english m3 logical reasoning

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING

ILLOGICAL REASONINGILLOGICAL

REASONING

ELEMENTS IN PERSUASIONELEMENTS IN PERSUASION

METHODS OF PERSUASIONMETHODS OF PERSUASION

LANGUAGE OF PERSUASION


PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES

ASSIGNMENTASSIGNMENT


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


By the end of this tutorial you will• Define logical reasoning• Apply logical reasoning to real life

situations • Examine examples of illogicality • Review what is fact and what is opinion• Consider some elements in the

persuasive process

By the end of this tutorial you will• Define logical reasoning• Apply logical reasoning to real life

situations • Examine examples of illogicality • Review what is fact and what is opinion• Consider some elements in the

persuasive process



LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


In this section, you will examine the following topics:•What is logical reasoning?•Logical reasoning in everyday life•Analysing your reasoning•Evidence of logical reasoningClick the next button to proceed.

In this section, you will examine the following topics:•What is logical reasoning?•Logical reasoning in everyday life•Analysing your reasoning•Evidence of logical reasoningClick the next button to proceed.

LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Logic is an orderly system of reasoning. Logical reasoning helps you develop your skills of persuasion and argument. It is a strategy that you can use to construct an argument from observation and known facts to provide the solid evidence you need to support your position. You also often use logical reasoning to solve your everyday problems.

Logic is an orderly system of reasoning. Logical reasoning helps you develop your skills of persuasion and argument. It is a strategy that you can use to construct an argument from observation and known facts to provide the solid evidence you need to support your position. You also often use logical reasoning to solve your everyday problems.

LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Consider:CJ, Trisha and Dale decided to go to Pizza Plaza, where each can chose one of three kinds of pizza: sausage, cheese, or pepperoni. Trisha loves anything that is spicy.CJ doesn’t like pepper and he can't eat anything with too much dairy.Dale said he would settle for whatever kind was left.Challenge: Now reasoning logically, solve the problem of who gets which pizza.


FEEDBACK

LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Person Pepperoni Cheese SausageCJ *Trisha *

Dale *



LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING

QUESTIONQUESTION


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Challenge:1. What factual clues did you use to

support your reasoning? 2. How would you defend/argue your

reasoning?

Challenge:1. What factual clues did you use to

support your reasoning? 2. How would you defend/argue your

reasoning?

FEEDBACK

LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


1. What factual clues did you use to support your reasoning? Each person’s food preferences

2. How would you defend/argue your reasoning?Use the facts to support each conclusion

You could say that you have drawn valid

conclusions based on the clues or evidence and that your reasoning was logical.

1. What factual clues did you use to support your reasoning? Each person’s food preferences

2. How would you defend/argue your reasoning?Use the facts to support each conclusion

You could say that you have drawn valid

conclusions based on the clues or evidence and that your reasoning was logical.

LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Dependable evidenceUp to date; reliable, respected source

Sufficient evidence More than one supporting piece of evidence is given

Relevant evidence Relates to the main question or proposal

Challenge:What other evidence of logical reasoning can you think of? Keep this question in mind as you work through these slides.

Dependable evidenceUp to date; reliable, respected source

Sufficient evidence More than one supporting piece of evidence is given

Relevant evidence Relates to the main question or proposal

Challenge:What other evidence of logical reasoning can you think of? Keep this question in mind as you work through these slides.

LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


In this section you will review tips to help you

avoid illogical reasoning.

In this section you will review tips to help you

avoid illogical reasoning.


REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


What is fact?Facts are the firmest type of thought. You can verify or prove facts and some of the strongest ways to do this are by measuring, weighing and counting. When you say something is a fact, you are saying that:•its truth is generally believed and,•it can be proven

What is fact?Facts are the firmest type of thought. You can verify or prove facts and some of the strongest ways to do this are by measuring, weighing and counting. When you say something is a fact, you are saying that:•its truth is generally believed and,•it can be proven

DON’T MISTAKE OPINION FOR FACT!


REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Consider:The world population of elephants has decreased by 5 percent over the last ten years.

Challenge:• What is used to strengthen the statement?

• Would you say the statement is generally believed? Explain.

• How would set out to prove or disprove the statement? Discuss with your peer.

