ensayos de investigación en urbanismo y arquitectura vol ii, 2014-1

7/21/2019 Ensayos de Investigacin en Urbanismo y Arquitectura Vol II, 2014-1

1/143

Rkdvbrsdncn Kcld`kci Cutk`ec

nb Exdl`

Dkstdtut` nb Dkjbkdbrc

]`sjrcn` bk Rrgckdse`

]`sjrcn` bk Crqudtblturc

]r`lbs`s nb cpr`pdcldk nbi bspcld`.

Bkscy`s nb dkvbstdjcldk bk

Rrgckdse` y Crqudtblturc.

X`iuebk DD.

Bkrdqub Ncz-E`rc, l``rndkcn`r

Ln. Rkdvbrsdtcrdc, RKCE, bkbr` nb 7=3>


2/143

]rbsbktcldk

Bi prbsbktb n`luebkt` dkliuyb sdbtb bkscy`s nb dkvbstdjcldk bicg`rcn`s p`r

edbegr`s nbi sbedkcrd` tdtuicn` Cpr`pdcldk y nbstrulldk nbi ebnd` cegdbktb qub

l``rndk` lè` csdjkcturc lurrdluicr nb i`s pr`jrcecs nb p`sjrcn` bk Rrgckdse` y

Crqudtblturc bk bi kdvbi nb ecbstrc.

\b trctc nb bkscy`s bicg`rcn`s gco` ed ndrblldk nurcktb bi sbebstrb 7=3>-3.

Ic prbpcrcldk nb i`s bkscy`s p`r i`s edbegr`s nbi sbedkcrd` tdbkb lè` pr`psdt`

l`cnyuvcr c nbscrrìicr sus lcpcldncnbs y acgdidncnbs crjuebktctdvcs, b dkdldcri`s bk ic

bicg`rcldk nb n`luebkt`s ldbkthdl`s.

\u pr`nulldk tdbkb iujcr bk bi egdt` nb uk cprbkndzcob lìcg`rctdv`, p`r i` qub

tdbkbk uk vci`r clcnedl` pbr sb y l`kstdtuybk, cnbes, nct`s nur`s pcrc i`s bstund`s qub

s`grb bi tbec nbi cprbkndzcob lìcg`rctdv` rbcidz` cltuciebktb bk ic l``rndkcldk nb

Dkjbkdbrc nb \dstbecs nbi Dkstdtut` nb Dkjbkdbrc.


3/143

kndlb nb l`ktbkdn`

Cl`stc J`nkbz, slcr DsrcbiIc dkhiubkldc nbi `rnbkcedbkt` tbrrdt`rdci y ic cpr`pdcldk nbbspcld`s, bk ics dkukncld`kbs nb ic Lubklc nbi Xciib nbExdl`. 3

Gcrr`s` Sudcg Gbrbkdlb nb O.

Bk bi l`ktbxt` nb ic ndslcpcldncn l`e` pr`nult` s`ldci, sbjbkbrc bxliusdk y nbhdldbktb cllbs` c ic bnulcldk, sbrvdld`spgidl`s, ebrlcn`s icg`rcibs, btl. I` cktbrd`r sb rbhiboc bk icdkbhdldbkldc nb i`s pr`jrcecs s`ldcibs qub sb ndsbck pcrcpr`e`vbr gdbkbstcr s`ldci y bl`kedl` nb ic pbrs`kcs l`kndslcpcldncn. 31

L`ktrbrcs-Crrdcjc, Bi`y

Bi us` nbi cjuc piuvdci cyuncr c edtdjcr bi bstrs anrdl` nb icLduncn nb Exdl`


4/143

3

Bi dkhiubkldc nbi `rnbkcedbkt`tbrrdt`rdci y ic cpr`pdcldk nb

bspcld`s, bk ics dkukncld`kbsnb ic Lubklc nbi Xciib nbExdl`.

Bkscy` bicg`rcn` bk bi ecrl` nbi sbedkcrd` nb Bl`kèc, ]ìtdlc y Cegdbktb,

Cpr`pdcldk y Nbstrulldk nbi Ebnd` Cegdbktb 7=3>-3

L``rndkcn`r? Etr`. Bkrdqub Ncz E`rc.

Cut`r? Crq. Cl`stc J`ndkbz @slcr Dsrcbi

Rkdvbrsdncn Kcld`kci Cutkèc nb Exdl`

]r`jrcec nb Crqudtblturc y Rrgckdse`.

Bkscy`s nb dkvbstdjcldk bk Rrgckdse` y Crqudtblturc/Bkrdqub Ncz-E`rc, l``rndkcn`r/7=3>-3.

]j. 3Vkndlb nb l`ktbkdnÙ


5/143

3

Bi dkhiubkldc nbi `rnbkcedbkt`tbrrdt`rdci y ic cpr`pdcldk nb

bspcld`s, bk ics dkukncld`kbsnb ic Lubklc nbi Xciib nbExdl`.

Bkscy` bicg`rcn` bk bi ecrl` nbi sbedkcrd` nb Bl`k`ec, ]`itdlc y Cegdbktb,Cpr`pdcldk y Nbstrulldk nbi Ebnd` Cegdbktb 7=3>-3

L``rndkcn`r? Etr`. Bkrdqub Ncz E`rc.

Cut`r? Crq. Cl`stc J`ndkbz @slcr Dsrcbi


]r`jrcec nb Crqudtblturc y Rrgckdse`.




6/143

7

Bi pr`gibec nb ics dkukncld`kbs bk icLubklc nbi Xciib nb Exdl`.

Lcnc c`, bi pbrd`n` nb trcksdldk bktrb Xbrck` y @t`` ecrlc bi dkdld` nb ictbep`rcnc nb dkukncld`kbs bk ic Lduncn nb Exdl`. ]crc i`s acgdtcktbs nbcijuk`s Eukdldpd`s Ebxdqubksbs lè` Kbzcaucily`ti, Ic ]cz y Ladeciauclkbst` sb ac l`kvbrtdn` bk ukc l`ktdkjbkldc pr jrcecnc, y l`k ics prdebrcs iiuvdcs,lcpdtcidk`s y cut`rdncnbs sb prbpcrck pcrc aclbr hrbktb c ics dkukncld`kbs. Icsclld`kbs p`r pcrtb nb i`s j`gdbrk`s vck nbsnb lcepccs nb idepdbzc nb lciibs ynbs-czìvb nb nrbkcob, acstc pr`yblt`s nb dkhrcbstrulturc lè` picktcs nbgègb`, p`r su pcrtb i`s acgdtcktbs nb ics lì`kdcs y nbibjcld`kbs esvuikbrcgibs, ack cprbkndn` c dnbktdhdlcr cqubiics iiuvdcs qub pubnbk `lcsd`kcr ukc

dkukncldk. y cpbkcs sb pbrlctck nb ukc, lèdbkzc ic rutdkc pcrc pr`tbjbr i`sgdbkbs nb ic lcsc. cs cktb uk pbidjr` qub sb ac vubit` l`k`ldn` ics hcedidcs sbndsp`kbk c lcizcr i`s eubgibs, lugrdr i`s bibltr`nèstdl`s l`k pistdl` y cidstcrbsl`gcs y trcpbcn`rbs pubs scgbk qub cpbkcs gcob bi cjuc, acgr qub bepbzcrl`k ic idepdbzc.

]`r nbsjrcldc pcrc qudbkbs suhrbk l`kstcktbebktb i`s bhblt`s qubpr`nulbk ics dkukncld`kbs, nb p`l` ack sbrvdn` ics ebndncs tbkndbktbs c edtdjcrsus l`ksblubkldcs. Tc qub p`r es cegdld`scs qub sbck ics pìtdlcs nbprbvbkldk, y p`r eula` qub sb ebo`rb ic dkhrcbstrulturc nb sckbcedbkt`, tcrnb `

tbeprck` bi pr`gibec vubivb c rbgcscr c ic sìuldk, y nb kubvc lubktc sbdklrbebktck ics prndncs `lcsd`kcncs p`r ics iiuvdcs. ]br` bstb k` bs uk tbecrbldbktb pubs ics dkukncld`kbs bk ic Lubklc nbi Xciib nb Exdl` s`k tck vdbocslè` ic Lduncn edsec. Nbsnb ic p`lc prbadspkdlc sb ack n`luebktcn` i`sbegctbs nbi cjuc bk ic lduncn, y nbsnb bkt`klbs sb ac cg`rncn` bi pr`gibec,lè` sd sb trctcrc nb ukc lèpbtbkldc bktrb bi aègrb y ic kcturcibzc.

Ci sbr uk hbkebk` euitdhclt`rdci, ic sìuldk ci ics dkukncld`kbs bk icLubklc nbi Xciib nb Exdl` rbsuitc p`r nbes lèpiboc. Bi bkh`qub qub sb actècn` l`ksdstb bk guslcr aclbr hrbktb c ics lcuscs ndrbltcs lè`? bi

aukndedbkt` nbi subi`, bi cuebkt` bk ic prbldpdtcldk piuvdci, ` ic ndsedkuldk nbic lcpcldncn nb nbslcrjc nb i`s lìblt`rbs. ]br` p`l` sb ac abla` p`r rbebndcrics vcrdcgibs dkndrbltcs jbkbrcncs c pcrtdr nb ic cltdvdncn bl`kedlc, y qub tdbkbkqub vbr l`k bi `rnbkcedbkt` tbrrdt`rdci y bi lrbldedbkt` nbsl`ktrìcn` nb icecklac urgckc. Sudz bs cqu n`knb sb bklubktrc ic vbrncnbrc sìuldk. ]ubspcrc bktbknbr bi ebtcgìdse` nb ic lduncn bs kblbscrd` pcrtdr nb qub ic lduncnnbpbknb nbi ebnd` hsdl` qub ic cigbrjc, y k` nbi ebrlcn`.


]j.


7/143

-3.

]j. >Vkndlb nb l`ktbkdn`U


8/143

>

]yEBs qub k` bstcgck csbjurcncs kblbsdtcr`k es tdbep` pcrc rblupbrcrsb nb

ics jrcknbs dkukncld`kbs nb 7=3= qub i`s kbj`ld`s es jrcknbs. Csdedse`, ic

jrck ecy`rc nb ics ]yEBs k` s`grbvdvdbr`k(Csjcry, 7=37)Bk 7==4 i`s nc`s ci`s sblt`rbs pr`nultdv`s trcs ic rupturc nbi Beds`r ]`kdbktb, sb bstdeck bk 3=.38edii`kbs nb pbs`s. ]br` ic vbrncnbrc chbltcldk sb `rdjdkc bk ic ebndnc qub bst`s

nc`s vck jbkbrckn` bi ldbrrb nb lèbrld`s y ic prndnc nb bepib`s.

Bk ics z`kcs urgckcs ics rbpbrlusd`kbs ci ebnd` cegdbktb, nbrdvcncs nbics dkukncld`kbs sb `rdjdkck nb eckbrc dkndrbltc, l`k bi cuebkt` bk ic jbkbrcldknb gcsurc, trcs ic l`ktdkjbkldc. \b lciluic qub l`k ics iiuvdcs t`rrbkldcibs nb 7==4bk ics lì`kdcs Xciib N`rcn` Ctdzcpk y Crgìbncs sb jbkbrcr`k 3,2== t`kbicncsnb rbsdnu`s sidn`s, y hub kblbscrdc ic pcrtdldpcldk nb es nb edi trcgcocn`rbseukdldpcibs pcrc ics icg`rbs nb idepdbzc.: Bi crrcstrb nbi cjuc lcusc qub i`sl`ktcedkcktbs sbck icvcn`s y bxtbkndn`s c `trcs pcrtbs nbi ebnd` cegdbktb.^cegdk pubnbk nbspiczcr ckdecibs tcibs lè` r`bn`rbs y sbrpdbktbs, iibvckn`l`kndld`kbs p`tbkldciebktb pbidjr`scs tckt` pcrc i`s sbrbs aueck`s y `trcsbspbldbs.

Bk i` qub sb rbhdbrb c ic sciun, i`s bstcklcedbkt`s nb cjuc, pr`v`lck bisurjdedbkt` nb gr`tbs bpdnedl`s nb \cie`kbi`sds, \adkjbi`sds, Tbrsdkdkcbktbr`lìtdlc, Librc, Abpctdtds dkhblld`sc, Cedgdcsds, bktrb `tr`s. ]ubs bi crrcstrbnbi cjuc pr`pcjc c i`s cjbktbs pctjbk`s lcuscktbs nb bstcs bkhbrebncnbs, yl`ktcedkc ics hubktbs kcturcibs nb cjuc nuilb. Bstb pr`gibec tdbkb ecy`rbsrbpbrlusd`kbs bk i`s bstrct`s es vuikbrcgibs nb ic s`ldbncn. sdbkn` ics pbrs`kcsnb ic tbrlbrc bncn y cqubiics qub vdvbk bk z`kcs nb citc ecrjdkcldk i`s espr`pbks`s c sbr chbltcn`s.

Bk rbsuebk ics dkukncld`kbs k` sì` jbkbrck lucktd`scs prndncsbl`kedlcs, tcegdk rbprbsbktck uk rdbsj` c ic sciun nb ic p`gicldk, cs lèùkc cebkczc ci tbodn` s`ldci, pubs ci trctcrsb nb uk pr`gibec rblurrbktb icp`gicld`kbs vuikbrcgibs vdvbk bk uk l`kstcktb bstcn` nb dklbrtdnuegrb. Bi pclt`dktbrkcld`kci nb nbrbla`s bl`kedl`s, s`ldcibs y luiturcibs? ebkld`kc qub "Binbrbla` c ic vdvdbknc k` sb nbgb dktbrprbtcr bk uk sbktdn` bstrdlt` ` rbstrdltdv` qub i`

bqudpcrb, p`r bobepi`, l`k bi l`gdo` qub rbsuitc nbi ebr` abla` nb tbkbr uk tbocn` p`r

bkldec nb ic lcgbzc ` i` l`ksdnbrb bxliusdvcebktb lè` uk gdbk. Nbgbl`ksdnbrcrsb, bk lcegd`, lè` bi nbrbla` c vdvdr bk sbjurdncn, pcz y ndjkdncn bk

cijukc pcrtb" (@KR, 3443). Gco` bstc prbedsc bi pcpbi nbi bstcn` es qubsctdshclbr ic `hbrtc nb vdvdbknc, bs ic nb pr`lurcr bspcld`s pcrc acgdtcr sbjur`s yl`k lcidncn nb vdnc.

8hubktb? LBKC]WBN

:hubktb J`gdbrk` Eukdldpci nb îcikbpcktic nb Gcz.




9/143

2

Adst`rdc nb ics dkukncld`kbs bk ic

Lubklc nbi Xciib nb Exdl`.

Wbsuitc ndhldi csdedicr ic dnbc nb qub bi tbrrdt`rd` qub ca`rc `lupc ic Lduncn nbExdl`, cijukc vbz hub uk Icj`, y bs qub bk rbcidncn p`l` qubnc, qub k`srblubrnb bi pcdscob iclustrb `rdjdkci. ]crc acgdtcr bstb bspcld` hub kblbscrdè`ndhdlcr bi bl`sdstbec kcturci, dklrustckn` ic lduncn, bk uk ebnd` cobk` bstcv`lcldk. Lè` l`ksblubkldc nb bst`, c i` icrj` nb ic adst`rdc nb ic lcpdtci, i`sacgdtcktbs ack suhrdn` ics l`ksblubkldcs nb ic iulac nbi ebnd` cegdbktb p`rrblupbrcr ic v`lcldk `rdjdkci nbi tbrrdt`rd`.

Ics prdebrcs dkukncld`kbs nb ics qub sb tdbkb rbjdstr` hubr`k ics nb

^bk`latdtik bk 3>>8 y 3>>4 pr`v`lcncs p`r i`s nbskdvbibs nb i`s icj`s_uepckj` y ^bxl`l`. Bst`s bvbkt`s ndbr`k pdb c ic lrbcldk nbi Cigcrnk1 nbKbtzcaucily`ti, `grc qub l`ksdstc bk ukc jrck gcrnc nb ecnbrc y pdbnrc qubtbknrc lè` `gobtdv` ndvdndr ics cjucs nuilbs nb ics scicncs y bvdtcr icsdkukncld`kbs. "L`k ukc i`kjdtun nb 38 fdiebtr`s, vcrd`s nb i`s lucibs sbl`kstruybr`k bk bi cjuc, y qudklb ebtr`s nb ckla`, ic cigcrrcnc nb

Kbtzcaucily`ti ndvdnd ic vcstc icjukc bk n`s? "ic nbi `rdbktb, nb cjucs scicncs,

qub sdjud iicekn`sb icj` nb ^bxl`l` y ic `lldnbktci, luycs cjucs r`nbcgck c ic

ebtrpìd y sb nbkèdk icjukc nb Exdl`, luycs cjucs sb vìvdbr`k nuilbs. Rk

nì` nbi nd`s Audtzdi`p`latid l`r`kcgc ic ecjkc `grc." (\bjurc, 7=3, bkbstc `lcsdk bi kdvbi nbi cjuc sb ecktuv` p`r ebsbs nbgdn` c qub ic kdlc h`recbk ic qub p`nc scidr brc ebndcktb ic bvcp`rcldk, lè` sìuldk sb l`kstruy` bilckci nb Aubaubt`lc, qub nbslcrjcrc bi lcunci acldc bi W` ûic.

