english through conceptual physics tác giả: lê thuý hằng-trần thị bình nguồn gốc:...

8/13/2019 English Through Conceptual Physics Tc gi: L Thu Hng-Trn Th Bnh Ngun gc: ai hc S phm Tp.HCM, 2002

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mttp?//www.cbggl.chu.vk

MG IMN FNKM INX^ SKNZCRYNX^ GJ CHSI@XNGK

JGRCNAK D@KAS@AC YCIXNGK

CKADNYM

XMRGSAM IGKICUXS@D UM^YNIY

* DC XMS^ M@KA Ar`h.Hnp. (S.I)

* XR@K XMN BNKM

Xn dnu du mkm kn b- 2552


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IGKXCKXY

SKNX XC]X AR@FF@R U`ac

SKNX 0 - Fgtngk- Ypcch- Zcdginty

- I`k / I`kkgt- Urcsckt Ynfpdc 1

SKNX 2 - Xmc j`ddnka `ppdc- A`dndcg A`dndcn- Fcim`knis

- Urcsckt Ynfpdc- U`st Ynfpdc

00

SKNX 9 - J`ntm Cv`ks snkacr wntm ` dgt gj

jccdnka- Xmc jgrics gj k`turc

- Urcsckt Ucrjcit

- Jnknsmch gr Skjnknsmchtnfc

0:

SKNX 8 - Fgfcktuf- Xmc struiturc gj@tgfsXmc struiturc gj kuidcn

- @dbcrt Cnkstcnk

- Igfp`r`tnvcs `khYupcrd`tnvcs

20

SKNX 3 - Ypcch gj dnamt- Ar`vnt`tngk- Kufbcrs

- Urcsckt Ynfpdc- Urcsckt Igktnkugus

2:

SKNX :- Cidnpsc- Nk ` b`ddggk

- U`st Igktnkugus- U`st Ucrjcit- Urcpgsntngks

95

SKNX 1 - @bsgrptngk- Cfnssngk gj r`hn`kt ckcray- Xmcrfgfctcr

- Qmck / Nj id`uscs- Qndd / Qndd kgt- Jnrst igkhntngk`d

93

SKNX = - Iryst`ds gj igppcr sudpm`tc- Ygfc spcin`d i`scs gj tmc jnrstd`w gj tmcrfghyk`fnis

- U`st U`rtninpdc- U`ssnvc `kh @itnvcscktckics

80

SKNX > - Igkhuitgrs `kh nksud`tgrs (0 ) - U`ssnvc Nkjnkntnvcs 81


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- Igkhuitgrs `kh nksud`tgrs ( 2 )- Mgw tg gpcr`tc ` rcigrh - pd`ycr- Yupcrigkhuitnvnty

- @hvcrbs

SKNX 05 - Im`ranka ` i`pìntgr- Jnd`fckt d`fp- Cdcitrni icdds

- Rcd`tnvc idùscs 39

SKNX 00 - Mgw ns tmc cdcitrni iurrcktt`lck tg j`r gjj pdìcs7

- Fàkcts

- Ycigkh igkhntngk`d 3=

SKNX 02 - Igkhuitnvnty `kh rcsnst`kic- Zgdtàc sgurics

- U`rtninpdc pmr`scs :8

SKNX 09 - F`timstnil

- R`h`r- Xmc suk ? ` kcw sguric gj ckcray- Xmc ìtngk gj ` snpmgk

- Iùsc `kh cjjcit :>

SKNX 08 - Xmrcc st`tcs gj f`ttcrs- Kuidc`r Ugwcr (Sr`knuf)- @ snfpdc vgdt`ni icdd

- Igfp`rnsgk `kh igktr`st 13


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YGFC UM^YNI@D IGKYX@KXY

Ypcch gj dnamt i 9.55 05=f / sAr`vnt`tngk`d igkst`kt A :.:1 05-00K.f2/ la2@vga`hrg igkst`kt K@ :.52 05

29fgd-0Sknvcrs`d a`s igkst`kt R =.90 O / fgd . LF`ss- ckcray rcd`tngk i2 =.>> 050:O / la

>90.3 FcZ / uUcrfnttnvnty igkst`kt 5 =.=3 05

-02J / fUcrfc`bndnty igkst`kt 5 0.2: 05

-:M / fUd`kil igkst`kt m :.:9 05-98O .s

8.08 05-03cZ .sBgdtzf`kk igkst`kt l 0.9= 05-29O / L

=.:2 05-3 cZ / LCdcfckt`ry im`rac c 0.:5 05-0>ICdcitrgk f`ss fc >.00 05

-90laUrgtgk f`ss fp 0.:1 05

-21la

Bgmr r`hnus rB 3.2> 05-00

fBgmr f`akctgk B >.21 05-28O / X

3.1> 05-3cZ / X

YN URCJN]CY

J@IXGR URCJN] Y^FBGD J@IXGR URCJN]Y^FBGD

0528 ygtt` ^ 05-0 hcin h0520 zctt` _ 05-2 icktn i050= cx` C 05-9 fnddn f0503 pct` U 05-: fnirg

0502

tcr` X 05->

k`kg k05> ana` A 05-02 pnig p05: fca` F 05-03 jcftg j059 lndg l 05-0= `ttg `052 mcitg m 05-20 zcptg z-

050 hcl` h` 05-28 ygitg y

YGFC UM^YNI@D URGUCRXNCY

@nr (hry, `t 25gI `kh 0 `tfHcksnty 0.20 la / f9Ypcinjni mc`t fgd`r `t igkst`kt prcssurc 0505 O / la .LR`tng gj fgd`r spcinjni mc`ts 0.85Ypcch gj sgukh 989 f / sCdcitrni`d brc`lhgwk strckatm 9 05:Z / f


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Cjjcitnvc fgd`r f`ss 5.52=> la / fgd

Q`tcr

Hcksnty 0555 la / f9Ypcch gj sgukh 08:5 f /sYpcinjni mc`t `t igkst`kt prcssurc 80>5 O / la .LMc`t gj jusngk ( 5gI ) 999 lO / laMc`t gj v`pgrnz`tngk ( 055gI ) 22:5 lO / laNkhcx gj rcjrìtngk ( 6 3=> kf ) 0.99

Fgd`r f`ss 5.50=5 la / fgdC`rtm

F`ss 3.>= 0528laFc`k r`hnus :.91 05:fJrcc j`dd ìicdcr`tngk `t tmc C`rtms surjìc >.=0 f / s2Yt`kh`rh `tfgspmcrc 0.50 053UÙcrngh gj s`tcddntc `t 055-lf `dtntuhc =:.9 fnkCsi`pc spcch 00.2 lf / sFc`k cdcitrni jncdh `t surjìc 035 Z /f,hgwk

Hnst`kic tg?

Fggk 9.=2 05=fYuk 0.35 0500f

Kc`rcst st`r 8.58 05:fA`dìtni icktcr 2.2 0525f@khrgfch`c a`d`xy 2.0 0522 fChac gj tmc gbscrv`bdc uknvcrsc ~ 052:f

XMC ARCCL @DUM@BCX

@dpm` @ Ngt` N Rmg U Bct` B L`pp` L Ynaf` A`ff` D`fbh` Xù X Hcdt` Fu F Spsndgk ^ Cpsndgk C Ku K Umn ,_ct` _ ]n Imn ]

Ct` M Gfnirgk G g Usn Xmct` Un Gfca`


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URCJ@IC

Xmc f`tcrn`d nk Ckadnsm tmrguam Igkicptu`d Umysnis m`s bcck hcvcdgpchcspcin`ddy jgr stuhckts gj kgk Ckadnsm fògr `t tmc Hcp`rtfckt gj Umysnis, Mg ImnFnkm Inty Sknvcrsnty gj Chui`tngk.

Xmc `nf gj tmc igursc ns tg j`fndn`rnzc stuhckts wntm spcin`dnzch f`tcrn`ds gjpmysnis nk Ckadnsm. Xmc fctmghgdgay usch jgr CAU i`k `dsg bc `ppdnch tg tmc tcìmnkagj CYU< tm`t ns tmc rc`sgk wmy tmc hcsnak gj tmns sydd`bus jgiuscs gk tmc hcvcdgpfcktgj tmc jgur slndds nk d`kauàc tcìmnka `kh dc`rknka? tmcrc `rc scp`r`tc d`kauàcf`tcrn`ds tg hcvcdgp tmc slndds gj dnstcknka, spc`lnka, rc`hnka, `kh wrntnka.

Ckadnsm tmrguam Igkicptu`d Umysnis prgvnhcs `pprgxnf`tcdy 035 mgurswgrl.

Xm`t ns, tck mgurs pcr uknt. ( jgr fghudcs 9 & 8 )

Gra`knz`tngk gj Ckadnsm tmrguam Igkicptu`d Umysnis?

Cìm uknt gj tmns igursc m`s tmc jgddgwnka igfpgkckts.

URCYCKX@XNGK

Ar`ff`r qucstngks Ytuhckts `rc aunhch tg `k ukhcrst`khnka gj tmct`ract d`kauàc, `kh nkvntch tg wgrl rudcs gut jgr tmcfscdvcs.

UR@IXNIC

Xmcrc `rc spc`lnka, dnstcknka, rc`hnka, wrntnka `kh ar`ff`r cxcrinscs tgigksgdnh`tc tmc t`ract d`kauàc.

YLNDDY HCZCDGUFCKX

D`kauàc ns usch jgr rc`d gr rc`dnstni purpgscs. Xmc t`ract d`kauàc gj tmc ukntrc`ppc`rs nk ` brg`hcr igktcxt.

Rc`hnka `kh spc`lnka Xmcrc ns `t dc`st gkc rc`hnka tcxt pcr uknt wmnim nsnktcar`tch wntm v`rngus jrcc spc`lnka ìtnvntncs.

Dnstcknka `kh spc`lnka Xmcrc ns `t dc`st gkc dnstcknka ìtnvnty pcr uknt. Xmns ns `dsgnktcar`tch wntm jrcc spc`lnka ìtnvntncs. Qrntnka Xmcrc `rc suaacstngks jgr wrntnka ìtnvntncs nk cvcry uknt.

Zgi`bud`ry Xmcrc ns `t dc`st gkc vgi`bud`ry cxcrinsc pcr uknt.D@KAS@AC RCZNCQ `kh XR@KYD@XNGK

@jtcr cvcry uknt tmcrc ns ` imcil rcvnsngk scitngk `kh tr`ksd`tngk wmnimckiguràcs stuhckts tg rcvncw wm`t tmcy m`vc bcck hgnka `kh tg hcinhc tmcnr prngrntncsjgr juturc scdj- stuhy.

E Ckadnsm tmrguam Igkicptu`d Umysnis ns prnf`rndy ` igursc bggl jgr id`ssrggf usc,but nt `dsg `nfs tg anvc nkhnvnhu`d stuhckts nksnamts nktg d`kauàc dc`rknka prgicsscs,`kh nhc`s jgr struiturnka scdj- hnrcitch dc`rknka.


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SKNX 0

I@K / I@KKGX URCYCKX YNFUDC

URCYCKX@XNGK

0. Rc`h tmc p`ssàc bcdgw. Ssc ` hnitngk`ry tg imcil vgi`bud`ry wmcrc kcicss`ry.FGXNGK

Fgtngk giiurs `dd `rgukh us.Qc scc nt nk tmc cvcryh`y ìtnvnty gj pcgpdc, gji`rs gk tmc mnamw`y, nk trccs tm`t sw`y nk tmc wnkh, `kh wntm p`tnckic, wc scc nt nk tmcknamtnfc st`rs. Xmcrc ns fgtngk `t tmc fnirgsigpni dcvcd tm`t wc i`kkgt scc hnrcitdy?

ogstdnka `tgfs f`lc mc`t gr cvck sgukh< jdgwnka cdcitrgks f`lc cdcitrninty< `khvnbr`tnka cdcitrgks prghuic dnamt. Fgtngk ns cvcrywmcrc.

Qmck wc hnsiuss tmc fgtngk gj sgfctmnka, wc hcsirnbc nts fgtngk rcd`tnvc tgsgfctmnka cdsc< jgr cx`fpdc, wmck wc s`y ` rìnka i`r rcìmcs ` spcch gj 955lndgfctcrs pcr mgur, gj igursc wc fc`k rcd`tnvc tg tmc trìl. Qmck wc s`y tm`t ` pd`kcjdncs `t = lndgfctcrs pcr scigkh, wc fc`k rcd`tnvc tg tmc c`rtm bcdgw. Fgtngk nsrcd`tnvc.

(Jrgf Igkicptu`d Umysnis)

2. Qgrl nk p`nrs.Jnkh fgrc cx`fpdcs gj fgtngk.

9. Ar`ff`r qucstngks.W Qm`t tcksc `rc `dd tmc vcrb jgrfs nk tmc tcxt7

Qmy7W Qmy `rc i`k `kh i`kkgt usch nk tmc tcxt7

UR@IXNIC0. Ar`ff`r.0.0Kgtnic tm`t i`k `kh i`kkgt m`vc tmc s`fc jgrf nk `dd pcrsgks. i`k `kh i`kkgt `rc jgddgwch by tmc nkjnkntnvc (wntmgut tg)Uut i`k / i`kkgt nktg tmc a`ps nk tmc jgddgwnka scktckics?`. @ imcct`m ìmncvc pc`l spcchs gj 055 lf / m.

b. Qc usc tmc wgrhs spcch `kh vcdginty nktcrim`kac`bdy nkcvcryh`y d`kauàc, but nk pmysnis, wchg tmns.

i. Uckaunks jdy.h. ^gu st`kh wntm ygur mccds `kh bìl tg tmc w`dd jgr `

dgka tnfc.c. @ spìcsmnp fc`surc nts spcch rcd`tnvc tg cfpty

spìc, but rcd`tnvc tg gtmcr gbocits.j. Imndhrck b`d`kic ` sccs`w cvck wmck tmcnr wcnamts `rc

ukcqu`d.

0.2 F`lc tmc jgddgwnka st`tcfckts kca`tnvc. Xmck anvc tmc rnamt nkjgrf`tngk?`. Xmc suk rnscs nk tmc wcst.b. Xmc suk fgvcs rgukh tmc c`rtm.i. Yfglnka ns vcry aggh jgr mc`dtm.h. Dnamt tr`vcds vcry sdgwdy.


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c. Xmc w`tcr nk tmc rnvcrs m`s ` dgt gj s`dt.j. Ypcch ns ` fc`surc gj mgw dgka sgfctmnka ns fgvnka.0.9 F`lc tmc qucstngks tg `sl `bgut tmc fnssnka nkjgrf`tngk?Cx`fpdc ? N act up `t

Qm`t tnfc hg ygu act up7`. @strgkgfcrs stuhy ...............

b. @ dgt gj gnd igfcs jrgf i. @k gbocit ìicdcr`tcs wmck h.

@dd jrccdy j`ddnka gbocits m`vc tmc s`fc ìicdcr`tngk bciùsc..c. Igppcr dggls dnlc .........

j. Xmc suk rnscs `kh scts bciùsc ..0.8 F`lc tmc qucstngk Qm`t hctcrfnkcs 7`kh anvc tmc `kswcrs ?Cx`fpdc? qu`ktnty gj mc`t suppdnch cxp`ksngk gj ` fct`d wmck mc`tch.

Qm`t hctcrfnkcs tmc cxp`ksngk gj ` fct`d wmck mc`tch7Xmc qu`ktnty gj mc`t suppdnch hctcrfnkcs tmc cxp`ksngk.

`. cdcitrghcs usch`fgukt gj vgdtàc prghuichb. spcch gj turbnkc`fgukt gj cdcitrninty prghuichi. `fgukt gj mc`t usch`fgukt gj stc`f prghuichh. `fgukt gj stc`f usch spcch gj rgt`tngk2. Ypc`lnka `kh dnstcknka.2.0 Dggl `rgukh ygu, s`y tmrcc scktckics bcankknka ?

N i`k scc N i`k mc`r ..

2.2 Qgrl nk p`nrs?Jnrst prcp`rc tmc qucstngks. Xmck f`lc ` igkvcrs`tngk bctwcck ygu `kh ygur

p`rtkcrXgwk / iguktry - Qmcrc hg ygu jrgf7J`fndy - f`rrnch7

- Hg ygu m`vc ..7- M`vc ygu agt 7- Mgw f`ky 7

Giiup`tngk - Qm`t .. hg7Jrcc tnfc / mgdnh`y - Qm`t hg ygu .. nk ygur jrcc tnfc7

- Qmcrc hg ygu ...........gk mgdnh`y7

YLNDDY HCZCDGUFCKX

Rc`hnka `kh spc`lnka0. Mcrc `rc sgfc wgrhs tm`t f`y iùsc prgbdcfs jgr ygu. Ssc ygur hnitngk`ry tg

mcdp.r`tc (k) nkst`kt (k) ( csp . snka) nkst`kt`kcgus (`ho)hnvnhc (v) nktcrv`d (k)dcantnf`tc ( ho) nkhni`tc (v)cxpcrnckic (v) wmctmcr (igko )cxpcrnckich (`ho )v`rn`tngk (k)


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9. Jnkh tmc scktckics tm`t igkt`nk tmcsc wgrhs nk tmc tcxt. Xr`ksd`tc tmcf nktgZnctk`fcsc?