Consider:The world population of elephants has decreased by 5 percent over the last ten years.

Challenge:• What is used to strengthen the statement?

• Would you say the statement is generally believed? Explain.

• How would set out to prove or disprove the statement? Discuss with your peer.

The statistical data and the specific time period


REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


When you describe a statement as an opinion, you are saying you are not sure that the statement is generally believed or that it can be proven.

The difference between fact and opinion is proof.

When you describe a statement as an opinion, you are saying you are not sure that the statement is generally believed or that it can be proven.

The difference between fact and opinion is proof.


REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Consider: We believe that if most students studied harder, CSEC results in English A could improve by as much as fifty percent.

Challenge:• What makes this an obvious opinion

statement?

• Can it be proven? Explain your answer. (Discuss this as a class)

Consider: We believe that if most students studied harder, CSEC results in English A could improve by as much as fifty percent.

Challenge:• What makes this an obvious opinion

statement?

• Can it be proven? Explain your answer. (Discuss this as a class)

Use of “we believe” and “could improve”


REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Consider: She is attractive so she would make a good class prefect.

Challenge:• What has the speaker assumed?

• Restate the sentence, changing either the assertion or the conclusion so that the conclusion follows logically from the assertion. Share your restatements with the class.

Consider: She is attractive so she would make a good class prefect.

Challenge:• What has the speaker assumed?

• Restate the sentence, changing either the assertion or the conclusion so that the conclusion follows logically from the assertion. Share your restatements with the class.

That appearance equals good leadership


REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Consider: They’ll hold back the rest of the class because of their reading problems! We also don’t have enough desks and chairs.

Challenge:• What is the real issue?

• What statements are used to confuse the issue?

Consider: They’ll hold back the rest of the class because of their reading problems! We also don’t have enough desks and chairs.

Challenge:• What is the real issue?

• What statements are used to confuse the issue?

The reading difficulties of the students

Issues of the rate of learning of other students and classroom furniture


REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Consider: To support our argument, we cite the words of the world famous heart surgeon Professor Felix Dunital and I quote, “Surround children with books and more books and they’ll surprise you with how much they learn”.

Challenge:• What is the authority cited?

• How reliable and relevant is it? Why?

Consider: To support our argument, we cite the words of the world famous heart surgeon Professor Felix Dunital and I quote, “Surround children with books and more books and they’ll surprise you with how much they learn”.

Challenge:• What is the authority cited?

• How reliable and relevant is it? Why?

The reading difficulties of the students

It is neither, because the person is not an educator and what was expressed was an opinion


REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


• Work with a partner to analyse the paragraph on the next slide to identify examples of illogical reasoning. Share your analysis with the rest of the class.

• Work with a partner to analyse the paragraph on the next slide to identify examples of illogical reasoning. Share your analysis with the rest of the class.ILLOGICAL

REASONINGILLOGICAL

REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Fixing our communitiesHave you visited a rural community lately? I can tell you that nothing is as it used to be. Take the problem of vending – at least fifty percent of every main street is taken up by vendors peddling every kind of ware from clothing and household items to farm produce. There are so many vendors the buyers have nowhere to walk and drivers have no space to drive! A professor of culture at one of our leading universities, in commenting on this very issue, stated at a recent civic function that unless we correct this problem of overcrowding on our streets, we are going experience major traffic congestion in the near future. Businesses will lose valuable work time and students will miss out on their education because they’ll be constantly late for school. We need to take back our streets so that people can get about their legitimate businesses.

Fixing our communitiesHave you visited a rural community lately? I can tell you that nothing is as it used to be. Take the problem of vending – at least fifty percent of every main street is taken up by vendors peddling every kind of ware from clothing and household items to farm produce. There are so many vendors the buyers have nowhere to walk and drivers have no space to drive! A professor of culture at one of our leading universities, in commenting on this very issue, stated at a recent civic function that unless we correct this problem of overcrowding on our streets, we are going experience major traffic congestion in the near future. Businesses will lose valuable work time and students will miss out on their education because they’ll be constantly late for school. We need to take back our streets so that people can get about their legitimate businesses.