Nurcktb ic l`kstrulldk nbi Lckci `lurrd ic pb`r dkukncldk bk ic Lduncn nbExdl`, sbjk i`s rbict s ic iiuvdc nur


10/143

8

"Acldc 3128 ics dkukncld`kbs brck lcnc vbz es cicrecktbs? bk cijukcs

z`kcs su kdvbi cilckz acstc trbs ebtr`s nb citurc. C prdkldpd`s nb bsb c` sb

cgrd uk l`klurs`4 pcrc bi pr`yblt` nb ics `grcs nbi nbscjb, `hrbldkn`sb uk

prbed` nb n`lb edi pbs`s bk `r` ci jckcn`r. Bi pick es l`epibt` y p`r i` tckt` bi

jckcn`r hub bi nbi Dkj. Hrckldsl` nb Jcrcy, qudbk pr`pus` l`kstrudr uk lckci qub

scidbrc nbsnb \ck Izcr`, ci bstb nb ic lduncn, pcrc ctrcvbscr i`s icj`s nb

^bxl`l`, \ck Lrdstgci y _uepckj`, lckcidzckn` sus cjucs y ics nb i`s r`s qub

lruzcrc c su pcs`. Rk tkbi, sdtucn` ci hdkci nbi lckci, l`knuldrc ics cjucs acldc

bi r` ^bqudxqudcl." (\bjurc, 7=3-3.

]j. :Vkndlb nb l`ktbkdn`U


11/143

:

bstcgiblbrc ic rbicldk, bktrb ic bxtrclldk nb cjuc nbi sugsubi` y bi aukndedbkt`nb ic Lduncn.

Nurcktb ic p`lc lì`kdci y pcrtb nb ic dknbpbknbkldc, pcrc bi cgcst` nbcjuc bk ic Lduncn nb Exdl` sb rblurrc bxliusdvcebktb c i`s eckcktdcibs,

prdkldpciebktb ci nb ic ]dic. Bi cjuc nb i`s eckcktdcibs, brc trcksp`rtcnc c trcvsnb uk sdstbec nb lcbrcs acldc i`s l`kvbkt`s, qub c su vbz ic ndstrdguck c icshubktbs pgidlcs, hubktbs prdvcncs y clbqudcs37. Nurcktb bi sdji` QDQ lèbkzcr`kc cpcrblbr i`s l`rrbn`rbs dknustrdcibs lè` bi Ibrec - ^ìulc. Bst` pr`v`l ukcuebkt` nb ic nbksdncn nb p`gicldk cs lè` uk dklrbebkt` bk ics kblbsdncnbsnb cjuc, pcrc lugrdr ic nbecknc dknustrdci, cjrlìc y urgckc, sb rblurrd c icpbrh`rcldk nb p`z`s bk t`n` bi vciib.

L`kh`reb cuebktcgc ic p`gicldk, sb hubr`k pbrh`rckn` ecs p`z`ssèbr`s, pcrc 3118 sb tbkck rbjdstrcncs es nb 3,=== k`rdcs3 lèbkz icpbrh`rcldk nb i`s prdebr`s 4< p`z`s pr`hukn`s, l`k i` qub bi aukndedbkt` nb iclduncn cuebkt c 31les. p`r c`.

@tr` hclt`r dep`rtcktb bk ic eblkdlc nbi aukndedbkt` bs ic lèp`sdldk nbi subi`bk ic lubklc nbi vciib nb Exdl`, "qub l`rrbsp`knb c sbndebkt`s nb i`s cktdju`sicj`s, l`k uk bspbs`r qub hiultc bktrb >= y 8= ebtr`s bk ic ecy`r pcrtb nbi

Xciib, bi luci sb cluc acldc ics bibvcld`kbs t`p`jrhdlcs ` sb dklrbebktc bk ics

rbcs cdsicncs.ics crldiics bstk scturcncs, prbsbktckn` uk kdvbi hrbtdl` nb bktrb

7 y < ebtr`s nb pr`hukndncn. Gco` biics sb bklubktrc uk cluhbr` qub

`rdjdkciebktb hukld`kcgc lè` l`khdkcn`, deprdedbkn` ukc prbsdk cslbknbktb cic gcsb nb ics crldiics. Cltuciebktb, bk ic ecy`r pcrtb nb ic _`kc Ebtr`pìdtckc nb

ic Lduncn nb Exdl`(_ELE) ic bxpi`tcldk nbi cluhbr` ac pr`v`lcn` bi

cgctdedbkt` nbi kdvbi pdbzètrdl`, e`ndhdlckn` bi tdp` nb cluhbr`, nb l`khdkcn` c

idgrb y bidedkckn` ic prbsdk adnruidlc cslbknbktb qub bi cluhbr` bobrlc acldc ic

gcsb nb ics crldiics. " (Ouck E. Ibssbr Diicnbs, 3448)

\b bstdec qub bi aukndedbkt` bk ic _`kc Ebtr`pìdtckc nb ic Lduncn nb Exdl`bktrb i`s c`s 3143 y 344> bs nb p`l` ecs nb 3= ebtr`s bk bi lbktr` nb iclduncn6 nb 8 y : ebtr`s acldc bi Cbr`pubrt` Dktbrkcld`kci Gbkdt` Ourbz, nb 8

ebtr`s bktrb bi Jrck Lckci y Lckci nb Lacil` y nb 2 ebtr`s bk ic z`kc nbîcaucl - Kbzc.3>

37_ckoc ` lckci p`r n`knb sb l`knulbk ics cjucs pcrc rbjcr y pcrc `tr`s hdkbs .

3

(NJL@A-NNH, 344>)




12/143

1

L`ksblubkldcs nb i`s aukndedbkt`s bk ic Lduncn nb

Exdl`.

Ic sugsdnbkldc bs uk hbkebk` qub tdbkb iujcr nbgdn` c ic bxtrclldk nbsidn`s(edkbrcibs) ` hiudn`s (b.j. jcs, pbtrib`, vcp`r, cjuc) nbi sugsubi`, qub sb

eckdhdbstc bk aukndedbkt`s pcuictdk`s ` sgdt`s nb ic supbrhdldb y bk ic jbkbrcldk

nb cjrdbtcedbkt`s bk ic ecsc nbi rbiibk` jrckuicr. (Ecrtkbz, 7==:) Bktrb icsrbpbrlusd`kbs qub jbkbrc bk ic Lduncn p`nbe`s ebkld`kcr? Ic hrclturc nbbibebkt`s bstrulturcibs lè` l`ksblubkldc nb csbktcedbkt`s ndhbrbkldcibs6 iccpcrdldk nb s`lcv`kbs bk ic lcrpbtc cshitdlc6 Nbh`recldk nb pdstcs nb ctbrrdzcobbk i`s cbr`pubrt`s y ic e`ndhdlcldk nb ic pbkndbktb bk i`s sdstbecs nb nrbkcob.sdbkn` bstc uitdec ic es prb`lupcktb, pubs l`k bi aukndedbkt` nb ic lduncn, sbpdbrnb lcpcldncn nb nbslcrjc nb i`s sdstbecs nb sckbcedbkt`, i` qub cuebktc bi

rdbsj` nb dkukncld`kbs.Bk 343=, bi jrck lckci tbkc ukc pbkndbktb nb 34les p`r Fe. Bk ic

cltucidncn, bstb trcgcoc c l`ktrc pbkndbktb p`r i` qub bs kblbscrd` utdidzcr picktcsnb gègb` lè` ic nb bi Lckci ics \cibs c hdk nb l`knuldr bi hiuo` nb cjucskbjrcs acldc bi ^kbi nb ^bqudsqudcl. C bstc ndsedkuldk bk ic lcpcldncn nbnbslcrjc sb suec bi cuebkt` bk ic nbecknc. "Gcstc lèpcrcr ic lcpcldncn qubtbkc bk 34:2 l`k ic qub tdbkb bk ic cltucidncn, qub bs


13/143

4

Lcrcltbrstdlcs nbi Ebnd` hsdl`.

Ic lduncn nb Exdl` cgcrlc ics bktdncnbs hbnbrctdvcs nbi Bstcn` nb Exdl`,îcxlcic, ]ubgic Adncij` y bi Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci. ic rbjdk bs l`k`ldnc lè` Lubklc

nb Exdl` y sb csdbktc s`grb bi Citdpick` Ebxdlck`. nbidedtcn` ci k`rtb p`r icssdbrrcs nb ^bz`kticpck, ^bp`tz`tik y ]claulc, ci sur ics sdbrrcs nbi Cousl` y nbLadladkcutzdk ci `rdbktb p`r ic sdbrrc kbvcnc Bi ]`p`lctbpbti y bi Dzztclldaucti yacldc bi p`kdbktb ics \dbrrcs nb ics Lrulbs, E`ktb Cit` y E`ktb Gco`. Bk ic pcrtbnb ic Iickurc iclustrb bi rbidbvb k` prbsbktc jrcknbs vcrdcld`kbs bk su kdvbi, l`kukc citdtun prèbnd` nb 7,7>= e qub sì` sb vb dktbrruepdnc p`r cijuk`s lbrr`slè` bi nb Jucnciupb y \cktc Lctcrdkc.

I`s r`s y crr`y`s es dep`rtcktbs qub gcock nb ics sdbrrcs s`k i`s qub bslurrbknb ic p`rldk `lldnbktci nb ic lubklc, nbstclckn` p`r su lcunci i`s r`s

Ecjncibkc, nb ic ]dbncn, Wbebnd`s y Lucutdtik, qub oukt` l`k i`s eckcktdcibslcrcltbrstdl`s nbi sur nb ic lubklc, h`recgck ukc sbrdb nb icj`s? Lacil`,Q`ladedil`, ^bxl`l`, Qcit`lk y _uepckj`. Ic dktbrvbkldk nbi aègrb citbr birjdebk adnrìjdl` nb ic lubklc, t`nc vbz qub vcrd`s r`s sb ack bktugcn` bk supcrtb gcoc y s`k l`knuldn`s crtdhdldciebktb, y i`s eckcktdcibs sb ack utdidzcn` pcrccgcstblbr nb cjuc c ic lduncn nb Exdl`.^ci vbz bi cspblt` kcturci qub esl`ksblubkldcs ac tbkdn` bk ic vdnc nb ic lduncn bs su i`lcidzcldk bk ukc lubklciclustrb y, p`r tckt`, bstcr suobtc c dkukncld`kbs pbrdndlcs.

Bk ic z`kc nbi citdpick` bi pbrd`n` nb iiuvdcs `lurrb bk i`s ebsbs nb Oukd`,Ouid`, Cj`st` y \bptdbegrb sdbkn` bstb uitde` bi qub prbsbktc ics iiuvdcs esdktbkscs l`k ukc prbldpdtcldk ebndc ebksuci nb 3>7.==ee32. Ckqu sb ackrbjdstrcn` prbldpdtcld`kbs exdecs bk pbrd`n`s nb 7> a`rcs nb acstc 33=.==ee,l`k uk pbrd`n` nb rbt`rk` nb 3== c`s. lè` l`ksblubkldc nbi lcegd` lidetdl`sb ac pbrldgdn` ukc ndsedkuldk bk i`s pbrd`n`s nb rbt`rk` pcrc bvbkt`s ctpdl`snb `rdjbk adnrèbtb`rìjdl`s. Bst` picktbc uk sbrd` pr`gibec pcrc bi pcs, ycqub p`r su ugdlcldk jb`jrhdlc, bi tbrrdt`rd` bs bspbldciebktb vuikbrcgib c bstbtdp` nb hbkebk`s.

32Hubktb? \brvdld` Ebtb`rìjdl` Kcld`kci, L@KCJRC, 7==4


]j. 3=Vkndlb nb l`ktbkdnÙ


14/143

3=

Lrbldedbkt` nb ic ecklac urgckc bk ic Lduncn nb Exdl`.

Bi rbc ebtr`pìdtckc nb ic Lduncn nb Exdl`, bs dktbjrcnc p`r 48nbecrlcld`kbs. nb ics lucibs 38 l`rrbsp`knbk c nbibjcld`kbs nbi Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci

y 24 c eukdldpd`s nbi Bstcn` nb Exdl`. sbjk nct`s nbi DKBJD bst acgdtcnc p`r73 edii`kbs nb pbrs`kcs. (DKBJD, 7=3=). Bk ic sbjuknc edtcn nbi sdji` QQprdkldpciebktb bk ic nlcnc nb 34:=, ic lduncn bxpbrdebkt uk cuebkt` tckt` bksu p`gicldk lè` bk bi rbc urgckc "bstb lrbldedbkt` nbsebndn` surjb lè`l`ksblubkldc nb ndvbrs`s hclt`rbs bl`kedl`s, pìtdl`s, nbe`jrhdl`s ytblkìjdl`s, cs lè` nb ic h`rec bk qub st`s dktbrcltck bktrb s y bieèbkt` adstrdl` bk qub i` aclbk."(Edrce`ktbs, s.h.)

Bk 3471 sb lrbc bi nbpcrtcebkt` nbi Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci (N.N.H) y nbscpcrblbbi rjdebk nb eukdldpd`s bk bstc bktdncn pcrc ncr pcs` c ics Nbibjcld`kbs. Bi

tbrrdt`rd` qubncrc ndvdndn` bk n`s z`kcs, Bi Nbpcrtcebkt` Lbktrci lèkebktbiicecnc z`kc dktbrd`r, dktbjrcnc p`r ics cktdjucs eukdldpcidncnbs nb Exdl`,^clugc, ^clugcyc y Edxl`cl. y ics Nbibjcld`kbs h`rkbcs ` z`kc bxtbrd`rlèpubstc p`r ics Nbibjcld`kbs? Jucnciupb Adncij`, Czlcp`tzcil`, Dztclcil`,L`y`clk, Jbkbrci Ckcyc, \ck kjbi, Ecjncibkc L`ktrbrcs, Lucodecipc, îcipck,Dztcpcicpc, Q`ladedil`, Edipc Citc y îaucl. ]crc bstb pbrd`n` ic ecklac urgckccpbkcs lèprbknc ic z`kc lbktrci.

Bk 34>3 bi rbc urgckc cuebktc, cpcrblbk kubv`s csbktcedbkt`s pr`nult`nb pr`lbs`s nb dkvcsdk y cltdvdncn dke`gdidcrdc bk ics nbibjcld`kbs Dztclcil`,

ivcr` @grbjk y L`y`clk. Bk bi Bstcn` nb Exdl` i`s nbscrrìicn`rbs lrbck icsprdebrcs lì`kdcs bk Kculcipck, qub nbgdn` c ic dktbksc cltdvdncn bl`kedlc nbic Lduncn nb Exdl` bstcrk bstrblacebktb vdkluicncs c ic vdnc lcpdtcidkc. Lè`l`ksblubkldc nbi iicecn` edicjr` Ebxdlck`, c pcrtdr nb 342= sb dklrbebktck i`shiuo`s edjrct`rd`s nbi lcep`. Jrcldcs c ic g`kckzc bl`kedlc bstc kubvcp`gicldk, i`jrc lì`lcrsb bk bi ebrlcn` icg`rci. y sd gdbk cpcrblbk cijuk`scsbktcedbkt`s drrbjuicrbs, bst`s k` tdbkbk rbpbrlusd`kbs dep`rtcktbs bk iclduncn.