YUCCH

@ fgvnka gbocit tr`vcds ` icrt`nk hnst`kic nk ` anvck tnfc. @ i`r, jgr cx`fpdc,tr`vcds sg f`ky lndgfctcrs nk `k mgur. Ypcch ns ` fc`surc gj mgw j`st sgfctmnka nsfgvnka. Nt ns tmc r`tc `t wmnim ` icrt`nk hnst`kic ns igvcrch pcr uknt gj tnfc.Rcfcfbcr, tmc wgrh r`tc ns ` iduc tm`t sgfctmnka ns bcnka hnvnhch by tnfc. Ypcchns hcjnkch `s tmc hnst`kic igvcrch pcr ` uknt gj tnfc. Xmc wgrh pcr fc`ks hnvnhch

by@ky igfbnk`tngk gj hnst`kic `kh tnfc uknts ns dcantnf`tc jgr spcch fndcs pcr

mgur ( fn / m)< lndgfctcrs pcr mgur (lf / m )< icktnfctcrs pcr h`y (tmc spcch gj ` snilsk`nd7)< dnamt yc`rs pcr icktury wm`tcvcr ns uscjud `kh igkvcknckt.

Nkst`kt`kcgus spcch

@ i`r hgcs kgt `dw`ys fgvc `t tmc s`fc spcch. @ i`r f`y tr`vcd hgwk ` strcct`t 35 lf / m, sdgw tg 5 lf / m `t ` rch dnamt, `kh spcch up tg gkdy 95 lf / m bciùsc gjtr`jjni. ^gu i`k tcdd tmc spcch gj tmc i`r `t `ky nkst`kt by dgglnka `t tmc i`rsspcchgfctcr. Xmc spcch `t `ky nkst`kt ns i`ddch tmc nkst`kt`kcgus spcch.

@vcràc spcchNk pd`kknka ` trnp by i`r, tmc hrnvcr gjtck w`kts tg lkgw mgw dgka nt wndd t`lc tgigvcr ` icrt`nk hnst`kic. Xmc i`r hgcs kgt tr`vcd `t tmc s`fc spcch `dd hurnka tmc trnp.@dd tmc hrnvcr i`rcs `bgut ns tmc `vcràc spcch jgr tmc trnp `s ` wmgdc. Qc hcjnkc tmc`vcràc `s jgddgws?

tgt`d hnst`kic igvcrch`vcràc spcch 6

tnfc nktcrv`dQc i`k i`diud`tc `vcràc spcch r`tmcr c`sndy. Jgr cx`fpdc, nj wc hrnvc `

hnst`kic gj :5 lndgfctcrs nk ` tnfc gj 0 mgur, wc s`y gur `vcràc spcch ns :5lndgfctcrs pcr mgur ( :5 lf / m ). Gr nj wc tr`vcd 285 lndgfctcrs nk 8 mgurs, wc jnkh?

tgt`d hnst`kic igvcrch 285 lf`vcràc spcch 6 6 6 :5 lf / m

tnfc nktcrv`d 8 m

Kgtc tm`t wmck ` hnst`kic nk lndgfctcrs ( lf ) ns hnvnhch by ` tnfc nk mgurs ( m), tmc `kswcr ns nk lndgfctcrs pcr mgur ( lf / m ).

@vcràc spcch hgcs kgt nkhni`tc tmc hnjjcrckt spcchs `kh v`rn`tngks tm`t f`ym`vc t`lck pdìc hurnka smgrtcr tnfc nktcrv`ds. Nk prìtnic, wc cxpcrnckic ` v`rncty gjspcchs gk fgst trnps, sg tmc `vcràc spcch ns gjtck quntc hnjjcrckt jrgf tmc spcch `t`ky nkst`kt, tmc nkst`kt`kcgus spcch. Qmctmcr wc t`dl `bgut `vcràc spcch grnkst`kt`kcgus spcch, wc t`dl `bgut tmc r`tcs `t wmnim hnst`kic ns tr`vcddch.

( Jrgf Igkicptu`d Umysnis )Igfprcmcksngk imcil

0. Igfpdctc tmrcc hcjnkntngks bcdgw?

`. Ypcch ns tmc r`tc `t wmnim hnst`kicb. Nkst`kt`kcgus spcch ns tmc spcch ..i. @vcràc spcch ns tmc tgt`d hnst`kic


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2. @kswcr tmc qucstngks?

`. Qm`t ns tmc hnjjcrckic bctwcck nkst`kt`kcgus spcch `kh `vcràc spcch7

b. Hgcs tmc spcchgfctcr gj ` i`r rc`h nkst`kt`kcgus spcch gr `vcràc spcch7

i. Mgw i`k wc i`diud`tc `vcràc spcch7

h. ^gu w`dl ` hnst`kic gj 05 lf nk ` tnfc gj 2 m. Jnkh ygur `vcràc spcch.

9. Zgi`bud`ryXmc wgrh spcch ns bgtm ` kguk `kh ` vcrb. Jnkh twg cx`fpdcs nk tmc tcxt tg

prgvc tm`t

Dnstcknka `kh spc`lnka0. Urc dnstcknka qucstngk

Hnsiuss nk argupsXmc spcchgfctcr gj ` i`r fgvnka kgrtmw`rh rc`hs :5 lf / m. Nt p`sscs `kgtmcr

i`r tm`t tr`vcds sgutmw`rh `t :5 lf / m. Hg bgtm i`rs m`vc tmc s`fc spcch7 Hg tmcym`vc tmc s`fc vcdginty7

2. ^gu wndd mc`r ` sf`dd p`ssàc `bgut vcdginty. Nt f`y mcdp ygu `kswcr tmc qucstngks`bgvc.

X`pcsirnpt 0? ZCDGINX^

9. @rc tmcsc st`tcfckts truc gr j`dsc. Rcst`tc tmc j`dsc gkcs?

`. Bgtm spcch `kh vcdginty rcjcr tg tmc r`tcs `t wmnim hnst`kic ns tr`vcddch.b. @ i`r tr`vcddnka gk ` inriud`r trìl f`y m`vc ` igkst`kt vcdginty.i. Igkst`kt hnrcitngk fc`ks tm`t tmc fgtngk ns nk ` dnkc.h. Zcdginty ns ` hcsirnptngk gj mgw j`st.

8. Urìtnic prgbdcf?

`. @ mnam-spcch tr`nk tr`vcds jrgf U`rns tg Dygks `t `k `vcràc vcdginty gj 221 lf /m. Xmc trnp t`lcs 2?55 m. Mgw j`r ns Dygks jrgf U`rns7b. Ns ygur vcdginty im`kanka nj ygu snt gk ` fcrry -ag -rgukh `kh dggl str`namt `mc`h7D@KAS@AC RCZNCQ

# Urcsckt snfpdcXmc prcsckt snfpdc ns usch tg cxprcss ` jìt wmnim ns `dw`ys truc, gr truc jgr ` dgka

tnfc. Nk gtmcr wgrhs, nt ns usch jgr ackcr`d st`tcfckts gj jìts.

Xr`ksd`tc ?

0. Q`tcr igksnsts gj myhrgack kh gxyack.

2. Rnvcrs ruk tgw`rh tmc gic`k.9. Yinckic nkvcstna`tcs k`tur`d pmckgfck`.8. @ vcmnidc tm`t im`kacs nts vcdginty jrgf 5 f/s (fctcr pcr scigkh) tg 05 f/s nk gkc

scigkh m`s `k ìicdcr`tngk gj 05 f/s2. Xmcrc `rc tmrcc fctmghs gj ìicdcr`tngk?spcchnka up, sdgwnka hgwk `kh im`kanka hnrcitngk.


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SKNX 2

URCYCKX YNFUDC - U@YX YNFUDC

URCYCKX@XNGK

0. Mcrc `rc tmc p`st tcksc jgrfs gj sgfc vcrbs. Qrntc nk tmc b`sc jgrfs?sct rghc

rcìmch w`sf`kàch hnhwcnamchXmrcc gj tmcf ckh nk ch. Xmcy `rc tmc p`st tcksc jgrfs gj rcaud`r vcrbs.Xmc gtmcrs `rc nrrcaud`r.

2. Rc`h tmc scktckics bcdgw?`./ Nk 0>3=, Cdn Bcchnka, Or rghc ` rgilct sdchac wmck nt w`s smgt `dgka ` trìl jrgf `st`khstndd tg ` spcch gj 12.3 fn / m ( 6 001 lf / m ) nk ` j`kt`stni tnfc gj 5.58 s ( dcsstm`k tmc bdnkl gj `k cyc ).

b./ Nk 0>11 Lntty GKcnd sct rcigrhs jgr tcrfnk`d spcch `kh cd`psch tnfc jgr `

hràstcr gk ` 885 yh ruk. Jrgf ` st`khstndd, smc rcìmch 9>2.38 fn / m( `bgut :92.0 lf / m ) nk ` snzzdnka tnfc gj 9.12 s.i./ Gk @prnd 8, 0>18, Ogmk F`ssni gj Bcdanuf f`kàch tg fgvc twg p`ssckacr i`rs.Mc hnh sg by id`fpnka mns tcctm hgwk gk ` bnt tm`t w`s `ttìmch tg tmc i`rs wntm `rgpc. Xmc i`r wcnamch `bgut =5 tgks. Hnh F`ssni m`vc supcrmuf`k jgric tg ìicdcr`tctmc i`rs7

9. Qgrl nk p`nrs@sl `kh `kswcr qucstngks `bgut tmc p`ràr`pms.

Cx`fpdc ? Qm`t hnh Cdn Bcchnka rnhc nk 0>3=7@ rgilct sdchac.

Ar`ff`r qucstngks?Qmy ns tmc p`st snfpdc tcksc usch nk tmc p`ràr`pm7Mgw hg wc jgrf tmc qucstngks7Mgw hg wc jgrf tmc kca`tnvcs7

UR@IXNIC

0. Xmc prcsckt snfpdc gr tmc p`st snfpdc . Uut tmc vcrbs nk brìlcts nk tmc igrrcitjgrfs?

`. Xmrust YYI (supcrsgkni) i`r (bc) tmc nkvcktngk gj Brntgk Rnim`rhKgbdc. Nk 0>=9 mc (sct) tmc wgrdh spcch rcigrh gj 0,50>.88 lf / m.

b. Qmck Igpcrknius (`kkgukic) tmc nhc` gj ` fgvnka c`rtm nk tmc snxtccktmicktury, tmcrc (bc) fuim `raunka `kh hcb`tnka gj tmns igktrgvcrsn`dnhc`.

i. Xmc `kinckts (bcdncvc) tm`t dnamt (tr`vcd) jrgf gurcycs tg tmc gbocits wc (dggl `t), r`tmcr tm`k jrgf tmc gbocits tg gurcycs.


12/102


h. Gk Gitgbcr 01, 0>=>, ` hcv`st`tnka c`rtmqu`lc (strnlc) icktr`dI`dnjgrkn`.

c. Cnkstcnk ( igkiduhc ) tm`t spìc `kh tnfc ( bc ) ` p`rt gj` snkadc cktnty spìctnfc.

j. Fgtngk nk spìc ( `jjcit ) fgtngk nk tnfc.a. Qmck wc (snt) gk ` j`st fgvnka tr`nk , wc (m`vc) kg

spcch `t `dd rcd`tnvc tg tmc tr`nk.

2. Xmcrc `rc tmrcc prgkukin`tngks gj tmc p`st tcksc ckhnka ch?/ t / / h / / nh /Uut tmc rcaud`r p`st tcksc jgrfs nk cxcrsnic 0 nktg tmc igrrcit igdufks. Anvc fgrccx`fpdcs gj tmc tmrcc prgkukin`tngks.

9. Uut tmc scktckics nktg tmc rnamt grhcr tg f`lc ` igfpdctc p`ràr`pmXMC J@DDNKA @UUDC

Kcwtgk ukhcrstggh tmc igkicpt gj nkcrtn` hcvcdgpch c`rdncr by A`dndcg.

@iigrhnka tg pgpud`r dcackh, tmc nhc` giiurch tg Kcwtgk wmndc mc w`s snttnka

ukhcr `k `ppdc trcc.

Mc lkcw tm`t wntmgut `k gutsnhc jgric, fgvnka gbocits igktnkuc tg fgvc `tigkst`kt spcch nk ` str`namt dnkc.

Mc lkcw tm`t nj `k gbocit ukhcragcs ` im`kac nk spcch gr hnrcitngk, tmck ` jgricns rcspgksnbdc.

Xmc nhc` tm`t ar`vnty cxtckhs tmrguamgut tmc uknvcrsc ns irchntch tg Ns`ìKcwtgk.

8. Ypc`lnka `kh dnstcknkaQgrl nk p`nrs

@sl `kh `kswcr qucstngk?

Qm`t hnh ygu hg d`st knamt7d`st fgktm7

d`st wcclckh7

gk ygur d`st bnrtmh`y7

N wìmch XZ / wckt tg tmc inkcf`.

YLNDDY HCZCDGUFCKX Rc`hnka `kh spc`lnka0. Ssc ygur hnitngk`ry tg imcil tmc fc`knkas gj tmcsc wgrhs bcdgw?

jgric (k) rcìm (v)

dc`k (v) gbscrv`tngk (k)

rcsnst`kic (k) act nktg trgubdc (v)

0


13/102


2. Uut ` anvck wgrh nktg cìm bd`kl?

`. Jgric d`ws tcdd us mgw tg i`diud`tc tmc tm`t wndd ìt gk ` bghy nk `p`rtniud`r ckvnrgkfckt.

b. Hg kgt gut gj tmc wnkhgw, ygu f`y j`dd.i. I`pt`nk Rgbcrt Yigtt tmc Ygutm Ugdc gk O`ku`ry 01, 0>02.h. @strgkgfcrs gjtck usc tcdcsigpcs tg t`lc `k .. gj st`rs nk tmc sly.c. Hg kgt spcch up. Qc f`y wntm tmc pgdnic.j. ^gu hgkt kgtnic `nr wmck w`dlnka, but ygudd kgtnic nt wmck

slnnka hgwkmndd.

9. Rc`h tmc tcxt `bgut A`dndcg A`dndc?

A@DNDCG A@DNDCN(03:8 0:82)

Xmc nhc` tm`t ` jgric iùscs fgtngkagcs bìl tg tmc jgurtm icktury B.I,

wmck tmc Arccls wcrc hcvcdgpnka nhc`sgj sinckic.Xmc jgrcfgst Arccl sincktnstw`s @rnstgtdc. Mc stuhnch fgtngk `khhnvnhch nt nktg twg lnkhs? k`tur`d fgtngk`kh vngdckt fgtngk. @rnstgtdc s`nh tm`tmc`vy tmnkas j`dd j`stcr tm`k dnamt tmnkas>5 `t =.95

wmck N w`s knkc nk fy dnjc tmc h`y bcjgrc ycstcrh`y

d`st yc`r tgh`y tmns yc`r

0.2/ Imggsc tmc igrrcit tcksc?`. Xmc c`rtm ( scrvch / m`s scrvch ) us wcdd.

b. Yincktnsts ( f`hc / m`vc f`hc ) ` dgt gj hnsigvcrncs.

i. Xmc sincktnsts gj tmc cnamtccktm icktury ( hnsigvcrch / m`vc hnsigvcrch) ` dgt gjtmnkas `bgut `nr `kh w`tcr.

h. Fck ( w`ktch / m`vc `dw`ys w`ktch ) tg jdy dnlc bnrhs.

c. ( M`vc ygu cvcr idnfbch / Hnh ygu idnfb ) ` fgukt`nk nk ygur dnjc7


17/102


j. Nk 0::3, `t tmc àc gj 29, Kcwtgk ( m`s hcvcdgpch / hcvcdgpch ) mns j`fgus d`ws gjfgtngk.

a. Jnjty yc`rs àg pcgpdc ( tmguamt / m`vc tmguamt ) tm`t sckhnka ` rgilct tg tmc fggkw`s nfpgssnbdc.

0.9/ Xmc Urcsckt Ucrjcit ns `dsg usch wntm snkic `kh jgr. Kgtnic tmc hnjjcrckic bctwccksnkic `kh jgr

snkic + ` p`rtniud`r tnfc

jgr + ` hur`tngk gj tnfcCx`fpdc ?

+ Nvc bcck mcrc snkic 1 gidgil.+ Nvc lkgwk mnf jgr f`ky yc`rs.

Uut snkic / jgr nktg cìm a`p

`. N m`vckt scck XgfFgkh`y.b. N m`vckt scck Xgf tmrcc fgktms.i. Imrnstf`s, tmc wc`tmcr m`s bcck quntc fndh.h. Xm`ts ` vcry gdh i`r. Nvc m`h nt àcs.c. Fy snstcr m`s bcck ` stuhckt d`st yc`r.j. Rgbcrt m`s stuhnch wc`tmcr `kh stgrfs mc w`s `t simggd.0.8/ Xg prìtnsc nrrcaud`r p`st p`rtninpdcs, bcank ygur rcspgksc wntm N m`vc

kcvcr.

Cx`fpdc? scc tm`t fgvncN m`vc kcvcr scck tm`t fgvnc.

`. hrnvc ` truil b. rnhc ` mgrsci. buy `k `nrpd`kc h. wnk ` dgttcryc. f`lc ` ackcr`tgr j. jdy nk ` b`ddggka. ukhcrst`kh Cnkstcnks tmcgry gj rcd`tnvnty

2. Ypc`lnka `kh dnstcknkaQgrl nk p`nrs@sl `kh `kswcr qucstngks bcankknka Mgw dgka 7`bgut wmcrc ygu `kh ygur p`rtkcr dnvc, wgrl, stuhy `kh `bgut sgfc gj ygur

prgjcssngks. Xmck try tg act sgfc fgrc nkjgrf`tngk.

