpecs) `kikxf' Gf iegmf gfppfreqf) tfpkok k}esrep kssk tpcokssc bk pkfaepnfìïc bc

frc bk ocgs{nep' Cs tkpscgflkgs skntpk ksrïc kn `{sof bk fbv{epep fil{n retc bk c`hkrc'

Nkgb bæ egbîoecs bk skp {nf tksscf ocgs{nesrf k gfpoesesrf' Å \cia -65=<% fpl{nkgrf v{k) cs

ksr{becscs bf rkcpef bf ocn{geofìïc bksoc`pepfn v{k k}esrefn sîn`cics rpfgsnerebcs tkif



2?

nîbef v{k ocgskl{kn egrkpakpep bk nfgkepf ocgsebkpæqki gf scoekbfbk' V{k rkgrfn sciebeaeofp

c ocgs{nc tfpregbc bc bkskhc bc egbeqeb{c'

Cs tkpscgflkgs afifn sc`pk fr{fiexfìïc bf ncbf' Faepnfn v{k ocntpfn) skntpk) c v{k

s{plk bk gcqc gc nkpofbc) tpegoetfinkgrk) gc v{k sk pkakpk f pko{psc rkogciÿleoc' Nfes bc

v{k essc) gc ncnkgrc v{k qïc o{ntpep {nf nessïc fs s{tcsrfs ’fpnfs„) {reiexfbfs tkifs

nkgegfs) sïc tpcb{rcs k}tcsrcs gc nkpofbc bk ocgs{nc) v{k) tcss{kn pko{pscs) tfpf fiån

bk s{fs pkfes a{gìûks' Ofgoiege -6555% bkakgbk v{k ocgs{nep afx tfprk bc tpcokssc bk

scoefiexfìïc) nfs bk acpnf v{k frkgbf gkokssebfbks' Kgrïc) c egbeqîb{c gïc bkqk sk o{pqfp)

sc`pk {nf tfbpcgexfìïc bk ocgs{nc k}fokp`fbc' Essc egbeof v{k) gf scoekbfbk bk ocgs{nc)

fs tkpscgflkgs sïc pktpkskgrfbfs tcp ocgs{nebcpks fssîb{cs) pktpkskgrfbcs gc bkskgmcfgenfbc'

Nfes rfpbk) fs nkgegfs k Nkgb qïc oftr{pfp c qeiïc) v{k ksræ rkgrfgbc rpfgsacpnfp rcbfs fs

tksscfs bc n{gbc kn ocgs{nebcpks) kn tcrkgoefes) bk ofaå' Nfes kstkoeaeofnkgrk) bk {nf

pkbk bk ofaå) f ’Bfs Ocaakmf{s„' Fs nkgegfs {sfn besafpok kn rcbfs fs nessûks' Ocnc ksrïc

kgrpfgbc kn {n fnèkgrk apkv{kgrfbc tkics ksr{bfgrks bf afo{ibfbk) kifs {sfn pc{tfs nfes

icglfs ocn ocprks nfes oiæsseocs' F pc{tf sfe ocnc enflkn bc ocn{geofbcp) k sk nfrkpefiexfbepkrc gc ocptc bfs nkgegfs' Nkgb ksræ ocn kifs k pkoifnf bk r{bc) f rcbc c ncnkgrc)

egoi{seqk bf pc{tf' Kif gïc ocgskl{k kgrpfp gc kstîperc bf nessïc) {nf qkx v{k ksræ

tpkco{tfbf ocn s{fs pc{tfs) of`kic k enflkn'

Nkgb8 V{k retc bk fokssÿpec å kssf ncomeif pebîo{if) gkn ocnègf ocn cs nk{s sftfrcs'Z'''^

Nkgb8 K{ qc{ rkp v{k afifp ocn c omkak sc`pk kssf ncomeif'_fn8 Å Hkppu'

Nkgb8 Rfgrc afx) flcpf qè sk repf kssf ocesf mcppcpcsf bk oenf bk nen'Z'''^Nkgb8 @ecgf3 Qcoès gïc qïc nk afxkp qksrep essc g{gv{egmf'Oicqkp8 Z''^ r{bc `kn lkgrk) qfncs gcs sktfpfs) sfnk qcoè qfe omkofp fv{kif æpkf iæ) Fik}aeof ocn fs nksfs k k{ bc {nf cimfbf gc ̀ fpxegmc:Fik}8 kstkpf fe) k f Nkgb3_fn8 ke ofbè kif3Nkgb8 ce ) qc{ v{kpkp {n oftt{oegc'''_fn8 f lkgrk gïc qkec rcnfp ofaå Nkgb) flkgrk qkec kn {nf nessïc:Nkgb8 rcnfp oftt{regc å f negmf nessïc) bces) k{ ef tkpl{grfp tfpf c `fpnkg bcsbksftfpkoenkgrcs) k{ rfn`ån sc{ kstef sfèf3Z'''^Nkgb8 M{n) frå tfpkok) k{ repke cs `pegocs mæ n{erc rkntc) kiks gïc ocnègfqfn ocn f

negmf pc{tf'Z'''^Nkgb8 km k{ hæ ofgske bkssf mesrÿpef) qfncs kn`cpf



22

Fik}8 kso{rf fv{e) Nkgb) gcssf nkimcp fnelf s{ne{) k sk qcoè gïc fh{bfp f tpco{pfp) k{qc{ tklfp rcbfs fs s{fs pc{tfs bk lpeak k ifqfp ocn æl{f v{kgrk'Nkb8 Bøqebc&Fik}8 K}tkpenkgrf'Z'''^

