english grammar tamil
DESCRIPTION
Tamil English GrammarTRANSCRIPT
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^anaprij/tfENGLISH
1
I
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NGLISH GRABy : Mungara Koteswara -Rao,;
". Edition :
AUGUST 1997.
J"*
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J.P. English Grammar 3 * e33|j>d& soASt
CONTENTS"til"
English Alphabet
(%sog
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JLP. Engligh Grammar
Silent Letters Degrees of Comparison
(e&a-^atf esJCtf&aea) TO,'Active Voice and Passive , Formation of Degrees
Voice(aftf^tftf-
'
'(s-Sa&o ao^raSsfcadfo cpitfa) 73 Comparison Adverbs . / r-
From Active Voice to ([dSp>"SEaS$x>o S^Passive Voice- 74 Punctuation Marks
From Passive Voice to - - - (ao*&> QS^Sa'Active Voice 75 Usage of Punctuation
Direct Speech and Indirect Marks
Speech (^S^gK^^es ,&c&> sSGf*jC 55^) 76 Same words in Different
From Direct Speech to Parts" of Speech a
Indirect Speech 77- iFSpEVVerb. Complement Formation of words
(f5d&-sS&^gsSa) 83Verb-Mood
(rSdao-flsf 83Formation of Nouns
Tense (^cdr-^e)^) 85" (^^Kinds of Tenses
" Formation of Verbs
BParticiple (^a^ L ^) 88 ! rn"ltion of AdjectivesKinds of Participles
^PT ' Confused wordsof Tenses 91 , ^Tense Charts - (atfafcrito Stf&>) i g
- Stress on Syllables
Ql:
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2 J' English Grammar .5.
aSjbdfi oA$
^.*i^^.ji^^^
ENGLISH ALPHABET (orf wSC5&-crt*
.
V- CO""
*M,
' /, *sog jpa3.... "Alphabet
)" eda >odj'&.'8ia,Bo&^sS35ex): 1] Print, 2] Script Letters
Capital Letters - (Tbtf ^tf&oeo), (b) , Small Letters
1] (A)R. B C D E F G HI J K L M N O P3RSTUVWXYZB) Lettersi b c d e f g h i j k 1 m .n, o p q is; u v w .x y.z
^
OtfSoSSa>4Ass^ocor (a) 'Capital Letters,
b) Small letters, baa- ^s ^fiotf] (A) Capital
e s T u .v w x Y
-
English
Letters'
ghljklmnap 'q r ; t u v
letter
'^
*****
Yoels : "A, B;I, Q, .U"
Semi-Voweis
-*'Capital letter' rp
- 26 ^
. 1] Vowd. (.^), 2] Consorts
^u : 1] "Water(^); Walk (r) ; Yard (c^f);'
-
English Gramm^ t
2]u
My (a); sky (^r ),; Paddy (^g&) ; Happyes& sStfSioo (Sfioefc-Yfttftf ^6oS,..oS&yr? tf
&?S^- fc
Sound ' Example
A : -- a rate(3
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J.P. English Grammar
T~ T I
.
bottle (o-flfi"),
c '. 5 notice (Sa5.), city (8>
f chemist ("&f), copper'
5 cheap (b5), chicken5. Machine (aiiff), chivilry
D . 5 ' down (3-^), day
p . . 5'
'
finger (&o*5"),fate
G .:
^ dog(tr/T), goat
,f merge (3nf), wge *
S , laugh (sr5), enough (ci^'
H . & orse )' Ilot
j . ff jump (ssoS), jolly (a-6).K . r
'
key (I), kick (r).L .
'
5- lock (of), long
M . S> monkey (&ol), nticeN . S" name (^Si), neck (3).P ..' - S post (SJ), pen (l
5 graph (in-S), phone
Q .'' ' 4 1* (S^)' qUite ClR . 5" roof (55), road (&S)S'. ? S school (jSy^-6"), slate (
. S V . shot (SfS"), state
T . .'
g- tea (e5),ticket
$ thick (Sf ), thing (abfi)5 that (a 6"), there (So).
, mention S>, section
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English Grammar
X
vote
- S\ fix
Example
), six.(at,).