FEEDBACK


REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


1. Opinion presented as fact2. Exaggeration3. Irrelevant authority cited 4. The real question is ignored, which is

the issue of street vending5. The concluding sentence suggests that

street vending is not legitimate business

1. Opinion presented as fact2. Exaggeration3. Irrelevant authority cited 4. The real question is ignored, which is

the issue of street vending5. The concluding sentence suggests that

street vending is not legitimate business


REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


1. Work with a partner2. Based on what you have learned so

far, develop a checklist to evaluate oral presentations and persuasive pieces of writing.

3. Share the list with the class and add to it as necessary.

1. Work with a partner2. Based on what you have learned so

far, develop a checklist to evaluate oral presentations and persuasive pieces of writing.

3. Share the list with the class and add to it as necessary.


REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


• Discuss the pros and cons of this proposal as a class

Students at our school should be allowed to go off campus at lunch time with the understanding that they return on time for the session after lunch.

• Brainstorm this proposal with your classmates.

• Use the checklist you developed to evaluate your classmates’ views.

• Which points would you reject? Why? • Which points would you accept? Why?

• Discuss the pros and cons of this proposal as a class

Students at our school should be allowed to go off campus at lunch time with the understanding that they return on time for the session after lunch.

• Brainstorm this proposal with your classmates.

• Use the checklist you developed to evaluate your classmates’ views.

• Which points would you reject? Why? • Which points would you accept? Why?


REASONING


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


The purpose of an essay in many cases is to persuade the reader to adopt your ideas or plan of action. To be truly persuasive, this type of writing must rely on logic which is an orderly system of reasoning.

The purpose of an essay in many cases is to persuade the reader to adopt your ideas or plan of action. To be truly persuasive, this type of writing must rely on logic which is an orderly system of reasoning.



LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Talk about these elements with a partner• Purpose Is your intention to show that

your argument is based on sound reasoning?

• Audience Who are you trying to convince? Why are you trying to convince these persons? What are the most effective devices that will convince this type of audience?

• Form How will you present your views: essay, newspaper article, oral presentation?

• Context What will form the background for your work?

Talk about these elements with a partner• Purpose Is your intention to show that

your argument is based on sound reasoning?

• Audience Who are you trying to convince? Why are you trying to convince these persons? What are the most effective devices that will convince this type of audience?

• Form How will you present your views: essay, newspaper article, oral presentation?

• Context What will form the background for your work?



LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES

ASSIGNMENTASSIGNMENTHow many of these methods can you identify in the extract on the next slide? Discuss this with a partner.How many of these methods can you identify in the extract on the next slide? Discuss this with a partner.

Visual/auditory appealVisual/auditory appeal

Emotive languageEmotive language

Appeal to emotionsAppeal to emotions

Reliable sources of authorityReliable sources of authority



LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


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PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


How many methods of persuasion can you identify in the extract ?

Welcome to the CaribbeanThe collection of islands that comprise the Caribbean region is dotted across the 750,000 square mile Caribbean Sea, and we offer a hotbed of superior experiences and exceptional values. The question of “where to stay?” can be answered in innumerable ways: from the intimate inns, villas and B&Bs, to high-energy resorts and luxury hotels. Furthermore, our spectacular views are matched only by the myriad of attractions and adventures that serve to make a day in the Caribbean one of life’s great treats.The diversity of the region creates several interesting themes and contexts as we continue to honour our multi-cultural heritage. Today, Caribbean culture has done much to broaden the horizons of people everywhere and we can claim many of the world’s best as our own. Our cultural ambassadors include Bob Marley and Nobel Laureate Derrick Walcott and everything from Jamaican coffee to Cuban cigars excite the palates of peoples around the world.

Skywritings (2003) p.6

How many methods of persuasion can you identify in the extract ?

Welcome to the CaribbeanThe collection of islands that comprise the Caribbean region is dotted across the 750,000 square mile Caribbean Sea, and we offer a hotbed of superior experiences and exceptional values. The question of “where to stay?” can be answered in innumerable ways: from the intimate inns, villas and B&Bs, to high-energy resorts and luxury hotels. Furthermore, our spectacular views are matched only by the myriad of attractions and adventures that serve to make a day in the Caribbean one of life’s great treats.The diversity of the region creates several interesting themes and contexts as we continue to honour our multi-cultural heritage. Today, Caribbean culture has done much to broaden the horizons of people everywhere and we can claim many of the world’s best as our own. Our cultural ambassadors include Bob Marley and Nobel Laureate Derrick Walcott and everything from Jamaican coffee to Cuban cigars excite the palates of peoples around the world.

