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Entheogens:WhatsinaName?TheUntoldHistoryofPsychedelicSpirituality,SocialControl,andtheCIA

ByJanIrvin

November11,2014v.3.5,Nov.20,2014

O,besomeothername!

What'sinaname?thatwhichwecallaroseByanyothernamewouldsmellassweet;WilliamShakespeare,RomeoandJuliet

IntroductionToday there are many names for drug substances that we commonly refer to as hallucinogens,psychedelics,psychoactives,orentheogens,etal.Butithasntalwaysbeenthatway.Thestudyofthehistoryandetymologyofthewordsforthesefascinatingsubstancestakesus,surprisingly,rightintotheheartofmilitaryintelligence,andwhatbecametheCIAsinfamousMKULTRAmindcontrolprogram,and revealshow thenames themselveswereused inmarketing these substances to thepublic, andespeciallytotheyouthandcountercultures.1

Theofficialhistoryhas itthattheCIApersonnel involved inMKULTRAwere justdupes,kindofstupid,and, by their egregious errors, the psychedelic revolution happened thwarting their efforts. TheclaimisthatthesesubstancesgotoutoftheCIAscontrol.WordslikeblowbackandincompetenceareoftentossedaroundinsuchtheoriesregardingtheCIAandmilitaryintelligence,butwithoutmuch,ifany,supportingevidence.

ItsalmostimpossibletodaytohaveadiscussionregardingtheactualdocumentsandfactsofMKULTRAandthepsychedelicrevolutionwithoutsomeoneinterruptingtoinformyouhowitreallyhappenedeventhoughmostoftentheyhaveneverstudiedanythingonthesubject.

Aswegetstarted,Iwouldliketoproposethatwequestionthisideaofblowback:Whodoesitbenefittobelieve that itwasallanaccidentand that theCIAandmilitary intelligencewere justdupes?Does itbenefityou,orthem?Itmightbeuncomfortableforamomentforsomeofustoadmitthatmaybethey(theagents)werentsostupid,andmaybeweweretheonesduped.Sometimesthebestmedicineistojustadmithey,yougotmeand laugh itoff.ForthoseofyouwhoveheardtheseblowbacktheoriesandhaventconsideredthepossibilitythattheCIAcreatedthesemovements intentionally,thisarticlemaybechallengingforyou,butstickwithit,asitwillbeworthyourwhile.

Nowwereready.Because,defensesaside,amorehonest,andlessbiased,inquiryintothehistoryandfactsreveals,startlingly,somethingquitedifferentfromthepopularmyths.Thispaperreveals,forthe

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first time, how the opposite of the official history is true, and that the CIA did, in fact, create thepsychedelicrevolutionandcounterculturesintentionally.

As Ill show in thisarticle, thegoalhadchangedand theywantedaname thatwouldhelp sell thesesubstancestothemassesassourcesofspiritualenlightenmentratherthan insanity. IntheirbookThePsychedelicExperience:AManualBasedontheTibetanBookoftheDead,weseedoctorsTimothyLeary,RalphMetzner,andRichardAlpertexplain:

Ofcourse,thedrugdosedoesnotproducethetranscendentexperience.Itmerelyactsasachemical key it opens themind, frees thenervous systemof itsordinarypatternsandstructures. The nature of the experience depends almost entirely on set and setting. Setdenotesthepreparationoftheindividual,includinghispersonalitystructureandhismoodatthetime.Settingisphysicaltheweather,theroom'satmosphere;socialfeelingsofpersonspresenttowardsoneanother;andculturalprevailingviewsastowhatisreal.Itis forthisreasonthatmanualsorguidebooksarenecessary.Theirpurposeistoenableaperson to understand the new realities of the expanded consciousness, to serve as roadmapsfornewinteriorterritorieswhichmodernsciencehasmadeaccessible.2TimothyLeary,RalphMetzner,RichardAlpert

Butwhatwas thepurposeofallof this?They state Thenatureof the experiencedepends almostentirelyonsetandsetting.Aswelldiscoveronthisetymologicaltrip,itwasallaboutmarketingtheCIAsmarketingregardingsetandsetting.Soundlikeawhackyconspiracytheoryyet?Aswellsoondiscover, its not. The CIAs MKULTRA program was very real, was exposed before Congress in theRockefellerandChurchCommissions,andwasallover thenewsmedia in the1970s.But thatwas40yearsagoandthisisnow.Sowhyshouldwecare?Becausemuchoftheprogramwasntrevealedinthe1970sandpersists to thepresent,and itaffected justabouteveryone. Itwasnt limited to justa fewthousand victims of the CIAs secret human experiments. Therewere actuallymanymore victims millionsmore.Youmayhavebeenoneofthem.

Aswell see, this idea that thepsychedelic revolution and counterculturewere intentionally createdaffectsmostofus:theyouthcaughtupindruguse,theparents,theantiwarmovement,thoseinvolvedin thepsychedelic revolutionor inpolitics;aswellasartists,orpeoplewhouse thesesubstances forspirituality,orevenanyonewhoseverspokenthewordpsychedelic.Itaffectsusbecause,aswellsee,thatswhatitwasmeanttodo.

In the early years of research into these drugs, psychology researchers and military intelligencecommunities sometimes called them, aside from hallucinogen, by the name "psychotomimetic" whichmeanspsychosismimicking.Thewordhallucinogen,togeneratehallucinations,camejustafewyears before psychotomimetic. The same year that psychotomimetic was created we also saw thecreation of the word psychedelic which means to manifest the mind. The last stage of thisetymological evolution, as well see, was the word entheogen which means to generate godwithin.Wellreturntohallucinogenandtheseotherwordsinthecourseofourjourney.

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Whilethesewordsmayhavetoldwhatthesesubstancesdo inthe intelligencecommunityscollectiveunderstanding,accurateornot, theyare loadedwith implications.Suggestibility,otherwiseknownassetandsetting,isoneofthem.Thestudyofthehistoryofthesewords,theiretymology,revealshowMKULTRAresearcherscoveredupandkeptcoveredupuntilnowthatisthisaspectoftheMKULTRAmindcontrolprogram.

PsychotomimetictopsychedelicInthe1950smostCIAcandidatesandagentswererequiredtotakepsychedelicorhallucinogenicdrugstopreparethemforchemicalandbiologicalwarfareattack.Thisrequirementdidn'tturntheagencyintohippies.Asthisarticlewillshow,marketingandPRpeoplethattheAgencylaterhiredcreatedthatendresult.

19November1953MEMORANDUMFORTHERECORD[]The Medical Office commented also on the draft memorandum to DCI from Director ofSecurity,subject:ProjectExperimentalProjectUtilizingTraineeVolunteers; totheeffectthat itwas recommended the programnot be confinedmerely tomale volunteer traineepersonnel but that the field of selection be broadened to include all components of theAgencyandrecommendedthatthesubjectmemorandumbechangedasappropriatetothebroadening of such scope. The Project committee verbally concurred in thisrecommendation.[]3~CIAMKULTRAfiles

As JayStevens,authorofStormingHeaven, reveals in the followingquote,suggestibilityplaysa largepartinthewaypsychedelicdrugswork.

TodrivesomeonecrazywithLSDwasnogreataccomplishment,particularlyifyoutoldtheperson he was taking a psychotomimetic and you gave it to him in one of those pastelhospitalcellswithagrimnursestandingbyscribblingnotes.4~JayStevens

Psychotomimetic (psychosismimicking) is aword loadedwith implications, suggestibility being themostimportant.This issomething thatAldousHuxley,Dr.TimothyLeary,R.GordonWassonandothersmadeclear intheirbooksandarticles.Inordertosuggestwhatthecreatorsofthepsychedelicrevolutionwanted,theyhadtopayparticularattentiontothename(s)usedforthesesubstances.

What'sinaname?...Answer,practicallyeverything.5~AldousHuxley

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However, formarketingandPRpurposes, thewordpsychotomimeticwasabandoned,orremarketed,notlongafteritwascreatedin1957.

Butwhyisallofthisimportant?

AsHuxleyjustadmittedabove:What'sinaname?...Answer,practicallyeverything.Insanity,orpsychosismimicking,oreven generatinghallucinations, arent attractive terms anddontworkwellformarketingpurposesorfortheoutcomeofthepsychedelicor,more importantly,theentheogenicexperience.

Thoughthismaysoundimplausibleatfirst,thepurposeofmakingthesesubstancesmoreattractivewasto intentionallysellthem,andnot justtopatients inhospitalwardsandtothose inachairwiththeirtherapists,but,especially,totheyouthandcounterculturesoftheworldanefariouspurposeindeed.HereLearyreflectsonArthurKoestlersworkregardingjuvenilization:

FromKoestler I learned about juvenilization, the theory that evolution occurs not in theadult(finalform)ofaspeciesbutinjuveniles,larvals,adolescents,preadults.Thepracticalconclusion: if you want to bring about mutations in a species, work with the young.Koestlers teaching about paedomorphosis prepared me to understand the geneticimplicationsofthe1960syouthmovementanditsrejectionoftheoldculture.6~TimothyLeary

Theunderstandingofsuggestibility,orsetandsetting, includingthenamegiventhesesubstances, iseverythinginhowpsychedelicsworkandwerestudied(andused)bytheCIAforsocialcontrol.

What could the name be replaced with? This was the problem set before those interested inremarketing these substances to the youth, counterculture and artists around the world. WhendiscussinghowtomarketthesedrugswithHumphryOsmond,AldousHuxleyremarked:

Aboutanameforthesedrugswhataproblem!7~AldousHuxley

Over a couple decades this project would be undertaken by two different teams: Aldous Huxley,HumphryOsmondandAbramHoffer;and thesecond,headedbyProfessorCarlA.P.RuckofBostonUniversity,includedR.GordonWasson,andalsoJonathanOtt,JeremyBigwoodandDanielStaples.

SomeofusformedacommitteeundertheChairmanshipofCarlRucktodeviseanewwordforthepotionsthatheldAntiquityinawe.Aftertryingoutanumberofwordshecameupwithentheogen,godgeneratedwithin,whichhiscommitteeunanimouslyadopted[].8~GordonWasson

Andthoughtheydefendthem,MartinLeeandBruceShlainrevealsomeoftheseremarketingtacticsinAcidDreams:

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The scientist who directly oversaw this research project was Dr. Paul Hoch, an earlyadvocate of the theory that LSD and other hallucinogens were essentially psychosisproducingdrugs.InsucceedingyearsHochperformedanumberofbizarreexperimentsforthearmywhilealsoservingasaCIAconsultant.IntraspinalinjectionsofmescalineandLSDwere administered to psychiatric patients, causing an "immediate, massive, and almostshocklikepicturewithhigherdoses."Aftereffects ("generalized discomfort," "withdrawal," "oddness," and "unreality feelings")lingeredfortwotothreedays followingthe injections.Hoch,wholaterbecameNewYorkState Commissioner for Mental Hygiene, also gave LSD to psychiatric patients and thenlobotomizedtheminorder tocomparetheeffectsofacidbeforeandafterpsychosurgery.("It ispossible thata certainamountofbraindamage isof therapeuticvalue,"Hochoncestated.) Inoneexperiment ahallucinogenwas administeredalongwith a local anestheticandthesubjectwastoldtodescribehisvisualexperiencesassurgeonsremovedchunksofhiscerebralcortex.9~MartinLeeandBruceShlain

In the followingquote theauthors reveal theirbias in the situation,arguing for the spiritualaspects,while in the same book denying the psychosis aspects and that the psychedelic revolutionwasintentionallycreatedbytheCIA:

Many other researchers, however, dismissed transcendental insight as either "happypsychosis"oralotofnonsense.Thekneejerkreactiononthepartofthepsychotomimeticstalwarts was indicative of a deeply ingrained prejudice against certain varieties ofexperience. In advanced industrial societies paranormal" states of consciousness arereadily disparaged as "abnormal" or pathological. Such attitudes, cultural as much asprofessional,playeda crucial role in circumscribing thehorizonof scientific investigationintohallucinogenicagents.10~MartinLeeandBruceShlain

Here Lee and Shlain resort to name calling and ridicule, for example referring to psychotomimeticstalwartsanddeeplyingrainedprejudice,asthefoundationoftheirargumentratherthanlookingattheevidenceitselfwhichsoundsironicinabookabouttheCIAusingthesesamesubstancesformindcontrol.Andwhowerethesepsychotomimeticstalwarts?WasitonlyDr.Hoch?Aswellsee,LeeandShlain seem to also be referring to Aldous Huxley, Humphry Osmond, Albert Hofmann and SashaShulgin.LeeandShlain,whilepartiallyexposingMKULTRA,thenpromotetheideathatthepsychotomimetictheorywasinvalid.Theycontinue:

Despite widespread acknowledgment that the model psychosis concept had outlived itsusefulness, the psychiatric orientation articulated by those of Dr. Hoch's persuasionprevailedintheend.Whenitcametimetolaydowntheirhand,themedicalestablishmentandthemediaboth"mimicked"the linethatforyearshadbeensecretlypromotedbytheCIA and themilitarythat hallucinogenic drugswere extremely dangerous because theydrovepeopleinsane,andallthistalkaboutcreativityandpersonalgrowthwasjustalotof

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hocus pocus. This perception of LSD governed themajor policy decisions enacted by theFDAandthedrugcontrolapparatusintheyearsahead.11[emphasisadded]~MartyLeeandBruceShlain

Hereweseetheideathatthepsychosisconcepthadoutliveditsusefulness.Whatdoesthatmeanexactly?Itsanambiguousstatement.Mostassumeittomeanthatthesubstancesdidntactuallycreatepsychosis.But isthattrue?What if, instead,duetotheabovementionedsuggestibilityfactorandsetandsetting, theydecided to remarket thesedrugsasspiritual rather thanpsychotic? Ifweentertainthisidea,werealizeitcouldtakejustanewnametochangenotonlyeverythingabouttheoutcomeoftheexperience,buthowquicklytheyouthandcounterculturewouldadoptthem.Wellexpandonthisideathroughoutthisarticle.