Mgw dgka m`vc ygu dnvch nk7

Mgw dgka m`vc ygu wgrlch.7

Qm`t hnh ygu hg bcjgrc tm`t7

Mgw dgka m`vc ygu m`h ygur bniyidc7

Qmcrc hnh ygu buy nt7

9. Rcvnsngk cxcrsnic

^guvc rc`h `k `hvcrtnscfckt jgr ` scigkh m`kh i`r. ^gu w`kt tg act sgfcnkjgrf`tngk `bgut tmc i`r. Xmnkl gj qucstngks tg `sl tmc gwkcr?

Jgr s`dc

0>=> Jgrh Igrtnk`. Rch. 0 gwkcr. Kg ìinhckts.

25,555 fndcs. ZKH 025,555,555.


18/102


Cx`fpdc ?Mgw f`ky gwkcrs m`s nt m`h7

YLNDDY HCZCDGUFCKX

Rc`hnka `kh spc`lnka0. ^gu `rc agnka tg rc`h ` tcxt `bgut jgrics. @ jgric i`k bc ackcr`ddy hcjnkch `s `ky

pusm gr pudd. Anvc sgfc cx`fpdcs gj jgrics gj k`turc ygu lkgw.

2. Jgrf `hocitnvcs jrgf tmc jgddgwnka kguks?Cx`fpdc?

ar`vnt`tngk ( k ) ar`vnt`tngk`d ( `ho )cdcitrgfàkct ( k )jrnitngk ( k )

9. Rc`h qunildy tmc wmgdc tcxt. Jndd nk tmc suff`ry im`rt.Jgrics

(`t tmc jukh`fckt`ddcvcd)

7 Cdcitrgfàkctni 7 7

Cx`fpdc?........

Qcnamt

Uusm

........

XMC JGRICY GJ K@XSRC

Qc m`vc usch J `s ` ackcrni syfbgd jgr jgric. Qc m`vc `dsg usch gtmcrsyfbgds? Q jgr tmc wcnamt gj ` bghy, N jgr tmc pudd jrgf ` igrh ukhcr tcksngk, j jgr `jrnitngk`d jgric, K jgr ` kgrf`d jgric, `kh H jgr tmc hrà jgric cxcrtch, jgr cx`fpdc,

by `nr gk ` sly hnvcr. @t tmc jukh`fckt`d dcvcd, `dd tmcsc jgrics j`dd nktg twg typcs?

(0) tmc ar`vnt`tngk`d jgric, gj wmnim wcnamt ns gur gkdy cx`fpdc, `kh ( 2 ) tmccdcitrgfàkctni jgric, wmnim nkiduhcs wntmgut cxicptngk W `dd tmc gtmcrs. Xmc jgrictm`t f`lcs `k cdcitrni`ddy im`rach b`ddggk stnil tg ` w`dd `kh tmc jgric, wntm wmnim `fàkct pnils up `k nrgk k`nd `rc gtmcr cx`fpdcs gj tmc cdcitrgfàkctni jgric. Nk jìt ,

`snhc jrgf tmc ar`vnt`tngk`d jgric, `dd jgrics tm`t wc i`k cxpcrnckic hnrcitdy `s ` pusmgr pudd `rc cdcitrgfàkctni wmck cx`fnkch idgscdy. Xm`t ns, `dd suim jgrics, nkiduhnkajrnitngk`d jgrics, kgrf`d jgrics, igktìt jgrics,hrà jgrics, `kh tcksngk jgrics, nkvgdvc,jukh`fckt`ddy, cdcitrgfàkctni jgrics cxcrtch by gkc `tgf gk `kgtmcr. Xmc tcksngk nk` tùt rgpc, jgr cx`fpdc, ns f`nkt`nkch gkdy bciùsc tmc `tgfs gj tmc rgpc `ttrìt gkc`kgtmcr.

Xmc gkdy gtmcr jukh`fckt`d jgrics lkgwk tg giiur bgtm ìt gvcr suim smgrthnst`kics tm`t wc i`kkgt cxpcrnckic tmcf hnrcitdy tmrguam gur scksgry pcricptngks.


19/102


20/102


* Xmc Urcsckt Ucrjcit cxprcsscs ìtngks tm`t m`ppckch bcjgrc kgw `t `kukspcinjnch tnfc nk tmc p`st. (Xmc cxìt tnfc nt m`ppckch ns kgt nfpgrt`kt)* Xmc Urcsckt Ucrjcit ns `dsg usch wntm snkic `kh jgr tg cxprcss ` sntu`tngk tm`t

bca`k nk tmc p`st `kh igktnkucs tg tmc prcsckt.

Xr`ksd`tc nktg Znctk`fcsc?0. Xmc `strgkgfcrs jrgf Y`k Jr`kinsig Yt`tc Sknvcrsnty m`vc oust jgukh tmrcc d`rac

pd`kcts `rgukh Spsndgk @khrgfch`c.

2. Ycgud Ygutm Lgrc` m`s ckhch ` yc`r dgka rcicssngk.9. F`ky ùtgfgbndc p`ssckacrs m`vc sujjcrch kcil nkourncs wmck struil by i`rs

jrgf bcmnkh.

Xr`ksd`tc nktg Ckadnsm?0. Lmn duka v trka dka lmka anka kmù. Xrka dka pmtmui vg an` ti

bn trka di, v v tmk i tmtm`y n lmn vtr ky m`y vtr lmi.2. Di f` st d ft di kai imnu vn imuyk ka an` m`n bft tnp xi.


21/102


SKNX 8

IGFU@R@XNZCY @KH YSUCRD@XNZCY

URCYCKX@XNGK

0. Dggl `t tmc pniturc gj ` truil rgddnka hgwk ` mndd `kh rgddcr sl`tc fgvnka `t tmcs`fc spcch. Qm`t m`s fgrc fgfcktuf7

2. Rc`h tmc jgddgwnka p`ssàc. ^gu i`k jnkh tmc `kswcr.FGFCKXSF

Qc `dd lkgw tm`t ` f`ssnvc truil ns fgrc hnjjniudt tg stgp tm`k ` sf`dd i`rfgvnka `t tmc s`fc spcch. Qc s`y tmc truil m`s fgrc fgfcktuf tm`k tmc i`r. Byfgfcktuf wc fc`k nkcrtn` nk fgtngk, gr fgrc spcinjni`ddy, tmc f`ss gj `k gbocitfudtnpdnch by nts vcdginty. Xm`t ns?

Fgfcktuf 6 f`ss vcdginty 6 f v

Qmck hnrcitngk ns kgt `k nfpgrt`kt jìtgr , wc i`k s`y?Fgfcktuf 6 f`ss spcch

wmnim wc stndd `bbrcvn`tc fv.

@ truil m`s ` d`racr fgfcktuf tm`k ` i`r fgvnka `t tmc s`fc spcch bciùscnts f`ss ns mc`vncr.

@ truil rgddnka hgwk ` mndd m`s fgrc fgfcktuf tm`k ` rgddcr sl`tc fgvnka `ttmc s`fc spcch, bciùsc tmc truil ns fgrc f`ssnvc tm`k tmc rgddcr sl`tc. But nj tmctruil ns `t rcst `kh tmc rgddcr sl`tc fgvcs, tmck tmc sl`tc m`s ` d`racr fgfcktuf tm`ktmc truil bciùsc gkdy tmc sl`tc m`s spcch. Nj tmc truil, tmc i`r `kh tmc rgddcr sl`tcfgvc `t tmc s`fc spcch, tmc truil m`s tmc d`racst fgfcktuf `kh tmc sl`tc m`s tmcsf`ddcst fgfcktuf.

( Jrgf Igkicptu`d Umysnis)

9. @rc tmc st`tcfckts Xruc gr J`dsc. Igrrcit tmc j`dsc st`tcfckts?`. @ f`ssnvc truil ns m`rhcr tg stgp tm`k ` sf`dd i`r fgvnka `t tmc s`fc spcch.

b. @ truil m`s ` mc`vncr f`ss tm`k ` rgddcr sl`tc.i. @ i`r ns `s bna `s ` truil.h. @ rgddcr sl`tc m`s ` d`racr fgfcktuf tm`k ` i`r fgvnka `t tmc s`fc spcch.c. Fgvnka `t tmc s`fc spcch tmc truil m`s tmc d`racst fgfcktuf nk igfp`rnsgk wntm

tmc i`r `kh tmc sl`tc, bciùsc nt ns tmc fgst f`ssnvc tmnka.

8. Kgtnic tmc `hocitnvcs wc usc tg igfp`rc tmnkas.8.0/ d`rac W d`racr mc`vy W mc`vncrhnjjniudt W fgrc hnjjniudt f`ssnvc W fgrc f`ssnvc

8.2/ d`rac W d`racstsf`dd W sf`ddcstf`ssnvc W fgst f`ssnvc

8.9/ `s bna `stmc s`fc ( spcch )

8.8/ Ar`ff`r qucstngks


22/102


Qmck hg ygu usc W cr / W cst7

W ncr / W ncst7

fgrc / fgst7

Qmck hg ygu usc? `s + `ho + `s

tmc s`fc + kgukUR@IXNIC

0. Qrntc tmc igfp`r`tnvc `kh supcrd`tnvc gjbgrnka imc`p jnkc jukky m`khsgfcm`rh mgkcst nktcrcstnka d`zy kcrvgus

s`h s`jc stupnh ukigfjgrt`bdc

uscjud vngdckt wct

2. @kswcr tmc qucstngks , usnka nrrcaud`r igfp`rnsgk?aggh / wcdd W bcttcr W bcst < b`h W wgrsc W wgrst

j`r W j`rtmcr / jurtmcr W j`rtmcst / jurtmcst

f`ky / fuim W fgrc W fgst < dnttdc W dcss W dc`st

Cx`fpdc? Nj Nf kgt m`ppy wntm tmc pck Nvc agt, wm`t smgudh N hg7 Buy ` bcttcr pck.

`.Xmrcc mukhrch stuhckts cktcrch `k Ckadnsm Gr`tgry Igktcst. F`x wgk.Qmy7

b. Qmy hgcs nt t`lc dgkacr jgr fc tg w`dl tg tmc pgst gjjnic tm`k tg tmc p`rl7

i. Xmc Bdìls m`vc agt ` bna mgusc . Xmc Brgwks m`vc agt ` sf`dd jd`t 7 Qmy7

( @kswcr nk twg w`ys )

h. N m`h ` igdh. N wckt tg wgrl, but dcjt c`rdy `kh wckt mgfc tg bch. Qmy7

9. QrntnkaDggl `t tmc nkjgrf`tngk `bgut Oìl `kh F`rl. Qrntc scktckics igfp`rnka tmcf?Cx`fpdc? Oìl wckt tg tmc s`fc simggd `s F`rl.

Oìl Fìl

YimggdMcnamtQcnamtOgbBgrk

Y`d`ryMgdnh`yImndhrck

Dcchs M.Y0.=5f:1 laìigukt`kt21 / 1 / :8

2:,5553 wccls2

Dcchs M.Y0.15f:5 laìigukt`kt03 / 2 / :2

95,5559 wccls2

8. Ypc`lnka


23/102


Xcdd `bgut ygu `kh ygur j`fndy usnka tmrcc igfp`r`tnvcs, tmrcc supcrd`tnvcs `khtmrcc wntm `s`s.

Cx`fpdcs?Nf t`ddcr tm`k fy brgtmcr, but tmnkkcr tm`k mnf.Fy j`tmcr ns tmc t`ddcst.Fy brgtmcr ns kgt `s m`rh wgrlnka `s fc.

YLNDDY HCZCDGUFCKX

Rc`hnka0. Urc W rc`hnka t`slXry tg jndd nk tmc bd`kls wntm gkdy gkc kguk ( snkaud`r gr pdur`d )

Xwg gj myhrgack igfbnkc wntm gkc gj gxyack tgjgrf ` fgdciudc gj w`tcr.

Cvcrytmnka ygu scc, mc`r, tguim, jccd, gr sfcdd ns f`hc gj ...

2. Xmc gkdy kguk ns `tgf (s).^gu `rc agnka tg rc`h ` tcxt `bgut `tgfs `kh kuidcn.Imcil tmc kcw wgrhs nk ygur hnitngk`ry?

XMC YXRSIXSRC GJ @XGFY

@k `tgf igksnsts gj ` icktr`d, `dfgst uknfànk`bdy igfpìt `kh hcksc kuidcustm`t ns surrgukhch by gkc gr fgrc dnamt wcnamt cdcitrgks. @k `tgf ns usu`ddyigksnhcrch tg bc spmcrni`d< sg ns tmc kuidcus. Xmc r`hnus gj ` typni`d `tgf ns gk tmcgrhcr gj 0505f< tmc r`hnus gj ` kuidcus ns 055,555 tnfcs sf`ddcr, `bgut 05 -03f. @k`tgf ns mcdh tgactmcr by cdcitrni`d `ttrìtngk bctwcck tmc cdcitrgks, wmnim `rccdcitrni`ddy kca`tnvc, `kh prgtgks, wmnim `rc cdcitrni`ddy pgsntnvc `kh rcsnhc wntmnk tmckuidcus. Xmc k`turc gj tm`t `ttrìtngk W kgw ygu fnamt rc`dnzc tm`t wcrc nt kgt prcsckt,`tgfs igudh kgt cxnst, `kh sg kcntmcr igudh ygu.

Fgst pcgpdc lkgw wc `rc `dd f`hc gjtmc s`fc lnkhs gj `tgfs. But wm`tfgst pcgpdc hgkt lkgw ns tm`t wc `rc

f`hc gj tmc s`fc `tgfs `tgfs tm`tiyidc jrgf pcrsgk tg pcrsgk `s wcbrc`tmc, swc`t, `kh v`pgrnzc.

Jna.9 Xmcrc `rc `s f`ky `tgfs nk ` kgrf`dbrc`tm gj `nr `s tmcrc `rc brc`tms gj`nr nk tmc `tfgspmcrc gj tmc wgrdh.

XMC YXRSIXSRC GJ KSIDCN

Xmc snfpdcst kuidcus, tm`t gj igffgk myhrgack, m`s ` snkadc prgtgk. Xmcrc `rctwg gtmcr, r`rc, vcrsngks gj myhrgack? tmcy hnjjcr jrgf tmc igffgk vcrsngk by tmc

prcsckic gj gkc gr twg kcutrgks (cdcitrni`ddy kcutr`d p`rtnidcs) nksnhc tmc kuidcus.


24/102


Myhrgack, nk `ky gj nts vcrsngks, ns `k cx`fpdc gj `k cdcfckt< cìm cdcfckt nshnstnkaunsmch jrgf `dd tmc gtmcrs by tmc kufbcr gj prgtgks nk tmc kuidcus. Qmck tmcrcns gkdy gkc prgtgk, tmc cdcfckt ns myhrgack. Qmck, nkstc`h,tmcrc `rc snx, tmc cdcfcktns i`rbgk. Xmc v`rngus vcrsngk gj cìm cdcfckt `rc i`ddch nsgtgpcs< tmcy `rchnstnkaunsmch by tmc kufbcr gj kcutrgks.

Rguamdy spc`lnka, tmc purpgsc gj tmc kcutrgks ns tg aduc tgactmcr tmc prgtgks,wmnim, bcnka `dd cdcitrni`ddy pgsntnvc `kh idgscdy pìlch, strgkady rcpcd gkc `kgtmcr. Njtmc kcutrgks hnh kgt prgvnhc tmc aduc, tmc gkdy typc gj `tgf tm`t igudh cxnst wgudh bcigffgk myhrgack< `dd gtmcrs wgudh bdgw `p`rt.

Yuim nkst`bndnty i`k bc jgukh nk f`ky nsgtgpcs gj igffgk cdcfckts, buttm`kljuddy kgt tmc cdcfckts gk wmnim ygur cxnstckic hcpckhs. Jgr cx`fpdc, gj tmc 01nsgtgpcs gj igppcr, `dd but twg `rc ukst`bdc `kh ukhcrag tr`ksjgrf`tngks tg bcigfcgtmcr cdcfckts. Xmc st`bdc nsgtgpcs `rc tmc gkcs usch nk cdcitrgknis `kh gtmcrtcimkgdgay.

( Jrgf Jukh`fckt`ds gj Umysnis )

Igfprcmcksngk imcil?

0. @kswcr tmc jgddgwnka qucstngks?

`. Qm`t hgcs `k `tgf igksnst gj7b. Ns `k `tgf tmc s`fc snzc `s ` kuidcus7i. Mgw ns `k `tgf mcdh tgactmcr7h. Qm`t hgcs tmc snfpdcst kuidcus m`vc7c. Mgw hg wc hnstnkaunsm `k cdcfckt jrgf `dd tmc gtmcrs7j. Mgw hg wc hnstnkaunsm nsgtgpcs gj `k cdcfckt7a. Qm`t ns tmc purpgsc gj tmc kcutrgks7m. @rc `dd nsgtgpcs gj igppcr st`bdc72. F`tim ` wgrh nk tmc tcxt tg tmc jgddgwnka hcjnkntngks?

`. Xmc sf`ddcst p`rtnidc gj `k cdcfckt igksnstnka gj prgtgks `kh kcutrgks nk ` kuidcussurrgukhch by cdcitrgks.

b. @ id`ss gj nhcktni`d `tgfs.i. Xmc v`rngus vcrsngks gj cìm cdcfckt.h. @k cdcfckt igksnstnka gj snx prgtgks.9. Hnsiussngk?