]crc bi pbrd`n` nb 348= y 3484 ic z`kc urgckc yc lèprbknb ic ecy`r

pcrtb nbi lbktr` y lèdbkzc c `lupcr pcrtbs nb ics nbibjcld`kbs Dztclcil`,Justcv` C. Ecnbr`, Czlcp`tzcil` y ivcr` @grbjk. C ic pcr surjbkcsbktcedbkt`s drrbjuicrbs bk z`kcs pcktck`scs nbi bstcn` nb Exdl` bk i`seukdldpd`s nb Blctbpbl y Kbtzcaucily`ti, "\b rbcidzck ndvbrs`s clubrn`s p`r biluci sb dktbrlcegdck p`gicld`kbs bktrb bibstcn` nb Exdl` y bi Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci,p`r bobepi` \ck Ouck y \ck ]bnr` ^bzèpc pcsc ci bstcn` nb Exdl` y \ck

Cknrs Edxqudl ci Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci, bstc e`ndhdlcldk nb idedtbs pr`nuo` bhblt`s


http://www.esacademic.com/dic.nsf/eswiki/402436http://www.esacademic.com/dic.nsf/eswiki/402436http://www.esacademic.com/dic.nsf/eswiki/402436http://www.esacademic.com/dic.nsf/eswiki/402436


15/143

33

vcrdcn`s yc qub bk eula`s lcs`s i`s pubgi`s idetr`hbs bstcgck ebo`rlèukdlcn`s l`k ics lcgblbrcs eukdldpcibs nbi bstcn` nb Exdl`, qub l`k icsnbibjcld`kbs c ics qub bktrcr`k6 bi lcs` nb ic lcrrbtbrc hbnbrci Exdl` ]ubgicbs ukc cepidcldk acldc `rdbktb nbi iedtb i` qub pbredtb nbocr ukc z`kc nbce`rtdjucedbkt` pcrc bi lrbldedbkt` qub yc eckdhbstcgc ic z`kc urgckc nbi

Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci." (Adrc nb J`rtcrd Wdgdbic, 3441)

Bk ic nlcnc nb 34:=,bi rbc urgckc nb ic Lduncn iibjc c i`s iedtbs l`k biBstcn` nb Exdl`, nurcktb bstb pbrd`n` y cktb ic dkedkbktb husdk bktrb icl`kurgcldk Ebxdqubksb y bi Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci, i`s nbscrrìicn`rbs dke`gdidcrd`scpr`vblack ic bspbluicldk bk bi us` nb subi` pcrc l`kstrudr bk tbrrbk`s bodncibs,ci k`rtb nb ic lduncn surjbk lì`kdcs lè`? Xciib N`rcn`, Iècs nb Ctdzcpk,Blabjcrcy, Xdvbr`s, bktrb `trcs. Bi kbj`ld` nb ic l`kstrulldk sb l`kvdrtd bk bie`t`r bl`kedl` nb ic lduncn. L`k ic lrdsds cuebkt` ic edjrcldk, pbr` cndhbrbkldc nb ic nlcnc nb 342= bstc vbz i`s edjrcktbs k` i`jrcr`k lì`lcrsb bk bi

ebrlcn` icg`rci. y cktb ic kblbsdncn nb uk bspcld` n`knb acgdtcr sbdklrbebktcr`k bxp`kbkldciebktb bi kuebr` nb csbktcedbkt`s drrbjuicrbs. Ci surnb ic lduncn sb rbl`khdjurc bi tbrrdt`rd` pcrc l`ksìdncr ics 38 nbibjcld`kbs qubca`rc dktbjrck bi N.H. ic nbkèdkcldk lì`qudci nb z`kc dktbrd`r y z`kc bxtbrd`r bslcnc vbz ebk`s bepibcnc.

Bk ics nbibjcld`kbs h`rkbcs sb rbcidzck e`ndhdlcld`kbs bk sus iedtbstbrrdt`rdcibs, cs Lucodecipc jckc pcrc s ic z`kc nb Abrrcnurc, G`squbs nb icWbh`rec y ]ci`sì`, edbktrcs pdbrnb es nb ic edtcn nb ic z`kc nb \cktc Hb chcv`r nb ivcr` @grbjk, qudbk c su vbz pdbrnb ic z`kc nb ^clugcyc qub pcsc csbr pcrtb nb ic kubvc nbibjcldk nb Edjubi Adncij`, `trcs e`ndhdlcld`kbs tdbkbkqub vbr l`k bi e`vdedbkt` nb iedtbs pcrc qub l`dkldnck l`k bi lbktr` nblcrrbtbrcs, cvbkdncs y lciibs, i`s lucibs lcuscgck vcrd`s pr`gibecs ci l`rtcr p`ric edtcn eula` nb i`s lcep`s cjrlìcs qub sb bstcgck urgckdzckn`, yc sbc p`rhrclld`kcedbkt` ` dkvcsdk nb tdbrrcs" (Adrc nb J`rtcrd Wdgdbic, 3441)

Bk ic nlcnc nb 341= hdkciebktb ics z`kcs urgckcs nbi Bstcn` nb Exdl` yNdstrdt` Hbnbrci sb ukbk, y ic ecy`rc nb i`s csbktcedbkt`s cdsicn`s, sbl`ksìdnck lè` z`kcs urgckcs, bi lrbldedbkt` nb ic lduncn qub acstc prdkldpd`snb 34:= sb acgc ncn` nb eckbrc kcturci bk t`rk` c i`s l`rrbn`rbs dknustrdcibsca`rc, rbsp`knc ecs c ic ugdlcldk nb ics kubvcs lì`kdcs, qub acgck surjdn`nb ic bspbluicldk y ic `lupcldk drrbjuicr, pcrc bstc nlcnc lèdbkzc cpbrldgdrsb i`s bhblt`s nb ic p`gicldk hi`tcktb bk ic e`vdidncn, pubs l`k ic husdknb ics rbcs urgckcs y ic lbktrcidzcldk nb ic cltdvdncn lèbrldci sb lrb ukcnbpbknbkldc nbi lbktr` nb ic lduncn l`k ic pbrdhbrdc.




16/143

37

Bi pr`gibec nbi lrbldedbkt` nbi rbc ebtr`pìdtckc bk ic Lduncn nb Exdl`sb `rdjdk p`r ic citbrcldk nbi pr`lbs` kcturci nb lrbldedbkt` nb ics lduncnbs, bkbi qub ic ecklac urgckc lrblb bkt`rk` c i`s l`rrbn`rbs dknustrdcibs y ic p`gicldkcuebktc bk hukldk c ic cltdvdncn lèbrldci. nb bstc eckbrc sb lrbc uk bqudidgrd`bk bi qub ic edsec lduncn `hrblb ics l`kndld`kbs nb gdbkbstcr c sus acgdtcktbs,

pubs lrblb bk hukldk c ic lcpcldncn nb bstc p`r jbkbrcr hubktbs nb dkjrbs`s. bkbi lcs` nb ic Lduncn nb Exdl` bi lrbldedbkt` surjd nb ic lbktrcidzcldk nb iccltdvdncn pr`nultdvc nbi pcs y bi cgckn`k` nbi cjr` Ebxdlck`,nbsch`rtukcncebktb bi cuebkt` bk ic p`gicldk k` sb nd` nb eckbrc pr`p`rld`kcic ic `hbrtc nb bepib`.

Ic itdec nlcnc nbi sdji` QQ y ic prdebrc nbi QQD ic pr`gibetdlc nbLduncn nb Exdl` sb rbnulb c ic hcitc nb lcpcldncn pcrc sctdshclbr i`s sbrvdld`snb ukc ebtrpìd nb 77 edii`kbs nb acgdtcktbs. Bi prdkldpci rbt` bs bstcgiblbr ukcbstrctbjdc l`kouktc, bktrb ics bktdncnbs hbnbrctdvcs qub lèprbknbk bi rbcebtr`pìdtckc, uk` nb i`s prdkldpcibs pr`gibecs bs qub bi Bstcn` nb Exdl`l`ktdkuc bk uk pr`lbs` nb bxpcksdk nb ic ecklac urgckc, qub bk jrck ebndncnbpbknb nb i`s l`rrbn`rbs dknustrdcibs y lèbrldcibs nbi Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci i` qubjbkbrc jrcknbs hiuo`s nb p`gicldk hi`tcktb, qub rbqudbrb nb i`s sbrvdld`s nbcegcs bktdncnbs. ]`r `tr` icn` ic dkhrcbstrulturc lèpcrtdnc bk bspbldhdl` ic qubtdbkb qub vbr l`k bi cgcst` nb cjuc y sdstbec nb nrbkcob, ac qubncn` rbgcscnc,i` qub bk tb`rc aclb dkvdcgib bi lrbldedbkt` nb ic ecklac urgckc. sdk begcrj` icscnedkdstrcld`kbs tckt` nb Bstcn` nb Exdl`, Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci y Hbnbrcldk ackdklbktdvcn`, c ic dknustrdc nb ic l`kstrulldk p`r bi bhblt` qub tdbkb bstc bk ic

cltdvdncn bl`kedlc c kdvbi i`lci.

Bspbluicldk bk i`s us`s nb subi` y sus rbpbrlusd`kbs

bk ics pìtdlcs nb `rnbkcedbkt` tbrrdt`rdci.

]crc bktbknbr bi pr`lbs` nb cpr`pdcldk nbi bspcld` y ic h`rec bk qub `pbrc icbspbluicldk bk bi us` nb subi`, bs kblbscrd` ckcidzcr i s eblckdse`s qubbstrulturck bi `rnbkcedbkt` tbrrdt`rdci. C pcrtdr nb ic rbvìuldk dknustrdci, ic

pickdhdlcldk nb ic lduncn, nbpbknb nb ic cltdvdncn bl`kedlc. nb ca qub icdkhrcbstrulturc, vdcidncnbs, sbrvdld`s y vdvdbknc sb `rjckdlbk nb clubrn` c icskblbsdncnbs nbi ebrlcn`. ^brdlcebktb ic lduncn e`nbrkc lrblb bk hukldk c sudknustrdc, \dk begcrj` ic l`klbktrcldk nb ic cltdvdncn bl`kedlc bk icsebtrpìds, jbkbrc uk bhblt` nb sbjrbjcldk bk bi bspcld` rurci, qub tdbkb lè`l`ksblubkldc ic cpcrdldk nb hiuo`s edjrct`rd`s. Bk bi lcs` nb ic Lduncn nbExdl`, bstb hbkebk` sb nd` nb eckbrc ecs clbktucnc, ncncs ics bk`rebs


]j. 3


17/143

3Vkndlb nb l`ktbkdn`U


18/143

3>

L`k ic lrdsds tbredk ic pickbcldk nb ic lduncn, cktb ic hcitc nb `p`rtukdncnbs nbtrcgco`, nb ics z`kcs rurcibs vdkdbr`k ics edjrcld`kbs ecsdvcs, cibktcncs p`r icdnbc h`recnc nlcncs cktbs nb ukc lduncn prspbrc. ]`r nbsjrcldc ic nbgclib k`brc bxliusdvc nbi lcep`, y c su iibjcnc i`s edjrcktbs bkl`ktrcr`k ukc ebtrpìdpcrcidzcnc bl`kedlcebktb, i` qub adz` dep`sdgib su lì`lcldk bk bi ebrlcn`

icg`rci.

Bi cuebkt` nb ic p`gicldk y ic pcuictdkc dkl`rp`rcldk nb csbktcedbkt`sdrrbjuicrbs c ic ecklac urgckc, rbgcscr`k ic dkhrcbstrulturc nb ic lduncn, ycukqub bst` picktbcgc ic kblbsdncn nb ukc kubvc bstrctbjdc nb rb`rnbkcedbkt`,bi bstcn` nbldnd nbocr bstc bk eck`s nb ic bspbluicldk dke`gdidcrdc y ic`lupcldk drrbjuicr. I`s prdebr`s vdbr`k bk ic hcitc nb rbjuicldk ukc `p`rtukdncnnb kbj`ld` l`k dkl`rp`rcldk nb ics z`kcs urgckcs nb Bstcn` nb Exdl` y Ndstrdt`Hbnbrci, sb ndbr`k c ic tcrbc nb l`kstrudr jrcknbs hrclld`kcedbkt`s y lèpibo`sacgdtcld`kcibs acldc ic pbrdhbrdc, c scgdbkncs nb qub su vci`r sb drcdklrbebktckn` l`kh`reb cvckzcrc ic ecklac urgckc. I` qub k` l`ksdnbrcgc bstbe`nbi` nb kbj`ld` bs qub ic lduncn k` p`nc lrblbr dknbhdkdncebktb. Cktb bstbbslbkcrd` W`qub Ouck Lcrrcsl` Cqudk`

picktbc trbs bibebkt`s lruldcibs pcrclèprbknbr nb ldbrtc eckbrc p`rqub hcii` ic pìtdlc nb `rnbkcedbkt` tbrrdt`rdci bkic Lduncn nb Exdl`.

c) K` sb l`klrbtdz kd sb tè bk lubktc ukc vbrncnbrc nbecknc nb ic s`ldbncny nb i`s lduncnck`s bk pcrtdluicr6 p`r bi l`ktrcrd`, sb nbocr`k nb icn` icsnbeckncs s`ldcibs c hdk nb k` trcst`lcr i`s dktbrbsbs nbi lcpdtci dke`gdidcrd` yl`kstrult`r nb bsb bkt`klbs.

g) I`s ndsbcn`rbs ` pr`hbsd`kdstcs nb ic pickbcldk pr`ybltcr`k es p`r icsbxdjbkldcs nb qudbkbs pickbcr`k ukc lduncn c decjbk y sbebockzc nb icdnbì`jc nbi nbscrrìi` p`r bkldec nb uk hutur` qub rbjuicrc ics edjrcld`kbs y icbspbluicldk huturc nb i`s us`s nbi subi`.

l) K` sb l``rndk kd sb bstrultur ukc pìtdlc qub ndbrc lubktc nb icstrcksh`recld`kbs nbi tbrrdt`rd` bk su t`tcidncn y sus pcrtdluicrdncnbs rbjd`kcibs6bktrb ics l`ktrcndlld`kbs bk ics lucibs sb bkl`ktrcr`k ics pìtdlcs urgckcs y bkl`klrbt` l`k ic pickdhdlcldk, bs qub k` sb tè bk lubktc lè` ic edjrcldk y ics

lduncnbs bk lrbldedbkt` tbknrck qub pr`ybltcr uk nbscrrìi` k` lè`lrbldedbkt`, sdk` lè` pcrtb nb ukc pìtdlc qub rbvdrtdbrc ic tbknbkldc bktrb icl`ktrcndlldk lcep`-lduncn. (Cqudk`, 7=3=)




19/143

32

L`kliusd`kbs.

Ic lcidncn nb vdnc bk ic Lduncn nb Exdl` ac ndsedkudn`, pubs l`k bi cuebkt` nb

ic p`gicldk sb vb lèprèbtdnc ic lcpcldncn nbi Bstcn` p`r pr`vbbr i`ssbrvdld`s y ic dkhrcbstrulturc kblbscrdcs, cs lè` ic lcpcldncn nbi ebnd`cegdbktb p`r s`p`rtcr ic lcrjc nb ukc lduncn tck jrcknb. Bi bslbkcrd` iulb p`l`cibktcn`r pubs tckt` bi lrbldedbkt` nb ic ecklac urgckc lè` bi kuebr` nbp`gicldk sdjubk cuebktckn`. bk l`ktrcstb ic lcpcldncn nbi ebnd` cegdbktb p`rgrdkncr i`s sbrvdld`s blìjdl`s kblbscrd`s pcrc bi hukld`kcedbkt` nb ic lduncnvck bk nblidvb. Kubstrc cltdtun rbspblt` ci pr`gibec sujdbrb qub i`s lcpdtcidk`sl`ktce`s l`k ic sìuldk nbhdkdtdvc c i`s pr`gibecs nb ic lduncn. Kcnc escibocn` nb ic rbcidncn.

C pcrtdr nb ic sbjuknc edtcn nbi sdji` QQ bi `rnbkcedbkt` tbrrdt`rdci qubn`sug`rndkcn` c ics kblbsdncnbs nbi ebrlcn` y ics lrdsds. j`gdbrk`s i`lcibs yhbnbrcibs nbldndbr`k tècr ukc p`sturc pbrkdld`sc, rbspblt` c ic `lupcldkdrrbjuicr nb prbnd`s y c ics prltdlcs nb bspbluicldk iibjckn` ci jrcn` nbdklbktdvcr y lìundrsb. Ics rbpbrlusd`kbs qub trco` l`ksdj` bi vcld` bk iccnedkdstrcldk sb ack lèbkzcn` c pbrldgdr. Bk i` qub rbspbltc ci pr`gibec nbics dkukncld`kbs ic ebtrpìd sb bklubktrc cktb uk sbrd` pr`gibec, pubs i`s nc`squb `lcsd`kck bk ic dkhrcbstrulturc y bi pctrde`kd` nb i`s acgdtcktbs lèprèbtbbi pr`yblt` nb lduncn c l`rt` y icrj` picz`.

Ic adst`rdc nb ics dkukncld`kbs bk ic Lubklc nbi Xciib nb Exdl`, k`spbredtb bktbknbr qub ic pr`gibetdlc cltuci bst es rbicld`kcnc l`k ic h`rec bkqub ac lrbldn` ic lduncn, qub l`k ics lcuscs ndrbltcs nbi hbkebk`. y sd gdbk icslcrcltbrstdlcs nbi ebnd` hsdl`, y bi aukndedbkt` ack nbtbredkck ic vuikbrcgdidncnnb ic ebtrpìd, bi pr`lbs` nb lrbldedbkt` hukld`kc lè` p`tbkldcidzcn`r nbnbscstrbs. Cktb bstb pck`rcec sb vubivb depbrctdv` cn`ptcr ukc kubvc bstrctbjdcnb clldk, qub pcsb nb ukc pìtdlc nb lrbldedbkt` c ukc vbrncnbrc luiturc nbinbscrrìi` urgck`.




20/143

38

Gdgid`jrchcCqudk`, W. O. L., 7=3=. Nb ic pickdhdlcldk c i`s us`s bspbluictdv`s nbi subi`., Gubk`s Cdrbs?