Ona sidenote, it shouldprobablybementioned that itwasactuallyTimothyLearyandArthurKlepswho went (along with Walter Bowart and Allen Ginsberg) before Congress in 1966 recommendingregulation.Youcanthaveagoodyouthfulrebellionwithlegalsubstances!

SenatorDodd.Don'tyouthinkthatthedrugneedstobeputundercontrolandrestriction?Dr.LEARY.Pardon,sir.SenatorDodd.Letmerephrasemyquestion.DontyoufeelthatLSDshouldbeputundersomecontrol,orrestrictionastoitsuse?Dr.LEARY.Yes,sir.SenatorDodd.Astoitssale,itspossession,anditsuse?Dr.LEARY.Idefinitelydo.Inthefirstplace,Ithinkthatthe1965DrugControlAct,whichthiscommittee,Iunderstand,sponsored,isthehighwatermarkinsuchlegislation.[]Dr.Leary.Yes,sir.Iagreecompletelywithyourbill,the1965DrugControlAct.IthinkthisisSenatorDodd.ThattheFederalGovernmentandtheStategovernmentsoughttocontrolit?Dr.Leary.Exactly.Iamin100percentagreementwiththe1965drugcontrolbill.SenatorKennedyofMassachusetts.SothereshouldntbeDr.Leary.IwishtheStates,Imightadd,wouldfollowthewisdomofthiscommitteeandtheSenate and Congress of the United States and follow your leadwith exactly that kind oflegislation.Senator Kennedy ofMassachusetts. So there should not be indiscriminate distribution ofthisdrugshouldthere?Dr.Leary. Ihaveneversuggested that, sir. Ihaveneverurgedanyone to takeLSD. Ihavealwaysdeploredindiscriminateorunprepareduse.12

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AstheUniversityofRichmondwebsiterelates:Learywas one ofmany expertswho testified at the 1966 subcommittee hearings,whichshowed both ardent support and uncompromising opposition to LSD.[] Just severalmonthsafter thesubcommitteehearings,LSDwasbanned inCalifornia.ByOctober1968,possession of LSD was banned federally in the United States with the passage of theStaggersDoddBill,markingatremendoussteptowardstheWarOnDrugscampaignthatwouldariseinthe1970s.13

ButwhowithintheCIAhadpromotedthistermpsychotomimetic?For a moment, lets turn to the Oxford English Dictionary, where, under the definition ofpsychotomimetic,itstates:

psychotomimetic,a.andn.[Orig.formedaspsychosomimetic,f.psychos(is+o+mimetica.,andlateralteredtomatchpsychotica.]A.Aadj.Havinganeffectonthemindorig.likenedtothatofapsychoticstate,withabnormalchangesinthought,perception,andmoodandasubjectivefeelingofanexpansionofconsciousness;oforpertainingtoadrugwiththiseffect.14

Under thequotations in theOED forpsychotomimetic,we further see thatR.W.Gerard is listed for1955,andthesecondentryfor1957isfromDr.HumphryOsmond:

1956R.W.GerardinNeuropharmacology:Trans.2ndConf.,1955132Letusatleastagreetospeakof socalledpsychoseswhenwearedealingwith them inanimals.Along thatsameline,IhavelikedatermwhichIhavebeenusinglatelypsychosomimeticfortheseagents insteadof schizophrenogenic. 1957Neuropharmacology:Trans. 3rdConf., 1956205(heading)Effectsofpsychosomimeticdrugsinanimalsandman.1957H.OsmondinAnn.N.Y.Acad.Sci.LXVI.417Thedesignationpsychotomimeticagentsforthosedrugsthatmimicsomeof thementalaberrations thatoccur in thepsychoseshadbeensuggestedbyRalphGerardandseemedespeciallyappropriate.15[emphasisadded]

If we read the OED entry carefully, what we see above is that Gerard actually used the termpsychosomimeticwithans,ratherthanpsychotomimeticwithat.Infact,itappearsfromtheOEDthatitwasOsmondhimselfwhowasfirsttobeginusingthetermpsychotomimetic,whichwasalsoadopted by the CIA andmilitary for their purposes. This sameOsmond, aswell soon discover, justmonths later created the name psychedelic for these substances. Notice that Osmond states Thedesignation psychotomimetic agents [] seemed especially appropriate. ThatOsmond created thewordpsychotomimeticisafactthatLeeandShlainseemtowanttoavoid.

InanotherinterestingquoteintheOEDfrom1970,weseenoneotherthanSashaShulginreferringtoibogaineasapsychotomimetic:

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1970A.T.ShulgininD.H.EfronPsychotomimeticDrugs25Ibogaineisanotherexampleinthefamilyofpsychotomimetics,withcomplexstructuresandnoresemblancetoknownmetabolicmaterials.16

WasthisaslipbyauthorsLeeandShlainrevealingthatOsmondandShulginwereCIA?

Itistrue,infact,thatbothworkedforthegovernment.WhileShulginworkedfortheDEA,hewasalsoamemberof the infamousBohemianClub17; and aswell seebelow,Osmond is revealed in theCIAsMKULTRAdocuments.18Butletsnotgetaheadofourselves.Wellcomebacktothisshortly.

In 1954, predating theOEDs reference toHuxleys close friendHumphryOsmond, in TheDoors ofPerceptionHuxleystated:

Mosttakersofmescalin[sic]experienceonlytheheavenlypartofschizophrenia.Thedrugbrings hell and purgatory only to thosewho have had a recent case of jaundice, orwhosufferfromperiodicaldepressionsorchronicanxiety.19~AldousHuxley

Hecontinued:

Theschizophrenicisasoulnotmerelyunregenerate,butdesperatelysickintothebargain.Hissicknessconsistsintheinabilitytotakerefugefrominnerandouterreality(asthesanepersonhabituallydoes) in thehomemadeuniverseofcommonsensethestrictlyhumanworld of useful notions, shared symbols and socially acceptable conventions. Theschizophrenicislikeamanpermanentlyundertheinfluenceofmescaline20~AldousHuxley

InHeavenandHellHuxleywenton:

Manyschizophrenicshavetheir timesofheavenlyhappiness;but the fact that(unlike themascalin[sic]taker)theydonotknowwhen,ifever,theywillbepermittedtoreturntothereassuringbanalityofeverydayexperiencecausesevenheaventoseemappalling.21~AldousHuxley

In their letters, Aldous Huxley and HumphryOsmondwere very concerned overwhat to call thesesubstances,butwhyshould thepublichavecaredwhat these twopeoplewanted tocall them?Theywerestillmostlysecretat this timeandhardlyanyoneknewabout themexcept throughmarketingeffortsandpublications.Furthermore,whywereHuxleyandOsmondsoconcerned,andwhywould itbeaproblem,unlesstherewereanulteriormotive?The issuehere isaBernaysian/Koestlertypemarketing strategy.Withaword likepsychotomimeticthese substances would have never taken hold in the youth and countercultures. It was fine forunderground LSD andother studiesby the intelligence community,but for thenewpurpose, theydneedanewname.FromHuxleyslettersinabooktitledMoksha,wefind:

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740NorthKingsRoad,LosAngeles46,Cal.30March,1956DearHumphry,Thankyouforyourletter,whichIshallansweronlybriefly,sinceIlookforwardtotalkingto you at length in New York before very long. About a name for these drugs what aproblem!IhavelookedintoLiddellandScottandfindthatthereisaverbphaneroein,"tomakevisibleormanifest,"andanadjectivephaneros,meaning"manifest,opentosight,evident."Thewordisusedinbotanyphanerogamasopposedtocryptogam.Psychodetic(4)issomethingIdon'tquitegetthehangofit.Isitananalogueofgeodetic,geodesy?Ifso,itwouldmeanminddividing,asgeodesymeansearthdividing, fromgeanddaiein.Couldyou call these drugs psychophans? or phaneropsychic drugs? Or what aboutphanerothymes?Thymosmeans soul, in its primaryusage, and is the equivalent of Latinanimus. The word is euphonious and easy to pronounce; besides it has relatives in thejargon of psychologye.g. cyclothyme. On the whole I think this is better thanpsychophanorphaneropsychic.[]

Yours,Aldous

[Phanerothymesubstantive.Phanerothymicadjective.]"Tomakethistrivialworldsublime,Takehalfagramofphanerothyme.

(4) Osmond hadmentioned psychedelics, as a new name formindchanging drugs to replace theterm psychotomimetics. Huxley apparently misread the word as "psychodetics," hence hismystification.Osmondreplied:"TofathomHellorsoarangelic,Justtakeapinchofpsychedelic.Huxleystilldidnotgetthespelling,whichhemadepsychodelic[Smith'snote].Huxleyinvariablyusespsychodelicforpsychedelic,asheandothersthoughtthelattertermincorrect.Huxley'sspellinghasbeen retained, as thiswasundoubtedlyhispreference. However, it failsone criterionofOsmond,whichisthatthetermbe"uncontaminatedbyotherassociations."22[emphasisadded]

Why was it important to meet the criterion for the new word to be uncontaminated by otherassociations?Theydontsay,butwecansurmisethatitsbecauseofthisremarketingstrategyandtheyneededtobecarefulofthetermchosen.Thewordpsychodeliccontainspsycho,butpsychocarriesnegativeassociations.Thisexplainswhypsychedelic is theonlyword in theEnglish language tousepsycheratherthanpsychothecriterionitfailedwascompleteavoidanceofanynamethatcouldimplyanegativeexperience.LeeandShlaininAcidDreamsgivetheirversionofthestorythus:

The twomenhadbeenclose friendseversinceHuxley's initialmescalineexperience,andtheycarriedonalivelycorrespondence.AtfirstHuxleyproposedthewordphanerothyme,which derived from roots relating to "spirit" or "soul." A letter to Osmond included thefollowingcouplet:

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Tomakethistrivialworldsublime,TakehalfaGrammeofphanerothyme.

TowhichOsmondresponded:

TofathomhellorsoarangelicJusttakeapinchofpsychedelic.