Ns ygur br`nk f`hc gj `tgfs tm`t wcrc gkic p`rt gj @dbcrt Cnkstcnk.

Dnstcknka?^gu `rc agnka tg dnstck tg tmc brncj bngar`pmy gj @dbcrt Cnkstcnk. ^gu wndd mc`rsgfc pdìc k`fcs, tnfcs nk tmc tcxt. Qm`t hg tmcy rcjcr tg7

0. Sdf, Acrf`ky2. 08 F`rim , 0=1>9. Ywnss Jchcr`d Nkstntuhc gj Xcimkgdgay nk _urnim.8. 0>55.3. Ywnss U`tckt Gjjnic.:. W 2:1. 0>03.


25/102


Jna.8 @dbcrt Cnkstcnk

D@KAS@AC RCZNCQ

# Igfp`r`tnvcs `kh Yupcrd`tnvcs

@hocitnvcs m`vc ` igfp`r`tnvc `kh supcrd`tnvc jgrf. @hocitnvcs `dsg igfbnkcwntm `s `s tg cxprcss cqu`dnty< `kh kgt `s / sg `s tg cxprcss nkcqu`dnty.

Xr`ksd`tc nktg Znctk`fcsc?0. @ dgka pckhuduf m`s ` arc`tcr rgt`tngk`d nkcrtn` tm`k ` smgrt pckhuduf.2. Xmc icktrc gj Ar`vnty ns dnamtdy dgwcr nk wgfck tm`k nk fck bci`usc wgfck tckhtg bc prgpgrtngk`ddy d`racr nk tmc pcdvns `kh sf`ddcr nk tmc smgudhcr. Xr`ksd`tc nktg Ckadnsm?0. Kauyk t lmka tmtkmnk snkm r` m`y ft n. Ii kauyk ti tmlt mp

vn km`u tg r` kmka mt dk mk an d pmk t.2. Ii mt ibk d ii mt lmka tmbimn` r` tmkm ii mt kmmk i

k`.


26/102


SKNX 3

URCYCKX YNFUDC @KH URCYCKX IGKXNKSGSY

URCYCKX@XNGK

0. Rc`h tmc jgddgwnka p`ssàc `bgut tmc spcch gj dnamt?Xmc spcch gj dnamt ns tmc spcch dnfnt jgr `dd f`ttcr. Yuppgsc tm`t `t tmc fgfckt

twg spìcsmnps `rc tr`vcddnka `t kc`rdy tmc spcch gj dnamt. Xmcy `rc fgvnka hnrcitdytgw`rhs cìm gtmcr. Xmc rc`dfs gj spìctnfc jgr cìm smnp hnjjcr nk suim ` w`y tm`t tmcrcd`tnvc spcch gj `pprgìm, jrgf `ky jr`fc gj rcjcrckic, ns stndd dcss tm`k tmc spcch gjdnamt. Jgr cx`fpdc, wmck bgtm smnps `rc tr`vcddnka tgw`rhs cìm gtmcr `t =5 % tmcspcch gj dnamt rcd`tnvc tg tmc c`rtm, `k gbscrvcr gk cìm smnp i`k fc`surc mcr spcch gj`pprgìm `s >= % tmc spcch gj dnamt. Xmcrc `rc kg inriufst`kics wmcrc tmc rcd`tnvcspcchs gj `ky f`tcrn`d gbocits surp`ss tmc spcch gj dnamt.

2. Igfp`rc tmc scktckics bcdgw?

Xmc spcch gj dnamt nstmc spcch dnfnt jgr `dd f`ttcr.

Xwg spìcsmnps `rc fgvnka `t kc`rdy tmc spcch gj dnamt `t tmc fgfckt.

Xmcy `rc fgvnka hnrcitdy tgw`rhs cìm gtmcr.

9. Ar`ff`r qucstngks?

Qm`t tckscs `rc tmc twg vcrb jgrfs nk tmcsc scktckics?

+ Qmnim tcksc cxprcsscs ` truc jìt7

+ Qmnim tcksc cxprcsscs `k ìtnvnty m`ppcknka kgw7

8. Igfpdctc tmc rudc?Xmc Urcsckt Igktnkugus tcksc ns jgrfch wntm tmc prcsckt tcksc gj ùxndn`ry+ tmc p`rtninpdc.

UR@IXNIC

0. Ar`ff`rHcinhc wmnim ns tmc igrrcit vcrb jgrf?

`. Xmc C`rtm rgt`tcs / ns rgt`tnka gk nts `xns, `kh grbnts/ ns grbntnka tmc suk `dgka wntmgtmcr pd`kcts.

b. Kgw nk tmc inty tmc ckcray tr`vcds / ns tr`vcddnka tmrguam wnrcs tg mgfcs, wmcrc nt ns

usch jgr dnamtnka, mc`tnka, igglnka.i. Qmck wc snt / `rc snttnka gk ` j`st fgvnka tr`nk, wc m`vc kg spcch `t `dd rcd`tnvc tg

tmc tr`nk.h. Xmc lcttdc bgnds / ns bgndnka. I`k ygu turk nt gjj, pdc`sc7c. Q`tcr bgnds / ns bgndnka `t 055 hcarccs icdsnus.j. Xgh`y nk pgwcr st`tngks, nk jìtgrncs `kh nk gur i`rs, wc burk/`rc burknka fgrc `kh

fgrc jgssnd jucds `kh tmns prghuics/ns prghuinka muac qu`ktntncs gj IG2.a. Xmc `fgukt gj IG2nk tmc `tfgspmcrc nkirc`scs / ns nkirc`snka cvcry yc`r.m. Igfputcr sinckic im`kacs / ns im`kanka tmc w`y ygu `kh ygur imndhrck dc`rk.


27/102


n. @ pcrsgk gr `k gbocit i`k ìmncvc tcrfnk`d vcdginty wmck mc gr nt j`dds / ns j`ddnkatgw`rh tmc C`rtm.

2. Y`y mgw tmc tmnkas `rc im`kach?`. Xmc idnf`tc ( act ) w`rfcr.

b. Xm`t imndh ( argw ) bnaacr cvcry h`y.i. Xmc uknvcrsc ( cxp`kh ) , `kh m`s bcck snkic nts bcankknka.h. Xmc pgdntni`d sntu`tngk ( act ) wgrsc.c. Fck ( dnvc ) dgkacr.j.

Nk wnktcr tmc h`ys ( act ) smgrtcr.a. Hns`strgus jdgghs ( hcstrgy ) ` dgt gj prgvnkics.

m. Gdhcr pcgpdc ( bcigfc ) fgrc nsgd`tch.n. Xm`t jukky kgnsc ( act ) dguhcr.9. Ypc`lnkaHnsiuss nk argups wm`t ns m`ppcknka tg sgfc gj tmc jgddgwnka.

Cx`fpdc? Kgw`h`ys ukcfpdgyfckt ns bcigfnka vcry scrngus. tmc wgrdhs pgpud`tngk prnics tmc wgrdhs jgrcsts pgddutngk rg`hs fchni`d i`rc

tcckàcrsYLNDDY HCZCDGUFCKX

Rc`hnka `kh spc`lnka0. UrcW rc`hnka t`sl0.0/ Qc `dd lkgw tm`t tmc c`rtm `dw`ys fgvcs rgukh tmc suk. I`k ygu cxpd`nk wmy70.2/ Ssc ygur hnitngk`ry tg imcil tmc fc`knka gj tmc jgddgwnka wgrhs?

ar`vnt`tngk, `ttrìtch, d`w, `tgf, pd`kcts.Uut gkc gj tmc anvck wgrhs nk cìm spìc?`. Xmc c`rtm ns mcdh kc`r tmc suk , wmnim ns >9 fnddngk fndcs `w`y, by tmc jgric gj

b. Qmnim twg arc`t sincktnsts cìm a`vc us ` gj ar`vnt`tngk7i. `rc sg sf`dd tm`t wc i`kkgt scc tmcf.h. Qmck tmc fàkct tmc kcchdc , tmc kcchdc turks.c. Oupntcr ns tmc d`racst gj tmc 2. Rc`h tmc p`ràr`pm bcdgw?

AR@ZNX@XNGK

Ar`vnt`tngk ns ` vcry nfpgrt`kt jgric nk tmc uknvcrsc. Cvcry gbocit m`s àr`vnt`tngk`d pudd, wmnim ns r`tmcr dnlc fàkctnsf. But, ukdnlc fàkctnsf, ar`vnt`tngk

ns kgt jgukh gkdy nk nrgk `kh stccd. Nt ns nk cvcry gbocit d`rac gr sf`dd, but d`racgbocits, suim `s tmc c`rtm, m`vc ` strgkacr pudd tm`k sf`dd gkcs.

Ynr Ns`ì Kcwtgk, tmc arc`t sincktnst gj tmc scvcktccktm icktury, jnrst stuhnchar`vnt`tngk. Qmck mc w`s ` bgy, mc gjtck s`w `ppdcs j`ddnka tg tmc argukh. Mcwgkhcrch wmy tmcy jcdd tgw`rhs tmc c`rtm, `kh wmy tmcy hnh kgt jdy up nktg tmc sly.@iigrhnka tg tmc d`w wmnim mc d`tcr prghuich, cvcrytmnka nk tmc uknvcrsc `ttrìtscvcrytmnka cdsc tgw`rhs ntscdj. Xmc suk `ttrìts tmc c`rtm `kh tmc c`rtm tmc suk. Xmcc`rtm `ttrìts tmc fggk `kh tmc fggk tmc c`rtm. @dtmguam tmc bnaacr gbocit m`s tmc


28/102


strgkacr `ttrìtngk, `dd gbocits, nk jìt, m`vc sgfc< but wc hg kgt kgtnic tmcar`vnt`tngk`d pudd gj ` bggl bciùsc tmc pudd gj tmc c`rtm ns vcry fuim arc`tcr.

Qmy hgcs tmc c`rtm `dw`ys fgvc rgukh tmc suk7 Xmc suks ar`vnt`tngk anvcstmc `kswcr. Xmc c`rtm ns `dw`ys trynka tg fgvc `w`y nk ` str`namt dnkc, but tmc suk ns`dw`ys puddnka nt bìl. Yg nts ogurkcy ns agnka gk rgukh `kh rgukh tmc suk. Xmc suk nsgkc gj tmc st`rs nk tmc a`d`xy, nk wmnim tmcrc `rc `bgut 055,555 fnddngk st`rs. Xmcscst`rs jgrf ` argup, tmc sm`pc gj wmnim ns r`tmcr dnlc tmc sm`pc gj ` w`tim.

Ar`vnt`tngk ns tmc jgric wmnim ns mgdhnka `dd tmc `tgfs gj tmc c`rtm tgactmcr, `ddtmc `tgfs gj ` st`r tgactmcr. Nt ns `dsg mgdhnka us gk tmc c`rtm< nj tmcrc wcrc kg

ar`vnt`tngk, wc `kh cvcrytmnka cdsc wgudh jdy gjj tmc c`rtm nktg spìc.Cnkstcnk prghuich ` kcw d`w gj ar`vnt`tngk. Nts f`nk rcsudts `rc tmc s`fc `s tmc

rcsudts gj Kcwtgks d`w, but nk vcry sf`dd `kh jnkc f`ttcrs, Cnkstcnks d`w anvcshnjjcrckt rcsudts. Gkc gj tmcsc ns tm`t ar`vnt`tngk bckhs dnamt ` dnttdc< but ìigrhnka tg

Kcwtgks d`w ar`vnt`tngk m`s vcry dnttdc cjjcit gk dnamt. Cnkstcnk smgwch tmns jìt byfc`ks gj f`tmcf`tnis, `kh kgt by cxpcrnfckt.

Yt`r sccfs tg bc mcrcnj ygu dggljrgf tmc c`rtm

st`r

C`rtm Jna.3 Xmc dnamt gj ` st`r p`ssnka tmc suk

Xmns rcsudt gj mns d`w w`s tcstch hurnka `k cidnpsc gj tmc suk. Ssu`ddy, wmck tmcdnamt gj ` st`r p`sscs tmc suk, wc i`kkgt scc nt, tmc suk tgg brnamt. But hurnka `kcidnpsc, tmc suks dnamt ns smut gut by tmc fggk< tmck wc i`k scc tmc dnamt gj tmc st`r.Xmc `strgkgfcrs wmg w`timch kgtnich tm`t tmc st`r `ppc`rch tg im`kac nts pgsntngk `

dnttdc.Xmc iùsc gj tmns ns tm`t tmc st`rs dnamt ns turknka jrgf tmc str`namt dnkc `s ntp`sscs tmc suk. Xmc suks ar`vnt`tngk ns bckhnka tmc bc`f gj dnamt. Xmns smgwch tm`tCnkstcnks d`w ns rnamt.

( Jrgf Cdcfckt`ry Yincktnjni Ckadnsm Urìtnic)

Igfprcmcksngk imcil?

0. @rc tmc scktckics truc gr j`dsc. Igrrcit tmc j`dsc scktckics?`. @ ar`vnt`tngk`d pudd ns dnlc fàkctnsf tm`t ns jgukh nk nrgk `kh stccd.

b. Xmc rcsudts gj Cnkstcnks d`w gj ar`vnt`tngk `rc tmc s`fc `s tmgsc gj Kcwtgks d`w.i. Cnkstcnk hnh ` dgt gj cxpcrnfckts tg jnkh gut mns d`w.h. Xmc bnaacr gbocit m`s tmc strgkacr `ttrìtngk.2. @kswcr tmc qucstngks bcdgw?`. Nk wmnim icktury w`s Kcwtgk bgrk7

b. Qm`t qucstngk hnh Kcwtgk `sl mnfscdj wmck mc s`w `ppdcs j`ddnka7i. Qmy hgkt wc kgtnic tmc ar`vnt`tngk`d pudd gj ` bggl7h. Qm`t ns tmc dnttdc hnjjcrckic bctwcck Cnkstcnks d`w `kh Kcwtgks d`w gj

ar`vnt`tngk7c. Qmy i`k wc scc sgfc st`rs nk h`ytnfc hurnka `k cidnpsc7


29/102


9. Kgtnic?Xmc c`rtm `ttrìts tmc fggk `kh tmc fggk tmc c`rtm ( 6 `ttrìts tmc c`rtm )Xmc wgrdh `ttrìts ns dcjt gut.

Dc`vc gut `s f`ky wgrhs `s ygu i`k nk tmcsc scktckics?`. Xmcrc `rc fgrc `tgfs nk tmns ad`ss tm`k tmcrc `rc nk tm`t bnt gj fct`d.

b. Nt ns j`rtmcr tg tmc suk tm`k nt ns tg tmc fggk.i. @ fàkct `ttrìts ` stccd pnk , `kh tmc suk `ttrìts tmc c`rtm.8. Hnsiussngk?

Cxpd`nk wmy wc hg kgt ar`vnt`tc tgw`rh gtmcr pcgpdc, bundhnkas, hnst`kt pd`kcts gr

st`rs.

Dnstcknka KSFBCRY^gu `rc agnka tg dnstck tg sgfc nktcrcstnka jìts `bgut Ckadnsm. Jndd tmckufbcrs tm`t ygu mc`r nktg tmc a`ps?

0. Ckadnsm ns `k gjjnin`d gr ukgjjnin`d d`kauàc nk iguktrncs.2. Ckadnsm ns tmc k`tnvc d`kauàc nk .iguktrncs.9. @k `vcràc k`tnvc spc`lcr uscs bctwcck `khwgrhs nk

igkvcrs`tngk.8. Xmc Ckadnsm d`kauàc igkt`nks fgrc wgrhs tm`k `ky gtmcr d`kauàcs. Xmc 0>=>

Gxjgrh Hnitngk`ry gj Ckadnsm m`s cktrncs. Mgwcvcr, tmc

tgt`d kufbcr gj wgrhs nkiduhnka sincktnjni, fchni`d `kh tcimkni`d tcrfs ns wcddgvcr .

Xr`ksd`tc nktg Znctk`fcsc?0. Ar`vnty ns tmc k`fc anvck tg tmc jgric gj `ttrìtngk bctwcck gbocits, cvck tmguam

wc hg kgt tmgrguamdy ukhcrst`kh nt.2. Xmc fggk `kh gtmcr gbocits nk grbnt `rgukh tmc c`rtm `rc ìtu`ddy j`ddnka tgw`rhs

tmc c`rtm but m`vc arc`t ckguam t`kacktn`d vcdginty tg `vgnh mnttnka tmc c`rtm.


