english i mrs. jeffries literature fiction non-fiction literary elements literary devices literary...
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ENGLISH IMRS. JEFFRIES
LITERATUREFICTIONNON-FICTIONLITERARY ELEMENTSLITERARY DEVICES
Literary Terms of Importance
LiteratureI. Fiction
A. Elements of Fiction1. Characterization2. Plot3. Setting4. Point of View5. Theme6. Tone7. Style 8. Mood
II. Non-FictionA. Elements of Non-fiction
1. Facts2. Data3. Charts4. Graphics5. Headings
III. Literary Non-fiction
IV. Literary DevicesA. PersonificationB. SimileC. MetaphorD. HyperboleE. SatireF. ForeshadowingG. FlashbackH. ImageryI. AllegoryJ. SymbolismK. DialectL. AllusionM. Irony
V. Sound DevicesA. AlliterationB. AnaphoraC. AssonanceD. ConsonanceE. *EuphonyF. *CacophonyG. OnomatopoeiaH. Rhyme
Literature A body of written or spoken works of a specific
language, period, or culture; a representation of life, both fiction and non-fiction
Literary Nonfiction
Fiction
Any story that is the product of imagination rather than a documentation of fact. Characters and events in such narratives may be based in real life but their ultimate form and configuration is a creation of the author.
Elements of Fiction
Traits that mark a work as imaginative or narrative discourse (communication)
*With the exception of this, all of the above are also called “Literary Elements”
Nonfiction
Text that is not fictional; designed primarily to explain, argue, instruct or describe rather than entertain. For the most part, its emphasis is factual.
Elements of Nonfiction
Traits that mark a work as reportorial, analytical, informative or argumentative (e.g., facts, data, charts, graphics, headings).
Literary Nonfiction
Text that includes literary elements and devices usually associated with fiction to report on actual persons, places, or events. Examples include
but are not limited to:Nature TextTravel TextBiographyAutobiographyMemoirEssay
Not the chart
Literary Elements
An essential technique used in literature :
1.Character2.Plot3.Setting4.Point of View5.Theme6.Tone7.Style 8.Mood
Literary ElementsI. Character
A person, animal or inanimate object portrayed in a literary work.
Character Types a. Round – multiple traits b. Flat- 1 or 2 traits c. Dynamic –change w/i story d. Static – do not change Protagonist- main character Antagonist-character who opposes the
protagonist
Methods of CharacterizationOnly definition
Methods of Characterization
Indirect Characterization through Words (Dialogue)
…and the butler left the porch Daisy seized upon the momentary interruption and leaned toward me.
“I’ll tell you a family secret,” she whispered enthusiastically. “It’s about the butler’s nose. Do you want to hear about the butler’s nose?”
What can we say about Daisy’s personality based on what she says?
F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby
Literary ElementsII. Plot
Elements of Plot* (leave a space after each)
Exposition
Rising action
Conflict
Climax
Falling action
Resolution
Plot- Exposition
*Exposition is the beginning of the story.
* The exposition introduces the setting and characters
Plot- Rising Action
*Rising Action includes events leading up to the climax.
*There are conflicts that arise during these events.What are the events that lead up to the climax?What are the conflicts that are arising during the
rising action?
Plot- Conflict*
Conflicts are problems or complications.Man vs. man -- two people arguing or fightingMan vs. himself --a person who has problems within, such as depression, unresolved anger or love, feelings of rejection, etc.Man vs. nature --a person against a natural disaster or Mother Nature, i.e. a storm, blizzard, hurricane, etc.Man vs. supernatural -- a person against things that are not easily explained or "normal", such as ghosts, evil forces, gods, etc.
Plot- Conflict
*Climax is the turning point of the story.
* It is a high point and is usually somewhere in the middle of the story.
Plot- Falling Action
*Falling Action includes events after the climax.
*These events lead to the resolution and start tying up loose ends.
Plot- Resolution
*Resolution is the end of the story where all of the loose ends are tied up for the reader.
LITERARY ELEMENTS cont’d
III. Setting
The time and place in which the story unfolds
Only definition
Setting cont’d
IV. Point of View
The manner in which an author reveals characters, events and ideas in telling a story.
------------------------------------------------------------------------The vantage point from which a story is told.
There are different “Points of View.”
First person Third Person Third person limited Omniscient
Only definition
Point of View cont’d
First PersonThe narrator is a character in the story who can reveal only personal thoughts and feelings and what he or she sees and is told by other characters. He can’t tell us thoughts of other characters.
Third-Person ObjectiveThe narrator is an outsider who can report only what he or she sees and hears. This narrator can tell us what is happening, but he can’t tell us the thoughts of the characters.
Third-Person LimitedThe narrator is an outsider who sees into the mind of one of the characters.
Omniscient The narrator is an all-knowing outsider who can enter the minds of more than one of the characters.
V. Theme
A topic of discussion or work; a major idea broad enough to cover the entire scope of a literary work.
A theme may be stated or implied. Clues to the theme may be found in the
prominent and/or reoccurring ideas in a work.
VI. Tone
The author’s attitude, stated or implied, toward a subject.
Some possible attitudes are sarcastic, humorous, pessimistic, optimistic, earnest, serious, bitter, and joyful.
An author’s tone can be revealed through choice of words and details
Author
VII. Style
Style refers to the way in which an author puts together words, and the kinds of words he uses.
Most good writers have a recognizable style.
Literary style can be classified by formality, directness, complexity of language and the tendency to use imagery.
For example, a realistic style usually has stark imagery and relatively straightforward sentences, while a romantic style has flowery images and flowing sentence
VIII. Mood
The climate of feeling in a literary work.