Andsoitcametopassthatthewordpsychedelicwascoined.Osmondintroducedittothepsychiatric establishment in 1957. Addressing a meeting of the New York Academy ofSciences,hearguedthathallucinogenicdrugsdid"muchmore"thanmimicpsychosis,andthereforeanappropriatenamemust"includeconceptsofenrichingthemindandenlargingthe vision." He suggested a neutral term to replace psychotomimetic, and his choice wascertainly vague enough. Literally translated, psychedelic means "mindmanifesting,"implying thatdrugsof this categorydonotproduceapredictable sequenceof eventsbutbringtotheforewhateverislatentwithintheunconscious.AccordinglyOsmondrecognizedthat LSD could be a valuable tool for psychotherapy. This notion represented a markeddeparturefromthemilitarymedicalparadigm,whichheldthateveryLSDexperiencewasautomaticallyanexperimentalpsychosis.23~MartyLee&BruceShlain

Its ironic that they claimed the term psychedelic, for mind manifesting is neutral. A moreappropriate word to describe it would be ambiguous. But notice that its gone from mimickingpsychosis to manifesting the mind. And just months earlier Osmond was promoting the wordpsychotomimetic,whichhesaidseemedespeciallyappropriate.HereLeeandShlainadmitthatAlbertHofmannwasinvolvedwiththispublicrelationsscheme:

Dr. Albert Hofmann, the chemist who discovered LSD, thought Osmond's choiceappropriate, for it "correspondsbetter to theeffectsof thesedrugs thanhallucinogenicorpsychotomimetic." The model psychosis concept was further called into question bypublished reports demonstrating that in many ways the comparison between naturallyoccurring and LSDinduced psychosiswas facile. During themid1950s, researchers JohnMacDonaldandJamesGalvinpointedoutthatschizophrenicsdidnotexperiencethewealthof visual hallucinations common with LSD and mescaline but were prone to auditoryaberrations,unlikedrugsubjects.Oddlyenough,trueschizophrenicshardlyreactedtoLSDunlessgivenmassivedoses.Asthepsychotomimeticparadigmbegantoweaken,thefocusshiftedtowardinvestigatingthetherapeuticpotentialofLSD.24~MartyLee&BruceShlain

Soweakenedwas the psychotomimeticparadigm, that in1968Hofmanndecided touse thewordanywayandpublishedhisessayPsychotomimeticagents.25

IthinkapossibleexplanationisthataftertheCIAdidtheirMKULTRALSDtestsontheFrenchvillageofPontSaintEsprit,theyrealizedthattheirapplicationmethodswerenteffective26,sotheyhadtocome

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upwithawaytogetyoungsterstoselfadministerthedrugs.Whattheycalledthemtoeachother,andtothepublic,aswellseemoreof,wereverydifferentthings.

Aldous Huxley, an MKULTRA architect for the CIA with ties to British MI6, came up with theunmarketableterm"phanerothyme"orsoulmanifesterwhichfellondeafears.Butherewebegintoseewheretheyintendedtodirecttheirpublicrelationsremarketingcampaign.Wassonetal.,undertheleadershipofProf.CarlRuck,intheir1979articleonthisverysubject,mentionedthatthewordactuallymeantadrugwhichmadeintenseemotionsmanifest,alsorelatingittoorganofpassion,temperandanger.27

From there they remarketed these substances they renamed them. AtOsmonds suggestion theychangedthenameagainfrompsychotomimetictopsychedelic(properlypsychOdelic)tomanifestthemind.Dr.OsmondwasaclosefriendofAldousHuxleyandhispersonaldoctorandanotherwithmanyMKULTRAandCIA/MI6ties.Butnoticetomanifestthemindthequestionoftowhomitmanifestsis leftopen,or ambiguous.Does thismeanmanifest to theCIAsdoctors?To thepatient/victim?Ofcoursethelatterwastheintendedtargetofthemarketing.AndtodayweknowthathundredsofdrugswerecreatedoutoftheCIAsMKULTRAstudies.

InTheManWhoTurnedOnTheWorld,MichaelHollingshead,oneofLearysstudentsatHarvard,whoalsoworkedwithhimatMillbrookandhelpedtheBrotherhoodofEternalLove,admitted:

FromwhatIhadheardinlettersandconversations,thepsychedelicmovementinEnglandwassmallandbadlyinformed.ItappearedthatthosewhotookLSDdidsoasaconsciouslydefiantantiauthoritariangesture.The spiritual contentof thepsychedelicexperiencewasbeingoverlooked.28~MichaelHollingshead

Howcoulditbethatthespiritualcontentwasbeingoverlooked?HowcouldeveryoneinacountrylikeEngland just overlook the drugs spirituality and be badly informed? If they were as spiritual asclaimed,wouldntthisfactbeselfevident?But instead,LearygaveHollingsheadmarchingorderstogetbacktoLondontosetthingsstraighttogivethemthenewsuggestibilityandsetandsetting:

Tim came to seeme on the day ofmy departure. Hewas going to joinme in London inJanuary1966,whichgavemethreemonthstosetthesceneforhisarrival.TheideawastorenttheAlbertHall,or'AlpertHall'asTimcalledit,forapsychedelicjamboree.Wewouldget the Beatles or the Stones to perform, invite other artists, and, as the climax of theevening,introduceTimastheHighPriest.Takingapieceofpaper fromhispocketTimsaid, 'Theseare yourmarchingorders, yourinstructions.'WhattheywereIdon'tknowbecausehedecidedtoscrapthemandtookacleansheetofpaperandwrotethefollowingonit:'HOLLINGSHEADEXPEDITIONTOLONDON196566Purpose:SPIRITUALANDEMOTIONALDEVELOPMENT

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TointroducetoLondontheinterpretationandapplicationsandmethodsdevelopedbyandlearnedbyMichaelHollingshead.AYOGAOFEXPRESSIONBYMH.PlanNospecificprogrammeofexpressioncanbespecifiedinadvance.TheYogamayinclude

1.Tranart*gallerybookstore.2.WeeklypsychedelicreviewslecturesquestionsandanswersTranartdemonstrations.3.RadioTVnewspapermagazineeducationalprogramme.4.CentreforrunningLSDsession.'ThusitwasIarrivedinLondoninthefallof1965,withseveralhundredcopiesofThe Tibetan Book of theDead and thirteen cartons of the Psychedelic Review ontheirway.29

~MichaelHollingshead

Of courseeveryHarvard studentofpsychedelicshadaccess tobands likeTheBeatlesorTheRollingStones,andespecially to radio,TV,newspapersandmagazines inEngland, right?This, inmymind,raises questions if those who worked in the Harvard Social Relations Department had possibleconnections to, not only U.S. intelligence, but also British. We know that at least several in thedepartment, including Dr. Henry A. Murray, Dr. Thomas Chiu, Dr. B.F. Skinner, and Dr. GeorgeEstabrooks,were involved intheCIAsMKULTRAprogram.Others inthissamedepartmentatHarvarddoing similar work at that time, who also appear to have been MKULTRA researchers, include Dr.Timothy Leary, Dr. Ralph Metzner, Richard Price, Dr. James Fadiman, and one of MKULTRAs mostfamousvictimsDr.TheodoreKaczynski,who, inretaliationtotheirexperimentsonhim,becametheinfamousUnabomberandtriedtoblowtheotherstosmithereens.IthoughtforabitabouttheideasofthereligiousexperiencewithLSDandthoughtitmightbeagoodidea forus to goback toAlbertHofmann and check thedescriptionofhis firstexperience.Doeshementionreligionorspirituality?Thisistheofficialversionofthestory:

Last Friday, April 16, 1943, I was forced to interrupt my work in the laboratory in themiddle of the afternoon and proceed home, being affected by a remarkable restlessness,combined with a slight dizziness. At home I lay down and sank into a not unpleasantintoxicatedlike condition, characterized by an extremely stimulated imagination. In adreamlike state, with eyes closed (I found the daylight to be unpleasantly glaring), Iperceivedanuninterruptedstreamoffantasticpictures,extraordinaryshapeswithintense,kaleidoscopicplayofcolors.Aftersometwohoursthisconditionfadedaway.30~AlbertHofmann

Well,theresnothingthere.LetscheckthesecondinstanceofHofmannsLSDexperiences:

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4/19/4316:20:0.5ccof1/2promilaqueoussolutionofdiethylamidetartrateorally=0.25mgtartrate.Takendilutedwithabout10ccwater.Tasteless.17:00: Beginning dizziness, feeling of anxiety, visual distortions, symptoms of paralysis,desiretolaugh.Supplementof4/21:Homebybicycle.From18:00ca.20:00mostseverecrisis.(Seespecialreport.)31~AlbertHofmann

Severecrisisdoesthatsoundlikeaspiritualexperiencetoyou?ThoughImnopsychiatrist,itdoesntto me. In fact, from Hofmanns description, visual distortions could be interpreted as, say,hallucinations;andaseverecrisismight looksomewhat likeamimickedpsychosis.MaybeHofmannwasjustbadlyinformedastheBritishlaterwere?Ok,nowforthebicycledaystory:

In spite of my delirious, bewildered condition, I had brief periods of clear and effectivethinkingandchosemilkasanonspecificantidoteforpoisoning.~AlbertHofmann

Delirious,bewildered,andpoisoning.Doesthatsoundspiritual?Hofmanncontinues:

ThedizzinessandsensationoffaintingbecamesostrongattimesthatIcouldnolongerholdmyself erect, and had to lie down on a sofa. My surroundings had now transformedthemselvesinmoreterrifyingways.Everythingintheroomspunaround,andthefamiliarobjects and pieces of furniture assumed grotesque, threatening forms. They were incontinuous motion, animated, as if driven by an inner restlessness. The lady next door,whomIscarcelyrecognized,broughtmemilk in thecourseof theevening Idrankmorethantwoliters.ShewasnolongerMrs.R.,butratheramalevolent, insidiouswitchwithacoloredmask.Evenworse than thesedemonic transformations of the outerworld,were the alterationsthatIperceivedinmyself,inmyinnerbeing.Everyexertionofmywill,everyattempttoputanendtothedisintegrationoftheouterworldandthedissolutionofmyego,seemedtobewastedeffort.Ademonhadinvadedme,hadtakenpossessionofmybody,mind,andsoul.Ijumpedupandscreamed,tryingtofreemyselffromhim,butthensankdownagainandlayhelpless on the sofa. The substance, with which I had wanted to experiment, hadvanquishedme. Itwasthedemonthatscornfullytriumphedovermywill. Iwasseizedbythedreadfulfearofgoinginsane.Iwastakentoanotherworld,anotherplace,anothertime.My body seemed to be without sensation, lifeless, strange. Was I dying? Was this thetransition?AttimesIbelievedmyselftobeoutsidemybody,andthenperceivedclearly,asan outside observer, the complete tragedy of my situation. [] My fear and despairintensified, not only because a young family should lose its father, but also because Idreadedleavingmychemicalresearchwork,whichmeantsomuchtome,unfinishedinthemidstoffruitful,promisingdevelopment.[]

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Late in the evening my wife returned from Lucerne. Someone had informed her bytelephone that Iwas suffering amysterious breakdown. She had returned home at once,leavingthechildrenbehindwithherparents.Bynow,Ihadrecoveredmyselfsufficientlytotellherwhathadhappened.32

Dizziness, fainting, surroundings transformed in terrifying ways, the room spun, furniture assumedgrotesque,threateningforms,restlessness,awitch,demonictransformations,alterationsinperception,ademonhad invaded, fearofgoing insane, thequestionofdying, intensificationof fearanddespair,andbreakdown.ThesearealltermsthatHofmannusedtodescribehisexperience.Thesedescriptionssound exactly like hallucinations and having a mimicked psychotic reaction much more than anightmare. Demonic possession, however, could be interpreted as spiritual by mental healthprofessionalssincethesepeoplewouldseedemons,orsocalledspirits,butIdontthinkitsthetypeofspiritualexperiencetowhichisnormallyreferred.Interestinglyenough,onthenextpageHofmann,asiftoanticipatesomeonefiguringouttheirmarketingschemeinthefuture,claims:

I failed, moreover, to recognize themeaningful connection between LSD inebriation andspontaneousvisionaryexperienceuntilmuch later,after furtherexperiments,whichwerecarriedoutwithfarlowerdosesandunderdifferentconditions.33~AlbertHofmann

He admits that he doesnt recognize the meaningful connection to LSD and spontaneous visionaryexperienceuntilmuch later,thoughclaimsthiswasafterfurtherexperiments.Thatsbecausethis ideahadtobemarketed,orsuggested (ashiscontinueduseofthewordpsychotomimetic in1968,above,reveals).This isalsoknownasseeding.Andaswillbe shownbelow,Dr.Louis JolyonWest showeddrugsasa systemofcontrolbutyouthdont takepsychotomimetics inorder tobecontrolledbythem.Andas it justsohappens,Hofmannsbook, translatedby JonathanOtt (hespartofmarketingteam2),waspublished in1979.1979musthavebeenan importantyear.Well return to it,andOtt,shortly.