30/102


SKNX :

U@YX IGKXNKSGSY / U@YX UCRJCIX W URCUGYNXNGKY

URCYCKX@XNGK

0. M`vc ygu cvcr scck `k cidnpsc nk ygur dnjc7@rc ygu `jr`nh gj cidnpsc 7

2. Rc`h tmc jgddgwnka stgry `bgut Imrnstgpmcr Igdufbus `kh `k cidnpsc gj tmc fggk.sm`hgw

C`rtm Fggk

Jna.: @k cidnpsc gj tmc Fggk

CIDNUYC

Xmcrc ns ` stgry `bgut Imrnstgpmcr Igdufbus `kh `k cidnpsc gj tmc Fggk.Xmcfck gj tmc nsd`kh gj Mnsp`kngd` ( nk tmc Qcst Nkhncs ) suhhckdy rcjusch tg brnka `kyfgrc jggh. Igdufbus kcchch jggh `kh mc i`ddch tmc fck tgactmcr. Mc m`h stuhnch gkcgj mns bggl `kh mc lkcw tmc h`tc gj tmc kcxt cidnpsc. Mc tgdh tmc fck tm`t Agh w`s`kary. Agh w`s agnka tg f`lc tmc fggk h`rl tg smgw tmns. Xmc fck dgglch up tmcsly. Xmcy s`w tmc bcankknka gj `k cidnpsc, `kh tmc fggk agt h`rlcr `kh h`rlcr. Xmcywcrc `jr`nh `kh `slch Igdufbus tg mcdp tmcf. Yg mc dcjt tmcf `kh wckt tg mns rggf nktmc smnp. Mc w`ntch tmcrc `dgkc `kh tmck rcturkch. Mc w`s sfndnka kgw, `kh mc tgdh

tmc fck kgt tg bc s`h. Mc s`nh tm`t Agh m`h jgranvck tmcf. Xmck mc pgnktch tg tmcfggk. Xmc cidnpsc w`s ckhnka< tmc c`rtms sm`hgw w`s bcankknka tg fgvc `w`y< tmcdnamt w`s acttnka brnamtcr. Xmck `dd tmc fck wcrc ad`h `kh tmcy prgfnsch tg brnkasgfc jggh. Xmcy wcrc sg `jr`nh gj Igdufbus tm`t tmcy kcvcr stgppch tmc suppdy gjjggh à`nk.

( Jrgf Cdcfckt`ry Yincktnjni Ckadnsm Urìtnic )

9. Ar`ff`r qucstngks9.0/ Qc i`k usc tmc U`st Ynfpdc `kh tmc U`st Igktnkugus tgactmcr.

Qmck mc pgnktch tg tmc fggk tmc cidnpsc w`s ckhnka, tmc c`rtms sm`hgw w`sbcankknka tg fgvc `w`y, tmc dnamt w`s acttnka brnamtcr.

Qmnim tcksc cxprcsscs dgka ìtnvntncs usch tg hcsirnbc tmc sickc7

Qmnim tcksc cxprcsscs smgrtcr ìtnvntncs tm`t m`ppckch nk tmc fnhhdc7

9.2/ Dggl `t twg cx`fpdcs nk tmc tcxt . Qmy ns tmc U`st Ucrjcit usch 7

Mc m`h stuhnch gkc gj mns bggl , `kh mc lkcw tmc h`tc gj tmc kcxt cidnpsc.

Mc s`nh tm`t Agh m`h jgranvck tmcf.


31/102


Igfpdctc tmns rudc? Xmc U`st Ucrjcit ns jgrfch wntm tmc ùxndn`ry vcrb..........+tmc............

UR@IXNIC

0. Ssc tmc U`st Ynfpdc gr tmc U`st Igktnkugus nk tmc jgddgwnka?`. Nk F`y 0>80 Ynr Jr`kl Qmnttdc (nkvckt )` oct ckankc. @t tmc s`fc tnfc

tmc Acrf`ks `dsg (bundh) .`kgtmcr gkc, but kcntmcr iguktry (tcdd)

tmc gtmcr.b. Xmc nhc` gj ar`vnty (giiur) tg Kcwtgk wmndc mc (snt) ukhcr `k `ppdctrcc gk mns fgtmcrs j`rf.

i. Qmck N (w`dl) nk tmcy (t`dl ) `bgut b`bncs.h. N ( i`dd )Rgacr `t knkc d`st knamt, but mc (bc, kgt ) `t mgfc. Mc

(stuhy) `t tmc dnbr`ry.

c. Nk 0>99, wmndc Cnkstcnk (vnsnt) tmc Skntch Yt`tcs, Mntdcr (igfc) tgpgwcr.

j. Ymc (fcct) mcr musb`kh wmndc smc (tr`vcd ) nk Caypt.2. Ognk tmc bcankknka `kh ckhs tg f`lc scksnbdc scktckics?

Bcankknkas Ckhs

`. @jtcr mc m`h trnch gk snx p`nrs gj smgcsb. @jtcr F`ry m`h hgkc `dd tmc smgppnkai. Qmck N m`h w`smch `kh hrnch tmc d`st

pd`tc

h. Qmck F`rl m`h dgglch tmrguam `dd tmchr`wcrs nk mns rggf

c. Qmck mc m`h jnknsmch c`tnka dukim

- mc hcinhch mc dnlch tmc jnrst gkcs bcst.- mc st`rtch agnka tmrguam tmc iupbg`rhs

hgwkst`nrs.

- smc tggl ` smgrt w`dl rgukh tmc p`rl.- mc wckt tg tmc i`jc nk tmc squ`rc jgr `

iup gj igjjcc.

- Uùd i`fc nk `kh gjjcrch tg mcdp.

Kgtc? Qc gjtck usc tmc U`st Ucrjcit `jtcr wmck `kh `jtcr tg smgw tm`tsgfctmnka w`s igfpdctcdy jnknsmch.

9. Ssc wmck gr `jtcr tg f`lc gkc scktckic jgr cìm sntu`tngk?

`. N wrgtc tg fy jrnckh. Xmck N w`timch tcdcvnsngk jgr `k mgur.b. Cvcrybghy m`h ` im`kic tg s`y wm`t tmcy tmguamt. Xmck wc tggl ` vgtc.i.

Ymc stgppch trynka tg dgsc wcnamt. Ymc dgglch fuim mc`dtmncr.h. Mc bguamt prcsckts jgr cvcrygkc nk mns j`fndy. Xmck mc bguamt sgfctmnka jgrmnfscdj `s wcdd.

YLNDDY HCZCDGUFCKX

Rc`hnka0. Ssc ygur hnitngk`ry tg imcil tmc fc`knka gj tmcsc wgrhs

rgpc (k) iydnkhcrs (k) br`lc (k) jrgzck (`ho) tmrgw (v)


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2. Uut ` anvck wgrh nktg cìm a`p.`. Qc tnch tmc tmncjs jcct wntm ` ......

b. Xmc ckankc gj tmns i`r m`s jgur . .......i. Uctcr put tmc gk, kh trnch tg stgp tmc i`r.

h. Xmcy hrgvc scvcr`d fgtgr i`rs ìrgss tmc d`lc.

c. Mgw j`r i`k ygu 7

9. Rc`h tmc tcxt qunildy. Jnkh fgrc cx`fpdcs gj tmc U`st Igktnkugus `kh tmc U`stUcrjcit.

Jna.1 Cvcrytmnka ns bugych upby ` jgric cqu`d tg tmc wcnamt

gj`nr nt hnspdìcs.Qmy, tmck,

hgcskt cvcrytmnka jdg`t dnlc tmnsb`ddggk7

NK @ B@DDGGK

Fck usch tg tr`vcd ` dgka w`y nk b`ddggks. @ f`k gkic jdcw 0,=>5 fndcs nk `b`ddggk. Mc hnh tmns nk Jcbru`ry 0>08, bcjgrc tmc jnrst arc`t w`r.

Gk Kgvcfbcr 0=tm, 0>5=, tmrcc gtmcr fck wckt up nk ` b`ddggk. Xmcy st`rtchc`rdy nk Dgkhgk. Xmc i`pt`nk w`s @uaustc Aùhrgk. Xmcy m`h ` bna b`ddggk, `kh tmcym`h pd`kkch tg ag ` dgka w`y.

Yggk tmcy mc`rh tmc sc` bcdgw tmcf. Xmcy wcrc i`rrynka tmc usu`d rgpc `kh ntw`s m`kanka hgwk jrgf tmc b`slct gj tmc b`ddggk. @t tmc bgttgf gj tmc rgpc tmcy m`hjnxch ` fct`d iydnkhcr. Xmns igudh mgdh w`tcr, gr nt igudh bc cfpty. Yg tmcy wcrc `bdctg im`kac nts wcnamt. Nt w`s jgr usc gvcr tmc sc`. Xmcy wcrc `dsg i`rrynka sgfc bàs gjs`kh.

Qmck tmcy mc`rh tmc sc`, tmcy sckt tmc iydnkhcr hgwk. @ strgka wnkh w`sbdgwnka, `kh tmc b`ddggk w`s tr`vcddnka quntc j`st. Nt w`s fgvnka `t ` spcch gj 95fndcs `k mgur. @s sggk `s tmc iydnkhcr tguimch tmc sc`, w`tcr jnddch nt. Nt trnch tg puddtmc w`tcr gj tmc sc` wntm nt. Nt w`s fgvnka `t ` mnam spcch< sg tmns `dfgst stgppch tmc

b`ddggk. Xmc iydnkhcr suhhckdy puddch tmc b`ddggks rgpc, `kh nt ìtch dnlc ` pgwcrjudbr`lc. Xmc b`ddggk i`fc hgwk vcry dgw< nt `dfgst tguimch tmc sc`. Xmc fck tmrcw `dgt gj s`kh gut tg f`lc tmc b`ddggks wcnamt dcss. Qntmgut tmc wcnamt gj tmc s`kh, tmc

b`ddggk rgsc suhhckdy nktg tmc sly. Nt wckt up tg 1,555 jcct. Nt igktnkuch fgvnkatgw`rhs tmc c`st. Xmc tmrcc fck rcìmch Bcdanuf `kh w`timch tmc suk sct kc`rGstckh. Xmck tmcy wckt gk gvcr Mgdd`kh `kh Acrf`ky. Nt w`s h`rl kgw. Xmck tmctnrch fck sdcpt nk tmc b`ddggk.


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@jtcr tmc suk rgsc, tmc b`ddggk wckt mnamcr. Nt wckt up tg 05,555 jcct, `kh tmc`nr w`s vcry igdh . Xmc w`tcr nk tmc b`ddggk bca`k tg jrcczc . Xmcrc w`s sgfc jrgzckskgw gk tmc b`ddggk, `kh tm`t f`hc nt vcry mc`vy. Xmc fck trnch tg tmrgw gut sgfcfgrc s`kh, but nt w`s jrgzck `kh m`rh.

Xmck tmc iydnkhcr `t tmc bgttgf gj tmc rgpc mnt tmc argukh. Nt bca`k tg ìt `s `br`lc à`nk. Nt mnt ` bundhnka, `kh tmc b`ddggk st`rtch tg h`kic up `kh hgwk.Xmcytmrcw gut sgfc fgrc s`kh `kh puddch tmc rgpc up. Nt w`s m`rh wgrl, `kh tmcnr mc`rtswcrc bc`tnka dguhdy. Xmc `nr w`s tmnk `kh tmcrc w`s kgt fuim gxyack< sg nt w`s m`rhtg brc`tmc. @t d`st tmcy puddch tmc iydnkhcr nktg tmc b`slct. Nt w`s stndd skgwnka, sg tmcy

idnfbch tg csi`pc jrgf tmc skgw. Xmcy rgsc tg 01,555 jcct. Cvcrytmnka jrgzc, cvcktmcnr tmcrfgfctcr jrgzc. Xmcy wcrc sg igdh tm`t tmcy hcinhch tg d`kh. Xmcy i`fchgwk nk Ugd`kh mc`vndy but s`jcdy. Xmcy m`h tr`vcddch 0,001 fndcs jrgf Dgkhgk.

( Jrgf Cdcfckt`ry Yincktnjni Ckadnsm Urìtnic )

Igfprcmcksngk imcil

0. Uut tmc scktckics nk tmc rnamt grhcr tg m`vc ` suff`ry gj tmc stgry?Xmc mnamcr tmc b`ddggk wckt up , tmc igdhcr tmc `nr w`s.

Xmc fck hcinhch tg d`kh nk Ugd`kh `jtcr tmcy m`h tr`vcddch 0,001 fndcs jrgfDgkhgk.

Ygfc fgrc s`kh w`s tmrgwk gut `kh tmc iydnkhcr w`s puddch nktg tmc b`slct, sgtmc fck rgsc tg 01,555 jcct wmndc nt w`s skgwnka vcry m`rh.

I`pt`nk @uaustc Aùhrgk `kh mns igfp`kngks st`rtch tr`vcddnka nk ` b`ddggk nkDgkhgk gk Kgvcfbcr 0=tm, 0>5=.

Xmc fck tmrcw ` dgt gj s`kh gut wmck tmc b`ddggk w`s agnka hgwk vcry dgw.

Qmck tmcy wcrc jdynka gvcr tmc sc`, tmc iydnkhcr w`s jnddch wntm w`tcr `kh tmnsf`hc tmc b`ddggk igfc hgwk.

Xmc jrgzck skgw gk tmc b`ddggk f`hc nt igfc hgwk uktnd tmc iydnkhcr mnt `bundhnka.

2. @kswcr tmc qucstngks?

`. Qmg jdcw fgrc tm`k ` tmgus`kh fndcs nk ` b`ddggk nk 0>5=7b. Qmy m`h tmcy jnxch ` fct`d iydnkhcr `t tmc bgttgf gj tmc rgpc7i. Qmy hnh tmc fck tmrgw sgfc s`kh gut wmck tmcy wcrc tr`vcddnka gvcr tmc sc`7h.

Qmcrc wcrc tmc fck wmck tmc suk sct7c. Qm`t m`ppckch wmck tmc b`ddggk rcìmch 05,555 jcct7

j. Qmy hnh tmc fck hcinhc tg d`kh nk Ugd`kh79. Zgi`bud`ry

Uut tmc rnamt prcpgsntngk nk cìm spìc?

`. Xmc fck st`rtch tr`vcddnka Kgvcfbcr, 0=tm, 0>5=.b. Xmcy mc`rh tmc sc` tmc b`ddggk.

0


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i. Xmc b`ddggk w`s fgvnka ` mnam spcch.h. Nt wckt up suhhckdy tmc sly.c. Xmc tnrch fck sdcpt tmc b`ddggk.j. Xmc fck tmrcw ......sgfc fgrc s`kh.a. Xmcy idnfbch tg csi`pc tmc skgw.m. Xmcy m`h tr`vcddch 0,001 fndcs Dgkhgk. Dnstcknka0. F`lc surc tm`t ygu lkgw tmc fc`knka gj tmcsc wgrhs bcdgw?bugy ( v )

bugy`kt ( `ho ) ~ jgricmcdnuf ( k )hcksc ( `ho )

2. I`k ygu `kswcr tmc jgddgwnka qucstngks7

Xwg b`ddggks `rc nkjd`tch tg tmc s`fc snzc , gkc wntm `nr `kh tmc gtmcr wntmmcdnuf.

Qmnim b`ddggk cxpcrnckics tmc arc`tcr bugy`kt jgric7

Qmy hgcs tmc `nr - jnddch b`ddggk snkl `kh tmc mcdnuf - jnddch b`ddggk jdg`t7

9. ^gu wndd dnstck tg tmc `kswcr. Xry tg igfpdctc tmc jgddgwnka scktckics?

`. Bgtm b`ddggks `rc bugych upw`rh wntmb. Xmc `nr jnddch b`ddggk snkls nk `nr bciùsc i. Xmc mcdnuf - jnddch b`ddggk jdg`ts nk `nr bciùsc h. Xmc `nr jnddch b`ddggk ns sdnamtdy fgrc hcksc tm`k c. Mcdnuf, cvck sgfcwm`t igfprcssch, ns pprcin`bdy dcss hcksc tm`k ..

8. Irntni`ddy tmnklnka?Qm`t m`ppcks tg tmc rubbcr mcdnuf b`ddggk tm`t ` imndh rcdc`scs7

D@KAS@AC RCZNCQ

# Xmc U`st Igktnkugus `kh tmc U`st Ynfpdc i`k bc usch tgactmcr wmck tmc U`stIgktnkugus cxprcsscs dgkacr bìlargukh ìtngk gr sntu`tngk, `kh tmc U`st Ynfpdccxprcsscs ` smgrtcr ìtngk tm`t m`ppckch nk tmc fnhhdc.

# Qc usc tmc U`st Ucrjcit tg cxprcss `k ìtngk tm`t w`s igfpdctch bcjgrc `kgtmcrìtngk gr tnfc nk tmc p`st.

Xr`ksd`tc nktg Znctk`fcsc?@rimnfchcs (2=1-202 B.I) w`s `slch by Lnka Mncrg tg hctcrfnkc nj ` irgwk

Mncrg m`h `k `rtns`k f`lc igkt`nkch tmc ìtu`d qu`ktnty gj agdh anvck mnf gr nj ntm`h bcck `hudtcr`tch wntm sndvcr. @s mc dgwcrch mnfscdj nktg w`tcr wmndc b`tmnka,@rimnfchcs rc`dnzch tm`t w`tcr w`s hnspdìch `kh mns bghy sccfch tg wcnam dcss.Mc dcpt jrgf mns b`tm `kh r`k tmrguam tmc strccts smgutnka Curcl`. (N m`vc jgukhnt.) @rimnfchcs rc`dnzch tm`t by subfcranka wcnamts gj agdh `kh sndvcr cqu`d tgtm`t gj tmc irgwk, hnjjcrckt vgdufcs gj w`tcr wgudh bc hnspdìch. Xmns hnsigvcry`ddgwch mnf tg hcfgkstr`tc tm`t tmc irgwk w`s nkhcch kgt purc.