Rkdvbrsdncn nb Gubk`s Cdrbs.

Csjcry, C. C., 7=37. Ndscstbr rbl`vbry ckn gusdkbss l`kGkudty cdbr tab 7=3= hi``n dk ]cfdstck? Lcsb,]cfdstck? s.k.

L@KCJRC, 7=37. Bi ^kbi Beds`r @rdbktb nupidlcrc ic lcpcldncn nbi nrbkcob pr`hukn` nbi Xciib nb

Exdl`.. Exdl`? \BJ@G.

NJL@A-NNH, 344>. Bvciucldk nb i`s aukndedbkt`s. ]ick ecbstr` nb nrbkcob nb ic _ELE. Exdl`?

JNH.

Adrc nb J`rtcrd Wdgdbic, W. A. H. C., 3441. Ic lduncn nb Exdl` y bi Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci? Rkc adst`rdc

l`epcrtdnc. Exdl`? Dkstdtut` nb dkvbstdjcld`kbs adsttdlcs O`s Ecrc E`rc..

DKBJD, 7=3=. Lbks` nb ]`gicldk y Xdvdbknc 7=3=, Exdl`? DKBJD.

Ouck E. Ibssbr Diicnbs, E. C. L. ]., 3448. Bi aukndedbkt` nb ic Lduncn nb Exdl`, ukc l`ksblubkldc

nb ic s`grb-bxpi`tcldk nb cludhbr`s.. Exdl`? NJL@A-JNH.

Ecrtkbz, O. ]., 7==:. E`nbi` nb sugsdnbkldc nbi Xciib nb Subrtcr` y prbndlldk nb cjrdbtcedbkt`s

supbrhdldcibs.. Subrtcr`.? s.k.

Edrce`ktbs, H. B., s.h. Bi lrbldedbkt` urgck` nb ic Lduncn nb Exdl` y su depclt` cegdbktci.

WBvdstc nb cnedkdstrcldk pugidlc, Dssub 38, pp. 3


21/143

3

BK BI L@K^BQ^@ NB IC ND\LC]CLDNCN L@E@ ]W@NRL^@ \@LDCI, \B JBKBWC BQLIR\DK T

NBHDLDBK^B CLLB\@ C IC BNRLCLDK, \BWXDLD@\ ]GIDL@\, EBWLCN@\ ICG@WCIB\ B^L. I@

CK^BWD@W \B WBHIBOC BK IC BKBHDLDBKLDC NB I@\ ]W@JWCEC\ \@LDCIB\ SRB \B ND\BCK

]CWC ]W@E@XBW IB GDBKB\^CW \@LDCI T BL@KEDL@ NB IC\ ]BW\@KC\ L@K ND\LC]CLDNCN.

Bkscy` bicg`rcn` bk bi ecrl` nbi \bedkcrd` nb Bl`kèc, ]ìtdlc y CegdbktbCpr`pdcldk y Nbstrulldk nbi Ebnd` Cegdbktb 7=3>-3

L``rndkcn`r? Bkrdqub Ncz-E`rc

Gcrr`s` Sudcg Gbrbkdlb nb O.


]`sjrcn` nbRrgckdse`

go.gcrr`s`.qMjecdi.lè

D

Dktr`nulldk?

Bi tbec nb ic ndslcpcldncn ci pcs` nbi tdbep` c cn`ptcn` uk ecy`r sdjkdhdlctdv` y esctbkldk p`r pcrtb nb i`s pr`hbsd`kcibs y ic s`ldbncn bk su l`koukt`, cukqub i` ess`grbscidbktb sb ac dn` prbsbktckn` bk i`s itde`s c`s. Ic pr`gibetdlc, ndhdluitcnbs ygcrrbrcs qub bkhrbktck ics pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn ack sdn` bxpubstcs y ckcidzcncspgidlcebktb y lcnc vbz s`k es ics pbrs`kcs, dkstdtuld`kbs y cs`ldcld`kbs qub sbdkl`rp`rck c ic tcrbc nb ebo`rcr ics l`kndld`kbs nb vdnc y gdbkbstcr pbrs`kci nb bstbjrup` p`gicld`kci. Bk bstb prbsbktb trcgco` prbtbknb ncr ukc vdsdk nbi l`klbpt` nbndslcpcldncn nbsnb ukc l`klbpldk s`ldci, dkvìulrcr c ic s`ldbncn y ic ndslcpcldncn,tcegdk prbsbktcr uk pck`rcec jbkbrci nb ics clld`kbs qub ac prbsbktcn` bi j`gdbrk` bkbstb tbec bk Exdl`6 l`ksdnbrckn` qub ics n`s pcscncs cnedkdstrcld`kbs hbnbrcibs nbipcs bs nbldr bi j`gdbrk` ebxdlck` ac cn`ptcn` ukc pìtdlc pgidlc bxpildtc nbl``rndkcldk euitdsblt`rdci pcrc ic ctbkldk nb ics pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn, sb dkliuybk bi ]ick Kcld`kci nb Nbscrrìi` 7==3-7==8, nbi qub sb nbrdvc bi ]r`jrcec Kcld`kci pcrcic Ctbkldk nb ics ]brs`kcs l`k Ndslcpcldncn 7==3-7==8 qub hub prbsbktcn` bk ecy` nbi7==3. ]crc cilckzcr i`s `gobtdv`s prbvdst`s bk bstb pr`jrcec, sb cl`rn ic lrbcldk nbiL`ksbo` Kcld`kci L`ksuitdv` pcrc ic Dktbjrcldk nb ics ]brs`kcs l`k Ndslcpcldncn (L@ND\),dktbjrcn` p`r i`s tdtuicrbs nb ics sblrbtcrcs nb Nbscrrìi` \`ldci, Lèukdlcld`kbs y

^rcksp`rtbs, Bnulcldk ]gidlc, \ciun y ^rcgco` y ]rbvdsdk \`ldci, cs lè` nbi \dstbecKcld`kci pcrc bi Nbscrrìi` Dktbjrci nb ic Hcedidc (NDH) y ic @hdldkc nb Wbprbsbktcldk nb ic]rbsdnbkldc nb ic Wbpgidlc pcrc ic ]rè`ldk b Dktbjrcldk \`ldci pcrc ]brs`kcs l`kNdslcpcldncn (@W]D\]LN)(DKBJD,7==>). Bi L`ksbo` Kcld`kci L`ksuitdv` l`kstdtuyb icdkstckldc es dep`rtcktb pcrc depuiscr, `rdbktcr y vdjdicr qub i`s pr`jrcecs sblt`rdcibs bdkstdtuld`kcibs c lcrj` nb ics nbpbknbkldcs y bktdncnbs nb ic Cnedkdstrcldk ]gidlcHbnbrci6 icebktcgibebktb nbsnb sus dkdld`s c hcitc nb sustbkt` ibjci, lè` hcitc nb




22/143

7

csdjkcldk nb prbsupubst`, hub nbscpcrbldbkn`6 sì` tuv` vcrd`s pr`jrcecs qub sbqubncr`k bk su hcsb tbrdlc, qubnckn` pbkndbktb su cpidlcldk. (Jced`, 7==4).Nbsnb ukc edrcnc cltuci, l`k`lbr y ctbknbr chbltdvcebktb ic ndslcpcldncn rbedtb c

supbrcr su l`klbpldk, i` luci nbgb rbhibocrsb bk ic h`rec nb su bstund`, dkvbstdjcldk y

nbhdkdldk6 `rdbktcn` c uk bkh`qub qub rbhibob y ukdhdqub ic sdtucldk bxdstbktb bk ic

rbcidncn nb ics pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn y s`ldbncnbs qub ics r`nbck y ics dkl`ktcgibs

aòcs bslrdtcs pcrc su gbkbhdld` \`ldci, Bl`kedl`, Ibjci, Ourndl` btl. (K`recs, Ibybs,

idkbcedbkt`s, rbjicebkt`s, btl.).

Bi lcegd` nb bkh`qub bk ic nbhdkdldk nbi l`klbpt` nbgb dr es cii nb ikbcs y hdrecs bk

uk pcpbi6 I`s pr`jrcecs y clld`kbs qub i`s j`gdbrk`s `rdbktck c ics pbrs`kcs l`k

ndslcpcldncn nbgbk tbkbr sustbkt`s sidn`s qub l`cnyuvbk c qub bi rblurs` nbstdkcn`

hcv`rbzlc c ic p`gicldk l`rrbltc. Ci bstundcr cijukc pr`gibetdlc luciqudbrc bs kblbscrd`

tbkbr prbsbktbs bi e`n` nb bktbknbr y bi e`n` nb cg`rncr bi bstund` nb ic rbcidncn

(Ipbz, s/h), es ck bk bi tbec nb ic ndslcpcldncn n`knb ic pbrlbpldk y bi sdjkdhdlcn` bseuy ndhbrbktb bk ics pbrs`kcs qub ic prbsbktck y ics pbrs`kcs qub rbstcktbs nbi lìbltdv`.

DD

Nbscrrìi`?

Ic ndslcpcldncn lè` pr`nult` s`ldci

Ic ndslcpcldncn, lè` ic btkdc, ic bncn, bi jkbr` ` ic `rdbktcldk sbxuci bs ukc pcrtblbktrci nb ic bxpbrdbkldc aueckc, l`ktrdguyb l`k su ndvbrsdncn c bkrdqublbr c i`s sbrbs

aueck`s (Jced`, 7==4). Ic h`rec lè` sb l`kldgb uk l`klbpt` k`s iibvc c bktbknbr

ndhbrbktbs lubstd`kbs y bkh`qubs nbi i edse`. ]`nbe`s l`ksdnbrcr n`s bstbrb`tdp`s

p`puicrbs nb ic ndslcpcldncn bk ic vdnc `rndkcrdc?

c) ^`ncs ics pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn s`k dkcnblucncs, i` qub sb trcnulb bk

jbkbrcidzcld`kbs lè` ics bkl`ktrcncs bk ic ]rdebrc bklubstc nb Kcld`kci s`grb

Ndslrdedkcldk, bk n`knb es nbi >=% sbcicr`k qub ics pbrs`kcs l`k

ndslcpcldncn k` trcgcock tck gdbk lè` ics nbes, uk tbrld` pdbksc qub bk ics

bslubics n`knb acy eula`s kd`s l`k ndslcpcldncn ic bksbckzc ndsedkuyb6 uk

p`rlbktcob djuci lrbb qub, ncncs ics ndhdluitcnbs nb bepib` cltucibs bk bi pcs, bs

prbhbrdgib ncr trcgco` c ics pbrs`kcs sdk ndslcpcldncn. I` cktbrd`r sì` nbeubstrc

le` sb nc ebk`s vci`r c ic l`kndldk hsdlc nb ndslcpcldncn.




23/143

-3.

]j. 7=Vkndlb nb l`ktbkdn`U


24/143

>

ics pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn, oukt` l`k bi lì`hk luckn` acgick p`r td, t pdbrnbs(Jced`s, 7==4).

Ebkld`kce`s ics ldtcs nb cut`r (bk Idbknr`, 3441)?

Edfb @idvbr (7==>), uk clcnedl` l`k ndslcpcldncn.

"Bk kubstrc `pdkdk, bs ic s`ldbncn ic qub dklcpcldtc hsdlcebktb c ics pbrs`kcs l`knbhdldbkldcs. Ic ndslcpcldncn bs cij` qub sb dep`kb c kubstrcs nbhdldbkldcs p`r ic h`rec

bk qub sb k`s csic y bxliuyb dkkblbscrdcebktb nb ic pcrtdldpcldk pibkc bk ic s`ldbncn.

]`r tckt`, i`s ndslcpcldtcn`s l`kstdtuybk uk jrup` `prdedn` nb ic s`ldbncn"

Ic ndslcpcldncn bkt`klbs bs uk ebnd` sdjkdhdlctdv` nb ndhbrbkldcldk s`ldci? "Bi kdvbi nb

bstdec y ic p`sdldk s`ldci nb ics pbrs`kcs ndslcpcldtcncs nbrdvc nb su p`sdldk bk

rbicldk l`k ics l`kndld`kbs y rbicld`kbs bktbkndncs bk uk sbktdn` es cepid` nbktr` nb

ukc s`ldbncn ncnc"

Ics ldtcs cktbrd`rbs picktbcncs bk 34:8, sdjubk acgickn` nbi pck`rcec vdvdn` bk kubstr`sncs6 Bk rbsuebk k`s acgick nb ukc pbrspbltdvc nb ic `trc lcrc nb ic e`kbnc, lè` ukc

pbrs`kc l`k ndslcpcldncn (ibo`s nb bstcr bk uk jrup` vuikbrcgib lè` i` bstk ic ecy`rc)

bxtbrd`rdzc bsc vdsdk ndslrdedkcn`rc qub sb bobrlbrsb bk ic s`ldbncn c ic qub pbrtbkblb. Bs

lèpidlcn` p`nbr nb prdebrc dkstckldc aclbr uk lcegd` rcndlci nb pbkscedbkt` (bi luci

ac sdn` nb eulacs jbkbrcld`kbs ctrs) eula`s cut`rbs acgick nb ukc sbksdgdidzcldk nb ic

s`ldbncn, icebktcgibebktb bsb tredk` lcrblb nb licrc cpidlcldk bk ic rbcidncn qub

crròb rbsuitcn`s p`sdtdv`s acldc ukc clbptcldk, dktbjrcldk nb pbrs`kcs l`k

ndslcpcldncn, bk vcs nb luepidr i` bstcgibldn` p`r bobepi` ic pìtdlc dktbrkcld`kci,

nbhdkdknì` bk ic l`kvbkldk s`grb i`s nbrbla`s nb ics pbrs`kcs l`k Ndslcpcldncn nb icsKcld`kbs Rkdncs, qub sbcic? L`ksdnbrckn` qub ics pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn nbgbk

tbkbr ic `p`rtukdncn nb pcrtdldpcr cltdvcebktb bk i`s pr`lbs`s nb cn`pldk nb nbldsd`kbs

s`grb pìtdlc y pr`jrcecs, dkliudn`s i`s qub ibs chbltck ndrbltcebktb.

Ics ldtcs sdjudbktbs l`k hblacs es cltucibs qub k`s acgick nb bstc nbhdkdldk nb

ndslcpcldncn ibo`s nb dkndvdnucidzcric, ic picktbck lè` sdjub (Ceg`s ldtcn`s bk Hbrrbdrc,

7==1)?

Ic ndslcpcldncn bs ukc dktbrclldk bktrb eds idedtcld`kbs y bi bkt`rk`, l`k sus hclt`rbs nb

bqudpcrcldk y sus gcrrbrcs ndslrdedkct`rdcs. Bs uk abla` nb ic ndvbrsdncn aueckc y lè`tci bxdjde`s qub sb k`s rbspbtb, i` luci pcsc p`r l`kstrudr/trcksh`recr uk s`ldbncn n`knb

() p`nbr bobrlbr uk l`ktrì s`grb kubstrc vdnc acstc n`knb sbc p`sdgib, y s`grb ics

clld`kbs qub k`s l`kldbrkbk (s`grb k`s`tr`s) beprbkndncs p`r p`nbrbs pgidl`s y `trcs

`rjckdzcld`kbs. Iuds Edjubi Gcsl`kbs




25/143

2

ic ndslcpcldncn k` bs ukc l`kndldk c lurcr, c lèpibtcr ` rbpcrcr? bs ukc l`kstrulldk

rbicld`kci bktrb ic s`ldbncn y uk suobt` (dkndvdnuci ` lìbltdv`). Ic ndslcpcldncn tèc

lubrp` bk uk bspcld` sdtucld`kci, ndkedl` b dktbrcltdv` bktrb cijudbk l`k ldbrtc

pcrtdluicrdncn y ic l eukdncn qub i` r`nbc. ]ctrdldc Gr`jkc (7==8).