Hkppu8 K{ gïc ske gïc) nfs k{ fomc v{k qcoès bkqkpefn qcirfp'Oicqkp8 F lkgrk gïc qfe bke}fp f _fn tfpf rpæs'Hkppu8 K{ ske v{k å beaîoei) nfs) k{ tpkoesc afxkp f fgæiesk bkssk `pegoc k qcoès tpkoesfnksr{bfp tfpf tpcqf'Nkgb8 E{t&& essc rf nfes skn lpfìf v{k c ocprk bk of`kic bf Oicqkp'

_fn å oftr{pfbf tkic qeiïc' Oicqkp k Fik} ‟ ocn Nkgb f repf ocic ‟ tfssfn tcp {n icglc

tpcokssc bk egqksrelfìïc) frå kgocgrpfpkn) gc s{`scic bf ofakrkpef) {nf aæ`peof bk ofaå' Gkif

qæpecs hcqkgs sïc akercs bk ksopfqcs) egoi{seqk _fn) kiks tpcb{xkn {n ofaå metgcrexfgrk' Kiks

rèn sc`pk s{fs of`kìfs {nf ofakrkepf) omkef bkssk ofaå' Nfs fs fnelfs bk _fn ocgskl{kn

sfiqæ.if) akomfn fs ocntcrfs fgrks v{k c ofaå skhf rcrfinkgrk bkstkhfbc gf p{f k oftr{pfn c

qeiïc' Rcbc kssk tifgc kpf ftkgfs tcpv{k c o{ppîo{ic bc pftfx gïc regmf sebc fokerc gf c{rpf

ofakrkpef bf oebfbk) f Nklf Ocaak Nfrr' K) tcp essc) kik v{kpef tpcqfp fc n{gbc v{k kpf

kaeoekgrk kn afxkp ofaå' Fc aegfi bf nessïc) fs nkgegfs ksrïc f sfiqc' Nkgb enticpf f Hkppu

v{k ftfl{k kssf ikn`pfgìf bf s{f of`kìf'

Z'''^Nkgb8 _f{bfìûks kstesgxegmfs'Z'''^Hkppu8 Flcpf) k{ fof`c bk pkok`kp f fgfiesk bc `pegoc bf _fn' Ftfpkgrknkgrk kik acebfgeaeofbc) tcp {nf ofaå n{erc acprk'Fik}8 Å) kgrïc gÿs qfncs rkp v{k qcirfp tfpf bfsocaak mfiss flcpf'Nkgb8 Å) sÿ v{k k{ qc{ rkp v{k t{ifp kssf tfprk bf nessïc' K{ fegbf gïc ocgskl{e k}e`ep fnegmf pc{tf gcqf'Z'''^Nkgb8 Afxkp qcoès scapkpkn å {nf ocesf) nfs aeofp oc`kprf bk acielkn å p{en bknfes'Z'''^Nkgb8 Nkgegfs qcoès o{ebfn bessc) fof`ke bk afxkp negmfs {gmfs'Z'''^

Nkgb8 K{ tpkaepc ocntpfp kn {nf ichf tct{ifp f tfssfp tcp r{bc essc bk gcqc'Hkppu8 enflegc v{k fs ocesfs gïc bkpfn okprc'Nkgb8 k{ gïc v{kpc ikn`pfp v{k kssf nessïc mcppîqki k gchkgrf focgrkok{'Nkgb -hæ gf ksocif%8 Gïc bkqkpef rkp {n fqesc tfpf kssk of`kic pebîo{ic)Oicqkp'

F tfpreoetfìïc bk Nkgb gc ktesÿbec) tfpkok skp) tpegoetfinkgrk tfpf bkncgsrpfp c v{fgrc c

egbeqîb{c bkqk qficpexfp f enflkn) c ocptc) sk{s tkprkgoks' Fssen) okbkgbc fcs ’kgofgrcs bc

rkp„ kik ocgskl{epæ sk ebkgreaeofp ocn kssf f scoekbfbk ocgrkntcpàgkf) v{k skl{gbc @kplkp k

I{ojnfg -6551%) gcs ncsrpfn v{k k}esrkn pklpfs tfbpcgexfbfs tfpf f cplfgexfìïc scoefi k

tfpf v{k c egbeqîb{c ocgself sk ebkgreaeofp ocn c nkec scoefi) kn v{k ksræ egskpebc) k v{k sïc

kssfs pklpfs v{k qïc nkbefp f ocgqeqègoef scoefi' Tfpkok v{k f tfpreoetfìïc bk Nkgb gc



2;

ktesÿbec å tfpf ncsrpfp) f rcbc ncnkgrc) v{fes sïcs fs pklpfs v{k bkqkn l{efp cs egbeqîb{cs

v{k v{kpkn afxkp tfprk bf ocntcseìïc scoefi bk @kqkpiu Meiis'C{ v{k finkhfn filc fssen'