Skywritings (2003) p.6



LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Discuss as a class answers to the these questions about the extract “Welcome to the Caribbean”

1. What does this writer want the audience to think?

2. What facts were given?3. What are the main appeals being used?4. How is the writer subtly appealing to your

emotions?Hint: You will find that effective writers use

more that one method of appealing to an audience.

Discuss as a class answers to the these questions about the extract “Welcome to the Caribbean”

1. What does this writer want the audience to think?

2. What facts were given?3. What are the main appeals being used?4. How is the writer subtly appealing to your

emotions?Hint: You will find that effective writers use

more that one method of appealing to an audience.



LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Diction or word choiceEach word you select should be specifically chosen for a particular reason

ConnotationSubjective use of language

DenotationObjective use of language

Language devices used to persuade

ChallengeIdentify examples of subjective use of language in

extract: “Welcome to the Caribbean”

Diction or word choiceEach word you select should be specifically chosen for a particular reason

ConnotationSubjective use of language

DenotationObjective use of language

Language devices used to persuade

ChallengeIdentify examples of subjective use of language in

extract: “Welcome to the Caribbean”




LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Remember these devices? If not, do a quick search on the net and develop your own “Persuasive Devices” dictionary.

Remember these devices? If not, do a quick search on the net and develop your own “Persuasive Devices” dictionary.

PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES

OxymoronOxymoronHyperboleHyperboleAnalogyAnalogyContrastContrast

OxymoronOxymoronHyperboleHyperboleAnalogyAnalogyContrastContrast

IronyIronyParadoxParadox

RepetitionRepetitionSarcasmSarcasm

IronyIronyParadoxParadox

RepetitionRepetitionSarcasmSarcasm

Rhetorical questionsRhetorical questionsRhetorical questionsRhetorical questions


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Write an argument against the value of exercise in the 21st century.•What persuasive devices would you select? Why?•What methods would you select? Why?•What language devices would you select? Why?•Consider this starter…

Write an argument against the value of exercise in the 21st century.•What persuasive devices would you select? Why?•What methods would you select? Why?•What language devices would you select? Why?•Consider this starter…



LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


Despite a sedentary lifestyle, persons are living longer than in previous centuries. Why engage in the drudgery of exercise when you will one die anyway? Some may argue that lifestyle diseases have shortened lifespan. However, in our multifaceted world with so much to do, explore and accomplish, there is no time to waste exercising. With the availability of supplements - Omega 3 for the heart! - vitamins and other precautionary methods of healthcare, the need for exercise becomes increasingly null and void. In an article entitled------------------------------------it was found that----------------------------.

This is just to get your logical and emotive juices flowing. Do further research and complete this persuasive essay.

Despite a sedentary lifestyle, persons are living longer than in previous centuries. Why engage in the drudgery of exercise when you will one die anyway? Some may argue that lifestyle diseases have shortened lifespan. However, in our multifaceted world with so much to do, explore and accomplish, there is no time to waste exercising. With the availability of supplements - Omega 3 for the heart! - vitamins and other precautionary methods of healthcare, the need for exercise becomes increasingly null and void. In an article entitled------------------------------------it was found that----------------------------.

This is just to get your logical and emotive juices flowing. Do further research and complete this persuasive essay.ASSIGNMENTASSIGNMENT


LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL REASONING


REASONING





PERSUASIVE DEVICES

PERSUASIVE DEVICES


• Remember to apply logical reasoning and the persuasive devices you have been practising. Use the writing process!

• Exchange papers with a partner and use the checklist you developed earlier to evaluate it.

• Make adjustments as applicable.

• Remember to apply logical reasoning and the persuasive devices you have been practising. Use the writing process!

• Exchange papers with a partner and use the checklist you developed earlier to evaluate it.

• Make adjustments as applicable.


english m3 logical reasoning

Education

persuasion elements

skills of persuasion

orderly system of reasoning

everyday life

solid evidence

everyday problems

real life situations

known facts