Examination
joy (spdc), yard (aforty (^S), eopy/Vi),by (EV-type'tS 5)'Zebra
(4[_p), Zeal (le ).
.
"syllable (ftessff)" aS) ou-Ca.;8,1 esiS^
n-fe.'syllables'
arffi&S
spelling
[Soft StfSo!&. syllablesr?
1] shower (sho-wer^-^), 2] power (po-wer=>-5-\ g]'beyond (be-yondrra-d^oa), 4] brother (bro-ther=iB-tf5-)~5] either (ci-therssas-Sff), 6] examination (exa.mi-na.tjon=
,,., -1 & (S sSesSb- Bo& syllables rpSb, sE'^syllables rf&> S^SotfiaarSa. cat, rat, out, putdog,
,a.-| syllables' ^5S ^4ss>"s
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Po English Grammar 10
PARTS OFPEECH
B\ -tS. OB'S....
"Parts of Speech
1] Noun
4] Adjective (s^position (atf j?
juction
2] Verb(L d&) t 3], 5] Adverb' (L d^ Blsi'wsSaa), 6] pre-
7] conjuction (tSsS3atf^cBoSS)i . 8] Inter-
(Nouns)" &9^) wofij'do.
Definition:. A noun is the name of a person,
place or thing etc.
:- 1] Suman (v&&"):= &&h Istib! 2] India (ejoflcSir-)=:-tab!- 8] Godavafi (^cs*sSG)= SfiliCfif 4] Tenali
! 5] Ghair
1],Rama is a good boy (o*&a
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J'.P. English Grammar ii e3J&|.fcc&
Def. :- A word which' expresses doing, being or.posscssinis called a verb!
''
-
eat (8&fc):='3tf(sSiO)f
a Sc^&^&. 2] is'&^a. 8] have (GAc&>oefo)==
l
A
4] kill (tfosg>fc)=4
sto'a s&c&^&^a. 5]
1] The ballis round (a^a^ rt>Q\&&*rr
2] Who sits on the bench (cag3} Gopi killed a bird
4] He ovyns a building
*5] The maid brings water (3a&aft fccfi
2) 53^j&ooSotf)- "is, sits, killed, owns, brings"io^o- 'verbs'
3]
. : A pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun.
1] He (wtfefc), It (a.E^. : Surest bought an apple. He gave t to Ramcsh &>
"He" ^^Sfi- ^uresh'so Didbon-&, "it"-
apple'
2] She (a>\ Her-E^. .'Ravali has a Maruthi Can She presented it to hersister (tfsSJS- .sb^efifisfS" ^rS^fi,,
emx>, "It" ^ir:a- "Marutlii
-
J'.JP. Bngiigtx Grammar
car",-
"her" &f5a- Ravi
8] TheyEx.: Raju and Ranjith are friends! They are CricketersS&dc&o tfo&ITeo l^o
"" '
- Raju and Ranjith
l] ;l am a boy (^ s?eo&&)! 2] YOU are a teacher (S^Co-
^ed&oeo)! 2] He 'went to Tenali '(&&. ^ Sipjefo). 4]is a. dancer T^s"So
'SjJS)!" 5JThey are. playing tennis (syefi-
-
"I," you, He, She, They" c*&^2too^,...:
'
corv &
4] ABJECTIVE
^Adjectives" e5?S
De/. :-An Adjective is a word which tells the quality, qu'anthj-or -number 'of a noun.
dkcp-ii :- 1] Red '(^esjsS)), 2] Little (rdBsSa), 8]Five (oc), I
Beautiful (wotfSbS), 5] Big (!)), 8] Soft (3a'tf)...
1] Swetha''is;
'a beautifui--girl
2] The Earth is'round ^
8] There are thirty boys in .the class room(tftfX8 n
-
8] J.P. English Orammer la
5] DVERB(
>- "Adverbs"f. :.An Adverb is a word which describes a verb, an adje-
ctive or another adverb.*".- 1] Chitra sings sweetly fig m
. ^^ ^&&o&\ #s"sings" & verb &.