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SKNX 1

QMCK / NJ ID@SYCY W QNDD / QNDD KGX W JNRYX IGKHNXNGK@D

URCYCKX@XNGK 0

0. Rc`h tmc jgddgwnka p`ràr`pm. Imcil tmc ukj`fndn`r wgrhs nk ygur hnitngk`ry?Qmck ygu st`kh nk brnamt sukdnamt, ygur slnk `kh idgtmnka wndd `bsgrb tmc dnamt

`kh nt wndd w`rf ygu.Qmck ygu m`ka ` bdìl rgbc `kh ` wmntc rgbc nk tmc suk, tmc bdìl

Rgbc wndd `bsgrb fuim fgrc sukdnamt tm`k tmc wmntc gkc. Nts tcfpcr`turc i`k bc : 5Imnamcr tm`k tm`t gj tmc wmntc rgbc. Qmy, tmck, wgudh sgfcgkc wmg fust `vgnhgvcrmc`tnka sg `s tg survnvc nk tmc m`rsm hcscrt wc`r ` bdìl rgbc7 Xmc `kswcr ns tm`ttmc mgttcr bdìl rgbc wndd w`rf tmc `nr nksnhc tmc rgbc. Xm`t `nr tmck wndd rnsc `kh dc`vctmrguam tmc pgrgus j`brni, wmndc cxtcrk`d `nr wndd bc hr`wk nktg tmc rgbc, `kh tm`t wnddlccp ` pcrsgk nk ` bdìl rgbc jrgf acttnka `ky mgttcr tm`k ` pcrsgk nk ` wmntc rgbc. Nk

jìt, nt wndd f`lc mnf jccd fgrc igfjgrt`bdc nj mc wc`rs ` bdìl rgbc, bciùsc mc m`s ìgktnkugus brcczc bdgwnka p`st mns bghy.(Jrgf Jukh`fckt`ds gj Umysnis)

2. Igfpdctc tmc scktckics bcdgw?`. tmc mgttcr bdìl rgbc wndd w`rf tmc `nr nksnhc tmc rgbc.

b. Qmck ygu m`ka ` bdìl rgbc `kh ` wmntc rgbc nk tmc suk, ..i. Nj ` pcrsgk wc`rs ` bdìl rgbc, .

9. Ar`ff`r qucstngks? Hgcs scktckic ` cxprcss juturc nktcktngks gr juturc jìts7

Qmnim scktckics cxprcss sgfctmnka m`ppcknka `s ` rudc7 Qmnim ns oust ` pgsnbndnty7

8. @kswcr tmc qucstngk?Qmy hg pcgpdc gjtck wc`r bdìl rgbcs tg `vgnh gvcrmc`tnka nk tmc m`rsm hcscrt7

UR@IXNIC

0. Ar`ff`rUut wmck gr nj nktg cìm a`p?

`. ygu strnlc ` pckky wntm ` m`ffcr, ygu wndd w`rf nt.b. `tgfs `kh fgdciudcs nk ` sgdnh, dnqunh gr a`s fgvc j`stcr,

tmc subst`kic wndd act w`rfcr.i. ygu tguim nic, ckcray wndd p`ss gut gj ygur m`kh `kh nktg tmcigdhcr nic.

h. ` tmcrfgfctcr ns nk igktìt wntm ` subst`kic, mc`t wndd jdgwbctwcck tmc twg uktnd tmcy `rc `t tmc s`fc tcfpcr`turc.

c. ygu `rc fc`surnka tmc tcfpcr`turc gj rggf `nr, tmck tmcmc`t `bsgrbch by tmc tmcrfgfctcr wndd kgt dgwcr tmc `nr tcfpcr`turc kgtnic`bdy.

j. @dfgst `dd dnqunhs wndd cxp`kh tmcy `rc mc`tch.


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a. wc pdìc ` mgt brnil kcxt tg ` igdh brnil, tmc mgt brnil wnddiggd `s mc`t jdgws tg tmc igdh brnil.

m. Bugy`kiy giiurs tmc wcnamt gj `k gbocit ns cqu`d tgtmc jgric gj ` jdunh pusmnka nt upw`rh.

2. QrntnkaF`tim ` dnkc nk @ wntm ` dnkc nk B?

@ B

`. Qmck Xct `rrnvcsb. Qmck pcgpdc `rc jrcc jrgf wgrli. Qmck ` f`k w`kts tg f`rry ` anrdh. Qmck ` igupdc àrccs tg wchc. Qmck tmc wc`tmcr acts tgg mgt

- mc wndd `sl jgr tmc mcdp gj ` f`tim f`lcr.- Xmc t`ndgrs wndd bc vcry busy.- Xmcnr p`rckts wndd imggsc jnkc h`ys tg mgdh

tmcnr wchhnka.

- Xmcy wndd m`vc tnfc tg ag gk mgdnh`y.- Fy j`fndy wndd ag tg tmc sc`snhc.

9. Ypc`lnka`. Qgrl nk argups. Igktnkuc ygur jrnckhs scktckics?

Cx`fpdcs ? @- Nj wc ag tg Zuka Xù jgr gur mgdnh`y, wc wndd m`vc swnf.B- Nj wc m`vc ` swnf, wc wndd sukb`tmc.

I- Nj wc sukb`tmc, b. Hnsiuss nk argups wm`t ygu wndd hg wmck Xct `rrnvcs.

Cx`fpdcs?

Qmck Xct `rrnvcs, N wndd hcigr`tc fy mgusc wntm jdgwcrs.

Qmck Xct `rrnvcs, N wndd igfc bìl tg fy mgfctgwk.

URCYCKX@XNGK 2

`. Q`tcr wndd jrcczc nj nt ns iggdch.b. Q`tcr wndd gkdy jrcczc nj nt ns iggdch tg ` hcjnkntc tcfpcr`turc.

Igfp`rc tmc twg scktckics? Qmnim ns cxìt7

Xmc scigkh scktckic i`k bc st`tch `s jgddgwnka?

Q`tcr wndd jrcczc prgvnhch nt ns iggdch tg ` dgw ckguam tcfpcr`turc.

0. F`lc snfnd`r st`tcfckts wntm tmcsc kgtcs?`. igppcr / fcdt mc`t / mnam ckguam tcfpcr`turc

b. i`rbgk hngxnhc / sgdnhnjy iggd / dgw ckguam tcfpcr`turci. gxyack / jrcczc iggd / dgw ckguam tcfpcr`turch. sudpmur / v`pgrnzc mc`t / mnam ckguam tcfpcr`turc2. Rc pmr`sc tmcsc st`tcfckts, usnka prgvnhch `kh ckguam?

`. Qmck ` fct`d b`r ns strctimch, nt wndd gkdy cxtckh nj tmc jgric ns d`rac.b. Qmck s`dt ns pdìch nk w`tcr, nt wndd gkdy hnssgdvc nj tmc w`tcr ns w`rf.i. Qmck mcdnuf ns igfprcssch, nt wndd gkdy bcigfc dnqunh nj tmc prcssurc ns mnam.h. Qmck rubbcr ns mc`tch, nt wndd gkdy fcdt nj tmc tcfpcr`turc ns mnam.


37/102


YLNDDY HCZCDGUFCKX

Rc`hnka `kh spc`lnka0. Urc rc`hnka t`sl0.0/ Qc lkgw tmc kguk `bsgrbcr ns jgrfch jrgf tmc vcrb `bsgrb by `hhnka

sujjnx cr tm`t m`s tmc fc`knka sgfctmnka tm`t ns `bdc tg `bsgrb dnqunh, mc`t,cti.

Ssc sujjnxcs cr ( - r ) tg jgrf tmc kguks jrgf tmc jgddgwnka vcrbs?

cfnt mc`t igkt`nk

rcicnvc iggl

0.2/ Rc`h tmc tcxt bcdgw?

CFNYYNGK GJ R@HN@KX CKCRA^

Jna.= Qmck tmc igkt`nkcrs `rcjnddch wntm mgt w`tcr,tmc bdìlckch gkc iggds

j`stcr. Nj jnddch wntm igdhw`tcr, tmc bdìlckchgkc w`rfs j`stcr. Qmy7

Mc`t jrgf tmc suk ns `bdc tg p`ss tmrguam tmc `tfgspmcrc `kh w`rf tmc c`rtmssurjìc. Xmns mc`t hgcs kgt p`ss tmrguam tmc `tfgspmcrc by igkhuitngk. Kgr hgcs nt

p`ss tmrguam by igkvcitngk. Mc`t fust bc tr`ksfnttch by `kgtmcr prgicss tm`t nsr`hn`tngk.

Aggh `bsgrbcrs `rc `dsg aggh cfnttcrs< pggr `bsgrbcrs `rc pggr cfnttcrs. Jgrcx`fpdc, ` r`hng `ktckk` tm`t ns igkstruitch tg bc ` aggh cfnttcr gj r`hng w`vcs wndd`dsg, by nts hcsnak, bc ` aggh rcicnvcr gj r`hng w`vcs. @ pggrdy hcsnakch tr`ksfnttnka`ktckk` wndd `dsg bc ` pggr rcicnvcr. @t tmcrf`d cqundnbrnuf, `dd gbocits `bsgrb `sfuim ckcray `s tmcy cfnt. Yg wc scc tm`t aggh `bsgrbcrs `bsgrb ` dgt, `kh cfnt ` dgt`s wcdd.

Xg imcil tmns gut, jnkh ` p`nr gj fct`d igkt`nkcrs gj tmc s`fc snzc `kh sm`pc,gkc m`vnka ` wmntc gr fnrrgrdnlc surjìc `kh tmc gtmcr ` bdìlckch surjìc (scc tmc

pniturc). Jndd tmc igkt`nkcrs wntm mgt w`tcr, `kh pdìc tmcrfgfctcrs nk tmc w`tcr. ^guwndd jnkh tm`t tmc bdìl igkt`nkcr iggds j`stcr. Xmc bdìlckch surjìc ns ` bcttcr

cfnttcr. Igjjcc gr tc` wndd st`y mgt dgkacr nk ` smnky fnrrgrdnlc pgt tm`k nk ` bdìlckchgkc.

Nj ygu rcpc`t tmc s`fc cxpcrnfckt, but tmns tnfc jndd cìm igkt`nkcr wntm nicw`tcr, ygu wndd jnkh tm`t tmc bdìl igkt`nkcr w`rfs up j`stcr. @ aggh cfnttcr gjr`hn`kt ckcray ns `dsg ` aggh `bsgrbcr. Qmctmcr ` surjìc pd`ys tmc rgdc gj kct cfnttcrgr kct `bsgrbcr hcpckhs gk wmctmcr nts tcfpcr`turc ns `bgvc gr bcdgw tmcsurrgukhnkas.


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Nj tmc surjìc ns mgttcr tm`k tmc surrgukhnkas, jgr cx`fpdc, nt wndd bc ` kctcfnttcr `kh wndd iggd. Nj tmc surjìc ns igdhcr tm`k tmc surrgukhnkas, nt wndd bc ` kct`bsgrbcr `kh wndd bcigfc w`rfcr. Cvcry surjìc, mgt gr iggd, bgtm `bsgrbs `kh cfntsr`hn`kt ckcray. Nj tmc surjìc `bsgrbs fgrc tm`k nt cfnts nt ns ` kct `bsgrbcr< nj nt cfntsfgrc tm`k nt `bsgrbs nt ns ` kct cfnttcr.

2. Igfprcmcksngk imcil2.0/ @rc tmc scktckics truc gr j`dsc. Igrrcit tmc j`dsc scktckics?

`. Kcntmcr igkhuitngk kgr igkvcitngk ns pgssnbdc nk tmc cfpty spìc bctwcck gur`tfgspmcrc `kh tmc suk.

b. @ aggh `bsgrbcr ns kgt `dsg ` aggh cfnttcr.i. Bdìl gbocits `rc w`fcr tm`k dnamtcr igdgurch gbocits.h. @ mgt surjìc ns `bdc tg cfnt r`hn`kt ckcray.2.2/ Igfpdctc tmc scktckics bcdgw?

`. Nj ` r`hng `ktckk` ns f`hc tg bc ` aggh cfnttcr gj r`hng w`vcs, ..b. Nj ygu jndd ` bdìl pgt `kh ` sndvcrch pgt wntm mgt tc`, i. Nj ygu jndd cìm pgt wntm nic w`tcr, ..h. Nj ` surjìc ns mgttcr tm`k tmc surrgukhnkas, 2.9/ Jndd nk tmc a`ps wntm tmc wgrhs anvck nk tmc tcxt `bgvc?

`. Mc`t ns tr`ksfnttch by cvck nk tmc cfpty spìc.b. Aggh `bsgrbcrs gj r`hn`kt ckcray `rc aggh i. Ckcray tr`ksfnttch by r`hn`tngk ns i`ddch Qrntnka

F`lc scktckics jrgf tmns t`bdc?Cx`fpdc? Nj w`tcr ns mc`tch, nt wndd cxp`kh.

Njw`tcrstccdfcriuryad`ss

mc`t

iggd

cxp`kh

igktrìt

Dnstcknka0. Dggl `t tmc pniturc gj ` tmcrfgfctcr.

Qm`t hgcs nt tcdd ygu `bgut tcfpcr`turc72. Dnstck tg tmc p`ssàc. Igfpdctc tmc

scktckics bcdgw?

`. @iigrhnka tg tmc Icdsnus si`dc,Q`tcr jrcczcs `t `kh bgndcs

`t ............................

b. @iigrhnka tg tmc J`mrckmcnt si`dc,


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Q`tcr jrcczcs `t `kh bgndcs

`t .............................

i. Xmc J`mrckmcnt si`dc ns usch igffgkdynk ................................

h. Umysninsts fc`surc tcfpcr`turcgk tmc

c. Gk tmc Lcdvnk si`dc, tmc dgwcstpgssnbdc tcfpcr`turc ns i`ddch

j. Nt ns ìmncvch wmck `kh .9. Hg ygu tmnkl `bsgdutc zcrg ns ` tmcgrctni`d

tcfpcr`turc7 Qmy7

Jna.> J`mrckmcnt `kh Icdsnussi`dcs gk ` tmcrfgfctcr

D@KAS@AC RCZNCQ0. Qndd

Nk tmns dcssgk wc usc wndd tg cxprcss ` juturc jìt.Kca`tnvc jgrf? wndd kgt ( wgkt )

Xr`ksd`tc?@iigrhnka tg Hr. Yyulgrg F`k`bdc gj Urnkictgk Sknvcrsnty, tmc pgd`r nici`ps

wndd st`rt tg fcdt `kh tmc gic`ks wndd cxp`kh `s fgrc skgw `kh nic fcdt. Bciùsc tmccxpgsch argukh, jgrfcrdy igvcrch nk skgw, wgkt rcjdcit tmc mc`t sg wcdd nt wndd`bsgrb fgrc sukdnamt `kh tmns wndd dc`h tg cvck fgrc skgw fcdtnka.

2. Jnrst Igkhntngk`d?Xmc Jnrst Igkhntngk`d cxprcsscs ` pgssnbdc sntu`tngk `kh nts rcsudt .

Nj nt r`nks `t tmc wcclckhs Ndd st`y `t mgfc

6 tmc igkhntngk6 pgssnbdc `kh rc`d Xmc rcsudt

Xr`ksd`tc?`. Nj tmc pd`kc `rrnvcs gk tnfc, Ndd bc `t tmc mgtcd `t `bgut =.55.

b. Nj O`p`kcsc `rimntcits jnkh ckguam fgkcy jgr tmcnr prgocit, nk tmc 20st ickturyygudd bc `bdc tg dnvc nk ` twg lndgfctcr mnam bundhnka.

i. Nj ygurc d`tc, N wgkt w`nt jgr ygu.9. Xnfc idùscs wntm wmck

Nk tmc tnfc idùsc, wc usc ` prcsckt tcksc tg t`dl `bgut tmc juturc. Xmc s`fc tmnkam`ppcks `jtcr?

`s sggk `s / uktnd / bcjgrc / `jtcr


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9.0/ Igfbnkc tmc jgddgwnka p`nrs gj scktckics usnka tmc wgrhs nk brìlcts?`. Ndd w`nt mcrc. ^gudd act bìl. ( uktnd )

b. Anvc fc ` rnka. ^gudd mc`r sgfc kcws.( wmck )

.i. Xmc X.Z prgar`ffc wndd ckh. Ndd hg fy mgfcwgrl. ( `jtcr )

.h. Ndd ag tg wgrl. Ndd m`vc ` b`tm. ( bcjgrc )

.

c. Xmc dcssgk wndd ckh. Ndd ag mgfc. ( `s sggk `s ).

9.2/ Xr`ksd`tc?@ tmcrfgfctcr igfcs tg tmcrf`d cqundnbrnuf wntm tmc subst`kic nt fc`surcs.

Qmck ` tmcrfgfctcr ns nk igktìt wntm ` subst`kic, mc`t wndd jdgw bctwcck tmc twguktnd tmcy `rc `t tmc s`fc tcfpcr`turc. Nj wc lkgw tmc tcfpcr`turc gj tmctmcrfgfctcr, wcdd `dsg lkgw tmc tcfpcr`turc gj tmc subst`kic.


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SKNX =

U@YX U@RXNINUDC W U@YYNZC @KH @IXNZC YCKXCKICY

URCYCKX@XNGK

0. Igfpdctc tmc jgddgwnka scktckics wntm tmc vcrb tg bc nk tmc igrrcit tcksc?`. Mc` t`xn hrnvcr . Mns imndhrck pupnds.

b. D`st wccl mc nk H`d`t, `kh mns imndhrck `t mgfc.i. Mc tg H`d`t jgr ` dgka tnfc.h. Mc nk H`d`t kcxt wccl.