The prevailing emotions or atmosphere of a work derived from literary devices such as dialogue and literary elements.
The choice of setting, objects, details, images, and words all contribute to creating a specific mood.
Reader
Literary Devices
a tool used by the author to enliven and provide voice to the text
1. personification2. simile3. metaphor4. hyperbole5. satire6. foreshadowing7. flashback8. imagery9. allegory10.symbolism11.dialect12.allusion13.irony
Only definition
1. Personification An object or abstract idea given human qualities or human form (Flowers danced about the lawn.)
2. Simile A comparison of unlike things using like or as (An ant scurried as fast as a cheetah).
3. Metaphor A comparison of unlike things without using like or as (The speech gave me food for thought)
4. Hyperbole An exaggeration or overstatement (I had to wait forever.)
5. Satire- A literary approach that ridicules or examines human vice or weakness (Twain’s, “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County)
6. Foreshadowing-An organizational device used in literature to create expectation or to set up an explanation of later developments.( In the opening of The Wizard of Oz, set in Kansas, the transformation of Miss Gulch into a witch on a broomstick foreshadows her reappearance as Dorothy's enemy in Oz )
7. Flashback-An organizational device used in literature to present action that occurred before current (present) time of the story.
8. Imagery-Descriptive or figurative language in a literary work; the use of language to create sensory impressions.
When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.Continuous as the stars that shineAnd twinkle on the Milky Way,They stretch'd in never-ending lineAlong the margin of a bay
9. allegory - A form of extended metaphor in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative are equated with meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning may have moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas such as charity, greed, or envy.
10. symbolism- A device in literature where an object represents an idea.
11. dialect-A variety of a language distinct from the standard variety in pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary.
12. Allusion- An implied or indirect reference in literature to a familiar person, place, or event.
Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door—Pallas = Pallas Athena, goddess of wisdom)Edgar Allen Poe “The Raven”
13. Irony- the use of a word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal or usual meaning; incongruity between the actual result of a sequence of events and the expected result. “The Story of an Hour.”
Sound Devicesdevices used by authors to assist in achieving euphony
• Alliteration• Anaphora• Assonance• Consonance• *Euphony• *Cacophony• Onomatopoeia• Rhyme
Sound DevicesAlliteration
The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in neighboring words (consonants-all letters of the alphabet that are not vowels)
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. "'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door- Only this, and nothing more.“
-Edgar Allan Poe “The Raven”
Sound DevicesAnaphora
• Repetition for effectthe use of the same word or phrase at the beginning of
several successive clauses, sentences, lines, or verses, usually for emphasis or rhetorical effect
e.g. "She didn't speak. She didn't stand. She
didn't even look up when we came in.”• Referring back
• reference to a word or phrase used earlier, especially to avoid repeating the word or phrase by replacing it with something else such as a pronoun.
e.g. "I told Paul to close the door and he did so," the clause "he did so"
From childhood’s hour I have not been As others were—I have not seen As others saw—I could not bring My passions from a common spring— From the same source I have not taken My sorrow—I could not awaken My heart to joy at the same tone— And all I lov’d—I lov’d alone— Then—in my childhood—in the dawn Of a most stormy life—was drawn From ev’ry depth of good and ill The mystery which binds me still— From the torrent, or the fountain— From the red cliff of the mountain— From the sun that ’round me roll’d In its autumn tint of gold— From the lightning in the sky As it pass’d me flying by— From the thunder, and the storm— And the cloud that took the form (When the rest of Heaven was blue) Of a demon in my view.
Anaphora?Alliteration
?
Sound DevicesAssonance
the repetition of the same vowel (a, e, i, o, u) sound in neighboring words (stressed portion if multisyllabic)
ex. right-hive
pane-make;
lake and fate
dog, mock, and strong
It was all a dream I used to read Word Up magazine Salt'n'Pepa and Heavy D up in the limousine Hangin' pictures on my wall Every Saturday: Rap Attack, Mr. Magic, Marley Marl --Biggie Smalls (a.k.a. Notorious B.I.G.)
Sound DevicesConsonance
The repetition of consonant sounds in neighboring words.The repeating sounds can be anywhere in the word, in any
combination, except when it repeats only in the beginning consonant sound because then it is ___________.
And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtainThrilled me—filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating, "Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door— Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door;—This it is and nothing more." -Edgar Allan
Poe “The Raven”
Anaphora?Assonance
?
Sound DevicesConsonance
The repetition of consonant sounds in neighboring words.The repeating sounds can be anywhere in the word, in any
combination, except when it repeats only in the beginning consonant sound because then it is alliteration.
And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtainThrilled me—filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating, "Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door— Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door;
—This it is and nothing more." -Edgar Allan
Poe “The Raven”
Which poem is unpleasant sounding? Why? Why is the other pleasant sounding?Which poem is unpleasant sounding? Why? Why is the other pleasant sounding?
Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run;
-from “To Autumn” John Keats
'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe.
"Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun The frumious Bandersnatch!“
-from “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll
Sound Devices
EuphonyEuphony CacophonyCacophony
Pleasantness in sound
Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run;
-from “To Autumn” John Keats
Unpleasantness or harshness in sound
'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe.
"Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun The frumious Bandersnatch!“
-from “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll
Sound Devices
Sound Devicesonomatopoeia
A word that imitates the actual sound it makes, such as pop, sizzle, and crash.
Over the cobbles he clattered and clashed in the dark inn-yard, And he tapped with his whip on the shutters, but all was locked and barred;
-from “The Highwayman” Alfred Noyes