]`nbe`s l`ksdnbrcr l`k i`s picktbcedbkt`s cktbrd`rbs qub bi e`nbi` endl` lcb bk ukabla` nb lurcr c ics pbrs`kcs, cij` qub pcrblb cegdju`, ic ecy`rc nb ics pbrs`kcs l`k

ndslcpcldncn bs nb kcldedbkt` y k` bxdstb bsc p`sdgdidncn6 ic rbacgdidtcldk hsdlc sb bkh`lc

c p`lcs pbrs`kcs6 sb csueb ukc prbsukldk nb dkhbrd`rdncn gdìjdlc ` hdsdìjdlc nb ics

pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn (Acak, 3418), bkh`lkn`sb si` bk nbvìvbr ic k`recidncn c ics

pbrs`kcs l`k nbhdldbkldcs (@idvbr,344=), cnbes nb chdrecr qub i`s vci`rbs b

dktbrprbtcld`kbs endlcs ack l`ktrdgudn` adstrdlcebktb c ic l`kstrulldk s`ldci nb ic

nbpbknbkldc (bk Gcrt`k, 3442). ]`r `tr` icn` bi e`nbi` s`ldci, l`ksdnbrc c ic ndslcpcldncn

lè` uk lèpibo` l`koukt` nb l`kndld`kbs, eulacs nb ics lucibs s`k lrbcncs p`r bi

cegdbktb s`ldci6 gco` bstc pbrspbltdvc, ic ndslcpcldncn bs l`ksdnbrcnc lè` ukc dnbcs`ldciebktb l`kstrudnc qub surjb nbi hrclcs` nbi bkt`rk` s`ldci pcrc coustcrsb c ics

kblbsdncnbs y ics cspdrcld`kbs nb i`s lduncnck`s l`k lcrbkldcs, es qub nb ic dklcpcldncn

nb ics pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn pcrc cncptcrsb c ics bxdjbkldcs bstcgibldncs p`r ic

s`ldbncn (Acak, 3418, bk Gcrt`k, 3442). Rkc nb ics vbrtdbktbs nbi bkh`qub s`ldci

l`ksdnbrc c ic ndslcpcldncn lè` ukc h`rec nb `prbsdk s`ldci qub sb eckdhdbstc bk i`s

bkt`rk`s crqudtbltkdl`s, ic dnbcidzcldk nb ic dktbidjbkldc y nb ic lèpbtbkldc s`ldci, cs

lè` bk ic lcrbkldc nb iblturcs bk grcdiib y bk ic dklcpcldncn nbi pgidl` bk jbkbrci pcrc

uscr bi ibkjucob nb sdjk`s (@idvbr,344=, bk Gcrt`k, 3442).

Cs, bi bkh`qub s`ldci bxdjb ic rbsp`kscgdidncn lìbltdvc pcrc aclbr ics e`ndhdlcld`kbs

cegdbktcibs kblbscrdcs qub p`sdgdidtbk y pbredtck cilckzcr ic pcrtdldpcldk pibkc nb ics

pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn bk t`ncs ics rbcs nb ic vdnc s`ldci. (DKBJD,7==>)

Ibjdsicldk y Bstcnstdlcs nb ic ndslcpcldncn

Bs ukc rbcidncn qub ic ibjdsicldk ebxdlckc t`ncvc k` sb ac cre`kdzcn` l`k i`s

dkstruebkt`s dktbrkcld`kcibs (Jced`, 7==4). I` cktbrd`r ebkld`kcn` k`s acgic nb

kubstrc rbcidncn, c pbscr nb bii` sb ack tbkdn` cvcklbs p`l` c p`l` bk ectbrdc nb

nbrbla`s s`ldcibs, icebktcgibebktb sb bklubktrc bk ecrl`s tbrdl`s y cukqub bk

ndslurs`s sb sbcick yc l`k uk rbhibo` bk ic prltdlc, i` rbci ndstc eula` nb su cpidlcldk6

]`nbe`s ebkld`kcr qub i`s trbdktc n`s bstcn`s nb ic rbpgidlc lubktck l`k ibybs pcrc ics

pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn (l`k bkh`qub endl`), k` l`ktbepick nbrbla`s ldvdibs y

pìtdl`s, ebk`s bl`kedl`s y luiturcibs nb ics pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn. L`ktdbkbk




26/143

8

hdkbs nbsbcgibs, prèbscs nb aclbr l`scs, k` sbcick tdbep`s, rbsp`kscgibs kd sckld`kbs,

k` crtdluick ics clld`kbs nb ics ndvbrscs bktdncnbs, k` dkvìulrck c ics `rjckdzcld`kbs nb ic

s`ldbncn ldvdi nb y pcrc ics pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn, sìcebktb sb ack sdn`

rbjicebktcn` sdbtb. I` edse` sb pubnb lèbktcr nb Ic Iby Jbkbrci nb ]brs`kcs l`k

Ndslcpcldncn, bk jbkbrci cegcs ibjdsicld`kbs kcld`kcibs ebkld`kck bi tbec nb

ndslcpcldncn pbr` tckjbkldciebktb, cnbes k` sb luepibk, k` sb vdjdick su cpidlcldk y

ics sckld`kbs pcrc bi dkluepidedbkt` s`k ekdecs ` k` sb cpidlck. (Jced`, 7==4). Ics

ibybs hbnbrcibs s`k suhdldbktbs, icebktcgibebktb nbgdn` c k`recs y rbjicebkt`s i`lcibs

bspblhdl`s, k` sb cpidlck6 luckn` nbgbrc bxdstdr ukc lèpibebktcrdbncn bktrb ceg`s

kdvbibs, bk ic rbcidncn sb bxliuybk6 ^cegdk tbkbe`s qub bktbknbr qub sdk qub ics

pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn bxdock bi luepidedbkt`s nb sus nbrbla`s, y sb rbsp`kscgdidlbk

l`k i`s qub bk l`ktrcpcrtb ibs l`rrbsp`knb6 bstcrbe`s ci hrbktb nb ukc s`ldbncn qub k`

pcrtdldpc, k` nbecknc, y s sb cut` btdqubtck lè` ukc edk`rc qub kblbsdtc csdstbkldc u

cyunc, cktb uk j`gdbrk` pctbrkcidstc qub sì` `rdbktc cp`y`s bk ics rbcs nb bnulcldk

bspbldci, rbacgdidtcldk, y ck s`k dksuhdldbktbs.

Cukqub bk bi cpcrtcn` cktbrd`r ebkld`kce`s uk lcegd` nb pcrcndjec, sb ac pcscn` nb

uk l`klbpt` ebndlcidzcn` y csdstbkldcidstc c uk bkh`qub nb rbspbt` c i`s nbrbla`s

aueck`s, c ic gsqubnc nb ic djucincn nb `p`rtukdncnbs y ci hèbkt` nb ic vdnc

dknbpbkndbktb (pr`pubstc c kdvbi dktbrkcld`kci-@KR), i` eula` ` p`l` qub bxdstb bk bi

pcs ndstc nb sbr i` suhdldbktb pcrc p`nbr luepidr bs`s `gobtdv`s nbsbcgibs.

Bs licr` nbtbredkcr bi dktbrs p`grb, dklius` dktbrkcld`kci nb l`k`lbr bk ectbrdc nb

bstcnstdlcs s`grb ics pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn, bi edse` pck`rcec bk kubstr` pcs,

gco` bk bi bstdjec nb bvdtcr ndslrdedkcldk vbe`s qub i`s lbks`s cktbrd`rbs ci 7===, k`s

eubstrck rbsuitcn`s euy jbkbrcibs6 Bk bi Lbks` nbi 7===, sb k`s prbsbktc uk p`rlbktcob

nb 3.1% nb ics pbrs`kcs nbi pcs tdbkbk cijk tdp` nb ndslcpcldncn. (]`rlbktcob rbcidzcn` c

trcvs nb ic prbjuktc sd sb l`ktcgc l`k cijukc idedtcldk l`k `pld`kbs nb e`vbrsb,

lcedkcr, `dr, vbr btl.) Cktb bi rblacz` pgidl` nb qub bsb p`rlbktcob bs dklàbrbktb yc

qub kd sdqudbrc bs prxde` ci 3=% qub crròck i`s bstund`s nb ic @rjckdzcldk eukndci nb

ic sciun, sb adz` qub ic ldhrc acgicgc nb i`s lcs`s sbvbr`s. Rk lcs` qub vcib ic pbkc

ebkld`kcr bs bi bobrldld` bstcnstdl` rbcidzcn` bk bi 7==< p`r bi NDH nbi Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci,

cktb bst`s rbsuitcn`s p`nbe`s tbkbr ukc eubstrc sdjkdhdlctdvc nb i` qub sulbnb bk bi

pcs, bk ics 7>8 ukdncnbs tbrrdt`rdcibs nb euy citc ecrjdkcidncn sb nbtbltcr`k 72, 77:

pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn pbreckbktb, nb ics lucibs 3>,12< brck aègrbs y 3=,::>

euobrbs6 33,=48 tbkck ndslcpcldncn e`trdz, 1> dktbibltuci, 7,> bi Dkstdtut` Kcld`kci nb Bstcnstdlc

Jb`jrchc b Dkh`retdlc (DKBJD) pugidlc ics pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn bk Exdl`? ukc

vdsdk lbksci, bk vcs nb i`jrcr tbkbr uk nct` l`khdcgib nb ic p`gicldk bk l`kndld`kbs nb


]j. 7


27/143

:

ndslcpcldncn, l`k gcsb bk Lbks` nb 7=== y n`luebkt`s bstcnstdl`s qub pundbrck cp`rtcr

nct`s ci n`luebkt`, lcgb ebkld`kcr qub sb tdbkbk su cltucidzcldk ci c` 7=3=6 I`s

rbsuitcn`s tdbknbk c sbr ecqudiicn`s, cnblucn` ci tdp` nb rbsuitcn`s qub sb rbqudbrck.

Kubstr` pcs lè` eula`s `tr`s lcrblb nb ukc ebt`nì`jc qub cyunb c tbkbr ukc gcsb

sdstbectdzcnc nb dkh`recldk y nb depclt` rbci bk ics vdncs nb ics pbrs`kcs l`k

ndslcpcldncn. Edsec qub cyunb c tbkbr lèpcrctdv`s nb bstund` c kdvbi kcld`kci b dklius`

dktbrkcld`kci6 Bs kblbscrd` qub bi pcs lubktb l`k uk lbks` l`khdcgib.

]r`jrcecs s`ldcibs

Bk sbktdn` ndrblt` k` acy `gidjcld`kbs bl`kedlcs ndrbltcs nbi Bstcn` l`k ics pbrs`kcs

l`k ndslcpcldncn(J`kzibz, 7==4). Ic @KR ebkld`kc ic dep rtckldc nb ic pcrtdldpcldk

lduncnckc (pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn) bk i`s egdt`s qub ibs lèpbtb, nb eckbrc cltdvc

y cut`jbstd`kcrdc pcrc bi pibk` bobrldld` nb sus nbrbla`s s`ldcibs, pìtdl`s, bl`kedl` y

luiturcibs6 guslc ic dktbjrcldk cktb pr`pubstcs y eula` es cktb cqubii`s pìtdlc ypr`jrcecs s`ldcibs qub ibs lèpbtb. Icebktcgibebktb ic pr`pdc ibjdsicldk k` nc lcgdnc

c ic pcrtdldpcldk lduncnckc bk ic tèc nb nbldsd`kbs, bk ebk`s c ics pbrs`kcs, u

`rjckdse`s rbicld`kcn`s l`k ic ndslcpcldncn.

I`s pr`jrcecs ` clld`kbs qub bk i`s qub sb dkvdbrtbk nbstdkck h`kn`s pubnbk sbr

Hbnbrcibs ` Bstctcibs nb clubrn` c ic dkstckldc qub ibs l`rrbsp`knc rbsp`kscgdidzcrsb. Bk

ic ^cgic =3 ugdlcnc bk ckbx`, rbhdbrb c i`s pr`jrcecs ` clld`kbs bxdstbktbs nbsnb 7==1 c

7=3.71% s`k rbicld`kcn s cpbrs`kcs l`k

ndslcpcldncn ` jrup`s vuikbrcgibs, bk ceg`s lcs`s i`s pr`jrcecs s`k ndrdjdn`s ci egdt`

nb ic bnulcldk, rbacgdidtcldk y ci bepib` (l`k lcpcldtcld`kbs). I` dep`rtcktb bs qub ics

dkstckldcs bklcrjcncs nb bii`s s`k rbictdvcs c ic \ciun ` nbscrrìi` s`ldci6


]j. 7>Vkndlb nb l`ktbkdnÙ


28/143

1

DDD

L`kliusd`kbs?

]`nbe`s l`kliudr qub bi lcegd` nb bstund` y bkh`qub nb vbr ic ndslcpcldncn bs uk

pr`lbs` qub iibvc tdbep`, ic vdsdk nb l`ksdnbrcr c ic s`ldbncn lè` jbkbrcn`rc nbndslcpcldncn ` cjrcvcktb tbknr qub picktbcrsb y rbk`vcrsb l`k lcnc bstund` ndrdjdn` ci

egdt` nb ic ndslcpcldncn bk kubstr` pcs.

I`s pr`jrcecs s`k dksuhdldbktbs, p`rqub k` tbkbe`s bk licr` ic p`gicldk y l`kndldk

cltuci nb biic, bi jrup` s`ldci qub nbgb sbr ctbkndn` (gcsbs bstcnstdlcs, sdstbectdzcncs)6

Ics ibjdsicld`kbs k` nck lcgdnc c ukc pcrtdldpcldk lduncnckc6 ic rbicldk l`k bi et`n`

ebndl` sb rbhiboc bk ics rbcs nb cp`y` lè` s`k nb bnulcldk bspbldci y rbacgdidtcldk

(cukqub kdlcs nb ctbkldk, s`k dksuhdldbktbs), y prdkldpciebktb p`r ics bktdncnbs `

sblrbtcrdcs bkh`lcncs c ic sciun` ` sblrbtcrdcs nb nbscrrìi` s`ldci qub s`k ics

rbsp`kscgibs nb i`s pr`jrcecs.

Ics ebo`rcs nb ics l`kndld`kbs nb vdnc nb ics pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn bs csbjurcr su

pcrtdldpcldk c trcvs nb ic clldk lèukdlctdvc a`rdz`ktci l`k ic s`ldbncn, bi Bstcn`,

bobrldbkn` bk h`rec ndkedlc y l`kstcktb sus nbrbla`s nb lduncnckc.

^cegdk ic ndvbrsdncn tdbkb qub vbr l`k ic dnbktdncn nb ics pbrs`kcs, edbktrcs qub ics

nbsdjucincnbs k`, sdk` qub sb rbicld`kck l`k ic ndslrdedkcldk, ic bxliusdk y ndhbrbkldcs

nb l`kndld`kbs s`ldcibs.




29/143

4

Wbhbrbkldcs?

Hbrrbdrc, E.(7==1). IC L@K\^WRLLDK \@LDCI NB IC ND\LC]CLDNCN? ACGD^R\,

B\^BWB@^D]@\ T BQLIR\DK \@LDCI. Bk Kecncs. Wbvdstc Lrtdlc nb Ldbkldcs \`ldcibs y

Ourndlcs-3:. Rkdvbrsdncn nb Eurldc.

Jced`, C. (7==4). ND\LC]CLDNCN BK EQDL@ BI NBWBLA@ C K@ \BW DKXD\DGIB,

Ibjdsicldk, bnulcldk y bstcnstdlc. Bk Xdsd`kbs y rbvdsd`kbs nb ic ndslcpcldncn. Bnulcldk

y pbncj`jc6 ]ctrdldc Gr`jkc lèpdicn`rc. Bn. HLB.

J`kzibz, W. (7==4). ]ìtdlc \`ldci y Ndslcpcldncn bk Exdl`. Bk Xdsd`kbs y rbvdsd`kbs nb ic

ndslcpcldncn. Bnulcldk y pbncj`jc6 ]ctrdldc Gr`jkc lèpdicn`rc. Bn. HLB.

Idbknr`, L. (3441). Su h`recs nb dktbrprbtcldk y lèprèds` cnqudbrbk i`s kubv`s

l`k`ldedbkt`s s`grb ic ndslcpcldncn0 Bk ND\LC]CLDNCN T \@LDBNCN, lèpdicn`r Ibk

Gcrt`k. Bn. E`rctc, Bspcc.

Ipbz, E. (\/C). E@NBI@\ ^BWDL@\ BK BI EGD^@ NB IC ND\LC]CLDNCN. ACLDC IC

DKL@W]@WCLDK NB IC BQ]BWDBKLDC ]BW\@KCI. Rkdvbrsdncn nb Lrn`gc.

Xbrnuj`, E. (\/C). Ebsc rbn`knc Su sdjkdhdlc ic ndslcpcldncn a`y0 Lcegd`s

l`klbptucibs. IC L@KLB]LDK NB ND\LC]CLDNCN BK I@\ E@NBI@\ \@LDCIB\.

attp?//www.l`kbvci.j`g.ex/Dkh`rebs/Bvciucld`k/L`ksdstbkldc/7==:P7==1/\CIRN/]r`jrcecs%7

=nb%7=Ctbkld%L


30/143

3=

Ckbx`s?

^cgic =3

attp?//wbg.l`kbvci.j`g.ex/Bvciucld`k/D]HB/]cjdkcs/adst`rdl`.cspx

Dkstdtuldk Rkdncn Wbsp`kscgib E`ncidncn ]rbsupubstciKègrb nbi

]r`jrcec

Kègrb cktbrd`r nbi

pr`jrcec

C` nb

Dkdld`C` nb `pbrcldk

D\\\^B

Dkstdtut` nb \bjurdncn y

\brvdld`s \`ldcibs nb i`s

^rcgcocn`rbs nbi Bstcn`

BCtbkldk c ]brs`kcs

l`k Ndslcpcldncn

Ctbkldk c ]brs`kcs

l`k Ndslcpcldncn7=33 7=3/7

I`s pr`jrcecs prbsupubstcrd`s nb?

e`ncidncn \ (rbjics nb pbrcldk) R (tr`s pr`jrcecs nb sugsdnd`s) sb l`kdsnbrck ]W@JWCEC\

e`ncidncn B (prbstcldk nb sbrvdld`s pgidl`s) G (pr`vdsdk nb Gdbkbs pgidl`s) sb l`ksdnbrck CLLD@KB\.