Qm`t `rc tmc k`fcs gj tmc jgur tckscs7

2. Qrntc nk tmc U`st Ynfpdc `kh tmc U`st U`rtninpdcs gj tmc jgddgwnka vcrbs?Ygfc `rc rcaud`r `kh sgfc nrrcaud`r .

U`st Ynfpdc U`st U`rtninpdc

anvc`bsgrbrcdc`sctr`ksjcri`ddhg`hhrcfgvci`rrycst`bdnsm

a`vc anvck

9. Ytuhy tmc cxpcrnfckt bcdgw . @kswcr tmc qucstngks?Hry iryst`ds gj igppcr sudpm`tc nk

tmc tcst tubc `rc mc`tch. Xmc igdgurgj tmc iryst`ds bcjgrc mc`tnka ns h`rl

bduc. Qmck tmcy `rc mc`tch, tmc h`rlbduc igdgur j`hcs `kh tmc iryst`ds turkwmntc. @t tmc s`fc tnfc, ` igdgurdcssdnqunh ns igddcitch nk tmc w`tcriggdchtubc. Nj tmc bgndnkapgnkt `khjrccznkapgnkt gj tmns dnqunh `rcfc`surch,tmcy `rc jgukh tg bc tmcs`fc `s jgr w`tcr.

Jna.05


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Nj w`tcr ns `hhch tg tmc igdh hry wmntc igppcr sudpm`tc iryst`ds, tmcy turk bduc`kh fuim mc`t ns prghuich. Xmns smgws tm`t bduc igppcr sudpm`tc iryst`ds igkt`nkw`tcr, wmnim ns rcfgvch wmck tmc iryst`ds `rc mc`tch.

Pucstngks?`. Qm`t ns tmc igdgur gj tmc iryst`ds bcjgrc mc`tnka7

b. Qm`t m`ppcks wmck tmcy `rc mc`tch7i. Qm`t m`ppcks nj w`tcr ns `hhch tg tmc igdh hry wmntc igppcr sudpm`tc7h. Qm`t hg tmc tcsts smgw78. Ar`ff`r qucstngks? Hry iryst`ds gj igppcr sudpm`tc nk tmc tcst tubc `rc mc`tch.

Ns nt nfpgrt`kt wmg mc`ts tmc hry iryst`ds gj igppcr7Qm`t ns tmc f`nk nktcrcst gj tmc scktckic7

Rudc?Xmc subocit gj ` scktckic ns usu`ddy wm`t wc `rc fgst nktcrcstch nk.

+ Q`tcr ns `hhch tg tmc igdh hry wmntc igppcr sudpm`tc.Nk tmns scktckic wc `rc fgrc nktcrcstch nk w`tcr, sg wc usc tmc

p`ssnvc.Qntm tmc p`ssnvcs, wc i`k usc by + kguk nj wc kcch tg smgw

wmg gr wm`t ns rcspgksnbdc jgr tmc cvckts.+ Xmc tmcgry gj bdìl mgdcs nk tmc uknvcrsc w`s f`hc by YtcpmckM`wlnka.

UR@IXNIC

0. QrntnkaNk tmc igdufks bcdgw, wrntc nk tmc p`ssnvc vcrb jgrfs jrgf tmc tcxt?

Urcsckt Ynfpdc U`st Ynfpdc Urcsckt Ucrjcit Qndd Juturc

ns mc`tchns rcfgvchns prghuichns `hhchns igddcitch`rc fc`surch

w`s mc`tch m`s bcck mc`tch wndd bc mc`tch

Xry tg igfpdctc tmns rudc?Xmc p`ssnvc ns jgrfch wntm tmc ùxndn`ry vcrb+ tmc

2. Ar`ff`r

2.0/ F`lc tmc scktckics p`ssnvc. Ssc by gkdy nj nt ns kcicss`ry tg s`ywmg hgcs / hnh tmc ìtngk.

`. @ sgdnh wndd fcdt tg jgrf ` dnqunh wmck ygu mc`t nt sujjnincktdy.b. Xmc H`knsm `strgkgfcr Gdc Rgcfcr jgukh ` fctmgh gj hctcrfnknka tmc spcch gj

dnamt.


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i. Nk 0:5= M`ks Dnppcrsmcy nkvcktch tmc tcdcsigpc.h. Cdcitrninty hrnvcs tmns i`r.c. Ygfcbghy wndd tcdd ygu wmcrc tg ag.j. Ucgpdc nk tmc Skntch Yt`tcs usc tmc J`mrckmcnt si`dc tg fc`surc tcfpcr`turc.a. Ucgpdc cqunp rcjrnacr`tgrs wntm spcin`d tmcrfgst`ts tg prcvckt tmcf jrgf bcigfnka

tgg w`rf gr tgg igdh.

m. Qmck ygu mc`t tmc w`tcr, nts tcfpcr`turc wndd rnsc.n. Ucgpdc k`fch tmc Lcdvnk si`dc `jtcr tmc Brntnsm pmysninst Dgrh Lcdvnk.

o. Nk tmc prcvngus icktury pcgpdc tmguamt tm`t mc`t w`s `k nkvnsnbdc jdunh i`ddchi`dgrni.

2.2/ Im`kac tmc jgddgwnka p`ssnvc scktckics tg ìtnvc?`. Xmc Mubbdc Ypìc Xcdcsigpc w`s dùkimch nktg grbnt by tmc S.Y nk 0>>5.

b. @t tmc ckh gj tmc 0=tm icktury tmc i`dgrni tmcgry gj mc`t w`s ar`hu`ddy`b`khgkch.

i. Xgh`y mc`t ns vncwch `s ` jgrf gj ckcray.h. 05,555 i`rs wndd bc prghuich kcxt yc`r.c. Nj ` mgt brnil ns pdìch kcxt tg ` igdh brnil, tmc mgt brnil wndd iggd `s mc`t jdgws tg

tmc igdh brnil.

j. Nk 0=28, tmc iyidcs gj igfprcssngk `kh cxp`ksngk nk ` mc`t ckankc wcrc i`rcjuddy`k`dyzch by tmc Jrckim ckankccr Y`hn I`rkgt.

a. Xmc tcdcvnsngk w`skt nkvcktch by Bcdd.m. Qmck w`tcr ns mc`tch tg 055 5I, nt bgnds.n. Xmc cxpcrnfckt smgudh bc rcpc`tch, usnka igppcr `kh znki cdcitrghcs.

o. Xmc rcsudts smgudh bc igksnhcrch i`rcjuddy.

9. Ar`ff`r `kh rc`hnkaUut tmc vcrbs nk brìlcts nk tmc igrrcit tcksc, ìtnvc gr p`ssnvc, tg jnt tmc fc`knkagj tmc tcxt?

Nk tmc 0>:5s, Urgjcssgr Bcrt Bgdnk (`)( prchnit ) tm`t tmc

arcckmgusc cjjcit, iùsch by `k nkirc`sc nk tmc `fgukt gj i`rbgk hngxnhc (IG2) nk tmc`tfgspmcrc, wgudh dc`h tg nfpgrt`kt im`kac nk tmc C`rtms idnf`tc. @t tmc tnfc mnsprchnitngks (b) (rca`rh) `s sinckic jnitngk. But nt ( i ) kgw (àrcc ) tm`t tmc `fgukt gj i`rbgk hngxnhc wndd ( h ) ( hgubdc ) nk tmc kcxt35 yc`rs `kh tm`t tcfpcr`turcs wgrdhwnhc wndd ( c ) (rnsc) by 25Icdsnus.Nkhcch tmc jnrst cjjcits wndd ( j ) ( jccd ) bcjgrc tmc ckh gj tmc icktury

pcrm`ps tmcy (a) `drc`hy ( jccd ).

YLNDDY HCZCDGUFCKX

Rc`hnka `kh spc`lnka0. Urc rc`hnka t`sl?0.0/ Imggsc tmc rnamt hcjnkntngk gj tmcrfghyk`fnis.`. Xmc stuhy gj tr`ksfnssngk gj mc`t.

b. Xmc stuhy gj mc`t `kh nts tr`ksjgrf`tngk nktg fcim`kni`d ckcray.i. Xmc stuhy gj mc`t ckankcs.0.2/ Igfpdctc tmc jnrst d`w gj tmcrfghyk`fnis?

Qmckcvcr mc`t ( `hh ) tg ` systcf, nt (tr`ksjgrf) tg `kcqu`d `fgukt gj sgfc gtmcr jgrf gj ckcray.


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2. Rc`h tmc tcxt bcdgw?

Jna.00 Qmck ygu hg wgrl gk tmc pufpby prcssnka hgwk gk tmc pnstgk,ygu igfprcss tmc `nr nksnhc.@hn`b`tni igfprcssngk iùscs

tmc `nr tg bcigfc w`rfcr.

YGFC YUCIN@D I@YCY GJ XMC JNRYX D@Q

GJ XMCRFGH^K@FNIY

Mcrc wc dggl `t jgur hnjjcrckt tmcrfghyk`fni prgicsscs, nk cìm gj wmnim ìcrt`nk rcstrnitngk ns nfpgsch gk tmc systcf. Qc tmck scc wm`t igkscquckics jgddgwwmck wc `ppdy tmc jnrst d`w gj tmcrfghyk`fnis tg tmc prgicss.

0. @hn`b`tni prgicsscs?

Hurnka `k `hn`b`tni prgicss tmc systcf ns sg wcdd nksud`tch tm`t kg tr`ksjcr gj

mc`t giiurs bctwcck nt `kh nts ckvnrgkfckt. Uuttnka P 6 5 nk tmc jnrst d`w dc`hs tg?C nkt 6 - Q ( `hn`b`tni prgicss )

Xmns tcdds us tm`t nj wgrl ns hgkc by tmc systcf ( tm`t ns , nj Q ns pgsntnvc), tmcrcfust bc ` hcirc`sc nk tmc nktcrk`d ckcray gj tmc systcf. Igkvcrscdy, nj wgrl ns hgkc gktmc systcf ( tm`t ns, nj Q ns kca`tnvc), tmcrc fust bc `k nkirc`sc nk tmc nktcrk`d ckcraygj tmc systcf.

Jgr ` a`s, `k nkirc`sc nk nktcrk`d ckcray fc`ks `k nkirc`sc nk tcfpcr`turc, `khigkvcrscdy. Xmc tcfpcr`turc gj ` bniyidc pufp nkirc`scs `s nt ns usch, huc tg tmc`hn`b`tni igfprcssngk gj `nr wntmnk tmc pufp.

2. Igkst`kt vgdufc prgicsscs?Nj tmc vgdufc gj ` systcf ( suim `s ` a`s ) ns mcdh igkst`kt, tm`t systcf i`k hg

kg wgrl . Uuttnka Q 6 5 nktg tmc jnrst d`w yncdhs

C nkt 6 P ( igkst`kt vgdufc prgicss )Xmus nj mc`t ns `hhch tg ` systcf (tm`t ns, nj P ns pgsntnvc), tmc nktcrk`d ckcray gj

tmc systcf nkirc`scs. Igkvcrscdy, nj mc`t ns rcfgvch hurnka tmc prgicss (tm`t ns, nj P nskca`tnvc), tmc nktcrk`d ckcray gj tmc systcf fust hcirc`sc.

9. Iyidni`d prgicsscs?

Xmcrc `rc prgicsscs nk wmnim, `jtcr icrt`nk nktcrim`kacs gj mc`t `kh wgrl, tmcsystcf ns rcstgrch tg nts nkntn`d st`tc. Nk tm`t i`sc, kg nktrnksni prgpcrty gj tmc systcf

nkiduhnka nts nktcrk`d ckcray i`k pgssnbdy im`kac. Uuttnka C nkt 6 5 nk tmc jnrst d`wyncdhs

P 6 Q ( iyidni`d prgicss )

Xmus tmc kct wgrl hgkc hurnka tmc prgicss fust cxìtdy cqu`d tmc kct `fguktgj mc`t tr`ksjcrrch< tmc stgrc gj nktcrk`d ckcray gj tmc systcf rcf`nks ukim`kach.

8. Jrcc cxp`ksngk prgicsscs?Xmcsc `rc `hn`b`tni prgicsscs nk wmnim kg wgrl ns hgkc gk gr by tmc systcf.

Xmus P 6 Q 6 5 `kh tmc jnrst d`w rcqunrcs tm`t


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C nkt 6 5 ( jrcc cxp`ksngk )

Jna.02 ? Xmc nkntn`d stàc gj ` jrcc cxp`ksngk prgicss. @jtcr tmcstgpigil ns gpckch, tmc a`scvcktu`ddy rcìmcs `k cqundnbrnufjnk`d st`tc, jnddnka bgtm im`fbcrs.

Jnaurc 02 smgws mgw suim `k cxp`ksngk i`k bc i`rrnch gut. @ a`s ns igkjnkchby ` idgsch stgpigil tg m`dj gj `k nksud`tch hgubdc im`fbcr, tmc gtmcr m`dj bcnkacvìu`tch. Xmc prgicss igksnsts gj gpcknka tmc stgpigil `kh w`ntnka uktnd cqundnbrnufns cst`bdnsmch wntm tmc a`s kgw jnddnka bgtm m`dvcs gj tmc hgubdc im`fbcr. Kg mc`t nstr`ksjcrrch bciùsc gj tmc nksud`tngk. Kg wgrl ns hgkc bciùsc tmc cxp`khnka a`srusmch nktg `k cvìu`tch spìc, nts fgtngk ukgppgsch by `ky iguktcrìtnka prcssurc.

@ jrcc cxp`ksngk hnjjcrs jrgf `dd gtmcr prgicsscs tm`t wc m`vc igksnhcrch sg j`rnk tm`t tmcrc ns kg w`y tg i`rry nt gut sdgwdy. Xmus `dtmguam tmc systcf ns nk tmcrf`dcqundnbrnuf nk nts nkntn`d `kh nts jnk`d st`tcs, nt ns kgt nk cqundnbrnuf hurnka tmc prgicss.

Xmc jnrst d`w gj tmcrfghyk`fnis?jgur spcin`d i`scs

Xmc d`w? C nkt 6 P W Q

URGICYY RCYXRNIXNGK IGKYCPSCKIC@hn`b`tniIgkst`kt vgdufcIdgsch iyidcJrcc cxp`ksngk

P 6 5Q 6 5C nkt 6 5P 6 Q 6 5

C nkt 6 -QC nkt 6 P

P 6 QC nkt 6 5


9. Igfprcmcksngk imcil@kswcr tmc jgddgwnka qucstngks?`. Qm`t prgicss ns s`nh tg bc `hn`b`tni7

b. Qm`t hgcs `k nkirc`sc nk nktcrk`d ckcray jgr ` a`s fc`k7i. Qmy ns tmc `nr nk ` bniyidc pufp w`rfch `s nt ns usch7h. Qmck hgcs ` igkst`kt vgdufc prgicss m`ppck7c. Qm`t ns ` iyidni`d prgicss7j. @rc tmcrc `ky im`kacs nk iyidni`d prgicsscs7a. Qm`t ns tmc hnjjcrckic bctwcck `hn`b`tni prgicsscs `kh jrcc cxp`ksngk

prgicsscs7Qm`t ns tmc hnjjcrckic bctwcck jrcc cxp`ksngk prgicsscs `kh `dd gtmcr prgicsscs

tm`t wc m`vc igksnhcrch sg j`r7 Dnstcknka0. Xmc jgddgwnka wgrhs `rc usch nk tmc dnstcknka p`ràr`pm?

pd`kt (k) 6 cqunpfckt, fìmnkcw`stc (`ho) 6 bcnka uscdcss, tmrgwk `w`yhnsim`rac (v) 6 cfnt

2. Dnstck tg tmc p`ràr`pm `bgut tmcrf`d pgddutngk?`. Jndd nk tmc suff`ry gj iùsnka tmcrf`d pgddutngk


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ig`dBurknka 7 ckcray 7

7 mc`tw`stc mc`t 7

Kuidc`r jnssngk

b. Igfpdctc tmc jgddgwnka scktckics?+ Xmcrf`d pgddutngk ns dnlc imcfni`d pgddutngk bciùsc .+ Xmcrf`d pgddutngk ns ukdnlc imcfni`d pgddutngk bciùsc

i. @kswcr tmc qucstngk?Mgw i`k wc rchuic tmcrf`d pgddutngk7

D@KAS@AC RCZNCQ

# Xmc U`ssnvc

Nk p`ssnvc scktckics, wc `rc fgrc nktcrcstch nk tmc gbocits gj tmc ìtnvcscktckic.

Xmns ns bciùsc tmc subocits `rc kgt nfpgrt`kt `t tmc fgfckt gr bciùsc wchgkt lkgw wmg gr wm`t ns rcspgksnbdc jgr tmc cvckts.

Xr`ksd`tc?

0. Ygfc lnkctni ckcray ns tr`ksjcrrch nktg mc`t jrgf tmc jrnitngk bctwcck `nrfgdciudcs `kh tmc gbocit. @dtmguam ckcray ns igkvcrsch, nt ns kgt kcicss`rndytr`ksjcrrch bctwcck fcim`kni`d ckcrancs< nkstc`h, ` arc`t hc`d gj fcim`kni`dckcray ns im`kach nktg mc`t.

2. Xmc sinckic gj tmcrfghyk`fnis w`s hcvcdgpch nk tmc fnhhdc gj tmc 0=55s.9.

@s sukdnamt cktcrs tmc C`rtms `tfgspmcrc, tmc surjìc gj tmc C`rtm ns w`rfch.

8. Qmck dnvnka irc`turcs brc`tmc gut gr wmck tmnkas `rc burkt, IG2 cktcrs tmc`tfgspmcrc. Sktnd rcicktdy `dd gj tmns w`s `bsgrbch by pd`kts, wmnim igkvcrtch nt

bìl nktg gxyack.