"sweetly" & adverb. --,TS
*''-2] Sasi is a very good girl ^5- oo
adjective &. "very" ^& adverb
3J Jayaram teaches very loudly. (esdS^o ft{Jn-'J
"loudly" ^& Adverb c^b-"very"
1] Sujatha came, yesterday ^i,^^. a^ ac^Sa). 2] The childis crying loudly fig Mean* fiefc&^a-). 8j My mother walksyery slowly
,(&. e^-^e>. as^arv; ^&&oa). 4] Vandanawrites
'well^otfS- ^^^n" L530?? '3 )- 5] Ramya loves Raghudeeply (tfsfcg...;tfb&- rv^sSan*" ^^^^a)."yesterday, loudly, very, slowly, well, deeply"
Adverbs rv e
6] Preposition- prepositions n
Sktf^tfo fSoeaotfS$x>& g^ ^tf^fP&SSao, i1^es^?S^b sfctf|S
-
.J,P. English Grammer
3e$ : -Sfc'^e>^ ('
(A. prepositionV-
-a. word which
the relationship- between a noun or., pronoun 'and:;-some
other wore!]. . . . . .'
" ";
E.Y.:- ll The pen is in tie "pocket . '(&: &&g*'3>ti^&j* $*_x",v..,^-
"pen", "pocket" es& oo^ noun'
CO'O ;^^M'w tV*'. 1 XT .
i^x^- "in" s*& preposition gSc&^&^fc.
21 Sadlia is kind to me (&Sf ^g>&^^-4^A' hi me l! ^& proiio-un, sb,
ukindn
rfa adjective
so{sS^sSx^-* 4
to" =^^ preposition c^Co^ ,&%&.
*d1 Kaveri came from Mumbai (s'^d &iOE?o ^
-j SPSV^^- '"came" a&'verb_^ ? "Mumbai" .w& noun
^ v . v%! < ,.. ,, v
-
J.P. English Grammer 15 fi3f6[&c& goAS [rrft&5"
2] Give me a penor pencil (V^&o 3cp fcrSsg) ^>o
s^oa,)! 3 a^fta ^>55i;oro&- "Give me a pen", "Give me a
pe-ncil" es& "Bodfc syg'gSSao axis'! tfs c3o&> s^i'gS&ooJfe- "or"
eu"^sp^g&inP eoS&&r5jfi.
8] Padma is clever but lazy (sS^- "Padma is clever", "Padma is lazy" && "3o&S
1
! "but" *& sSeSsSa-
1] Suseelaand Janaki are good singers (&& &8dtS ss*J58
xr)! 2] Use penor pencil /Vo&o 9f fcri^ s3>e>c& &S3
)! 8] Shyam is poor but hohest(&sScfiefo)! 4J The train started before r reached the
railway -station (&6 2%'"!^^" ^^*D^ ^odSbrrJ3 *.. L^oco^8Dd3oeo3af6a- 5]
When the teacher entered the class, thestudents got up (&i^gc&>- tftfrfB ^(wc)"
fi
^ [aSS^o'tfrr'S....
Sjc^geico aoerj7c&). -e'e Ej-^gSawodfO.... /'and, -or,-, but, before,when" o?6i sSfsSae- 'conjunctions* n* J)doo ^-
*
8] InterjectionL'J
"Interjections'1
wO
(An Interjection is a word which expresses suddenfeelings like surprise, sorrow, fear, joy, etc.,),Ex.:.
1]Alas! She is dead
,(e*3jg! a3)4l
Alaslf
e5^o SStfsS- ?3o^iS:b^ SOifi
2j Hurrah! Padma wonthe championship (-uV^! sSfiJj"Hurrah"
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J.P, English Grammer '18 (&'
8] Ah] How.-beautiful Is this building'
.. ....''Ah" C3& ^oSD>,
;
Alasi Is it your mother who met in the accident
new typist
got- the state
.efr8....
uA!as, Oh, Hurrah"
ArticlesUA or An"
,
"
Articles =(
Parts of speech) r
Kinds of Articles :-
j^wx>ex>n *i^Soa*db. l] "A or An"
Article, 2]uThe"e^^a- Definite
^3 Articles &- &
]Oh! Are You the,,
^] Hurrah! you have
*c^5)!! ^c sys"^'.'Interjections' r? ^T ;
"
'ofJrVicxv, Adjectives
Indefinite
Article.