Ironically,GordonWassonlateraccusedHuxley,OsmondandHoffer:

InAntiquitypeoplespokeof theMysteryofEleusis,of theOrphicMysteries,andofmanyothers.Theseallconcealedasecret,aMystery.ButwecannolongeruseMystery,whichhaslatchedontoitselfothermeanings,andweallknowtheusesandmisusesofthiswordtoday.Moreover,weneedawordthatappliestothepotionstakenintheantiqueMysteries,now that at last we are learning what they were. Hallucinogen and psychedelic havecirculated comfortably among the Tim Learys and their ilk, and uncomfortably amongothersincludingmeforwantofasuitableword:hallucinogenispatentlyamisnomer,asalie is of the essence of hallucinogen, and psychedelic is a barbarous formation. No onewhorespectstheancientMysteriesofEleusis, theSomaoftheAryans,andthefungalandother potions of the American natives, no onewho respects the English language,wouldconsenttoapplyhallucinogentotheseplantsubstances.34~GordonWasson

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Apparently, as we saw above, Wasson is saying that Osmond and Hoffer dont respect the Englishlanguage,and thatHuxleysandOsmondswordpsychedelic isabarbarous formation,and likensthemtotheTimLearysandtheir ilk.IwonderwhyWassonneverdiscussesentertainingLearyathishome?

InamomentwewereheadinguptowntoGordonWassonsapartment.OnthewayTimtoldme that Wasson had graduated from Columbias School of Journalism, then worked fornewspapersasafinancialwriter,andinthethirtieswashiredbytheJ.P.MorganCompany.Sandoz was a client. Thats how Mr. Wasson became a director, Tim concluded thebiographical information, then hurried on. I keep him posted on everything. I want hisguidance onwhat to do next. Sandoz has invested a lot ofmoney in psilocybin researchwithoutgettingpennyback.Ofcourse,Mr.Wassonsmoreawareofthisthananyone.Hesabanker.[]35~B.H.FriedmaninadiscussionwithTimothyLeary

SoWassonwasactuallyadirectorofSandozviahistiestoJPMorgan.AndthenLearyrevealsIkeephim posted on everything. So then Wasson, who, as it turns out, headed up the CIAs MKULTRASubproject58programwithJPMorganBank36forwhichhewasthevicepresidentofpropagandaandknewandalsoworkedwithAldousHuxleyviatheCIAsfrontorganizationTheCenturyClub,37,38(theirlibrariansentmeFriedmanscitationwhowasalsoamember)wasbeingkeptpostedoneverythingregardingLearysHarvardstudies.Werealwaysgiventhe illusionthatWassonhatedLeary,thatLearywas the CIAs guy turned bad, etc. But in actuality, aswe can see, Learywasworking closelywithWassonand,aswellreveal inamoment,Huxley.IfLearywaskeepingtheCIA informedofhisactionsandworkingwith them on how to create a psychedelic revolution, as it appears, then it changeseverythingregardingourperceptionofthehistoricaleventsasrelatedbytheofficialhistory.

Anyway,Idontwanttodigresstoofar.IshouldpointoutherethatIhadmyfirstreligiousexperiencewithpsychedelicsorentheogensontheverynightthatIhadmetTimothyLearyandDennisMcKennaonApril28,1993,after theGatheringof theMindsconventionatChapmanUniversity inOrangeCounty,California. It ispossible that itwas at this conferencewhere these ideaswere subsequentlysuggestedtomeduringLearyslecture.Ihadtakenpsychedelicsubstancesmanytimespriortothisparticularnightwithouteverhavinghadaspiritualexperience.

The ideahere isthatuntilthe idea issuggestedorseeded intothepersonsconsciousnesstheyreunaware of it. But by planting or seeding the ideas, these psychologistswere then able to directpeoplesexperiences totheconclusionsthat theywanted. Inotherwords,usingreframing,they labelyourexperience,tellyouwhatitmeansandyouremainintheirbox.HereLearyandDr.OscarJanigerarebraggingaboutthisfact:

AConversationonLSD,1979

Leary:Yes, right right.Yeah.And,uh, Ivan.Uh,ofcourseuh, then, thereofcourse,waspart[break inaudiomicmuffled]coolnessoftheLosAngele[break inaudiomicmuffled]s,uh,

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[break inaudiomicmuffled]cell,whateveryouwant tocall it.But theykepta,youkepta,uhCohen:Wouldyoumindnotcallingitacell?Let'scallitacluster!Leary:Allright.[Roomlaughs]OurundercoveragentsinLosAngeleswereverycoolabout,uh,andyettheydidmoreinaverylaidbackway,uh,andit'severybitaspublicassomeofthe other, you know, the buses running around the country [Ken Kesey and the Merryprankstershereidentifiedasundercoveragents].Janiger:Yeah,andthenZinnbergsaysthatthevisionaryexperience,andallofthethingshewasdoingatHarvard,andtheothers,hisresidence,andtheresthewasgivingLSDto,theynever had a visionary, or ecstatic, or mystic experience. That the whole thing was aCaliforniainvention,hesaid.Leary:Wonderful!They'reright!Janiger:Theonlytimeithappened,waswhenyoucrosstheColoradoRiver.39

Osmondwasalsoatthesamereunion(AConversationonLSD,1979),whereLearyadmittedheandtheotherswereagentsandaswellseeshortly,OsmondalsoworkedonMKULTRA.FromTheLettersofAldousHuxleyandMoksha,LearysFlashbacks,andAConversationonLSD,wemayflushoutthecluesthatHuxleyandOsmondactuallywenttoCambridge(HarvardUniversity is located inCambridge,MA)andhiredTimLearyfortheCIA:

HumphryOsmond: Remember the first time wemet, which was in Cambridge? On thenightoftheKennedyelection.TimLeary:1960.Osmond:1960.Wewentouttothisplace.AndTimothythenwaswearinghisgrayflannelsuitandhiscrewcut.Andwehadthisveryinterestingdiscussionwithhim.AndwhenwewentandIdontthinkItoldyouthis,Timothy.Butthenightwewentwebothsaidwhatanice fellowhe is.Hesayshesaveryniceman,andAldoussaiditsveryverynicetothinkthatthisiswhatsgoingtobedoneatHarvard.Hesaiditwouldbesogoodforit.AndthenIsaidtohim,Ithinkhesanicefellowtoo.Butdontyouthinkhes justa littlebitsquare? [laughter nomention of too square forwhat?]Aldoussaidyoumayberight,hesaidbutafterallisntthatwhatwewant?[laughter]Timothy,whenImdiscussingtheneed forunderstandinghumantemperament this isthestoryItell.BecauseIsaid,yeahAldousandIweredeeplyinterestedinthenatureofhuman temperament andwemeet someonewho I think thatwas probably the leastsatisfactory description of you ever made, Timothy. I think even your greatest enemieswouldnevermakethatdescription.Andwemadeit.Wewereveryveryconcernedbecausewe held that perhaps youwere a bit too unadventurous. [for what?] You see whatinsightswehad.AlHubbard:Well,yousureasheckcontributedyourpart,butuh...[8:26]40AConversationonLSD1979.

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SoLearywashiredor recruited topopularize thenewlynamedpsychedelicdrugs.Popularizing led,seemingly intentionally, to stigmatizing the word psychedelic and the drugs and resulted in theiroutlaw.Butaswasnotedabove,inrealityLearywasofthosewhowentbeforeCongressrecommendingregulation in 1966. Why else would they have asked Leary to do this? Rebellious teenagers don'tnormallyretaliatewithlegaldrugsespeciallyonesnamedpsychotomimetics.ObviouslyLearycouldnothave done this job before the drugs were renamed. If these substances were still calledpsychotomimetic,hiseffortswouldhavebeenwasted.It is also a littleknown fact that a close friend of Learys, MKULTRA author and researcher WalterBowart (OperationMind Control, 1978), as previouslymentioned,wentwith Leary and Kleps beforeCongress recommending the regulation of LSD and these substances in 1966. Though Bowartstestimonywasdefinitelythemostbalancedofalltheirtestimonies,andthoughtheywerentaskedontherecord,noneofthemadmitinthehearingsthattheywereallpalswhichgivestheimpressionthateachoftheirtestimonieswasplannedandrehearsed.BowartswifewasnoneotherthanPeggyMellonHitchcockoftheMellonbankingandGulfOilempires,and Peggy and her famous brother Billy provided theMillbrookMansion, funded IFIF (InternationalFederationforInternalFreedom),andalsotheGratefulDeadsfirstalbum.ItwasLearywhointroducedWalter to Peggy.Of course this direct connection from Bowart and his inlaws to the promotion ofpsychedelicdrugs,andhisgoingbeforeCongresswithLearyetal.,isentirelyomittedfromhisbook.ThefollowingquotefromtheCIAsownMKULTRAresearcher,Dr.LouisJolyonWest,whowasalsoafriendofAldousHuxley,makesclearthisagenda:

The role of drugs in the exercise of political control is also coming under increasingdiscussion. Control can be through prohibition or supply. The total or even partialprohibitionofdrugsgivesthegovernmentconsiderableleverageforothertypesofcontrol.Anexamplewouldbetheselectiveapplicationofdruglawspermittingimmediatesearch,ornoknockentry,againstselectedcomponentsofthepopulationsuchasmembersofcertainminoritygroupsorpoliticalorganizations.But a government could also supply drugs to help control a population. This method,foreseen by Aldous Huxley in Brave New World (1932), has the governing elementemployingdrugsselectivelytomanipulatethegovernedinvariousways.Toalargeextentthenumerousruralandurbancommunes,whichprovidegreatfreedomforprivatedruguseandwherehallucinogensarewidelyusedtoday,areactuallysubsidizedbyoursociety.Theirperpetuationisaidedbyparentalorotherfamilyremittances,welfare,and unemployment payments, and benign neglect by the police. In fact, it may be moreconvenient and perhaps evenmore economical to keep the growing numbers of chronicdrugusers(especiallyofthehallucinogens)fairlyisolatedandalsooutofthelabormarket,with its millions of unemployed. To society, the communards with their hallucinogenicdrugsareprobablylessbothersomeandlessexpensiveiftheyarelivingapart,thaniftheyareengaginginalternativemodesofexpressingtheiralienation,suchasactive,organized,vigorouspoliticalprotestanddissent.[]Thehallucinogenspresentlycompriseamoderatebut significant portion of the total drug problem inWestern society. The foregoing may

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provideacertainframeofreferenceagainstwhichnotonlythesocialbutalsotheclinicalproblemscreatedbythesedrugscanbeconsidered.41~LouisJolyonWest

MarlenedeRios,oneof theonlyearlyethnobotanists tobe seemingly forthcomingwith these facts,states:

Planthallucinogensappeartohavebeenusedbyregionalreligiousandpoliticalleadersforcontrolofpolitical,psychological,andsocialarenasusingthepowermadepossibleindruginducedalteredstates.42~MarleneDobkindeRios

MoretothisstorycanbefoundinLettersofAldousHuxley43andinHuxleysMoksha,editedbyMichaelHorowitz. ThesebooksofHuxleyspersonal letters contain additional evidence thathe andOsmondwent to Cambridge and interviewed Leary for the position, as well as their involvement with keyMKULTRAresearchers.Wealsofindmoreinformationabouttheirmarketingofthesesubstances:

1960HuxleyandOsmondvisitedDr.TimothyLearyatHarvard,wherethePsychedelicResearchProjecthadgottenunderway.HereisLearysaccountofhisimpressionsofHuxleyupontheoccasionoftheirfirstmeetingsinCambridge.44~MichaelHorowitzWetalkedabouthowtostudyandusetheconsciousnessexpandingdrugsandweclickedalongagreeablyonthedo'sandthenottodo's.Wewouldavoidthebehavioristapproachtoothers'awareness.Avoidlabelingordepersonalizingthesubject.Weshouldnotimposeourown jargonorourownexperimental gamesonothers. Wewerenotout todiscovernewlaws,whichistosay,todiscovertheredundantimplicationsofourownpremises.Wewerenottobelimitedbythepathologicalpointofview.Wewerenottointerpretecstasyasmania,orcalmserenityascatatonia;wewerenottodiagnoseBuddhaasadetachedschizoid; nor Christ as an exhibitionistic masochist; nor themysticexperience asasymptom; nor the visionarystate asamodel psychosis.AldousHuxley chucklingawaywithcompassionatehumorathumanfolly.And with such erudition! Moving back and forth in history, quoting the mystics.Wordsworth.Plotinus.TheAreopagite.WilliamJames.45~TimothyLeary

Notice that Leary named Harvards Psychedelic Research Project afterOsmonds newly createdterm.ThoughOsmondcoinedthewordin1957,in1960LearyatHarvardhadalreadymadefulluseofit. In fact, thePsychedelicResearchProjectwouldeventuallyrecruitmore than40Harvarddoctorsandhundredsofstudents.Learyhadalreadybeentestingthisnewwordandhewassuccessful.Alsoofnoteisthattheyclaimedtheyshouldnotimposetheirownjargon,whilemakingupjargontoconvey that itwasaspiritualexperience,as theydidwhen theychanged thename topsychedelic,forcing itonewayratherthantheother.Duetothesuggestibilityfactor,theywantedtouse jargon