Å bkgrpc bkssf iegmf bk k}tcseìïc v{k tfpkok skp c mkpcîsnc pkifoecgfbc bepkrfnkgrk ä

tfbpcgexfìïc bf egbøsrpef o{ir{pfi' C mkpcîsnc k}tcsrc) gc bkskgmc) tfpkok ksrfp fsscoefbc f

{n ocgrpcik) v{k a{gbfnkgrk fs pklpfs tfpf c `cn pkifoecgfnkgrc scoefi' Fv{kiks v{k) gïc

skl{kn fs pklpfs scoefes) {sfgbc bc ocgs{nc tfpf pksciqkpkn s{fs ap{srpfìûks) sïc ocicofbcs

f nfplkn bf scoekbfbk' Nfes v{k essc) fs nkgegfs ksteïs rpf`fimfn tfpf nfgrkpkn c tikgc

a{goecgfnkgrc bkssfs pklpfs scoefes'

F tfprep bk kgrïc) aeof ftfpkgrk c v{k Ofgoiege -6551% ofpforkpexf bk ’scoekbfbk fiekgfbf„) v{kskl{k) f rcbc ncnkgrc) {n ocntcprfnkgrc tfbpcgexfbc' Egbeqîb{cs v{k skgrkn.sk

tikgfnkgrk pkfiexfbcs sk ksreqkpkn ocgs{negbc' Fiån bessc) c egbeqîb{c ’f`pk nïc„ bk s{f

o{ir{pf tfpf sk fbkv{fp f fìûks ’o{srcnexfbfs„) v{k qego{ifn c ocgs{nc ä okprkxf bc `kn

ksrfp) ftcgrfbc tfpf c afrc bk v{k) c egbeqîb{c) v{k gïc ocgscnk) gïc å akiex' K fv{kik v{k

bkoebk qkp fs ser{fìûks bk acpnf beakpkgrk) gïc sïc ebkgreaeofbcs ocnc nkn`pc scoefi'

2'?'0 C tkpscgflkn

Cs ktesÿbecs) v{k skpïc {reiexfbcs tfpf fgæiesk bksrf skìïc) ksrïc pkifoecgfbcs ä qficpexfìïc

bf enflkn bc egbeqîb{c' C ktesÿbec C gcqc Qes{fi bc bkskgmc ’ F R{pnf bf Tksfbf„ k gc

ktesÿbec ) Best{rf gc Fofntfnkgrc) bc bkskgmc ’Rpès Ksteïs Bknfes„ k}tûkn c rpfrfnkgrc

bfbc tkifs nkgegfs fcs pkifoecgfnkgrcs fncpcscs) k f frer{bks k f best{rf tkif frkgìïc bcs

c{rpcs'

C ktesÿbec C gcqc Qes{fi) v{k ksræ kgrpk cs 1; ktesÿbecs bc bkskgmc ’F R{pnf bf Tksfbf„

rkn ocnc okgæpec c oi{`k bf firf scoekbfbk) v{fi f r{pnf ksræ focsr{nfbf f apkv{kgrfp' Hæ gf

tpenkepf okgf) @efgof B{tpkk afx sk{ omcakp \eismepk sk bkerfp gc omïc tfpf v{k kif tesk

sc`pk s{fs ocsrfs fc sfep bk s{f ien{segk' Tfpf ’tpklfpkn {nf tkìf„ kn @efgof) Ifpjk)

Rfggkp) Rpcu k Tekp) fh{bfn c \eismepk f sk ikqfgrfp bc omïc k pksciqkn bfp {n `fgmc bk ichf

bke}fgbc.c ocn ftfpègoef bk {n pftfx `kn nfes gcqc k scaesreofbc' Ifpjk v{ksrecgf sk c

tifgc gïc å bkscgksrc) Tekp fpl{nkgrf v{k kssf å f øgeof acpnf bk ocgskl{ep afxkp ocn v{k

@efgof qficpexk \eismepk' Tekp ocntpfpf ä enflkn bc omcakp f bk {n sfoc omkec bk ie}c'



21

Tfpf cs tkpscgflkgs bf rpfnf) f tkpscgfiebfbk bk {n egbeqîb{c å bkaegebc f tfprep bk s{f

qksrenkgrf' Tfpkok skp kssk {n bcs fstkorcs bf scoekbfbk bk ocgs{nc) tces Tekp) Rpcu k

Ifpjk egrer{ifn c omcakp bk ’ie}c„) ’`fikef„) ’lcpbegmc„) ocnc sk) tfpf kiks) essc acssk n{erc

gcpnfi' Tkppcre -6554% bkakgbk v{k c egbeqîb{c å fokerc gc nkec kn v{k ocgqeqk f tfprep

bfv{eic v{k ocgscnk) bfv{eic v{k tcbk rkp' Kik gïc nfes å qficpexfbc tkics sk{s qficpks

ncpfes' C egbeqîb{c gïc sk entcprf ocn c ocgmkoenkgrc) nfs ocn fv{eic v{k sk rkn' Essc

egbeof v{k egrer{ifn c pftfx tkif enflkn v{k qkkn k rkgrfn rpfgsacpnæ.ic gc v{k kik gïc å)

ftkgfs tfpf kgrpfp gcs tfbpûks bfv{kik nkec scoefi'