"a, e, i, o, u"
-
JLP. English Grammer 1,7
Usage of 'A' or 'An'
l] es&^rpaber Common
rvS 'Singular
v.:. An eye, An. ass, An orange, an umbrella, an idol etc.
2] STO)^ n"fc\ jg> tf^sr* rvfe [^tfoOosSB3& 'S^sSrfrS/Ex. :- A bench,- 'A*
chair, A donkey, A fox, A soldier, A union
3] apsfcoprfg1
SS^^D^^WH"
etc.
. :- An honest.(35) man, An
etc.
,
An A
4] "U11
esS
"A"
university A Europeanetc.
5,]"One"
2Sv. :- A one (*$Ksta):i.1] iS^e*..... S)tftf^SrS) Sex)SS) nouns
So S^oe5
c?0. ^.:- The Sun, The Moon, The Earth, The Sky" etc.
2] &S;b(j&Dex>, StfrfS&e,.S&e-, ^^^00^SDDDO^- *The
f
a AS5c^pAocy>). v. : . The Atlantic
The Himalayas (Stf^sSajeo), The Ganges (Sfl), The Bay ofBengal (w^tfsia) etc.
8} [SSag |^ofsSe figSi ^o&-4
The1
a ksScSr'Aoa'O. ^,. ;
The Bible, The Koran, The Ramayan, The Mahabharath etc,
-
J.P. English Grammar .'
'IB
4] V& ..(Steffi '>- '>5 "SM^sior? cSrSo &>o&.... 'Thie'S &63s*Ao^8'AY;- The cow is a domestic
animal, % .
5]U&?c3* Q
"
eScp "j(3 3S&&" e*& otf&o S5&N S$tfS$b.&J S_j, . ^_
_
-'
cp vJ
So&- 4 The' & &3$SpftoE>. &,:-. The book you presented me
was too good*
8] Superlative degree (^^>3^^|^)^ 4^ adjective S , S:oo(Sb-{Tlie* ^j &3^Aoa>.. *.:- Murnbai is the most populated city'in India.
T] "The" $&&- estfcyfc. ^ooeir?fc, ^ci^ c^^ iiooeibrrfosSO^.^o.... "6" 55 1C) s5osS). Ex. :- The (a) egg,The honest (a
*
S5S5) 8] "The" ^^^5- ^co& sS^oCin^^ sS^cotf^S &;o^jr!t)63 / J O , ' O i
.sSfi^cSieSo...'."dS" e5^.sSes^), v. : The (eS) poor. The (ci) usage,
'^ Kinds of'MonnsNouns &- -s^
O
.SDabsr^ .OsJaoiPdi. eS isSSn .,.; l] Proper Noun, '2] Common
Noun, 8] 'Collective Noun, . 4] Material Noun, 6] Abstract
Noun, .tfs.ai^pfiSS*.... stotffl f3'ex)^) ^xjo&- "Concrete, Nouns
O fO
1] Proper Noun (Sgj l^
nXisir|Cj'& "Proper Nouns"
3*&.-'Ex.i.- Ramani ('tf&sS^ = e,^- sS
-
J.P. English Urammer
3] Collective Noun (fiao&ekeo SCP sS&s&o j3sSDjSj'^c& Seosjj . "&&)! Crowd,'Mob (&&sfcge .f5sS3Tsfo&eo)i Herd, Flock fao&^o . fS&r^&o)!Pack, Bunch
'(sS^s&e>.:.SSsS^s^sS)!. .
,.
.
.
4] Material Noun'(^i5g ^.ic^^.^^^^^w):-^^
a-" Material .Nouns"^a ^o&r^.- ^'.: Oil, Milk, Gas,
Gold, Silver, Mud, Water, Iron, Coal, Sand, -Chalk- 'Rice, Paddy,
Wheat etc.". . ': v ,- .'
:
;
'
'; \ .-
'
'!'"'