HBNBWCIB\? \`k rbps`kscgdidncn nb ukc nbpbknbkldc b ktdncn nb ic Cnedkd strcldk ]gidlc Hbnbrci.


]j. 7:Vkndlb nb l`ktbkdnÙ
http://web.coneval.gob.mx/Evaluacion/IPFE/Paginas/historico.aspxhttp://web.coneval.gob.mx/Evaluacion/IPFE/Paginas/historico.aspx


31/143

33

^cgic =7?

attp?//www.l`kbvci.j`g.ex/Bvciucld`k/D]B/]cjdkcs/adst`rdl`.cspx

DKXBK^CWD@ NB ]W@JWCEC\ -L@KBXCI B\^C^CI 7=3=

Bktdncn hbnbrctdvc 3. Kègrb nb ic dktbrvbkldk . @gobtdv` >.3 Hubktb nb dkh`recldk3=. C` nb

pugidlcldk

33. ^dp` nb

n`luebkt`

37.

Nbrbla`

s`ldci

ndrblt` `ndebksdk

nb

3 >. Jrup s n b c tb kl d k 3 3 >. Jrup s n b c tb kl d k

Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci

Rkdncnbs Gsdlcs nb Wbacgdidtcldk(Ctbkldk c ]brs`kcs l`k

Ndslcpcldncn bk Rkdncnbs Gsdlcs nbWbacgdidtcldk)

\dstbec Bstctci pcrc biNbscrr ii` Dktbjrci nb i c Hcedidc

Grdkncr ctbkldk c pbrs`kcs l`kndslcpcldncn y c sus hcedidcs bk icsRkdncnbs Gsdlcs nb Wbacgdidtcldk nbi\dstbec nb Nbscrrìi` Dktbjrci nb icHcedidc, l`k uk e`nbi` nb ctbkldkdktbrndsldpidkcrd` rdbktcn` acldc icbnulcldk, prbvbkldk y rbacgdidtcldk qubibs pbredtc gtbkbr uk kdvbi hsdl`,dktbibltuci y s`ldci ptde`.

Wbjics nb pbrcldk 7=3=Wbjics nb`pbrcldk

\ciun ]brs`kcs l k ndslcpcldncn @tr` (Hcedidcs)

Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci

Nbspbkscs c ]`gicldk bkL`kndld`kbs nb Ecrjdkcldk (]r`jrcecnb Bktrbjc nb Nbspbkscs c ]`gicldk

bk L`kndld`kbs nb Ecrjdkcldk yXuikbrcgdidncn \`ldci)


L`ktrdgudr c ebo`rcr bi bstcn` nb kutrdldknb suobt`s vuikbrcgibs, hcedidcs bknbscepcr` y, bk jbkbrci, nb qudbkbs sback vdst` chbltcn`s p`r ic lrdsdsbl`kedlc l`k ic ndsedkuldk nb susdkjrbs`s rbcibs, ebndcktb ic bktrbjc nb ukpcqubtb nb dksue`s cidebktcrd`s qub ibpbredtck lugrdr sus kblbsdncnbs nbcidebktcldk.


Cidebktcldk ]`gicldk l`k dkjrbs` bspblhdl` ]`gicldk bk p`grbzc

Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci

]r`jrcec Wbn kjbi (Cp`y`sBl`kedl`s c ]brs`kcs l`k

Ndslcpcldncn) (]r`jrcec nb C p`y`sBl`kedl`s c ]brs`kcs l`k

Ndslcpcldncn)


Grdkncr csdstbkldc s`ldci c ics pbrs`kcsl`k ndslcpcldncn, y nb eckbrc prd`rdtcrdcc pbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn nb bslcs`srblurs`s bl`kedl`s pcrc l`ktrdgudr cebo rcr su lcidncn nb vdnc6 prbvbkdr bil`khdkcedbkt` y/` cgckn`k` nb ics kdcs,i`s kd`s, ics ovbkbs, i`s ovbkbs y icspbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn.


Gdbkbstcrbl`kedl`

] g icldk l k dkjrbs` bspblh dl` ]br s kcs l k n dslcpcldnc

Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci\brvdld` nb Lckcidzcldk nb \brvdld`s

pcrc ]brs`kcs l`k Ndslcpcldncn\dstbec Bstctci pcrc bi

Nbscrr ii` Dktbjrci nb i c Hcedidc

Bxpbndr l`kstckldcs c pbrs`kcs l`kndslcpcldncn pbreckbktb pcrc icbxbkldk nb pcj` ci trcksp`rtb pgidl` ynbslubkt` ci t rcksp`rtb h`rkb`, tredtbnb citc nb piclcs, lrbnbkldci y tcrobtkpcrc vbalui`s bk i`s qub vdcock, cs lè`bxbkldk nbi pcj` p`r us` y bxpi`tcldkbk rbcs y vc pgidlc pcrc bi bobrldld `lèbrldci.


K`ndslrdedkcld

k]brs`kcs l k ndslcpcldncn K` cpidlc

Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci]r`jrcec Wbn kjbi (]r`jrcec nb

Cyuncs c ]brs`kcs l`k Ndslcpcldncn)\dstbec Bstctci pcrc bi


Grdkncr ctbkldk dktbjrci bk Lcsc A`jcr cpbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn bk bstcn` nbcgckn`k` u `rhckncn.

Lubktc pgidlc K` cpidlc K` cpidlcK`

ndslrdedkcldk

]brs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn@tr` (]`gicldk bk bst cn` nb rh

cgckn`k` ` nbscepcr`)

Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci]r`jrcec nb ]rbvbkldk,

Wbacgdidtcldk b Dktbjrcldk \`ldci c]brs`kcs l`k Ndslcpcldncn


L`ktrdgudr c ic dktbjrcldk s`ldci nb icspbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn, rbcidzcrbvbkt`s nb s bksdgdidzcldk pcrc dkh`recr y`rdbktcr s`grb i`s ndhbrbktbs tdp`s nbndslcpcldncn l`k bi `gobtdv` nb i`jrcr uklcegd` nb cltdtun y nb l`knultc p`r pcrtbnb ic p`gicldk, pcrtdluicrebktb nb icsrbnbs hcedidcrbs y k` hcedidcrbs nb icspbrs`kcs dkslrdtcs ci pcnrk.

Lubktc pgidlc K` cpidlc K` cpidlcK`

ndslrdedkcldk

]brs`kcs l k ndslcpcldncn K` cpidlc

Ndstrdt` HbnbrciLcpcldtcldk c ]brs`kcs l`k

Ndslcpcldncn (Lcpcldtcldk Icg`rci c]brs`kcs l`k Ndslcpcldncn)


Grdkncr lcpcldtcldk bspbldcidzcnc pcrcpbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn (lurs`s nbrbpcrcldk nb edlr``kncs, prdkldpd`s nbcund`, hdbitr`, luiturc nb gbiibzc, pdkturc,

o`ybrc, la`lìctbrc y cut`bepib`).

Lubktc pgidlc K` cpidlc K` cpidlc rcgco` ]brs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn K` cpidlc

Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci Ctbkldk Dktbjrci c Jrup s Xuikbrcgibs K` cpidlc

Grdkncr ctbkldk bspbldci y pbrs`kcidzcncc guslcn`rcs y gusl cn`rbs nb bepib` nbjrup`s bk sdtucldk nb ndslrdedkcldk y/`bxliusdk, ebndcktb csbs`rcs dktbjrcibsc trcvs nb clld`kbs nb `rdbktcldk,cp`y`, vdkluicldk y citbrkctdvcs pcrc sudksbrldk bk bi sblt`r nb ic bl`kèch`reci y hèbkt` nb bepib` pr`nultdv`spcrc jcrcktdzcr bi nbrbla` ci t rcgco`.

Lubktc pgidlc K` cpidlc K` cpidlc rcgco` ]brs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncnNbsbepibcn`s/sugbepibcn`s/s

n`s

\B CJWCJC BI \DJRBDK BBK BI C@ 7=33

Ndstrdt` HbnbrciCp`y`s Bl`kedl`s c ]brs`kcs l`k

Ndslcpcldncn\dstbec Bstctci pcrc bi


L`ktrdgudr c ebo rcr ic lcidncn nb vdnc nbpbrs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldncn nb bslcs`srblurs`s bl`kedl`s, prbvbkdr sul`khdkcedbkt` y/` cgckn`k` nb kdcs,kd`s, ics y i`s ovbkbs, y pbrs`kcs l`kndslcpcldncn6 cs lè` grdkncr csdstbkldc

.

Dkh`reb nb j`gdbrk` 7=33Wbjics nb`pbrcldk

K` K` cpidlc ]brs`kcs l`k ndslcpcldnc


http://www.coneval.gob.mx/Evaluacion/IPE/Paginas/historico.aspxhttp://www.coneval.gob.mx/Evaluacion/IPE/Paginas/historico.aspx


32/143

37

Ics ldtcs ebkld`kcncs bk ic pcrtb nb ic ndslcpcldncn l`e` pr`nult` s`ldci, qubnck

licrcebktb bobepidhdlcncs l`k ics dejbkbs sdjudbktbs?

Dejbkbs nb wbg.




33/143

BI R\@ NBI CJRC ]IRXDCI CTRNCWC C ED^DJCW BI B\^W\ ADNWDL@ NB ICLDRNCN NB EQDL@

Bkscy` bicg`rcn` bk bi ecrl` nbi

\bedkcrd` nb Bl`kèc, ]ìtdlc y Cegdbktb,

Cpr`pdcldk Nbstrulldk nbi Ebnd` Cegdbktb 7=3>-3

L``rndkcn`r? Bkrdqub Ncz-E`rc

Cut`r

L`ktrbrcs-Crrdcjc, Bi`y


]`sjrcn` nb Crqudtblturc

crf.bi`yMjecdi.lè

Exdl` NH. Ndldbegrb 7==-3.

]j.


34/143

Edibs nb pbrs`kcs ack s`grbvdvdn` sdk ce`r6 kdkjukc sdk cjuc"

Z.A. Cunbk

D

Bi us` nbi cjuc piuvdci lè` hclt`r nb s`grbvdvbkldc nb ic

lduncn nb Exdl`.

Ic bslcsbz nb cjuc bk ics lduncnbs cltuciebktb bs uk` nb i`s prdkldpcibs pr`gibecs

c kdvbi eukndci, nbgdn` prdkldpciebktb ci lrbldedbkt` nbe`jrhdl` y c i`s e`nbi`s nb

cpr`pdcldk nb i`s rblurs`s kcturcibs, i` qub ac jbkbrcn` ukc hubrtb prbsdk anrdlc

bktrb i`s idtr`s utdidzcgibs y ic lrbldbktb nbecknc nb i`s acgdtcktbs.

Ic lduncn nb Exdl` k` bs cobkc ci pr`gibec, bxdstb cltuciebktb ukc hubrtb prbsdk

anrdlc (L@KCJRC 7=37, p. 1>), qub ac `rdiickn`, brrkbcebktb, c ic s`grbbxpi`tcldk

nb i`s eckt`s cluhbr`s, jbkbrckn` aukndedbkt`s bk ic lduncn, y c ic dep`rtcldk nbi

iqudn` nb lubklcs lcnc vbz es ibockcs.

\dk begcrj` c pbscr nb qub sb l`k`lb i`s bhblt`s cnvbrs`s nb ic s`grbbxpi`tcldk nb

i`s eckt`s cluhbr`s, y lè` bi cit` l`st` bl`kedl` bkbrjtdl` y cegdbktci qub

depidlc ic bxp`rtcldk lubklcs ibockcs, bi obhb nb j`gdbrk` nb bstc lduncn Edjubi kjbi

Ecklbrc, hdre` uk l`kvbkd` oukt` l`k ic L@KCJRC, dkdldckn` ic idldtcldk nb ukc

tbrlbrc ikbc nbi sdstbec Lutzcecic cs lè` ic rbacgdidtcldk nb 82 p`z`s nb

bxtrclldk nb cjuc y `tr`s


35/143

ecy`r jrcn` nb prbsdk anrdlc y ic prbsuktc kblbsdncn nb dep`rtcr y s`grbbxpi`tcr bi

bxpi`tcn` cluhbr` nb ic lduncn.

Ic s`grbbxpi`tcldk nb i`s cluhbr`s sugtbrrkb`s, cukcnc c ic l`ktcedkcldk y

nbsblcldk nb i`s lubrp`s nb cjuc supbrhdldcibs, ac l`kvbrtdn` c ic Lubklc nbiXciib nb Exdl` bk ic z`kc l`k ebk`r ndsp`kdgdidncn nb cjuc bk bi pcs?

317e-3.

]j.


36/143

Bs p`r bii` ic dep`rtckldc nb rbhibxd`kcr s`grb i`s pr`lbs`s nb cpr`pdcldk nb i`s

rblurs`s kcturcibs, guslckn` edkdedzcr ics citbrcld`kbs c i`s ldli`s kcturcibs,

rbnuldbkn` su s`grbbxpi`tcldk y l`ktcedkcldk, p`r i` qub ic dep`rtckldc y ic utdidncn

qub bi cjuc nb iiuvdc rbsuitc deprbsldkndgib bk kubstr` e`nbi` nb l`ksue` cltuci.

Ic lcptcldk nb cjuc nb iiuvdc bs ukc prltdlc qub prèubvb ic cut`suhdldbkldc y

cyunc c cibktcr bi ludncn` nb bstb iqudn` bsbkldci pcrc ic vdnc. (Cnibr, Lcre`kc, &

Gòcidi, 7==1)

DD

\dtucldk cltuci nbi cjuc bk ic lduncn nb Exdl`.

Bstce`s bkhrbktckn` tdbep`s ndhldibs bk ectbrdc cegdbktci y jrck pcrtb nb bstc

pr`gibetdlc bst rbicld`kcnc ci cjuc. Ic gcoc ndsp`kdgdidncn cltuci nbi iqudn` cs

lè` bi sckbcedbkt` cnblucn` bs uk pr`gibec bk cuebkt`, y su edtdjcldk bs ukcprd`rdncn kcld`kci, y uk hclt`r nb nbscrrìi`.

Bk i`s c`s vbkdnbr`s, Exdl` bkhrbktcr i`s pr`gibecs nbrdvcn`s nbi lrbldedbkt`

nb ic nbecknc, y ic s`grbbxpi`tcldk y bslcsbz nbi cjuc, i`s lucibs, nb k`

ctbknbrsb, pubnbk dep`kbr iedtbs ci nbscrrìi` bl`kedl` y ci gdbkbstcr s`ldci nbi

pcs.(]KN, 7=33)

Bi tdtuicr nbi \dstbec nb Cjucs nb ic Lduncn nb Exdl` (\CLE), Wcek Cjudrrb, cibrt

qub pcrc bi prxde` c` 7=3>, bi cgcst` nb ics prbscs nbi Lutzcecic k` bst

jcrcktdzcn` pcrc bi Ndstrdt` Hbnbrci (W`gibs, 7=3-3.

]j.


37/143

l`kndldk l`ktrcstc hubrtbebktb l`k ic qub sb tdbkb bk ics z`kcs k`rtb y lbktr` n`knb

sb csdbktc ::% nb ic p`gicldk qub tdbkb ukc ndsp`kdgdidncn nb cjuc ebk`r c 7 edi e-3.

]j.


40/143

Bi cjuc nbi ldbi` uk rblurs` ìvdncn`

Ic lcptcldk nb cjuc nb iiuvdc ac sdn` ukc nb ics h`recs es cktdjucs nb l`ksuedr bi

rblurs`, sb tdbkbk nct`s nb lduncnbs qub sugsdstdbr`k jrcldcs c ic rblìblldk y

eckbo` nb bstb rblurs`, lè` bobepi` bstk i`s Gcgdikdl`s, Jrdbj`s, ^b`tdauclck`s,

@ieblcs y Cztblcs, i`s lucibs k` vbck bi cjuc piuvdci lè` uk `gstlui` `

nbspbrndld`, sdk` p`r bi l`ktrcrd`, ic ctbs`rcgck y ib `t`rjcgck bi us` y iujcr qub ib

l`rrbsp`knb. A`y k` sb rblubrnck bs`s cktdju`s e`nbi`s nb l`ksue`, qub c ebndnc

qub vce`s cvckzckn` bk ic l`klbpldk nb nbscrrìi`, vcib ic pbkc rbvci`rdzcri`s,

ckcidzcri`s bk bi l`ktbxt` cltuci y utdidzcri`s nb ic ebo`r h`rec p`sdgib, pr`lurckn` ukc

dktbrclldk es sckc y rbsp`kscgib l`k bi cegdbktb y rblurs`s qub k`s r`nbck.