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thatsoundedspiritualratherthanpsychoticitsjustmarketing.Spiritualwassomethingtheycouldmarket.Theycontinued:

Dope...Muruganwastellingmeaboutthefungithatareusedhereasasourceofdope.What'sinaname?...Answer,practicallyeverything.Muruguncallsitdopeandfeelsaboutitallthedisapprovalthat,byconditionedreflex,thedirtywordevokes.Weonthecontrary,givethe stuffgoodnames themokshamedicine, the reality revealer, the truthandbeautypill.Andweknow,bydirect experience, that thegoodnamesaredeserved.Whereasour youngfriendherehasnofirsthandknowledgeofthestuffandcan'tbepersuadedeventogiveitatry.Forhimit'sdopeanddopeissomethingthat,bydefinition,nodecentpersoneverindulgesin.[]DuringtheweeksofOctoberandNovemberof1960thereweremanymeetingstoplanthe research. Aldous Huxleywould come and listen and then close his eyes and detachhimselffromthesceneandgointohiscontrolledmeditationtrance,whichwasunnervingtosomeoftheHarvardpeoplewhoequateconsciousnesswithtalk,andthenhewouldopenhiseyesandmakeadiamondpurecomment....46~TimothyLearyquotingAldousHuxley

HereweseeHuxley involved intheresearchatHarvardsPsychedelicResearchProjectandhelpingtoguideit,whilehesthererecruitingLeary,andthisislongbeforethepublichadeverheardofMKULTRA.HuxleywasthefirsttosellthisideaofsomarewardsinhisbookBraveNewWorld.Later,Wasson,whowrote the book Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality to suggest that the Amanita muscariamushroomisSomaoftheRigVeda,wastoparticipateinthenextteamtoremarketpsychedelicsagain.HereMartyLeeandBruceShlainrevealtheunderlyingagendaatHarvard:

Whereas Huxley had suggested turning on opinion leaders, Ginsberg, the quintessentialegalitarian,wantedeveryoneto have theopportunityto takemind expandingdrugs.Hisplanwastotelleverything,todisseminateasmuchinformationaspossible.Thetimewasripe to launch a psychedelic crusadeand what better place to start than HarvardUniversity,thealmamaterofpresidentelectJohnF.Kennedy?Learyseemedideallysuitedtoleadsuchacampaign.Arespectedacademic,hehadshorthair,worebuttondownshirts,andtookhisroleasascientistquiteseriously.Howironic,Ginsbergnoted,"thattheverytechnologystereotypingourconsciousnessanddesensitizingourperceptionsshouldthrow up its own antidote. Given such historic Comedy, who should emerge fromHarvard University but the one and only Dr. Leary, a respectable human being, aworldlymanfacedwiththetaskofaMessiah.47[emphasisadded]~MartyLee&BruceShlain

TheMacyconferences,includingtheControloftheMindconferences,wereCIAresearchprojects.HereweseeHuxleyopenlydiscussingthemeetingwithLearyjustmonthslaterinFebruary1961suggestingthatLearymusthavehadclearancetodiscussthemeetings.ThisisjustoneofmanyofHuxleysletterswhichrevealhis,andalsoLearys,furtherinvolvementwiththeCIAsMKULTRAprogram:

To:LearyDEARTim,

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6February,1961Thank youforyourletter of Jan.23rd,whichcameduringmyabsencefirst inHawaii,thenatSanFrancisco(wherewehadagoodconferenceonControloftheMind).Alas,Ican'twriteanythingforHarpersamtoodesperatelybusytryingtofinishabook.AtS.F.[SanFrancisco]ImetDr.[Oscar]Janiger,whomIhadnotseenforseveralyears.HetellsmethathehasgivenLSDto100painterswhohavedonepicturesbefore,during&afterthedrug,&whoseeffortsarebeingappraisedbyapanelofartcritics.Thismightbeinteresting.Igavehimyouraddress,&Ithinkyouwillhearfromhim.IalsospokebrieflywithDr. JolyWest [prof. ofpsychiatry atU. ofOklahoma MedicalSchoolkilledTuskotheelephantMKULTRA],whotoldmethathehaddonealotof work in sensory deprivation, using improved versions of John Lilly's techniques.InterestingvisionaryresultsbutIdidn'thavetimetohearthedetails.48[emphasisadded]~AldousHuxley

DavidBlackinAcidconfirmsthattheControloftheMindconferenceswereCIAfundedthroughtheMacyFoundation:

ThespeakerwasArthurKoestler,andalsopresentwastheanthropologistFrancisHuxley.KoestlerwasalsoboundforAmerica,foraconferenceonControloftheMindorganizedbytheJoshuaMacyFoundationnowknowntohavebeensecretlysponsoredbyMKULTRA.49~DavidBlack

Eugenics and social control have been Huxley family tradition for several generations, and we seeFrancisHuxleysnameshowupatanotherconferencewithArthurKoestlerfromwhomwepreviouslylearned above about paedomorphosis and juvenilization. Well leave them for another time. In thefollowingquotefromBraveNewWorldRevisited,Huxleydiscusseshisideasofhowtorunhisfantasyeugenics:

In the Brave New World of my fantasy eugenics and dysgenics were practicedsystematically. In one set of bottles biologically superior ova, fertilized by biologicallysuperiorsperm,weregiventhebestpossibleprenataltreatmentandwerefinallydecantedas Betas, Alphas and evenAlpha Pluses. In another,muchmore numerous set of bottles,biologically inferior ova, fertilized by biologically inferior sperm, were subjected to theBokanovskyProcess(ninetysix identical twinsoutofasingleegg)andtreatedprenatallywith alcohol and other protein poisons. The creatures finally decanted were almostsubhuman; but they were capable of performing unskilled work and, when properlyconditioned, detensioned by free and frequent access to the opposite sex, constantlydistractedbygratuitousentertainment and reinforced in their goodbehaviorpatternsbydailydosesofsoma,couldbecountedontogivenotroubletotheirsuperiors.50[emphasisadded]~AldousHuxley

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Nowthatwehavesomehistoryandcontext,letsreturntothewordhallucinogenyetanotherwordallofthesepsychedelicsocialrelationsexpertswantuserstoleavebehind.

HallucinogensBefore the word psychotomimetic, early marketing first took place with Dr. Humphry Osmond, Dr.AbramHoffer,andalsoDr.JohnSmythies,whocreatedthewordhallucinogensometimeinorpriorto1953.

ThesedrugshadearlierbeendesignatedhallucinogensbyD.Johnson(Johnson1953),whoborrowedthetermfromOsmondandAmericansA.HofferandJ.Smythies.51~JonathanOtt

TheOEDstatesthetermwas firstused in1954,citingquotes fromHofferandAldousHuxleyhimself.ThesecondcitationisfromHuxleysDoorsofPerception:

1954A.Hofferetal. inJrnl.MentalSci.C.30Whentheliteratureisexaminedtocataloguethese hallucinatory substances, which for convenience we have called the hallucinogens,oneisstruckbytheirsmallnumber.1954A.HuxleyDoorsofPerception6Lysergicacid,anextremelypotenthallucinogenderivedfromergot.~OEDhallucinogen

Surprised?

Asitturnsout,Dr.HofferwasaCIAMKULTRAdoctorandworkedwithDr.OsmondperforminghumanexperimentsinSaskatchewan;aswasDr.JohnSmythies,whocontributedtoMKULTRAsubproject8attheWorcesterFoundationforExperimentalBiology.AsaCIAMKULTRAdocumentofMarch25,1964,exposes,OsmondwasfurtherinvolvedwithSubproject47withDr.CarlPfeiffer52,whowrotetheletteronOsmondsletterhead.InhisbookTheC.I.A.Doctors,Dr.ColinRossalsoreveals:

Dr. AbramHoffer describes LSD treatment he conducted in Saskatchewan in partnershipwith Humphry Osmond before Osmond moved to Princeton, New Jersey to become theDirector,BureauofNeurologyandPsychiatry,New JerseyNeuropsychiatric Institute.TheInstitute was the site of hallucinogen experiments by Dr. Carl Pfeiffer funded throughMKULTRA and MKSEARCH. Along with John Smythies, Carl Pfeiffer was the Editor ofInternationalReviewofNeurobiology.Dr.SmythieswasfromtheWorcesterFoundationforExperimentalBiology,siteofMKULTRASubproject8.ContributorstothevolumeincludedDr. Robert Heath, who received CIA and military money for hallucinogen and brainelectrode implantresearchatTulaneUniversity.AssociateEditorsof thevolume includedDr. Hoffer. Dr. Heath and the British psychologist, Dr. H.J. Eysenck, the contractor onMKULTRASubproject111.53~Dr.ColinRoss

In this quote the CIAs previously cited Dr. JolyonWest further discusses Osmond and Hoffershumanexperiments:

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Adrenochrome. A trihydroxyindole called adrenochrome (an oxidation product ofadrenaline) has been reported by some workers to be hallucinogenic in intravenousdosages of 0.5 mg. Based on these reports (including the supposed discovery of thepresenceofincreasedamountsofthisandrelatedmetabolitesinbodyfluidsofpsychiatricpatients),anadrenochrometheoryofschizophreniawasadvancedbyHofferandOsmond(1967).54~LouisJolyonWest

WejustsawhowtheCIAfundedanorganizationcalledtheMacyFoundation,anorganizationthroughwhich it fundedmuch of theMKULTRA research.Here Jay Stevens discussesHoffers andOsmondsmassivedosealcoholictreatmentwithLSDatanotherCIAfundedMacyconference:

Besides introducing theword thatwouldultimately triumph in the public consciousness,HofferalsobriefedhiscolleaguesonthestartlingwayinwhichheandOsmondwerenowusingLSD.UnlikemostofthetherapistsattheMacyconference,theywerenotusingsmalldoses to "liquefy"defenses, thus speedingup the timeneeded for a successful treatment.UsingHubbard'scurioustechniques,theyhadbegungivingtheirpatientsmassivedosesandthenguidingthem,if theycould,intothatpartof theOtherWorldwhereegosmeltedandsomethingresemblingaspiritualrebirthoccurred.AsHofferdescribedit,therewasscarcelyanypsychotherapyinvolvedatall:"Theycomeinoneday.Theyknowtheyaregoingtotakeatreatment,buttheyknownothingaboutwhatitis.55~JayStevens

SoHoffer,Osmonds close friend and CIA /MKULTRA research buddy, in 1953, alongwithOsmondhimself and Smythies, created the first term, hallucinogen.And then in 1957Osmond created thetermspsychotomimeticandpsychedelic,withHuxleycreatingphanerothyme.

Asifallofthiswerentenough,in1967Hoffer,alongwith(canyouguessit?)Osmond,publishedabooktitled: THEHALLUCINOGENS.56But by 1957Dr.Osmond andAldousHuxley had already decided theword hallucinogenwasbad!AndOsmondsnewword psychedelicwasgood!Buthere,adecadeafterOsmondhimselfcreatedthewordpsychedelic,weseehimrevertingbacktohallucinogenwhichisolderthanhisotherword,psychotomimetic.Couldthisbebecause,asOsmondknows,thesubstancesareactuallypsychotomimeticsandhallucinogensashehadoriginallystated?Andas itturnsout,HofferwasalsothepresidentoftheHuxley InstituteofBioSocialResearch(greatname,huh?),andOsmondwasadirector.In1964JulianHuxley,Aldoussbrother,alongwithOsmondandHofferwouldpublishthecontroversialpaperSchizophreniaasaGeneticMorphism.57Psychedelics+paedomorphosis+schizophrenia+geneticmorphism=biosocialcontrol.Ifwe cant trust them regarding theword hallucinogenbeingbad, thenwhy shouldwe trust themregarding thewordpsychotomimetic (oranyother),especiallywhenweseenoneother thanSashaShulgin, above (who died during the writing of this article) calling ibogaine a psychotomimetic in

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1970? The obvious question is then, are these substances being suggested as spiritualwhen theyreallyarehallucinogensandpsychotomimetics?Oristheresomethingadditionalgoingonhere?Andhereagain,Huxleyandhispalscreatethewords,andthenturnandstigmatizethemasifsomeoneelsehadcreatedthem,asiftheyhadnthiredLearytodothejob.Iknow,youcanhardlymaintainyourastonishment.Buttheresmore.Aswellseeinjustamoment,in1979HuxleysfriendR.GordonWasson,alongwithProf.CarlRuckandhisteam,wouldattempttorenamethemyetagaintoentheogens.