@efgof8 \eismepk) qcoè gïc kstkpf v{k k{ tesk gkssf tcìf) gïc å3\eismepk8 Å oifpc v{k gïc) negmf tpegoksegmf'

@efgof8 Lcsrke'Z'''^Ifpoj8 Ocerfbf bf @efgof) rkgmc rfgrf tkgf bkif'Tekp8 Bkif3 K fv{kik tc`pk lcpbegmc hclfbc gf ifnf3Ifpoj8 Qfncs fh{bæ.ic'Rpcu8 Å oifpc) k{ skntpk a{e f afqcp bk sfiqfp `fikefs fssfssegfs nksnc'Tekp8 \eismepk) sk{ `c`fimïc) tcp v{k qcoè bke}f f @efgof tesfp kn qcoè fssen3\eismepk8 K{ ske) å m{neimfgrk) nfs tkic nkgcs kif ræ rcofgbc kn nen) gå3&Tekp8 Tfpkok v{k qcoè lcsrc{'Ifpoj8 \eismepk) qcoè hæ tkgsc{ v{k f @efgof tcbk gïc skp f lfpcrf okprf tfpf qcoè3\eismepk8 Gïc fbefgrf Ifpoj) kif afx ocn v{k k{ nk segrf ÿrenc' Nksnc v{fgbc k{ ksrc{nk skgrebc tåssenc'

C gcqc lfiï) rfn`ån afx f{ifs bk krev{krf) sk egrkpf sc`pk f acpnf ocnc ocgqkpsfn @efgof k

cs hcqkgs v{k afxkn tfprk bc oîpo{ic bk fnexfbks bf lfpcrf' Kgv{fgrc \eismepk lfgmf pc{tfs

gcqfs) kstfpreimc tfpf tfpkokp v{k kik å nfes nflpc) of`kic gcqc) ftpkgbk f rkp tcsr{pf k f

lfifgrkfp {nf n{imkp' @efgof k fs nkgegfs aeofn kn tciqcpcsf fc sf`kp bc gcqc pftfx' Gf

ichf bk pc{tf) \eismepk qepf f qfseimf bk `esocerc bk {nf qkx gf `cof) c bcgc bf ichf sk

kstfgrf' @efgof sk tpctûk f bfp {nf aksrf tfpf pkok`kp c hcqkn) {nf aksrf bk lfif' F

n{bfgìf bk ocntcprfnkgrc afx ocn v{k @efgof k rcbfs fs c{rpfs lfpcrfs bc oîpo{ic scoefi bc

lp{tegmc) fof`fn ftfe}cgfbfs tkic gcqc lfiï bf r{pnf) k essc bke}f c omcakp akiex k

bksi{n`pfbc'

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egbøsrpef bc ocgs{nc' K essc ksræ qego{ifbc f tfbpïc bk `kikxf) gf acpnf bk sk ocntcprfp k

frå gf acpnf bk afifp c{ fgbfp' Kgrïc) tfpkok skp tcssîqki) gc ktesÿbec bksoperc foenf)

bksrfofp kqebkgoefs bk {nf scoekbfbk bk ocgs{nc' C tkpscgflkn bc omcakp sÿ å qesrc) ocnc

{n nkn`pc bf scoekbfbk) f tfprep bc ncnkgrc v{k f`fgbcgf s{fs pkakpègoefs o{ir{pfes tfpf



2<

fbcrfp {n retc bk ocntcprfnkgrc tfbpcgexfbc' Nfes bc v{k essc) sk fbkv{fp f kssk retc bk

tfbpïc å v{k ebkgreaeof c egbeqîb{c'

C besafpok gïc b{pf n{erc' Fc omklfp fc oi{`k k s{`ep fs ksofbfpefs) cs `crûks bk s{f `i{sf sk

f`pkn' @efgof bksoc`pk v{kn å c gcqc lfifgrkfbcp) sk kga{pkok' k pko{sf f cakpkokp f aksrf

tfpf \eismepk' Ifpjk) gc kgrfgrc) sk tpctûk f aeglep v{k å focntfgmfgrk bk \eismepk) tces

sf`k v{k @efgof lcsrf bk best{rfp c i{lfp bk bksrfv{k tct{ifp ocn kif' Fc qcirfp ä tcprf bc

sfiïc) bk `pfìcs bfbc ocn Ifpjk) @efgof bkncgsrpf ksrfp ftfe}cgfbf tkic pftfx) nfs kik f

pkhkerf bk rcbfs fs acpnfs' Essc afx ocn v{k @efgof c v{kepf nfes k nfes' Bktces bk rfgrc

enticpfp) \eismepk pksciqk sfep ocn @efgof' C kgocgrpc å {n bksfsrpk' @efgof `pelf ocn kik)

ocnc fgrks) k sfe ocppkgbc bc pksrf{pfgrk' \eismepk bkoebk) v{kp qcirfp f skp ocnc kpf) tcpv{klcsrfqf bf @efgof) v{k c nfi rpfrfqf) gïc kssf) v{k aeof gcs sk{s tås' K r{bc qcirf f skp ocnc

kpf fgrks nksnc'