Lcrdus B. (7=3=) ldtc c (]btrd \, ^cpd` \., & Abdffd \., 7==:) qudbk ndlb sb tdbkb rbjdstr`

qub ics prdebrcs lduncnbs bk utdidzcr bi cjuc piuvdci nctck nbsnb bi c` 1=== c.L. bk

Obrdl bk n`knb ebndcktb lckcibs nb pdbnrc l`knulck bi cjuc nb iiuvdc acstc p`z`s,

iujcr bk qub ic cieclbkcgck. Cs edse` bk Ebs`p`tcedc sb l`knulc y utdidzcgc bi

cjuc piuvdci6 ics lduncnbs nb Eòbka`-ncr`, Rr y Gcgdi`kdc ic l`knulck ebndcktb

lckcibs cgdbrt`s, bstc cjuc sb nbstdkcgc pcrc bi csb` pbrs`kci, icvcr r`pc, rbjcr

luitdv`s cjrlìcs ` bk bxluscn`s. Rr, ukc nb ics prdebrcs lduncnbs nb Ebs`p`tcedc,

p`sbc sdstbecs nb cjuc piuvdci y nrbkcob bk ics lcscs prdvcncs nbsnb bi c` 7===

c.L.

Jrbldc bs `tr` bobepi` bk n`knb sb prcltdl bi eckbo` nb cjuc nb iiuvdc. Ic lduncn nb

Fk`ss`s bk Lrbtc (78==-33== n.L) p`sbc trbs tdp`s ndstdkt`s nb sdstbecs pcrc

eckdpuicr bi cjuc, pbr` si` sb eckbocgc bi cjuc nb iiuvdc ebndcktb n`s sdstbecs?

Bk bi sdstbec nb nrbkcob brck nbp`sdtcncs ics cjucs piuvdcibs bxlbnbktbs, bstc cjuc

nb iiuvdc brc lcptcnc bk i`s tbla`s i`s lucibs ic l`knulck c trcvs nb lckcibs y sb

cieclbkcgc bk ldstbrkcs cgdbrtcs ` lbrrcncs pcrc su p`stbrd`r us`.


]j.


41/143

Lrbtc hub ]acdst`s, nb djuci h`rec sugsdstd ebndcktb bi nbi cjuc nb iiuvdc yc qub k`

ndsp`kc nb cjuc p`tcgib c sus cirbnbn`rbs y bi rd sb bkl`ktrcgc euy ibo`s y lcrblc

nb eckcktdcibs.

Bk Ic lcpdtci nb Jrbldc, Ctbkcs, ic ecy`rc nb ics lcscs tbkck sus pr`pd`s p`z`s yldstbrkcs pcrc bi cieclbkcedbkt` nb cjuc nb iiuvdc. ]crc nbscjucr l`ktcgck l`k uk

jrck nrbkcob. Bi lckci prdkldpci nb pdbnrc bk bi icn` `bstb nbi j`rc, l`kstrudn` c dkdld`

nbi c` 2== c.L. sbrvc bk uk prdkldpd` pcrc iibvcr bi cjuc piuvdci y nbp`sdtcric bk bi W`

Brdnckus. Nbspus, sb l`kstruybr`k n`s rcecs es pcrc sclcr bi bxlbs` nb cjuc nb

iiuvdc qub iibjcgc c lcbr nb ics pbkndbktbs nb ic Clrpìds ` lduncn citc.

]`r su pcrtb i`s Wèck`s cprbkndbr`k c eckbocr bi cjuc jrcldcs c i`s btrusl`s,

pubgi` qub i`s nèdk acstc bi c` 2=4 c.L. y c qudbkbs nbgbk su luiturc, crtb y

crqudtblturc. Lcrdus B. (7=3=) ldtc c (L`kìiy N., 7==3) y ndlb qub ics lduncnbs rèckcs

sb lèp`kck nb bstrblacs y sègrcs lciibs, y ics vdvdbkncs bstcgck tck ouktcs qub

sb t`lcgck ukcs l`k `trcs. Ics lciibs brck suldcs, yc qub ic jbktb tdrcgc sus

nbspbrndld`s y nbsabla`s sckdtcrd`s bk biics.

^cegdk sb ack bkl`ktrcn` qub ics lcscs nb ics pbrs`kcs l`k ecy`r p`nbr

bl`kedl` p`sbck uk sdstbec nb cjuc piuvdci bi luci brc lèpubst` p`r bilèpiuvdue qub brc bi rbc nb lcptcldk l`kh`recnc p`r bi bspcld` lrbcn` p`r ic

pbkndbktb nb i`s tbla`s i`s lucibs l`knulbk bi cjuc nb iiuvdc, bst` sb cyuncgc

ebndcktb lckci`kbs pcrc su l`knulldk acldc bi ctrd` n`knb sb i`lcidzcgc bi

depiuvduequb h`rec bi rbc nb cieclbkcedbkt` bi luci usuciebktb sb bkl`ktrcgc bk

bi subi`, bk bi lbktr` nb ic bstckldc, sus ndebksd`kbs ecktbkck pr`p`rldk l`k bi

lèpiuvduebicg`rcn` lèkebktb l`k uk h`rr` nb ereì ` e`scdl`.

]`r su pcrtb ics rbsbrvcs pgidlcs sb l`kstruybr`k pcrc ics vdvdbkncs p`grbs,lèkebktb nbpcrtcebkt`s nb citc nbksdncn, bk n`knb sb cieclbkcgc y l`ksbrvcgc

ukc ecy`r lcktdncn nb cjuc nb iiuvdc, prbvdkdbkn` ics p`lcs nb bstdcob. Bstcs

ldstbrkcs iibjcr`k c cieclbkcr es nb 3>,=== idtr`s nb cjuc y cuk cs bi cjuc piuvdci


]j.


42/143

iibj c s`grcr. Ac p`ndn` lciluicrsb, qub ic piuvd`sdncn, pbsb c sbr bslcsc VU

suedkdstrcgc ci c` ukc lcktdncn nb cjuc prltdlcebktb trbs vblbs ecy`r qub i` qub

ics rbsbrvcs p`nck l`ktbkbr. (Ecidsscrn, 7==7)

Bk Cerdlc ]rbadspkdlc, bi aègrb lèbkz c lcptcr bi cjuc cyunkn`sb nb vcsdocsy ìics nb pdbnrc, p`l` tdbep` nbspus bktrb bi 7,-3.

]j.


43/143

Bk i`s tb`tdauclck`s sb rbl`k`lb nb djuci h`rec uk cepid` l`k`ldedbkt` nb su

bkt`rk`, rbhibocn` bk ic pickbcldk nb su lduncn, bk n`knb sb dktbjr lckcidzcld`kbs

nb i`s r`s c ic trczc urgckc, y bk n`knb sbrvck yc sbc pcrc bi nbscjb nb cjuc

piuvdci. Ebndcktb pctd`s hub qub sb rblìbltcgc bi cjuc nbi ldbi`. Bst`s s`k nbslrdt`s

lè` uk sdstbec pcrbldn` c i`s depiuvd`s rèck`s6 sdk begcrj` sb lrbb qub i`s

pctd`s aukndn`s k` cieclbkcgck cjuc sdk` qub ic rbldgck. \boùrk (7==7) k`s

ebkld`kc qub su cieclbkcedbkt` sb ac bkl`ktrcn` p`r bobepi` ci dktbrd`r ics

ukdncnbs acgdtcld`kcibs nb ^btdtic, ics lucibs sb utdidzcr`k bk p`lcs nb bstdcob pcrc

cgcstblbrsb i`lciebktb cukqub tcegdk sb bkl`ktrcr`k nbpsdt`s pcrc bi sbrvdld`

lèukdtcrd` pcrc n`tcr nb cjuc c eula`s acgdtcktbs.

Nbspus sb cs`ldc bk ic luiturc Cztblc ci bqudidgrd` adnruidl` y cncptcldk ci ebnd`,lè` sbcic bk i`s trcgco`s nb Ecrd Lcrebk \brrc y nb ^brbsc Wòcs (^`rtìbr`, 3448,

pj. 38=) qudbkbs bxpidlck l`k nbtciib ic vcrdcnc rdqubzc bk hi`rc y hcukc nb i`s icj`s y

bi sdstbec ladkcepbr` qub bst bk ic lspdnb nb ukc `rjckdzcldk nb cncptcldk ci

ebnd` l`k bibvcn`s rbkndedbkt`s qub bxpidlck ic citc nbksdncn nbe`jrhdlc nb ic

lubklc nb Exdl`.

]br` hub bk ic l`kqudstc, n`knb ic dep`sdldk dnbìjdlc, rbidjd`sc, edidtcr nb i`s

bur`pb`s bspcìbs, pus` hdk ci us` bhdldbktb nbi cjuc qub i`s cztblcs i`jrcr`k

eckbocr nurcktb sdji`s. (Bzlurrc, 344=, pj. 43) Sudbkbs sb pbkscgc brck es

cvckzcn`s c kdvbi tblkì`jc, vdbr`k bi cjuc bk jbkbrci lè` uk pr`gibec. C sus ò`s

ic lubklc nbi vciib nb Exdl` tbkc cjuc bk bxlbs`, ic luci ndhdluitcgc ic l`kstrulldk

nb vdst`s`s bndhdld`s nb pdbnrc bk ic Kubvc Bspcc. Ic sìuldk hub sblcr i`s icj`s

pbredtdbkn` ic hditrcldk nbi cjuc ci sugsubi` ebndcktb ic lrbcldk nb lckcibs, nb

jrcknbs `grcs adnruidlcs, bi cjuc sdjkdhdlcgc uk `gstlui` yc qub pcrc ic

rbpr`nulldk nb su luiturc, y bl`kèc, ic trclldk ckdeci, bi crcn` y bi luitdv` nbi

trdj` nbsbepbcgck uk pcpbi hukncebktci. (Dzczìc & Lctabrdkb, 7==3)

Lè` k`s ndlb ^`rtìbr` (3448) , bi clt` es nbstrultdv` nb ic trcjbndc bepbz l`k ic

iibjcnc nb i`s bspcìbs, p`rqub c rcz nb ic l`kqudstc aug` ukc nbstrulldk


]j. >=Vkndlb nb l`ktbkdnÙ


44/143

blìjdlc sdk pcrcibi`? sb qubecr`k g`squbs y `tr`s bl`sdstbecs V...U ics tblkì`jcs

bur`pbcs brck es cjrbsdvcs qub ics dknjbkcs, y tbredkcr`k p`r trcksh`recr

grutciebktb ic lubklc iclustrb. (^`rtìbr`, 3448, pj. >14)

T iubj` bk bi sdji` QDQ, bi ebxdlck` diustrcn` pcrc e`strcr su p`nbr s`grb ics cjucs,

nbldnd k` si` l`ktrìcrics y sèbtbrics, sdk` bxtdkjudrics. Bi cjuc nb i`s icj`s ndlb

^`rtìbr` (3448), pcrchrclbckn` c Auegìnt6 si` brc vdstc lè` uk bkbedj` nbi luci

acgc qub nbhbknbrsb. Cs kcld ic `hbksdvc hdkci l`ktrc bi rdl` y p`nbr`s` sdstbec

adnruidl` nbi Xciib nb Exdl`? ...sb trctcgc nb sclcr i`s exde`s hrut`s nb ic tdbrrc y

pcrc bii` ic nbscpcrdldk nb i`s icj`s brc ukc prbedsc.

Ci vbr qub bstcs ebndncs k` brck suhdldbktbs yc qub bk p`lc nb iiuvdc ic lduncn sb

dkukncgc sb lrbcr`k tugbrcs y nrbkcobs pcrc bvclucric, bidedkckn` bi bqudidgrd` i`

i`jrcn` l`k i`s cztblcs. T ukc nlcnc es tcrnb, ic lduncn bkhrbktcgc nb kubv`

bslcsbz nb cjuc y sb pr`lbnd c ic pbrh`rcldk nb ndbld`la` p`z`s pr`hukn`s. Bstc

sìuldk, sdk begcrj`, jbkbr uk bhblt` k` nbsbcn`? bi aukndedbkt` nbi tbrrbk`,

pr`v`lcn` p`r ic s`grbbxpi`tcldk nb ics cjucs sugtbrrkbcs. (Ibj`rrbtc, 344:)

Ic nbsblcldk nb i`s lubrp`s nb cjuc qub lugrck ic ecy`r pcrtb nbi Xciib nb Exdl`

hub uk xdt` nb ic dkjbkdbrc e`nbrkc. Oukt` l`k bi cjuc, pbslcn`s y pbslcn`rbs, cvbs

y lczcn`rbs, tdbrrc, ladkcepcs y cjrdluit`rbs, bk hdk, t`n` uk sdstbec blìjdl` nb i`s

es rdl`s y vcrdcn`s nbi pickbtc, sb bxtdkjud, nckn` pcs` c ics hgrdlcs y sus

nbsbla`s l`ktcedkcktbs.

Cltuciebktb Cibeckdc, Bstcn`s Rkdn`s nb K`rtbcerdlc y itdecebktb Ocpk y Ladkc

sb ack prb`lupcn` p`r rblìbltcr bi cjuc piuvdci qub lcb bk ics piczcs6 utdidzckn`

lckcibs, gcnbkbs, ldstbrkcs sugtbrrkbcs, pbqub`s nbskdvbibs pcrc trcgcocr bi ndsb`

dkl`rp`rckn` bi eckbo` nbi cjuc piuvdci. (Lcrdus B., 7=3=, pj. 333)

Bk ic lduncn nb Exdl` a`y bk nc bxdstb ukc jrck l`ktrcndlldk bk ic h`rec nb

l`ksue` nb cjuc, ic luci rbsuitc dklrbgibebktb drkdlc. Tc qub p`r ukc pcrtb bxdstb


]j. >3Vkndlb nb l`ktbkdnÙ


45/143

uk bstrs anrdl` bk ic z`kc ebtr`pìdtckc nbi vciib nb Exdl`, bst` qudbrb nbldr qub

bxdstb ukc bslczc ndsp`kdgdidncn nb cjuc p`r acgdtcktb, `lcsd`kcn` ebndncs pcidctdvcs

c l`rt` picz`, lè` bs ic dep`rtcldk nbi iqudn` nb lubklcs bxtbrkcs lcnc vbz es

ibockcs. ]br` p`r `trc pcrtb, sb ack rbcidzcn` lrbldbktbebktb `grcs pcrc nbsciòcr bi

cjuc nb iiuvdc, lè` bi pr`yblt` nbi tkbi nbi nrbkcob pr`hukn`, rbsìvdbkn` bi

pr`gibec tbep`rciebktb, y ìvdnckn` qub k`s pubnb sbrvdr pcrc ndhbrbktbs us`s.

]`r ukc pcrtb sb kblbsdtc es cjuc, y p`r `trc rbsuitc urjbktb bvclucric, i` qub rbsuitc

cgsurn`, bs rbhibo` nb ics h`recs nb cpr`pdcldk nb i`s rblurs`s kcturcibs, nb kubstr`

bkt`rk`, bk ics lucibs i`s us`s y l`stuegrbs l`rrbsp`knbk c ics h`recs nb

dktbrprbtcldk l`jk`sldtdvcs nb ics edsecs. Bk bi lcs` nbi cjuc nb iiuvdc sb ib

rbicld`kc l`k ic l`ktcedkcldk, bi nbsbla` p`r ebnd` nb gcocncs piuvdcibs `cilcktcrdiics, p`r i` qub tbredkc bk bi nbscjb, y k` sb ib cpr`vblac.

Bi cjuc piuvdci pcrc bi us` cnblucn`

Nbsnb aclb edibs nb c`s ic lcptcldk nb cjuc nb iiuvdc brc prltdlc lèk pcrc

eula`s pubgi`s, pbr` bk kubstrc p`lc ndlac prltdlc ac sdn` sustdtudnc p`r bi

suedkdstr` nb cjuc nb ics dkstdtuld`kbs nb j`gdbrk`, p`r ebnd` nb ics rbnbs

eukdldpcibs ` pgidlcs nb cjuc p`tcgib qub ic l`knulbk c i`s a`jcrbs ldtcndk`s,

jrcldcs c uk icrj` b depcltcktb pr`lbs` nb `gtbkldk y trctcedbkt` y c ukc l`st`sc

rbn nb tugbrcs.