EntheogensIn1979Prof.CarlA.P.RuckofBostonUniversity,R.GordonWasson,JonathanOtt,JeremyBigwoodandDanielStaples,inanarticlepublishedinTheJournalofPsychedelicDrugs,Vol.11,attempttorenamethesedrugsasENTHEOGENS,meaninggeneratinggodwithin.SonowletsturntotheoriginalpaperpublishedbyRuckandWassonetal.,introducingtheirwordentheogen,toseewhattheyhavetosayregardingtheabovefacts:

When the recent surge of recreational use of socalled hallucinogenic or psychedelicdrugs first came to popular attention in the early 1960s, it was commonly viewedwithsuspicionandassociatedwiththebehaviorofdeviantorrevolutionarygroups.Apartfromthe slang of the various subcultures, therewas no adequate terminology for this class ofdrugs.Wordsweremanufactured,andintheirmakingtheybetrayedtheincomprehensionorprejudiceofthetimes.Out of themanywords proposed to describe this unique class of drugs only a few havesurvived in current usage. It is the contention of the authorswho have subscribed theirnames to this article that none of these terms really deserve greater longevity, if ourlanguageisnottoperpetuatethemisunderstandingofthepast.58~CarlRuck,GordonWasson,etal

Actually,hallucinogenandpsychedelicarestillincommonusagein2014andmanyscholars,duetotheobviousreligiousconnotationsofthewordentheogen,haverefusedtoadoptit.Butsofartheauthorsdontevenmention these facts.Andeven theabovementioned journalwhichpublished theirarticle,TheJournalofPsychedelicDrugs,changeditsnamebutchosenottouseentheogenpertheauthorsrecommendation.In1981itbecameinsteadTheJournalofPsychoactiveDrugs.And just to remind the reader, we saw above that R. Gordon Wasson is heralded as the socalleddiscovererofmagicmushrooms,andheadedup theCIAsMKULTRASubproject58programwith JPMorganBankwhichbecameSeekingtheMagicMushroominLifeMagazineMay13,1957.59Wait,Iknow, itsacoincidencetheory!TheyalljusthappentoworkfortheCIAsMKULTRAprogramTheresnothingtoseehere,folks.Movealong

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Ihavewritten severalarticlesaswellasproduced several interviewsanddocumentaries thatexposethese facts regardingWasson, et al., through primary CIA and various university archive documentswhichanyonemayverify.60Anyway,wellcomeback to theirentheogenarticle inamoment,but in themeantime,doyou thinktheylldiscussallthosefactswepresentedabove?In Jonathan Otts book Pharmacotheon he discusses their creation, as well as his use, of the wordentheogen:

Asisimmediatelyobviousfrommytitle,Iusetheneologismentheogen(ic)throughoutthisbook,anewwordproposedbyagroupofscholars includingDr.R.GordonWasson,Prof.CarlA.P.Ruckandme.Asweknowfrompersonalexperiencethatshamanicinebriantsdonotprovoke hallucinationsor psychosis,and feel it incongruous to refer to traditionalshamanicuseofpsychedelicplants(thatword,pejorativeformany,referringinvariablytosixtieswesterndruguse),wecoinedthisnewtermby1979(Ott1996A;Rucketal.1979;Wassonetal.1980B).61~JonathanOtt

Thewordpejorative,asdefinedbyOxfordsOED,means:a.a adj. Tending tomakeworse; depreciatory; applied especially to a derivativeword inwhichthemeaningoftherootwordisloweredbytheadditionofasuffixorotherwise.

When we see a definition like this, then we must ask: exactly what was the use of the wordpsychedelicmakingworse? Inwhoseopinion and forwhatpurpose? I thinkwere able to see theagendanowofsuggestibilityandtheirmarketingstrategy.WhenweconsidertheseideasintermsofamarketingstrategybyHuxley,OsmondandHoffer,andbyRuck,WassonandOtt,andtheirfriends,topromotetheuseofthesesubstancesasspiritual,thentheagendabeginstocomeclear.ForamomentIwanttoturntoaquotebythefounderofpublicrelations,EdwardBernays.ImentionBernays here, because, as Ive exposed in two previous articles, he was a close friend of GordonWasson.62Inthefollowingquoteregardingfluoride,Bernaysgivesusanexampleofsomeofthemediatacticsheemployed:

We would put out the definition first to the editors of important newspapers. Then wewould send a letter to publishers of dictionaries and encyclopedias. After six or eightmonthswewouldfindthewordfluoridationwaspublishedanddefinedindictionariesandencyclopedias.63~EdwardBernays

Here we see Ott defining the word for himself and his group in his own dictionary The Age ofEntheogens&theAngelsDictionary:

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Entheogennov.verb. PlantSacramentsorshamanicinebriantsevokingreligiousEcstasyorvision; commonlyused in thearchaicworld inDivination for shamanichealing, and inHolyCommunion,forexampleduringtheInitiationtotheEleusinianMysteriesortheVedicSoma sacrifice. Literally: becoming divine within. Hence: Age of Entheogens nov. verb.,Entheogenic nov. verb. See: Enthusiasm, Hallucinogen, Phanerothyme, Phantasica,Pharmacotheon,Psychedelic.1979 Ruck, J.PsychedelicDrugs 11: 145. In Greek theword entheos means literally god(theos) within In combination with the Greek root gen, which denotes the action ofbecoming,thiswordresultsinthetermthatweareproposing:entheogen.1980WassonTheWondrousMushroom,xiv.Wearenowrediscoveringthesecretandweshouldtreattheentheogenswithrespecttowhichtheywererichlyentitled.1986WassonPersephonesQuest,31.WemustbreakdowntheDrugsofpopularparlanceand according to their properties and overcome our ignorance, which in this field ismonumental.Entheogenisastepinthatdirection.1993OttPharmacotheon,19.Ihavebeenprivilegedtobeinitiatedintothesacredrealmofthe entheogens have imbibed the amrta of Indra, the ambrosia of the Olympian gods,DemetersPotion;haveforbriefblessedinstantsgazedintoLordShivasblazingthirdeye.64~JonathanOtt

NoticethatOttrefersbacktohimselfandhisowncrewwheneverreferringtothewordentheogen.Thistypeofargumentisknownasbeggingthequestionorcircularreasoning,referringtothemselvestoprove thewholeof their argument, andwell showmoreproblemswith this in just amoment. ThereadermayhavenoticedHuxleyandOsmondusingthissametacticabove.Ottdoesntmentionthatthewordwas created intentionally inaneffort to remarket these substances,again, to teensandyoungadultsbutnowasspiritualtoolstogenerategodwithin.Aswasshownabove,HuxleyandOsmond (whocreated thewordpsychedelic)had recruitedTimothyLearyfortheCIA,andweknowthatLearywaspursuingHuxleysandtheCIAsgoalsasshownintheirletterswe readabovediscussing theCIAsControlof theMindconferences.Wealso sawabovehowLearyand Janigerbragged, regarding the spiritualexperience, that thewhole thingwas aCaliforniainventionand thatnooneatHarvardhadamysticalorreligiousexperienceall through the1950s.Why is that? Its because, in this authors opinion, these substances had not yet been remarketed.Again,thekeyissuewiththesesubstancesissuggestibility.Theyneededanameandpsychotomimeticand hallucinogen wouldnt create spiritual or mysticaltype experiences. But we see Leary admit:Wonderful!Theyreright!

Leary, the author of Interpersonal Diagnostic of Personality; Leary, the nononsensebehaviorist:Leary,thenumberoneAmericanexpertinpersonalitytesting.65~MichaelHollingshead

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Yeah,thatLeary.LearyisalsothesamemanwhocreatedtheCIAsentranceexam,known,fittingly,asTheLeary.Seriously,itsnojoke.Ibetyoumustbethinkinghowserendipitous!ItwasDaveMcGowanwho, inhisbookWeirdScenes inside theCanyon,showedthatserendipitouscameup toooftenduringunexplainableeventswritten in theofficialhistories.Thesame thing isfoundthroughoutpsychedelic literatureaswell.Sohere Imgoingtouse itforfun,takingMcGowanslead.

WearesupposedtobelievethatallofthemusicaliconswhosettledinLaurelCanyoninthe1960s and 1970s just sort of spontaneously came together (one finds the wordserendipitous sprinkled freely throughout the literature). But how many peculiarcoincidences do we have to overlook in order to believe that this was just a chancegathering?66~DaveMcGowan

Coincidently or, I mean, serendipitously, in 1979, the same year that John Marks (Director for theBureauof IntelligenceandResearch)publishedhisbookonMKULTRA,TheSearchfortheManchurianCandidate,GordonWasson,Prof.CarlRuckandJonathanOtt,etal.,publishedtheirpaperEntheogensinTheJournalofPsychedelicDrugs,arguingtorenamethesesubstancesyetagain.Wealsosaw,above,thatthiswasthesameyearthatHofmannpublishedLSD:MyProblemChild.Thetimingseemsjustso,well,serendipitous.OrmaybeitsbecauseWassonandHofmannjustsohappen,serendipitously,tobelistedintheintroductiontoMarksbookfortheirassistanceinitswriting:

Mythanks for theirassistance toAlbertHofmann,TelfordTaylor,LeoAlexander,WalterLanger,JohnStockwell,WilliamHood,SamuelThompson,SidneyCohen,MiltonGreenblatt,Gordon Wasson, James Moore, Laurence Hinkle, Charles Osgood, John Gittinger (forChapter10only),andalltheotherswhoaskednottobeidentified.67[emphasisadded]~JohnMarks

Ibet youreprobably thinking something along these lines right aboutnow: TheheadofMKULTRASubproject58andthesocalled inventorofLSDhelpingtheDirectoroftheBureauof IntelligenceandResearchauthorabookonMKULTRA,andtheychangedthenameproactivelytoavoidthedamagefromexposureIknewit!LetmejustsaythatItotallyagreewithyou.Above we saw Jonathan Ott create his own dictionary to define these words, similar to the ideassuggestedbyBernays. Inmy2012article titledR.GordonWasson:TheMan, theLegend, theMyth, IrevealedhowWasson,withthehelpofAllanNevins,hadalsousedthesesametacticstocoveruptheHallCarbineAffairforJPMorgan,afterwhichhetitledhisownbook.

August15,1939DearMr.Andrews:

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IhastentowriteyoutoassureyouthatAllen[sic]NevinstreatedmymanuscriptexactlyasIwouldvewishedhim todo.He refersand is taxed toa careful investigationwhich hasshownthathemustannouncetransactionandwasreallyprudentandcommendable.Inanappendixhesummarizestheepisodeintwoorthreepages.Hedoesntidentifytherecentinvestigation,andforthisIamveryglad.SincehisrevisedLifecameout,heandIhadanexchangeofcordiallettersonthesubject.[emphasismine]~R.GordonWassonOctober28,1941IammostgratefultoyouforyourcommentsontheHallCarbinepaper,andweshallgiveearnestconsiderationtoyouradvice.IhavesentacopyofittoAllanNevins,withwhomIhave often discussed it, and also to our good friend Steve Benet. We wish to think outcarefullyourprocedure,and,fortunately,wecanchooseourowntime.Perhapsafterweletthe matter simmer for some months we may bring out a second and larger edition.68[emphasismine]~R.GordonWasson

It should now be coming clear that these same public relations techniqueswere intentionally usedagainstthepeopleinthisremarketingofpsychotomimetictopsychedelicandthentoentheogen.JustasOsmondintroducedpsychedelictothepsychiatriccommunity,above,GordonWasson,CarlRuckandJonathanOttwouldintroducetheirnewwordtothepsychedeliccommunity,usingalmostthesamearguments(andtactics),andarguingthattheseolderwordswerenowlegacy,ortaintednomatterifbytheirownagents.