4 music SoAtf&>, . dance- (tf&o'), .literature '(Srgj^tfg^)...
.
. ,
.
.
.
.Bj.,Grammer (s^gg'o^cOD),. Geogrpphy (^p^tffio), Palinistry
Abstract, Nouns- 'Adjectives1
,
'Verbs1
,
*Common Nouns* &o.& -Sitf
-
J.P. English Grammer 20 3OA &
Adjective Abstract Noun
goodold
(
hard (rfg)poor "itf
goodness
oldness
hardness
poverty
see
think
obey
grow
Abstract Noun
sight'(^^.}
thought^S
16-,
obediejice
growth'
Common Noun Abstract
child
friend
slave
man
childhood(
friendship (gpslavery
manhood
Kinds of Verbs
6's'^.2x>rr> &tfdoEp& a JMSSr?'......1] Transitive verb
.2] Intransitive verb- (wtt^tf ifldS*),, 8] ! Finite verb
iSs&), 4] Infinitive .verb (oSsSpSStf LSc38:.), 5] Wealverb (&tfy L cJSi), 6] .Strong verb (Ls3K6 L8crf>), ?J Principalverb (:Sai| cfia), a].Auxiliary verb (KSsJsoaSJT iSc&)!l.JTraasitiye Verb:- '^ .(subject/a*a>- Vtfi (object)' 6 aoabSgjn-"Transitive Verbs
sStftf^ LfldSw)>
to her guests
-
4] JJ>. English Grammar aj
(gives)'! tfB;LSc&- "her guests (-i)63tf^'
2] Rwxthi reads the Ramayana everyday
&&&oa). ^e srtfgSfrS*,,.,, 'tf^ (Revathi)'(reads) ! ^e L o6- "The Ramayana
2] Intransitive Verb:--
"Intransitive Verbs (wtf^tf L d6ex))"
1] Doha
Stf^db. SO&&,,..
2] Usha runs fast . *.
3] Finite Verb :- a L o^ StfsS 3s3...B-s-gtfss ^6
"Finite Verbs
1] They go to office-
^go7
! sia a&^5*. "They to office
2] The girls play chess
Si6^- "play"
-
J.P. English Grammar
8]To tyo>
53*gc&n>&&o)l
5J Weak Verb ;. S &>$g .SdSpsSeJ^^. present tenseSN^ol
Verbs
past tense d-rsSs&& 2ro&S$*> 4-d\
4
-ed' '-t' SSSN^ suffixol
Present Tense Past Tense adding Suffix
1] walk - walked (.ed)2] talk
- talked (.ed)2] believe _ believed (_d)4] receive _ received (-d)5] send _ sent (.t)
6] lend _ lent (.t)
6] Strong Verb :. s$s>g ^c&oi (Principal Verbs)- presenttense &>od~ past tense cipi^b STo&S&^b....^ &os>Qidi>o 'fi^sSii
8)L w
^eo (inside vowels)5
s5j*el^
-
J.P. Engligh Grammar 28
8] Auxiliary Verb:. &>g[Sc&a> (principal verbs)-SSDO tense Co^&oeo STo&fcSfo c6s$*c&& L c&e&,...
"
AuxiliaryVerbs (*& |c&e)" ^ o&?&.
wS is$f6r? ..."]] Be, 2] Have, 8] Do ? 4] Can s S]-May f
6] Will, 7] Shall, 8] Must" ^& ^ ^dfio .^^^ tfp&fcreS8....
41Need, Dare, Ought, Used" -5& r^ ^^ 'Anomalous Verbs'
4 Anomalous Finites (&&i,c&^ ^
Kinds of Pronouns
B pronouns^S SsSSrr 1
....!] Personal Pronouns,1
2V Possessive Pronouns,8] Relative Pronouns, 4]' Demonstrative Pronouns, 1 Interro-
-
J,P. English Grammar 24
gative pronouns, 6] Distributive pronouns, 7] Indefinite Pro-
nouns, 8] Reflexive pronouns, 9J Reciprocal pronouns.