Z'''^ Tekp8 Ksrfncs fv{e tfpf {nf nessïcNcpbcnc bf ichf8 C`qefnkgrk {nf nessïc bk ofpebfbkZ'''^Ncpbcnc bf ichf8 V{fi skpef c ksrfbc bk kstîperc mchk) ofqfimkepcs3Tekp8 K{ bepef ncbkpgc'Rpcu8 Essc nksnc c næ}enc bk ncbkpgebfbk'Z'''^@efgof8 Ke) lfpcrfs) fof`ke bk kso{rfp {n `cfrc bkieoecsc) sc`pk {n lfpcrc bkqfsrfbcp) v{kqfe omklfp fc oi{`k_|erom`cfpb8 F qkpbfbk) å v{k kik qepæ fv{e mchk ä gcerk) essc å c{ gïc å f ocesf nfeskntcilfgrk v{k hæ focgrkok{ gc oi{`k3 Rcbfs fs lfpcrfs ksrïc afifgbc sc`pk essc'@efgof8 Å v{fgbc ocgskl{kn afifp bk fil{nf ocesf'Z'''^Rpcu8 C epnïcxegmc å nfes apec'Ifpjk8 K{ lcsrc v{fgbc c pftfx f`pk f tcprf tfpf nen) å rïc lkgrei'Tekp8 Nfs f @efgof gïc lcsrf' Kif lcsrf bcs pftfxks v{k kif rkn v{k ocgv{esrfpZ'''^@efgof8 K{ v{kpc bexkp v{k kn gcnk bk rcbfs fs nkgegfs bc oi{`k) k{ v{kpc rk bexkp v{kskhf `kn.qegbc' Qcoè v{kp nk bfp f lpfgbk mcgpf bk kgrpfp fc nk{ ifbc'Z'''^@efgof8 Kstkpf {n tc{oc) rkn fil{nf ocesf afneiefp gkssf `fppelf' \eismepk3\eismepk8 Ce) @efgof' C v{k qcoè fomf bfs negmfs pc{tfs gcqfs) gïc sïc v{kgrîssenfs3_|erom`cfpb8 Z'''^ Ifpjk R{gkp) lp{bc{ gkik) v{k ofsfi sentæreoc v{k kiks acpnfn' N{erfsakieoebfbks tfpf qcoès bces'@efgof8 Ifpjk R{gkp gïc qfe ocgskl{ep pc{`fp gegl{ån bk nen Z'''^@efgof8 Ce) \eismepk) qcoè å k}frfnkgrk v{kn k{ ksrfqf tpco{pfgbc'Z'''^\eismepk8 Bkso{itf) @efgof) qcoè rkqk s{f omfgok) flcpf k{ ksrc{ ocn f Ifpjk'Rpcu8 Å essc fî) epnïcxegmc' N{erc `kn) \eismepk' N{erc `kn'Z'''^Lfpìcn8 Nksf tfpf bces3@efgof8 Essc nksnc' K{ v{kpc {nf nksf n{erc `cf' Kssk mcnkn å f ocesf nfes entcprfgrkbf negmf qebf'\eismepk8 @efgof) qcoè gïc ocsr{nf flep bkssf nfgkepf'@efgof8 Gïc rkn entcpràgoef) nk{ fncp' Bk flcpf kn befgrk) k{ sÿ v{kpc afxkp qcoè akiex'



2=

Z'''^Rpcu8 Ofinf) \eismepk) sk qcoè gïc sk ocgrpcifp qfe tkpbkp kif tfpf skntpk'\eismepk8 Ocif) gïc) ofpf' Gïc nk entcprc ocn essc' Kssf gcqf @efgof gïc å f lfpcrf tcpv{kn nk ftfe}cgke nksnc tcn`f&Rpcu8 Rò sf`kgbc'

\eismepk8 Z'''^ K{ gïc ksrc{ gfbf sfresakerc ocn kssk nk{ gcqc qes{fi'Z'''^@efgof8 \eismepk) sk{ rcgrc Z'''^

\eismepk) ace rpfgsacpnfbc kn {n ksrkpkÿretc tpcgrc bf egbøsrpef bc ocgs{nc' Nfes bc v{k

bksocgsebkpfp cs qficpks åreocs k ncpfes bk {n egbeqîb{c bf scoekbfbk bk ocgs{nc) f

akieoebfbk bkssk egbeqîb{c bktkgbk bkssk ocgs{nc' Nfs tfpkok v{k c omcakp rkn {n

ncnkgrc bk f{rc.opîreof sc`pk c sesrknf bc ocgs{nc skp gkokssæpec) ocnc fpl{nkgrf Tkppcre

-6554%' \eismepk) tcpån f`fgbcgf c tfbpïc bk qebf) fc v{fi ace acpìfbc f skl{ep) tcpv{k

ocgrkgrf.sk ocn sk{ tftki gfv{kik n{gbc) bk rcrfi s{`nessïc ä tfrpcf' Kik å ftfe}cgfbctkifs cpbkgs bk @efgof'