Wecommonlyrefer,forexample,tothealterationofsensoryperceptionsashallucinationandhenceadrugthateffectedsuchachangebecameknownasanhallucinogen.(1)Theverbhallucinate,however,immediatelyimposesavaluejudgmentuponthenatureofthealteredperceptions,foritmeanstobedeceivedorentertainfalsenotions.Itcomesfromthe Latin (b)al(l)ucinari, to wander mentally or talk nonsensically, and is synonymouswithverbsmeaningtobedeliriousorinsane.How can such a term allow one to discuss without bias those transcendent and beatificstatesofcommunionwithdeitythatnumerouspeoplesbelievetheyortheirshamansattainthrough the ingestion of whatwe now call hallucinogens? The other terms are not lessdamning.69~CarlRuck,GordonWasson,etal

Heretheauthorsusealoadedquestion,onewhichwellcoverinjustamoment.Butdamningforwhat?Also notice their bias to sell them as spiritual rather than hallucination causing. They appeal tonumerouspeoplesanonspecificappealtopopularity,whileignoringanyscientificliteraturetothecontrary.Then the authors continue, making a statement that, from the evidence already presented, iscompletelyfalse:

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DuringthefirstdecadeafterthediscoveryofLSD,scientificinvestigatorsoftheinfluenceofthesedrugsonthementalprocesses(mostofwhom,itisclear,hadnopersonalexperienceof their effects) had the impression that they seemed to approximate deranged andpsychoticstates.70~CarlRuck,GordonWasson,etal

Aretheytryingtoclaim that,ofallpeople,Huxley,HofferandOsmondhadnoexperiencewiththesesubstances?Thats,ofcourse, ridiculous.Everyoneknows thatHuxleywroteTheDoorsofPerception,andOsmondgaveHuxleythemescaline!AndHofferworkedwithOsmondandtheHuxleys.Andshouldwebelievethemwhentheysayscientificinvestigators[]hadtheimpressionthattheyseemedtoapproximatederangedandpsychoticstates?Wasitreallyonlyanimpressionthattheyseemedtoapproximate?Atthispointwouldyouprefertocallitincompetence,orlies?Itsobviouslypartoftheirmarketingstrategy.And, ironically, inan interviewwithProf.CarlRuckathishome in2008,Ispecificallyaskedhim ifhedevertriedmushrooms,towhichhesaidno.HealsoadmittedtohavingonlytriedLSDonce inhis life.LSDwasmadeinalaboratoryandisnotashamanicsacrament.ItwasRuckwho,asheadmittedinhisinterviewswithme andwas noted above,was the primary developer of theword entheogen. Soshouldnthe,byhisownwords,haveexperiencewiththesesubstancesbeforetryingtonamethem?IcanthelpbutwonderifhisoneexperiencewithLSDwasduetotheCIAsrequirementfornewrecruitsmentionedatthestartofthisarticle?HeresmorefromtheirpaperEntheogens:

Psychology, which is etymologically the study of the soul, has until recently concerneditselfonlywithmentalillnessandaberrantbehavior,andallofthetermsformedfromthepsychorootsufferfromthisconnotationofsickness:psychotic,forexample,cannotmeansoulful. Osmond attempted to avoid these adverse associations when he coinedpsychedelic,(2)theonlywordinEnglishthatemploystheanomalousrootpsycheinsteadof psycho, in hopes that this term, as distinct from "psychotomimetic, might indicatesomethingthatrevealsthesoul.71~CarlRuck,GordonWasson,etal

Noticehow,justaswithphanerothymeandpsychedelic,above,theideaistopromotethesesubstancesasspiritual.NoticealsothatRuckconfirmswhatIvestatedaboutthemarketingstrategy,above,thatOsmonds rules about the new word were in hopes that this term, as distinct from"psychotomimetic,mightindicatesomethingthatrevealsthesoul.Someofyoumaybethinkingrightaboutnow,oryouhavebeenforsometime,well,psychedelicsandmushrooms DO generate religious and spiritual experiences! Well, as weve seen throughout thispaper,anditreallyshouldntbeallthatmuchofasurprisebynow,muchofthatassumptionappearstohavebeenpublicrelationstoo.Thetopicofdarkshamanismshouldalsobementioned,butistoovastforthisarticle,soIofferabriefquotefromProf.NeilWhiteheadandDr.RobinWrightinstead:

Amazonianshamanismisnotalovinganimism,asitsmiddleclassurbanvulgatewantustobelieve.Itisbetterunderstoodasapredatoryanimism:subjectivityisattributedtohumanand nonhuman entities, withwhom some people are capable of interacting verbally and

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establishingrelationshipsofadoptionoralliance,whichpermitthemtoactupontheworldinordertocure,tofertilize,andtokill.[]Whereasneoshamanismisturnedontheremodelingofindividualsubjectivities,indigenousshamanism is concerned with producing new persons and social relationships from thestockofhumanandnonhumansubjectivitiesexistinginthecosmos.72~NeilWhiteheadandRobinWright

To summarize these ideas further, it was weaponized anthropology being used against us and theMazatecpeoples; itwaswhatGregoryBatesoncoinedasnativerevivalismbeingremarketedtothepublic which laterbecame the ArchaicRevival. Prof.David Price citesBatesonsdeclassifiedOSSmemoonthese ideas.Unfortunatelywedontknowexactlywhatthissignificantexperimentwas,orwhere its findingswerepublished.This issomethingthatanthropologistsseriousaboutgettingto thetruthneedtoinvestigateandmakepublic:

The most significant experiment which has yet been conducted in the adjustment ofrelationsbetweensuperiorandinferiorpeoplesistheRussianhandlingoftheirAsiatictribesinSiberia.Thefindingsofthisexperimentsupportverystronglytheconclusionthatitisveryimportanttofosterspectatorshipamongthesuperiorsandexhibitionismamongtheinferiors. In outline, what the Russians have done is to stimulate the native peoples toundertakeanativerevivalwhiletheythemselvesadmiretheresultingdancefestivalsandother exhibitions of native culture, literature, poetry, music and so on. And the sameattitudeofspectatorshipisthennaturallyextendedtonativeachievementsinproductionororganization. In contrast to this, where the whiteman thinks of himself as amodel andencouragesthenativepeopletowatchhiminordertofindouthowthingsshouldbedone,wefindthatintheendnativisticcultsspringupamongthenativepeople.Thesystemgetsoverweighed until some compensatory machinery is developed and then the revival ofnativearts, literature,etc.,becomesaweaponforuseagainstthewhiteman(Phenomena,comparable toGhandisspinningwheelmaybeobservedin Irelandandelsewhere). If,onthe other hand, the dominant people themselves stimulate native revivalism, then thesystem as a whole is much more stable, and the nativism cannot be used against thedominantpeople.73[emphasisadded]~GregoryBateson

Foracloser lookatthisnativerevivalismandhow itwasused intheWest, letsgetbacktoGordonWassonandtheMazatecmushrooms.Although Dr. Andy Letcher overlooks Wassons ties to public relations and the CIAs MKULTRASubproject58program,he revealsWassonshypeof themushroomsasspiritual. InhisbookShroomLetcherstates:

ThatWassonwas captivatedbyher [Sabina] seemsunderstandable, given thesequalities[charismatic].What is less understandable is why he dismissed the other curanderos heencounteredassecondrate,practitionersofadegenerate tradition: their standingwasashighasSabinaswithintheirrespectivecommunities.[]

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ButIthinkitmostcompellingthatWassonalighteduponSabinaasthearchetypalshamanbecause she neatly fitted his preconceptions about what a priestess of his old religionshouldlooklike.OnfindingSabina,hisheartmusthaveskippedabeat,forinherhesawthemissinglinkforwhichhehadbeenlooking.[]Devout,suffering,compassionate,generous,humble,alovinganddevotedmother,amystic,awomanwithout stain: shewasamostMarylike figure, andas such she slotted soveryeasilyintoWassonsHighChurchexpectations.[]Theonlyproblemwithallofthiswasthattheveladaswerenotreligiousceremonies.Thatis,thougheachwasframedwithinauniqueandadaptiveblendofCatholicandpaganritualactions prayers to Christian saints and Mazatec spirits, for example they were notperformed as an act of worship, or to induce mystical experiences of God: they wereperformed for the serious and pragmatic purposes of healing. Sabina was clear on thematter: thevigilswerentdone for thesimpledesire to findGod,butweredonewith thesolepurposeofcuringthesicknessthatourpeoplesufferfrom.TofindGod,SabinalikeallgoodCatholicswenttoMass.[]The anthropological heresy thatWasson committed, therefore, was that he forced thesecomplex indigenous healing practices to fit in with his own preconceptions rather thanattemptthemoredifficulttaskoftryingtounderstandthemontheirownterms.HewenttoMexico with his vision of the ancient mushrooming cult fully formed, and projected thepriestlyroleontoSabina[].74[emphasisadded]~AndyLetcher

CitingMariaSabinasown1981 interviewandbookwithAlvaroEstrada75,LetcheraccusesWassonofanthropologicalheresy,wordsthatcertainlyringtrueherewithregardtonativerevivalism,andwellseemoreofthisweaponizedanthropologyasweprogress.AnotheraccuratewordthatLetcherusedregardingWassons selling themushroomsas spiritualwas lies.76Also,did younoticehow Letcherpointedout thatMariaSabinawasaveryMarylike figure?Sheevenhad therightnameMaria isSpanish forMary,makinga subtle suggestion toa religiousexperience.How serendipitous! And itgetsevenbetter.Mariabelongedtooh,Illjustlethertellyouherself:

Ive belonged to the sisterhoods for thirty years. Now I belong to the Sisterhood of theSacredHeartof Jesus.Thesisterhoodiscomposedoftenwomen.[]Eachmemberisalsocalledmother.OurtaskconsistsofmakingcandlesandgatheringmoneytopayforthemassthatisgivenmonthlyinthankstotheSacredHeartofJesus.77~MariaSabina

MariaSabinawasadevoutCatholic.There isnoevidence thatshehadeverused themushrooms foranythingotherthanhealing.NearlyallofthelyricsforhersocalledveladasarethenamesofChristiansaints(includingJesuss)mixedwithwordsforhealing.78

DuringmyvigilsIspeaktothesaints:toLordSantiago,toSaintJoseph,andtoMary.Isaythenameofeachoneastheyappear.IknowthatGodisformedbyallthesaints.Justaswe,together, form humanity, God is formed by all the saints. That is why I dont have apreferenceforanysaint.Allthesaintsareequal,onehasthesameforceastheother,nonehasmorepowerthananother.79

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~MariaSabina

Mycologist Dr. Brian Akers, who also possesses a Master of Arts in Anthropology and a degree inComparativeReligion,andwhosworkedonvariousprojectswithProf.Ruck,inTheSacredMushroomsofMexico,admits:

Themushroomindicateswhatmadethepersonsick,andisabletosaywhatthewitchcraftwas,whodidit,onwhatday,aswellasthemotive,andcanwellindicatewhetheritpertainstoafright(unespanto)orsicknessthatcanbecuredwithothermedicines.80~Dr.BrianAkers

InPersephonesQuest,Wassonhimselfadmitsthesefacts:I have one more publication to report in the Mexican field. In 1958 I taped a completeceremony of Maria Sabinas velada, as we have come to call the customary nighttimesession.Aboyabout17yearsoldhadcontractedaserious illnesswhenworkingdowninthehotcountry:somethingwasgravelywrongwithhisliverorkidney.MariaSabinawoulddevoteherhealingveladatoaskingthemushroomswhethertheboywouldliveordie,andifhewastolive,whatheshoulddotorecover.Theverdicthoweverwasthattheboyhadtodie:withinweekshewasdead.81~R.GordonWasson

Wassonadmitsthat itwasacustomarynighttimesessionandthatMariawashealinga17yearoldboy who died weeks later. Furthermore, curandero, from cure, means a healer. And while MariaSabinaappearedasa religious,godly figure thatWassoncouldmarket to thepublic, in1953Wassonmetanothercuranderoanddidaveladawithhimaswell.UnfortunatelyforWasson,thiscuranderowas a oneeyed butcher and didnt fit the saintly image hewould a few years later play upwithSabina:

The velada was held on the night of Saturday, 15 August 1953 stretching into the earlyhoursofthefollowingday,inHuautladeJimenez,Oaxaca.WeweretalkingwithoneofourbestinformantsinHuautla,donAurelioCarreras,aoneeyedbutcher.[]Hehadfurnishedus with entheogenic mushrooms of two species and clearly meant us well. He had nosuccess in finding shaman [] As we chatted with Aurelio, quite casually, don Robertoasked,Andtellus,Aurelio,whenyougivetreatments(hacecuraciones),aretheysuccessful?Always,heanswered.For days we had been talking to a cotacine (onewhoknows in Mazatec, shaman) allunawares.82~GordonWasson