Ic lcptcldk nb cjuc nb iiuvdc pcrc us` y l`ksue` aueck`, tdbkb ukc icrjc trcndldk

bk eula`s pcsbs nbscrrìicn`s, rbjd`kbs cdsicncs b dsics. Bstc tlkdlc bs vdstc lè`

ukc p`sdgdidncn nb nbslbktrcidzcr bi eckbo` nbi cjuc ebndcktb ic dktbrlbpldk,lìblldk y cieclbkcedbkt` nb ic edsec bk nbpsdt`s, pcrc su p`stbrd`r us`. Bstc

ebndnc cyuncrc c ndsedkudr bi jcst` p`r bi l`ksue` nbi iqudn` cltuci, pcrc chr`ktcr

i`s pr`gibecs nb bslcsbz y lè` ukc ebndnc qub l`ktrdguyb c bvdtcr ic gcoc nb i`s

eckt`s hrbtdl`s. (\BECWKC^, 7==:, pj. 338)




46/143

Lìbltcr ic iiuvdc qub lcb s`grb uk bndhdld` pcrc uscric bk ics kblbsdncnbs nbi edse`

bs ukc prltdlc qub prèubvb ic cut`suhdldbkldc y cyunc c cibktcr bi ludncn` nb bstb

rblurs` gsdl` pcrc ic vdnc. ^cegdk depidlc bi ca`rr` nb bkbrjc rbqubrdnc pcrc

`pbrcr uk sdstbec ndsbcn` pcrc trctcr y gègbcr cjuc nbsnb z`kcs cibocncs. Edibs

nb pbrs`kcs bepibcgck bi cjuc nb iiuvdc lè` prdkldpci h`rec nb cgcstbldedbkt` y

a`y bk nc, eulacs `trcs ic cieclbkck pcrc sctdshclbr kblbsdncnbs gsdlcs.

Ci `lurrdr ic prbldpdtcldk, bi cjuc nb iiuvdc bs dktbrlbptcnc, lìbltcnc y cieclbkcnc bk

nbpsdt`s pcrc su p`stbrd`r us`. Bk ic lcptcldk nbi cjuc nb iiuvdc sb cl`stuegrc

utdidzcr ic supbrhdldb nb i`s tbla`s lè` lcptcldk. Bstb e`nbi` tdbkb uk gbkbhdld`

cndld`kci y bs qub cnbes nb su ugdlcldk edkdedzc ic l`ktcedkcldk nbi cjuc.

Cndld`kciebktb, i`s bxlbnbktbs nb cjuc pubnbk sbr bepibcn`s bk pbqubcs rbcsvbrnbs (RKC^\CGCW 7==3). (Jcrlc, 7=33)

Ic lcptcldk nb cjuc piuvdci bs uk pr`lbndedbkt` sbkldii`, bl`kedl` y nb jrck

utdidncn yc qub sb pubnb ca`rrcr jrck lcktdncn nb cjuc p`tcgib, nbstdkcnc c ndvbrscs

cltdvdncnbs aueckcs qub k` kblbscrdcebktb rbqudbrbk nb bstc lcidncn (Cjudicr W,

7==4) T ci gbkbhdldcr ic rblcrjc nb i`s eckt`s cluhbr`s cuebktc ic lcidncn nb su cjuc

c trcvs nb ic ndiuldk y l`ktrdguyb c bvdtcr ic s`grbbxpi`tcldk nb i`s edse`s l`k

vdstcs c qub bk bi hutur` k` sb cj`tbk.

Bs nb jrck dep`rtckldc ebkld`kcr qub l`ktrcrdcebktb c ic l`klbpldk nb qub bi cjuc

nb iiuvdc k` bs utdidzcgib p`r su cit` l`ktbkdn` l`ktcedkcktb bk ic lduncn, Cnibr bt. Ci

(7==1) ebkld`kc qub bi cjuc piuvdci pubnb sbr uscnc pcrc luciqudbr hdk, sdbeprb y

luckn` utdidlbe`s i`s hditr`s cpr`pdcn`s pcrc lcnc us`, bs nbldr, pcrc us`s gsdl`s

lè` idepdbzc nb r`pc, nb pds`s, sckdtcrd`s y rdbj` pubnb uscrsb uk hditr` euy sbkldii`6

pcrc csb` pbrs`kci y pcrc cjuc qub sb prbtbknc gbgbr, sb nbgbr tbkbr uk sdstbec nb

hditr`s ndhbrbktb, cnblucn`s pcrc bst`s hdkbs.

]`r su pcrtb cltuciebktb k` sb ac nbe`strcn` ck qub ic iiuvdc ldnc `lcsd`kb bhblt`s

ndrblt`s k`ldv`s bk i`s sbrbs aueck`s6 pcrc qub bst` sulbndbrc tbknrck qub


]j. >


47/143

prbsbktcrsb vci`rbs nb pA bk bi cjuc nb iiuvdc eulasde` es gco`s nb i`s qub

cltuciebktb sb rbjdstrck. (L`rnbr`, 7=33)

Rkc nb ics prdkldpcibs rcz`kbs p`r ic qub hrclcsck eula`s sdstbecs nb lcptcldk

piuvdci bs p`r ic lcidncn nbi cjuc rblìbltcnc. Bi nbscrrìi` nb cijcs, ` bi cjuc blacnc

c pbrnbr bk ics ldstbrkcs, c lcusc nb icrj`s pbrd`n`s nb cieclbkcedbkt`. ]`r i` qub bi

trctcedbkt`, hditrcldk y/` nbsdkhblldk bs uk bibebkt` licvb nb luciqudbr sdstbec nb

lcptcldk, bi luci nbpbknb nbi us` hdkci nb bstc cjuc.

Rkc h`rec gsdlc nb trctcedbkt` nbi cjuc piuvdci bs p`r ebnd` nb i`s prbhditr`s i`s

lucibs l`ksdstbk bk lìcnbrcs ` rbodiics pcrc rbtbkbr jrcknbs sidn`s lè` gcsurc

aòcs y pdbnrcs, bstcs sb nbgbk nb lì`lcr cktbs nb iibjcr c ic ldstbrkc, tcegdk sb ibs

l`k`lb lè` nbscrbkcn`rbsbk bstc hcsb hditr`s rundebktcrd`s nb r`lcs ` eciic, pcrc

nbtbkbr pcrtluics uk p`l` es hdkcs, ` trcepcs nb jrcsc pcrc, lè` su kègrb i`

dkndlc, sbpcrcr jrcscs, clbdtbs y luciqudbr `trc ectbrdc hi`tcktb, su `gobtdv` bs bi bvdtcr

ci exde` ic bktrcnc nb gcsurc, ectbrdc `rjkdlc y `tr`s l`ktcedkcktbs c ic ldstbrkc `

tckqub nb cieclbkcedbkt`.

@tr` bibebkt` dep`rtcktb s`k i`s iicecn`s tckqubs sbndebktcn`rbsluy` `gobtdv` bs

hrbkcr ic vbi`ldncn nbi iqudn` ci lcbr, pbredtdbkn` qub cijuk`s sidn`s ` crbkcs sb

sbndebktbk. Bst`s tckqubs sbndebktcn`rbs pubnbk sbrvdr pcrc nbsvdcr ics prdebrcs

iiuvdcs, yc qub bk bstcs sb rbjdstrc ukc ecy`r lcktdncn nb suldbncn y l`ktcedkcktbs

]rbhditr`s nb pcrtluics jrubscs sb pubnbk aclbr l`k rbjdstr`s nb lbebkt` bktbrrcn`s

` l`k tckqubs nb pistdl` supbrhdldcibs. Ic dnbc bs aclbr qub bi cjuc hiuyc c trcvs nb

ukc eciic (p`r bobepi` nb kyi`k) ` nb pdbnrcs sbiblld`kcncs sbjk bi jr`s`r nbpcrtluics qub sb nbsbb hditrcr. Ics pdbnrcs es utdidzcncs s`k? tbz`ktib (pdbnrc

vìlkdlc), jrcvc jrubsc, ` r`lcs nb r`.


]j. >>Vkndlb nb l`ktbkdnÙ


48/143

Bs dep`rtcktb ndhbrbkldcr bi prbhditrcn` ci pr`lbs` nb hditrcldk bk s, bstb pr`lbndedbkt`

tcegdk bs l`k`ldn` lè` hditrcn` hdk` ` p`stbrd`r, bk n`knb sb guslc ic bidedkcldk

nb ics pcrtluics pbqubcs,sidn`s y sustckldcs quedlcs ndsubitcs, ` ebtcibs pbscn`s

qub pundbrck sbr k`ldv`s. \d bi cjuc sb vc c nbstdkcr c us`s p`tcgibs, tcegdk sb

nbgbr bidedkcr (` rbnuldr) bk bstc hcsb bi lì`r, ì`r y scg`r nbi cjuc, cs lè` ic

prbsbkldc nb scibs y edkbrcibs bk lcs` kblbscrd`.

Lè` yc sb ebkld`k` bs dep`rtcktb l`ksdnbrcr bi us` nbi cjuc rblìbltcnc, yc qub

bstc p`nrc sbr l`ksdnbrcnc sìcebktb pcrc rdbj` ` icvcn` nbi cutèvdi, ` pcrc gbgbr,

` l`ldkcr, bst` nbpbknb nb i`s tdp`s nb hditr` c bepibcr, y ijdlcebktb bktrb ecy`r sbc

bi jrcn` nb purbzc sb vbr dklrbebktcn` bi l`st` nbi trctcedbkt`. \br dep`rtcktb

aclbr uk ckidsds nb ic lcidncn nbi cjuc piuvdci cktbs nb bibjdr i`s hditr`s y bi us`

nbstdkcn`, yc qub p`nrc bxdstdr lbrlc cijukc hcgrdlc qub bedtc cijk l`ktcedkcktb bk

bspblhdl`, y qub p`r ic z`kc sb l`klbktrb es bstb.

]crc bidedkcr bi lì`r ì`r y scg`r nbi cjuc, csd lè` bi li`r` y cijuk`s lèpubst`s

quedl`s, sb pubnb utdidzcr i`s hditr`s nb Lcrgk Cltdvcn`, bi luci vdbkb bk h`rec nb

pìv` ` jrkui`s, su idepdbzc bs sbkldiic n`knb bi cjuc sb idepdc bk sbktdn` l`ktrcrd`

nbi hiuo` rbtrìcvcn` sb rblèdbknc lègdkcri` l`k uk gubk sdstbec nb nbsdkhblldk

FNH (Fdkbtdl Nbjrcnctd`k Hiuxd`k) bstb ebnd` hditrcktb l`ksdstb bk ukc cibcldk nb

l`grb y zdkl, qub jbkbrc rbclld`kbs quedlcs nb `xdncldk y rbnulldk ci l`ktclt`

l`k bi cjuc, bidedkckn` li`r`, y ndvbrs`s ebtcibs pbscn`s lè` bi ebrlurd` y bi

piè`.

]`r su pcrtb ic bi hditr` nb Crbkc \idlcsb utdidzck pcrc bidedkcr ukc jrck vcrdbncn nbsbndebkt`s y sidn`s bk suspbksdk, jbkbrciebktb l`k lcpcldncn hditrcktb nb acstc

ukcs 3== edlrcs. \u us` rbqudbrb icvcn` hrblubktb y rbbepicz` `lcsd`kci. @tr`s hditr`s




49/143

lèbrldcibs nb lcrtula`s dktbrlcegdcgibs, abla`s nb pìdpr`pdibk`, tcegdk sb

pubnbk utdidzcr.

]br` bi ebo`r et`n` nb hditrcn` l`k`ldn` acstc a`y bs bi iicecn` se`sds Dkvbrsc `

apbr-hditrcldk bi luci l`ksdstb bk ukc ebegrckc hdksdec p`r n`knb sb ldrluic bi cjuc

c prbsdk.

Nbspus nbi hditrcn`, sdjub bi pr`lbs` nb nbsdkhblldk, pcrc bi luci bs dkndspbkscgib

qub sb acyck bidedkcn` i`s sidn`s suspbkndn`s, yc qub bst`s pubnbk bvdtcr ic gubkc

nbsdkhblldk nbi cjuc. Ic nbsdkhblldk sb rbhdbrb c ic bidedkcldk nb edlr``rjckdse`s

vdv`s pctjbk`s (qub pubnbk lcuscr bkhbrebncnbs) lè` p`r bobepi` cijcs,

a`kj`s, pcrsdt`s, gcltbrdcs y vdrus.\ì` bs kblbscrd` nbsdkhbltcr bi cjuc sd vc c sbr

gbgdnc p`r sbrbs aueck`s ` ckdecibs, \d vc c sbrvdr pcrc rdbj` bxliusdvcebktb ` pcrc

`tr`s us`s qub k` depidqubk l`ktclt` aueck`, ic nbsdkhblldk pubnb sbr ebk`r `

kuic.

]crc bi li`r` sb rblèdbknc sb hditrb nbspus l`k lcrgk cltdvcn` yc qub su bxlbs` bk

ic cpidlcldk pubnb sbr k`ldv` pcrc ic sciun, ` drrdtcr ic pdbi.

Bi @z`k` bs uk nbsdkhbltcktb p`r bxlbibkldc yc qub cyunc c rbnuldr y bidedkcr ldbrt`s

ebtcibs pbscn`s y lèpubst`s quedl`s, sb rbqudbrb bibltrdldncn pcrc pr`nuldri` b

dkybltcri` ci cjuc. K` pbreckblb eula` tdbep` nbktr` nbi cjuc, p`r i` luci sb

rbqudbrb nb cpidlcldk l`ktdkuc bk lcs` nb qubrbr cieclbkcr bi cjuc nurcktb icrj`s

pbr`n`s nb tdbep`.

]ictc Lì`dnci bs `tr` nbsdkhbltcktb p`r bxlbibkldc bi luci bs rbictdvcebktb gcrct`. \b

pubnb cpidlcr p`r j`tb` ndrblt` ci cjuc. Ic pictc sb suobtc c ukcs gìcs nb lbredlc,

qub iubj` hi`tck bk bi cjuc y nbsdkhbltck p`r l`ktclt`.

\dstbec Cqucrdus ` lcep`s bkbrjtdl`s bs ukc tblkì`jc qub prèbtb eula`,

l`ksdstb bk ldrluicr bi cjuc c trcvs nb uk`s tug`s ` ndsl`s qub jbkbrck lcep`s

ecjktdl`s ngdibs, cpbkcs pbrlbptdgibs, lcidgrcn`s pcrc bidedkcr edlr``rjckdse`s




50/143

pctjbk`s y pcrc prbldpdtcr ldbrt`s sidn`s, ebo`rckn` ic lcidncn nb cjuc bk jbkbrci

sdk rbqubrdr nb bibltrdldncn kd nb ecktbkdedbkt` cijuk`.

@trc h`rec nb nbsdkhbltcr bs l`k ic yc l`k`ldnc Iuz RX (Ritrc-Xdìbtc)bk n`knb bidedkc

ukc jrck vcrdbncn nb edlr``rjckdse`s ebndcktb ic bxp`sdldk c rcndcld`kbs

uitrcvdìbtc l`klbktrcncs p`r ukc iepcrc, jbkbrciebktb nbktr` nb uk tug` `pcl`. \b

utdidzc cepidcebktb bk bi lcep` nb ic purdhdlcldk nb cjuc.

Ic nbsdkhblldk \ìcr ` \@ND\bs uk prdkldpd` pcrbldn` c ic iuz Ritrc- Xdìbtcpbr` l`k

iuz kcturci, nbi sì ndrblt`, bk bstb sdstbec sb i`jrck bhblt`s idedtcn`s, l`ksdstb bk

lì`lcr bi cjuc bk g`tbiics trckspcrbktbs, qub pubnbk sbr nb pistdl`, bxp`kdknìcs

ndrbltcebktb ci sì nurcktb vcrdcs a`rcs. Bs uk et`n` suecebktb ibkt`, yc qub sb

rbqudbrb nb uk kebr` ekde` nb a`rcs nb bxp`sdldk pcrc qub ic nbsdkhblldk sbc

rbciebktb bhbltdvc, y tdbkb ic nbsvbktcoc nb qub nboc bi cjuc gcstcktb lcidbktb. Bk

ldbrt`s lcs`s, sb nboc bkhrdcr t`nc ic k`lab pcrc p`nbr gbgbr ci nc sdjudbktb.

@trc tblkì`jc l`ksdstb bk nbsprbknbr d`kbs nb pictc nbktr` nbi cjuc bk euy

pbqubcs n`sds, c trcvs nb uk eblckdse` l`k`ldn` lè` bibltridsds, n`knb n`s

piclcs nb bstb ebtci (` nb ukc cibcldk l`grbpictc) sèbtdnc c gcocs y rbjuicncsl`rrdbktbs biltrdlcs citbrkcktbs, sb suebrjbk bk bi cjuc ` l`rrdbktb qub sb nbsbc

purdhdlcr. Ics l`klbktrcld`kbs nb pictc s`k i` suhdldbktbebktb gcocs lè` pcrc k`

lcuscr kdkjk nc` c ic sciun. (Xbr ckbx` 7)

Bi ecktbkdedbkt` nb bst`s sdstbecs bs hldi. \ì` sb tdbkb qub rbvdscr ic t`tcidncn nb i`s

lèp`kbktbs dkdldckn` l`k bi rbc nb lcptcldk, yc sbc bk tbla`s, piczcs ` pctd`s,

iibjckn` acstc i`s l`ktbkbn

ensayos de investigación en urbanismo y arquitectura vol ii, 2014-1

Documents