Tkppcre -6554% ocgsebkpf v{k) f opefgìf gïc rkn ocgbeìûks bk ocimkp rcbfs fs egacpnfìûks bk

{nf nkgsflkn) kif afx essc bk acpnf apflnkgrfbf' Kgrïc gkssk rpkomc bc bkskgmc) tfpkok

v{k sk v{kp bkncgsrpfp v{k fv{kif å f qebf tkpakerf' Nfes bc v{k essc) f rcbc c ncnkgrc)

b{pfgrk c ktesÿbec) tfpkok v{k f opefgìf sÿ skpæ `kn fokerf tkics ociklfs f tfprep bc ncnkgrc

kn v{k reqkp h{srfnkgrk fv{eic v{k v{kp' Befgrk bessc) tfpkok v{k fv{e) ocnc gc ’`fgmc bkichf„) f opefgìf å ikqfbf f fopkberfp v{k kik sÿ rkpæ fnelcs sk reqkp cs nkimcpks tpcb{rcs) skhf

pc{tf c{ `pegv{kbcs' K ofsc kif gïc self kssfs pklpfs) bk ocntcprfnkgrc) k beæiclc) kif tcbk)

ocnc focgrkok ocn c omcakp) gïc skp pkocgmkoebf gf scoekbfbk'

Gc ktesÿbec pkocprfbc) Best{rf gc Fofntfnkgrc) bk ’Rpès Ksteïs Bknfes„) fs tpenkepfs

enflkgs bc ktesÿbec ncsrpfn {n ockimc gc nkec bk {nf ksrpfbf' Iclc kn skl{ebf) {n

mcnkn `frk c ofppc kn {nf æpqcpk) k rkn sk{ qkîo{ic ftkbpkhfbc tcp mcnkgs k n{imkpks)v{k tfpkokn rkpkn sfîbc bc rkntc bfs ofqkpgfs k ksrïc qecikgrcs' Ocprf.sk f okgf) k ftfpkok

f nfgsïc bfs ksteïs) kifs ksrïc tpktfpfgbc {nf aksrf' Gf ofsf fc ifbc) kso{rfn {nf `{xegf

bk ofnegmïc' Å Nkgb) pkok`kgbc {n tpcb{rc tfpf cpgfnkgrfìïc bk s{f aksrf) v{k ocnc bfs

nkgegfs) focgrkokpæ sæ`fbc f gcerk'

Fik}8 Nfes bkx k f lkgrk rf v{fsk iæ'[nf aksrf gïc å aksrf skn `k}elfs'_fnk8 K{ fomc v{k {nf aksrf gïc å aksrf skn nøseofs) gïc å) Oicqkp3Oicqkp8 K{ fomc v{k {nf aksrf gïc å {nf aksrf skn `kehfp {n lfregmc' Tkic nkgcs fs aksrfs

v{k k{ qc{'Z'''^Nkgb8 _k v{k`pfp qfe rkp v{k tflfp) qe{&&&



25

Nkgb8 Cimf sk gïc sïc fs rpès gegl{ågs' @kn gf mcpf bk qkp f gcqebfbk tfpf negmf aksrf'_fnk8 [n scpqkrk kn acpnf bk qcoè3 V{k `pklf'Nkgb8 _cpqkrk3 Ræ ic{of' Kssk å c sîn`cic bf negmf aksrf' Ksapefgbc f of`kìf gc sæ`fbc fgcerk'Oicqkp8 Gfbf f qkp å gc nksnc bef bf gcssf aksrf'

Nkgb8 _åpec3 K{ ske v{k qcoès rpès qïc sk beqkprep n{erc) scxegmfs' Rkgmc v{k ep) rcocicofgbc c pegl bk tfregfìïc gf tesoegf'_fn8 Ocn f aksrf bk lkic) ocnc f lkgrk qfe s{tkpfp essc3Oicqkp8 Ocn {n o{stebcp bk aclc3

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fs rkgbègoefs bf ncbf) v{kn ocntpf nfes v{k v{kn' Gkssk ktesÿbec kstkoîaeoc) best{rf.sk f

enflkn bf aksrf tkpakerf' Kssk å {n ocntcprfnkgrc v{k bæ egbîoecs f {n ftkic ocgs{nesrf'

Bk focpbc ocn Elgæoec -044=%) sïc egbeqîb{cs fssen) v{k qeqkn kn ocgsrfgrk fiekgfìïc tkic

ocgs{nc) afxkgbc ocn v{k fs hcqkgs tpco{pkn ksrfp bkgrpc bk bkrkpnegfbcs tfbpûks) bfscoekbfbk bk ocgs{nc' Fiån bc v{k) n{erfs qkxks) c ocgaierc v{k tkpnkef f best{rf å nfes

entcprfgrk bc v{k) ksr{bfp) c{ pksciqkp fs nessûks' Fs nessûks kgqciqkn qeiûks v{k

tpkrkgbkn fof`fp ocn c n{gbc'

Fs nkgegfs sïc s{lfbfs tkic scaæ' Acpfn tfpf nfes {nf nessïc' Tpkoesfqfn bksoc`pep)

tcpv{k hcqkgs ocn {n bcn kstkoefi kn okprf æpkf bf freqebfbk m{nfgf) ksrfqfn sk rcpgfgbc