So in in 1953Wasson andWeitlaner had alreadymet a shaman,Aurelio, and had already seen aveladaanddecidedthatAureliowasntamarketablefigure.Aurelio,theoneeyedMazatecbutcherfromHuautladeJimenezdoesntsoundascharmingasMariaSabina,thesabia,does it?Infact,he

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soundsmore like Jack theRipper.Furthermore,Aureliosmokedabig,black,strongcigarallnightandsweatedprofusely.83Buttofurtherprovethatthesesubstanceswereusedforhealing,noticeabovethatAureliowouldgivetreatments,whichsoundsstrikinglysimilartosomethingadoctorwoulddo.Furthermore,AureliohadaskedwhatproblemtroubledWassonandWeitlaner,towhichWassonreplied:

WesaidwewishedtohavenewsofoursonPeter,age18,fromwhomwehadnotheardformanydays.(Peterdidnotknowouraddress.)Thisseemedalegitimatereason.84

Later,regardinglostobjects,Wassonadmits:Thenativestoldusofotherwonderswithinthepowerofthemushroom:1)ifayoungwifevanishes,themushroomtellsinavisionwheresheis;2)ifmoneyhasdisappearedfromasecret place, the mushroom reveals who has it and where it is; 3) if the burro hasdisappeared,themushroomssayswhetherheisstolenandtowardwhatmarketheisbeingdrivenforsale,orelsewhetherithasfallenintoabarrancawherehelieswithabrokenleg;4)ifaboyinthefamilyhasgoneawayintotheworld,perhapstotheStates,themushroomwillbringnewsofhim.TheIndiansareagreedonthesematters.85~GordonWasson

Asidefromhealingwehave:findingayoung,cheatingwife,lookingforstolenmoney,findingamissingjackass,andtrackingdownaboyinthefamilywhosgoneintotheworldtheseusesarewhatWassonandRuckseektorenameentheogen.Embellishing thestoryto its furthestextreme, inhisbestWassonianprosewhilereferringtoMexicanauthor Fernando Benitez, Akers states: Benitez was personally referred to the curandera MariaSabinabyR.GordonWassonandcontinueson,andquitefalsely Imightadd:BenitezpresentsanaccuratepictureofthesacredmushroomcomplexoftheMazatecs[]butAkersclaimcouldntbefurtherfromthetruth:

Unconstrained by formal stylistic conventions of strictly scientific or anthropologicalinvestigations,Benitezheregiveshis sensibilitiesasawriter free reign []. Inparticular,Benitez account brings out one inescapable feature of the experience brought on byingestion of the mushrooms, namely its intensely personal quality. As a result, Benitezpowerfullydrawsthereaderintohisnarrative,offeringobservationsthatdovetailthoseofauthors such as [are you ready for it?] Aldous Huxley, AlanWatts, Huston Smith and R.Gordon Wasson. He paints an especially compelling portrait of Maria Sabina, whoseessential character seems to emergeas a sortofnativeMexicanversionof St. TheresaofAvila,humbly livinga lifeof complete fidelity tohermysticalvisions, recognizing in theirinspirationanoverwhelmingrealitybeyondthereachofdoubt.Inthisrespect,thisaccountforeshadowsthebookMariaSabina:HerLifeandChantsbyAlvaroEstrada(1981),whichfirst appeared in the original Spanish in 1977. Benitez contributions have been widelyacclaimed. As noted by anthropologist Peter Furst, a leading expert on the indigenouscontextofhallucinogens,suchastheritualuseofpeyoteandtheHuichol(1972,1976).86~BrianAkers

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Akers states thatBenitez is Unconstrained by formal stylistic conventions of strictly scientific oranthropological investigations, which normally translates to youre about to hear a lot ofpoppycock. Akers thenclaims thatBenitez:powerfullydrawsthereader intohisnarrative,andhasobservationsthatdovetailthoseofauthorssuchasAldousHuxley,AlanWatts,HustonSmithand R. GordonWasson. He paints an especially compelling portrait of Maria Sabina, the St.TheresaofAvila,andanoverwhelmingrealitybeyondthereachofdoubt.Wellseeaboutthat.HealsoclaimsthatthisaccountforeshadowsthebookMariaSabina:HerLifeandChantsbyAlvaroEstradabuthedoesntmentionthat,aswellseebelow,SabinaentirelycontradictsBenitezversionofthestory.Andthatsnotall.AstartlingdiscoverybyanthropologistProf.JayCourtneyFikesinhisbookCarlosCastaneda:AcademicOpportunism and the Psychedelic Sixties, 1993,87 revealed that Prof. Peter T. Furst, Dr. BarbaraMyerhoff,andDr.CarlosCastanedahadcollaborated together tomislead their readers regarding theHuicholfordecadesandhadcommittedacademicfraud.WhenFikes firstwentpublicwith the information inhisbook,Furst threatened to suehispublisher.Ratherthanstandingfirm,Fikespublisherpanickedandpulledhisbookfromprint.AndFikesandotheranthropologistshadalreadybroughtchargesofacademicfraudagainstFursttotheEthicsCommitteeoftheAmericanAnthropologicalAssociationin199288,whichalsobackeddownduetoFurststhreats.Dueto thedepthof this scandalaswevebeen revealinghere,werebeginning tounderstandwhatwasmostlikelytheunderlyingcausethatgottheAnthropologicalAssociationtobackdown.Furstwillhavenosuch luckhere. Id love toget thisscandalon theofficialrecord.Attempts to interviewFursthavefailed.InaJuly2011interviewwithme,Fikesstated:

NeitherFurstorMyerhofforCastanedahadanyfieldnotesortaperecordingsandnobodyelseamongtheHuicholswhohasstudiedthemhasfoundanythinglikethat.It'snotpartofanyHuicholritual.Sothereisnobasisforitatall.It'safabricationandit'safabricationinthatwehavethreepeoplewhokneweachotherverywellCastaneda,FurstandMyerhoffallwritingstrikinglysimilarreportsaboutwaterfalljumping(Fikes1993:7075).~JayCourtneyFikes

Akersclaimsarequiteoverreaching,tosaythevery least.Fikespublishedhisbook in1993,andAkerspublishedin2007,sotheresnoreasonforDr.Akers,withaMastersinAnthropology,tonotknowthefactswhenheclaimsPeterFurst,aleadingexpertontheindigenouscontextofhallucinogens,suchastheritualuseofpeyoteandtheHuichol.And(forthisarticle)HuxleysandWassonsintegrityareunderquestion(wellhavetoleaveWattsandSmithforanothertime),andnowweseethatBenitezfitstightlyintotheircamp,as,seemingly,doesAkers.Butagain,wecanseewhatappearstobeAkersand

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Benitez steering theconversation inapredetermineddirection (justasHuxleyandWasson),which isbehaviorunbecomingacademia.Though Ill let the readerbe the judge, itappears thatBenitez (andAkersifheknew)havecommittedthesameanthropologicalheresythatWassondid,above.Inthefollowing Benitez quotes (translated by Akerswe verified his translation and its accurate) we seeBenitez acting seemingly as a good PR man, literally taking as much fictional liberty with theanthropologicalfactsregardingMariaSabinaandtheMazatecashepossiblycould.InthisfirstquoteheadmitsthathecouldntunderstandtheMazateclanguage:

Unfortunately, the fact that Maria speaks Mazatec exclusively has prevented me fromknowingherinallherspiritualwealthanddepth.Notwithoutovercominganolddistrust,sheagreedtotellmeher lifestoryinthreesessions,andalthoughshehadasatranslatorthe intelligent teacherHerlinda, anativeofHuautlawhospeaksMazatecperfectly, itwasquicklyrevealedthatnotonlywassheincapableoftranslatingMariaspoeticthought,butalso distorted themeaning and originality of her story in passing it through the filter ofanothercultureandsensitivity.89~FernandoBenitez

SoBenitezcouldntunderstandasinglewordSabinasaid:Unfortunately,thefactthatMariaspeaksMazatec exclusively has prevented me from knowing her [...]. He then states Not withoutovercominganolddistrust,buthedoesntstateanolddistrustofwhat.WasitWasson?Aswellseeinamoment it likelywas.Afterall,Wasson senthim there.He then claims that the translatorwhospeaksMazatecperfectlywas incapableof translatingMariaspoetic thought,andthensaysshedistortedthemeaningandoriginalityofherstory.ButhowcouldBenitezpossiblyknowthis ifhedidntspeakawordofMazatec?And,ironically,BenitezprovidesnodetailednotesorrecordingsofhisconversationwithSabina.Hethenusesassumingwords: inallherspiritualwealthanddepth.Thequestionthenbecomes:WasBenitezawillful idiot?Or, likeFurst,Myerhoff,Castaneda,Wasson,and,apparently,Ruck,awillfulparticipant?AbovewesawAkersstate:Benitezwaspersonallyreferredtothe curandera Maria Sabina by R. Gordon Wasson. And would you believe it? Serendipitously,WassonhadworkedwithFurstandCastaneda.FromTheValleyNews,March27,1970:

The uses of hallucinogenic drugs by other societies will be investigated by a group ofscholars []. Titled Hallucinogenic DrugUse inNonWestern Cultures, the series startsMarch30inWoodlandHills[],andMarch31atUCLA[].Films,Slidesanddiscussionwillsupplementthelectures,andamongthefilmstobeshownwill be the first documentary on theHuichol Peyote cult ofMexico. [] Coordinating theprogramwillbePeterT.Furst,researchanthropologistatUCLA.In the first lecture of the series, Carlos Castanedawill discuss the concept of a separaterealitythroughtheuseofhallucinogens,relatinghisexperiencesasanapprenticeshamaninNorthernMexico.[]

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PeyoteuseamongtheHuicholsofMexicowillbeseeninafilmandlecturebyPeterT.Furst.TheSacredMushroomofMexicoisthetopicofapresentationbyR.GordonWasson,whobegan research in 1927 leading to his famous studies of the mushroom and botanicalidentification of Soma, the sacred substance worshipped by ancient IndoEuropeans, onwhichWassonwillgiveasecondlectureforthefinalmeetingoftheseries.90

And although Ive truncated the news article for brevity, other scholars in the lecture series wereWeston Labarre, Marlene Dobkin de Rios, James W. Fernandez, Richard Evans Schultes, Michael J.Harner,andWilliamA.Emboden,Jr.WealsohaveCarlosCastanedameetingupwithWassonattheCenturyClub,aCIAfrontorganizationthat Ive exposedpreviously,which appears fromdocumentswasheadedby theDirectorofCentralIntelligence,AllenDulles.JustoneofthelettersbetweenWassonandDullesreleasedtomethroughCIAFreedomofInformationAct(FOIA)requests,states:

3April1957DearGordon:Itwasagreatpleasuretowritealetterofrecommendationonbehalfofmygoodfriend,EllsworthBunker,totheCenturyAssociation.Iencloseacopy.Itwasgoodtohearfromyou.LetmeknowifyouareinWashington.91~AllenDulles

HereisWassonremindingCastanedathatthetwohadmetupattheCenturyClub,aswellasatFurstsconference,above:

10January1976DearMr.Castaneda:AfterthesemanyyearsmayIremindyouofsomeexchanges,mostlyepistolary,thatwehadatthetimeofthepublicationofyourfirstbook.Yousentmewithalongletteradozenpagesofyour fieldnotes,not thescribblednotes thatyoumade inDon Juanspresents,but theonesthatyouwroteoutwithinhoursoftheendofyoursessionwiththem.Then,later,youcame and had drinks with me at the Century Club in New York, and some monthsafterwardswesaweachotherbrieflyattheseriesoflecturesthatPeterFurstorganizedatUCLA.92~GordonWasson

ButbeforeIdigresstoofar,letsgetbacktoBenitez.Hecontinues:

Firstwenotethatthecurandero,tocommunewiththesegods,undergoesatransformationbywhichhehimselfbecomesagod.Noeffortisnecessarytodemonstratetheexistenceofthesegods.TothisdayinHuautlaproofthatthemushroomissacredisestablishedbytheincontrovertiblefactthateatingitissufficienttofeelitssupernaturaleffects.93~FernandoBenitez

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Benitezlaterclaims:

Onthewhole,themostimportantthinginthisreligiousmixtureistheecstaticexperience,consideredasthereligiousexperienceparexcellence.(17)Thereforetheoneswhodominate intheSierraarenotthecuranderosorCatholicpriests,but theoneswho resort to the sacredmushrooms,beingwithina varietyof techniquespoorlystudiedthespecialistsofatranceduringwhichthesoulisbelievedtoabandonthebodyandundertaketh