47/102


SKNX >

U@YYNZC NKJNKNXNZCY @HZCRBY

URCYCKX@XNGK

0. Rc`h tmc tcxt bcdgw. Skhcrdnkc `dd tmc cx`fpdcs gj tmc p`ssnvc nk nt?IGKHSIXGRY @KH NKYSD@XGRY

Nk sgfc f`tcrn`ds, suim `s fct`ds, t`p w`tcr, `kh tmc muf`k bghy, sgfc gj tmckca`tnvc im`rac i`k bc fgrc jrccdy fgvch tm`k nk gtmcrs. Yuim f`tcrn`ds `rc i`ddchigkhuitgrs .Nk gtmcr f`tcrn`ds, suim `s ad`ss, imcfni`ddy purc w`tcr, `kh pd`stni, kgkcgj tmc im`rac i`k bc fgvch jrccdy. Xmcsc f`tcrn`ds `rc i`ddch nksud`tgrs.

Nj ygu rub ` igppcr rgh wntm wggd wmndc mgdhnka tmc rgh nk ygur m`kh, tmc rghi`kkgt bc im`rach bciùsc bgtm ygu `kh tmc rgh `rc igkhuitgrs. @ im`rac nfb`d`kicwndd bc iùsch by tmc rubbnka, but tmc cxicss im`rac wndd nffchn`tcdy fgvc jrgf tmcrgh tmrguam ygu `kh tg tmc jdggr (wmnim ns igkkcitch tg tmc C`rtms surjìc), `kh tmcrgh wndd qunildy bc kcutr`dnzch. @kh nk kcutr`dnznka tmc gbocit ( by cdnfnk`tnka `kukb`d`kich pgsntnvc gr kca`tnvc im`rac ), wc `rc s`nh tg hnsim`rac tmc gbocit.


2. Igfp`rc tmc uscs gj tmc nkjnkntnvcs nk tmc jgddgwnka scktckics?`. Nk sgfc f`tcrn`ds, sgfc gj tmc kca`tnvc im`rac i`k bc fgrc jrccdy fgvch tm`k nk

gtmcrs.b. @ im`rac nfb`d`kic wndd bc iùsch by tmc rubbnka.i. Kgkc gj tmc im`rac i`k bc fgvch jrccdy.h. Qc `rc s`nh tg hnsim`rac tmc gbocit.c. Yuim f`tcrn`ds `rc i`ddch igkhuitgrs.9. Ar`ff`r qucstngks?

W Qmnim scktckics `rc tmc p`ssnvc nkjnkntnvcs7Igfpdctc tmcsc rudcs gj tmc p`ssnvc nkjnkntnvcs?Rudc 0? U`ssnvc nkjnkntnvc i`k bc usch `jtcr fgh`d vcrbs.

Yubocit + fgh`d vcrb + +

Rudc 2? Qc i`k usc tg nkjnkntnvcs nk tmc p`ssnvc nk tmc jgddgwnka

struiturc?

Yubocit + p`ssnvc vcrb + .........................

Kgtc? * Xmcsc p`ssnvc nkjnkntnvcs `rc fgstdy r`tmcr jgrf`d.

* Xmc p`ssnvc nkjnkntnvcs i`k bc usch jtcr m`vc tg / bc agnka tgw`kt tg

UR@IXNIC

0. Ar`ff`r?

0.0/ Igfpdctc tmcsc scktckics wntm gkc gj tmc jgddgwnka vcrbs (nk tmc igrrcit jgrf)

w`lc lkgil imcil tr`ksd`tc jnkh

hrnvc f`lc sckh i`rry mc`r

Cx`fpdc? Xmc fusni `t tmc p`rty w`s vcry dguh `kh igudh bc mc`rh jrgf j`r `w`y.


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`. @ hcinsngk wndd kgt uktnd tmc kcxt fcctnka.b. Xm`t bundhnka ns h`kacrgus. Nt guamt tg hgwk bcjgrc nt j`dds hgwk.i. Qmck ygu ag tmrguam Iustgfs, ygur duaaàc f`yby ` iustgfs

gjjnicr.

h. N tgdh tmc mgtcd rcicptngknst tm`t N w`ktch tg up `t :.95.c. Mcr kcw bggl wndd prgb`bdy nktg ` kufbcr gj jgrcnak d`kauàcs.j. Ugdnic `rc dgglnka jgr tmc fnssnka bgy. Mc i`kt `ky wmcrc.a. Hg ygu tmnkl tm`t dcss fgkcy smgudh nffchn`tcdy7m. Xmc nkourch f`k igudhkt w`dl `kh m`h tg .n. N prcjcr tg by gtmcr pcgpdc.0.2/ F`lc tmc jgddgwnka scktckics p`ssnvc?

`. Ucgpdc tmnkl tm`t smc ns `k `strgdgacr.b. Ygfc pcgpdc s`y tm`t mc ns ` fnddngk`nrc.i. Xmcy `slch fc tg mcdp tmcf.h. Ygfcbghy s`w mnf cktcr tmc b`kl.c. Ucgpdc tmguamt tm`t tmc irc`tngk gj f`tcrn`ds wntmgut rcsnst`kic w`s nfpgssnbdc.j. Ucgpdc tmguamt tm`t tmc c`rtm w`s tmc icktrc gj tmc uknvcrsc.0.9 Igfputcrs `rc bcigfnka fgrc bckcjnin`d cvcryh`y. Ssc tmc vcrbs nk brìlcts nk

tmc igrrcit jgrfs tg wrntc tmc bckcjnts gj igfputcrs nk tmc kc`r juturc?

`. Rgilct, s`tcddntcs `kh spìcsmnps wndd bc aunhch by igfputcrs.b. D`kauàcs (tr`ksd`tc) by igfputcrs.i. Imndhrck (chui`tc) nk p`rt by tcdcvnsngk.h. Igfputcrs (lccp) rcigrhs gj gur ìmcs `kh

p`nk, `kh (mcdp) tmc hgitgr nk hnàkgsnka `kh prcsirnbnkafchninkc.

c. Gur f`nd (sgrt) by igfputcrs.j. Igfputcrs (usc) nk tr`nknka `nrdnkc pndgts.a. Igfputcrs (hnrcit) jdnamts gj pd`kcs.2. Qrntnka `kh spc`lnka?

2.0/ Qrntc tmc vcrbs nk brìlcts nk tmc igrrcit tcksc?

Xmc cdcitrni iurrckt nk gur mgfc (prghuic) nk pgwcr st`tngkswmnim usu`ddy igkt`nk scvcr`d ackcr`tgrs. Qmck tmcsc fìmnkcs (turk),cdcitrni iurrckt wndd (ackcr`tc ) . Yg tmcrc m`s tg bc sgfc lnkh gjckankc tg turk tmcsc ackcr`tgrs.

Qm`t lnkh gj ckankc i`k (usc) 7 Ytc`f ckankcs `rc sunt`bdc, `khsg `rc gnd ckankcs. Ygfctnfcs ackcr`tgrs i`k (turk)by tmc w`tcr gj ` arc`trnvcr, `kh sg pgwcr st`tngks gjtck (bundh) kc`r h`fs. Xmc w`tcr wmnim(stgrc) bcmnkh ` h`f jdgws gut wntm arc`t jgric wmck nt (`ddgw)tg hg sg. Xmns jgric i`k (usc) tg turk fìmnkcs wmnim ( i`dd )turbnkcs. Xmc w`tcr (dc`h ) tmrguam bna pnpcs tg tmc turbnkcs,`kh tmck tmcy (turk) tmc ackcr`tgrs.


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2.2/ @kswcr tmcsc qucstngks?

`. Qm`t lnkh gj ckankc i`k bc usch tg turk ` ackcr`tgr7b. Qmy `rc pgwcr st`tngks gjtck bundt kc`r h`fs7i. Mgw ns tmc cdcitrni iurrckt prghuich by w`tcr jgric7YLNDDY HCZCDGUFCKX

Rc`hnka `kh spc`lnka0. Urc- rc`hnka t`sl`. Jrgf tmc jgddgwnka f`tcrn`ds wmnim `rc igkhuitgrs, wmnim `rc nksud`tgrs?

stccd p`pcr `nr `dufnknuf pgricd`nkad`ss pd`stni wggh jur rubbcr igppcr

b. Xmc wgrhs scfnigkhuitgr `kh supcrigkhuitgr `rc jgrfch wntm prcjnxcs?scfn -

+ ` kguksupcr -

Imcil tmc fc`knka gj tmcsc wgrhs nk ygur hnitngk`ry. Jnkh fgrc cx`fpdcs gj kgukswntm prcjnxcs scfn - `kh supcr-

2. Rc`h tmc jgddgwnka tcxt?IGKHSIXGRY @KH NKYSD@XGRY

Cdcitrgks `rc fgrc c`sndy fgvch nk sgfc f`tcrn`ds tm`k nk gtmcr. Gutcrcdcitrgks gj tmc `tgfs nk ` fct`d `rc kgt `kimgrch tg tmc kuidcn gj p`rtniud`r `tgfs, but`rc jrcc tg fgvc nk tmc f`tcrn`d. Yuim f`tcrn`ds `rc aggh igkhuitgrs. Fct`ds `rc agghigkhuitgrs jgr tmc fgtngk gj cdcitrni im`racs, jgr tmc s`fc rc`sgk tmcy `rc agghigkhuitgrs gj mc`t? tmcnr cdcitrgks `rc dggsc.

Cdcitrgks nk gtmcr f`tcrn`ds W rubbcr `kh ad`ss, jgr cx`fpdc, `rc tnamtdy bgukh`kh rcf`nk wntm p`rtniud`r `tgfs. Xmcsc f`tcrn`ds `rc pggr igkhuitgrs gj cdcitrninty,jgr tmc s`fc rc`sgk tmcy `rc ackcr`ddy pggr igkhuitgrs gj mc`t. Yuim f`tcrn`ds `rcaggh nksud`tgrs.

Qmctmcr ` subst`kic ns id`ssnjnch `s ` igkhuitgr gr `k nksud`tgr hcpckhs gkmgw tnamtdy tmc `tgfs gj tmc subst`kic mgdh tmcnr cdcitrgks. @tgfs igksnst gj

pgsntnvcdy im`rach prgtgks, kca`tnvcdy im`rach cdcitrgks, `kh cdcitrni`ddy kcutr`dkcutrgks.

Xmc im`rac gj ` snkadc cdcitrgk `kh tm`t gj ` snkadc prgtgk m`vc tmc s`fcfàkntuhc but `rc gppgsntc nk snak. Mckic `k cdcitrni`ddy kcutr`d `tgf igkt`nks cqu`d

kufbcrs gj cdcitrgks `kh prgtgks. Cdcitrgks `rc mcdh nk grbnt `bgut tmc kuidcusbciùsc tmcy m`vc tmc gppgsntc cdcitrni`d snak `s tmc prgtgks nk tmc kuidcus `kh tmus`rc `ttrìtch tg tmc kuidcus.

Qmck `tgfs gj ` igkhuitgr dnlc igppcr igfc tgactmcr tg jgrf tmc sgdnh, sgfcgj tmcnr gutcrfgst cdcitrgks hg kgt rcf`nk `ttìmch tg tmc nkhnvnhu`d `tgfs but

bcigfc jrcc tg w`khcr `bgut wntmnk tmc sgdnh. Xmcsc fgbndc cdcitrgks `rc i`ddchigkhuitngk cdcitrgks. Xmcrc `rc jcw jrcc cdcitrgks nk `k nksud`tgr.


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Ycfnigkhuitgrs, suim `s sndnigk `kh acrf`knuf, `rc f`tcrn`ds tm`t `rcnktcrfchn`tc bctwcck igkhuitgrs `kh nksud`tgrs.Xmc fnirgcdcitrgkni rcvgdutngk tm`tm`s tr`ksjgrfch gur dnvcs nk sg f`ky w`ys ns huc tg scfnigkhuitnka hcvnics.

Jnk`ddy, tmcrc `rc supcrigkhuitgrs, sg i`ddch bciùsc tmcy prcsckt kg rcsnst`kictg tmc fgvcfckt gj cdcitrni im`rac tmrguam tmcf. Ynkic 0>=1, supcrigkhuitnvnty `tmnam tcfpcr`turcs ( `bgvc 0555 L ) m`s bcck jgukh nk ` v`rncty gj kgk fct`ddniigfpgukhs.


9. Igfprcmcksngk imcil?`. Qmnim f`tcrn`ds `rc i`ddch aggh igkhuitgrs7

b. Qmnim f`tcrn`ds `rc i`ddch aggh nksud`tgrs7

i. Mgw i`k ` subst`kic bc id`ssnjnch `s ` igkhuitgr gr `k nksud`tgr7h. Qm`t hg `tgfs igksnst gj7c. Qmy `rc cdcitrgks mcdh nk grbnt `bgut tmc kuidcus7j. Qmnim f`tcrn`ds i`k bc i`ddch scfnigkhuitgrs7a. Qmy `rc sgfc f`tcrn`ds i`ddch supcrigkhuitgrs78. Zgi`bud`ry?8.0/ @hvcrbs? F`ky `hvcrbs `rc jgrfch by `hhnka W dy tg tmc `hocitnvcs.

Cx`fpdc? sdgw sdgwdy

i`rcjud i`rcjuddy

Jnkh jnvc cx`fpdcs gj `hvcrbs tm`t ckh nk dy nk tmc tcxt?

8.2/ Xmcsc `rc `dsg f`ky `hvcrbs tm`t hgkt ckh nk dy?tgg , cvck , tgactmcr .

Uut gkc gj tmc `hvcrbs nk tmc bgx nktg cìm a`p?

jrccdy `drc`hy stndd cvck dggscdyjnrfdy sdnamtdy gkdy c`sndy

`. Xmc cdcitrgks `rc mcdh nk rubbcr.

b. Nk ad`ss kgkc gj tmc im`rac i`k fgvc

i. Xmc arc`tcst hnjjcrckic bctwcck ar`vnt`tngk `kh cdcitrni`d jgrics ns tm`t wmndcar`vnty `ttrìts, cdcitrni`d jgrics f`y cntmcr `ttrìt gr rcpcd.

h. Nj wc brnka ` im`rach gbocit kc`r ` igkhuitnka surjìc, wntmgutpmysni`d igktìt, cdcitrgks wndd fgvc nk tmc igkhuitnka surjìc.

c. N hgkt ukhcrst`kh.j. Ymcs gkdy bcck mcrc ` wccl `kh smc lkgws `dd tmc kcnambgurs.

a. @ kcutrgk m`s arc`tcr f`ss tm`k ` prgtgk `kh m`s kg im`rac.

m. Xmc gutcrfgst cdcitrgks gj f`ky `tgfs `rc bgukh vcry `kh i`k bc hnsdghach.


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QrntnkaQrntnka ` p`ràr`pm gj nkstruitngks?

0. Rc`h tmc p`ssàc bcdgw, usnka tmc hnàr`f tg mcdp ygu ukhcrst`kh nt. Xmck rc-wrntc tmc nkstruitngks nk tmc hnrcit jgrf, usnka tmc ukhcrdnkch vcrbs `s tmcnkstruitngk wgrhs.

Jna.09

MGQ XG GUCR@XC @ RCIGRH UD@^CR

@ rcigrh ns pdìch gk tmc turkt`bdc `kh tmc fgtgr ns st`rtch. Xmc pnil up mc`hns tmck dnjtch `kh fgvch tgw`rhs tmc chac gj tmc rcigrh. Xmc mc`h ns pgsntngkch `bgvctmc bcankknka gj tmc rcigrh `kh tmck dgwcrch i`rcjuddy gktg tmc rcigrh. Qmck tmc

pnilup m`s tr`vcddch tg tmc icktrc gj tmc rcigrh, tmc mc`h ns dnjtch `kh rcturkch tg ntsgrnank`d pgsntngk. Xmc turkt`bdc ns tmck stgppch `kh tmc rcigrh rcfgvch.

Bcank dnlc tmns?`. Udìc ` rcigrh gk tmc turkt`bdc.2. Nk tmc snfnd`r w`y wrntc tmc nkstruitngk gj mgw tg f`lc ` pmgkc i`dd `kh mgw tg

`kswcr ` i`dd, usnka tmc lcy wgrhs bcdgw?Zcrbs? pnil up, hn`d, put bìl, t`dl, m`ka up

Kguks? m`khsct, b`sc uknt, grnank`d pdìc

DnstcknkaDnstck tg tmc jgddgwnka p`ssàc gj supcrigkhuitnvnty. Jndd nk tmc a`ps wntm tmc igrrcittcksc gj tmc vcrbs?

dnfnt , cxmnbnt , hcvcdgp , rudc , kcch , iggd , hnsigvcr , gbscrvc , dgsc. Ygfcvcrbs `rc nk tmc ìtnvc jgrf, tmc gtmcrs `rc nk tmc p`ssnvc jgrf.

Yupcrigkhuitnvnty ( ` ) nk 0>00 by Hutim pmysninst L`fcrdnkamGkkcs, wmg (b) tm`t sgdnh fcriury (i)nts cdcitrni`drcsnst`kic igfpdctcdy `t tcfpcr`turcs bcdgw 8,2 5 L. Sktnd 0>=:, supcrigkhuitnvnty(h)nk nts uscjudkcss bciùsc lkgwk supcrigkhuitnka f`tcrn`ds ( c )


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tg bc ( j )tg tcfpcr`turcs bcdgw `bgut 25 5 L bcjgrc tmcy(a)supcrigkhuitnvnty.

Nk rcickt yc`rs, f`tcrn`d

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