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nessïc'

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fs nkgegfs ofgrkn) essc bæ {nf ebåef tfpf Fik}) sk kifs omfnfsskn {nf `fgbf afncsf tfpf

rcofp gf aksrf) kifs ocgskl{epefn s{tkpfp Nkgb' _ÿ v{k f akieoebfbk bfs ksteïs b{pf tc{oc)

Nkgb hæ ocgrpfrc{ f `fgbf'



;4

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k{ sc{ f nfecp ksrpkif k c n{gbc hæ sf`k„' Fc omklfp fc fofntfnkgrc sk bktfpfn ocn {nf

okgf) {nf nïk fbqkpregbc c aeimc8 ’Z'''^ Kso{rk nk{ aeimc) k{ v{kpc v{k qcoè qcirk tfpf ofsf

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B{pfgrk f ksrfbef gc fofntfnkgrc) fs nkgegfs pkoifnfn v{k fv{kif nessïc tcbk ocicofp kn

pesoc c kqkgrc v{k tpkrkgbkn bfp gf ofsf bkifs' Bktces bk bksqkgbfpkn c nesråpec) k

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nfpofgrk gf scoekbfbk bc ocgs{nc' Essc tfpkok egbeofp v{k) c ocntcprfnkgrc bcs

tkpscgflkgs bksopercs ofpforkpexfn nfes {nf) kgrpk fs qæpefs acpnfs bk ocgs{nc' C ocgs{nc

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skgrenkgrfi' Gc bkskgmc ’Rpès Kstefs Bknfes„) {nf bfs tkpscgflkgs skntpk sk ftfe}cgf tcp

{n pftfx' Hæ gc bkskgmc ’R{pnf bf Tksfbf„) k}esrk {n hcqkn v{k å c c`hkrc bk ocgs{nc bfs

ncìfs' Kn rcbcs bces bkskgmcs) cs pkifoecgfnkgrcs sïc tfssflkepcs k `fskfbcs kn egrkpkssks'

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nkgsflkgs rpfgsnerebfs kn bkskgmcs bkqkn sk ftcefp gf rpfgsnessïc bk qficpks ncpfes) k gïc kn

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;0

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tklfp rpfgstcprk tø`ieoc' Fegbf) v{k flcpf kif tpkoesf fh{bfp f afnîief) tcp essc tpkoesf

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nksnf acpnf v{k rpfrf sk{ omcakp'

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pkstcgbk ’Z'''^ Essc v{k å `cn kn pkifìïc fcs skpqeìfes) qcoè gïc tpkoesf skp lkgrei ocn kiks'„

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bæ f gcrîoef bf afiègoef bf afnîief' @efgof aeof fppfsfbf) fpp{nf {n kntpklc) k cs nkgegcs

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rkikqeseqcs ocnc kssks ikqfn f opefgìf f rkp {nf gcìïc bkr{ptfbf bc v{k skhf cs

ocntcprfnkgrcs k fìûks pkifoecgfbcs ä qebf pkfi' _{fs nkgsflkgs bkr{ptfn cs qficpks åreocs



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v{k pklkn {nf scoekbfbk) ocnc pkstkerc k kb{ofìïc' Tfpkokn skp `fskfbcs gc pkaik}c bk

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fnexfbk) bkssks tkpscgflkgs) tcp k}kntic aeof.sk k}tcsrc gc ktesÿbec) tcbkp fv{esereqc k c

tcbkp kn ocgs{nep sïc afrcpks bkrkpnegfgrk tfpf bkoebep c oîpo{ic bk fnexfbk' N{erc kn`cpf

gc bkskgmc ftfpkìkn fil{gs aifsmks bk occtkpfìïc) kik akomf sk{ kgpkbc ocn f nkgsflkn

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bk s{`nessïc fc tkpok`kp v{k gïc rkn nfes begmkepc' Tfpf cs f{rcpks) cs nkecs bk

ocn{geofìïc qesfn ftkgfs ä ocgreg{ebfbk bc sesrknf ofterfiesrf) tcp essc rpfgsnerkntpcb{rcs ocn kssk retc bk nkgsflkn'

2'2'0 Bkskgmc fgenfbc8 F k}tcseìïc bc ocntcprfnkgrc ocgs{nesrf

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ocn{geofbcp rcof) å Hkppu omfnfgbc fs nkgegfs tfpf aksrf bk gfrfi bf \CCT' Fik}

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kgrïc) pkqkif v{k) gïc å {n ocgqerk å f nessïc ’tpå.aksrf„' V{fgbc ksrïc fpl{nkgrfgbc

gcqfnkgrk) kifs sïc s{lfbfs tcp {n a{pfoïc' Iæ gf \CCT) fikn bf nessïc) Hkppu tkbk fs

nkgegfs tfpf ientfpkn sk{ ksoperÿpec) kifs sk pko{sfn' F aksrf ocnkìf) ocn kif f nessïc bc

bef'

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ocgrpe`{egbc tfpf s{f acpnfìïc' Tfpregbc bkssf beso{ssïc) tcpån) cs kiknkgrcs kgocgrpfbcs

gcs bkskgmcs bksopercs ftcgrfn tfpf {nf k}oksseqf beq{ilfìïc k pkfaepnfìïc bk {n

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ocgmkoenkgrc) bc sf`kp) bc egbeqîb{c'Gc kgrfgrc) f rkikqesïc opef tpclpfnfs v{k bïc ègafsk f

ocntcprfnkgrcs v{k sïc pkaik}cs bf scoekbfbk' F tfprep bk bkskgmc fgenfbcs ocnc) ’F

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egqkgrfp k bk enflegfp' Fssen) c ocgrkøbc tpcb{xebc tfpf kssk tøìeoc) tfprk bf ocgsrp{ìïc

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bc egbeqîb{c'

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a{gìïc bk kgsegfp' Faen bk v{k) kn ocgrfrc ocn c nkec scoefi) kssk egbeqîb{c ftpkskgrk

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pktkgsfp f nfgkepf bk afxkp RQ' Fegbf) bk v{k`pfp tfpfbelnfs v{k sk aepnfpfn gc tfrpcoîgec)

kgrïc kn nkgsflkgs pkifoecgfbfs fc ocgs{nc'

Gc skl{gbc oftîr{ic) qkpeaeoc{.sk v{k f rkikqesïc kqci{e h{grc ä scoekbfbk' Nfs v{k s{f

acpnf bk opefp tpcb{rcs) qcirfbcs tfpf c tøìeoc egafgrei) sïc fbcrfbcs tcp c{rpcs nkecs bk

fokssc ä o{ir{pf v{k f opefgìf rkn' Tcp essc) nksnc v{k c rkfrpc rkgrk opefp {nf nkgsflkn

ocgrpæpef f rcbc kssk oeoic bksoperc foenf) oegknf) v{fbpegmcs) nøseof k bkskgmc fgenfbc sïc

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Gc v{k bex pkstkerc pkaik}c bc ocntcprfnkgrc bc fb{irc) k v{k afx tfprk bf scoekbfbk bk

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ocgsrp{ìïc bkssk tpcb{rc' F tfprep bfî) ocgsrfrc{.sk v{k) å tpkoesc rkp nfes frkgìïc ocn c

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14

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ocgrkgrfp ocn tc{oc) kik tpkoesf v{kpkp ocgs{nep nfes) k nfes' Essc qfe imk lfpfgrep kv{eiî`pec

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egbeqîb{c ocgscnk'

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gcqc Qes{fi k Best{rf gc Fofntfnkgrc%' Cs tkpscgflkgs bkncgsrpfn v{k å gkokssæpec v{k

s{f enflkn pkaierf fv{eic v{k kik å' C lp{tc bk tkpscgflkgs bk fn`cs cs bkskgmcs sïc

hcqkgs) peocs) `kn qksrebcs k `kics' Ncpfn kn s{gr{csfs nfgsûks' Fs hcqkgs best{rfn

skntpk f frkgìïc bc pftfx nfes `kic' Kik bkqk ksrfp bkgrpc bk tfbpûks bk `kikxf ksret{ifbcs'

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ftkgfs fc bkskhc bk sk bksrfofp gf scoekbfbk'

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-pkaik}c bf scoekbfbk bc ocgs{nc gc bkskgmc fgenfbc% v{k å gkokssæpec) fgrks bk nfes gfbf)



16

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ocgrpf tfprebf) f scoekbfbk tpkoesf sk tpktfpfp tfpf k}elep {nf nîbef bk v{fiebfbk'



10

PKAKPÈGOEF_

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http://www.culturainfancia.com.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=154:artigos-e-teses&Itemid=206






1?

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Pklegf -cpl'% F tpcb{ìïc o{ir{pfi tfpf f opefgìf' 2' kb' Tcprc Fiklpk8 Nkpofbc F`kprc)6554'

http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicexternas/enciclopedia_ic/index.cfm?fuseaction=termos_texto&cd_verbete=5354


http://www.bocc.uff.br/pag/bocc-bolshaw2-cultura.pdf

http://www.bocc.uff.br/pag/bocc-bolshaw2-cultura.pdf





12

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kn8 60 nfp 0466

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http://www.unifia.edu.br/projetorevista/edicoesanteriores/agosto09/artigos/educacao/cinemadeanimacao.pdf


http://www.intercom.org.br/papers/nacionais/2009/resumos/R4-1225-1.pdf

http://www.intercom.org.br/papers/nacionais/2009/resumos/R4-1225-1.pdf





1;

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BQB

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Z2}?^) tcpr{l{ès'

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RCRFIIU _teks8 rpès ksteïs bknfes' Gfrfi bc nfi' Bepkìïc8 Nfbfikegk Ikqksv{k' Tpcb{ìïc'Nfpfrmcg Tpcb{orecg' Besrpe`{ebcpf8 Cokfg Teor{pks bc @pfsei' Icofi8 Apfgìf8 Gfoecgfi) 044<'; BQB -11 neg' %) Bciù Belerfi 0'4) ocicpebc) skn iklkgbf) _rfgbfpb 6'??86 Z2}?^)tcpr{l{ès'

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_(est%C3%BAdio)






entretenimento na tv para o pÚblico infantil:a representação da sociedade do consumo nos desenhos...

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