1] Personal pronouns (%
&- "Personal
pronouns"
-
J.P. English Grammar 25
3] Relative Pronouns
^PDO&> g'oD^b (relate)^ &sSAo& ?6^f^&sSx)e&- "Relative
pronouns" esS) eso&pdb. 3) 5)sS^rv .. who, whom, whose, which,
that, what, as, but etc. SJO&'&T> t^ ?5o>oo6r&. -^s (
1"] That is the womanwho stole my bangles
oC^^ *3&)! ^s s^^g&D^a- "who" o$t c5^c3&&D.- "That is
the woman" ^5dio "She stole my bangles7
21 This is the bride vr/zow I wish to takeJ
tou)?6 S5db^) ^eS))! e sp^g&D^T8^- "whom
"This is the bride" 6>eidto "I wish to take" e3
4] Demonstrative Pronouns
o?6D- "Demonstrative Pronouns"
-
JJP* English Grammar 28 sjoAS
5] Interrogative Pronouns (|"Who (s$&), whom (j>s$ea), whosewhat (JiSfca)
1*
a?& [fS^co"Interrogative pronouns" e$> e$o
*:1]
tfVz0 is your father
"whow e^bcStfj?&sSD- ^o[fl
117/^f Is your name )
AV,v : . "Who" ^&f5w&?:a- s:&ft&& ; "which 51
1]"W'Ao is she?" *&'
name (osi -53^o)?" j&
2] -WA/f/j is she?"her point (?Sj -HVwr is she?" &profession (a ^ S6] Distributive pronouns
. "who"
sSva
"which"
"what"
which
"what"
""; "what"
"What is her.
"What isiafi^a.
"What is her
.-
"Distributive pronouns"-:.T.... Each, Either, Neither, Any, None atfe /
t. :-1] EacA of the girls is given a mango (0
.: &aa 3^ s:. Baa). 2] /,AW Of the boys must do it
|>eas Is good
-
J.P. knglisk Crammar
1] Indefinite pronouns
wCteaea
-
"Indefinite pronouns" eft
&*&
x.:-
i^All is well
then nothing (&$&>knows that
secret^ded prizes (ootfsapto the swimming pool
8] Reflexive pronouns
. 2]
SOc&ei). 4]
2Poc3*&). 51
is better
8] Nobodywere awar-
of us wentCPO
t&*
- "Reflexive pronouns"
"Emphatic or Emphasizing pronouns" e^S)
^. : -1] She hurt herself (ea^Sb
-
.1*. English Grammar 2ti fi3$[id&
/*belo) S)c:x>^c&> cStf^&s&B^cfc- "Reciprocal pronouns'
:.
i] These two sisters lovedeach
:other(&tf&j
^^^^^
-
JS"!J.P, English Grammar >j efiS[S>c& soSS* \rv
Sa).;
8] Mohan eatsrice-; f^u ^^"
^fco^sS -esrS^&j So5j*&\ 4] Aruna ha's., money in her purse
3] Numeral t Adjectives (o?pg a"S^69^^ r?& e5cp sSc&fS&.^beSo^ rffo
"Numeral Adjectives9 '
^cy"Adjectives of .Number" ^^)
. ba^) &QA..,.. "Ooc^rT6 OtftfoEs-iSo. e5Si SsS^n ,...a) Definite
Numeral Adjectives ^Q oSo^g ' Sul^es^xico,), b) IndefiniteNumeral Adjectives (y>6Si oSosjPo
""
a^sieoSiaX i SStfSe;b tfeK,
\ Q .'O " U ' . /
1] There arethree members in that family (
"^ro6 jSsigec A^di). ^s spS'jSjDar8^ "three" ^& adjective.
MsS^tf
!l-'
'aasisxo'rp SO^^olodosSsD,^.... ajw "Defmite Numeralo OPO -
Adjective"! , ,*
2]1
Kalpana is studying second year B.Com. Co\irse(Ers3^.f'j.uftS.
*'5^S>- poefS^rfoSS^b'^ "tfdSb^AcSjLfl). tfa D"&'gsS^a "second
year" .'wA'1
adjective- . "So^sS KSosS^tffii"^ .'4
a|sS'?v 30 c&^dtoti"SoS ... ^3 "Definite Numeral Adjective"!
8"] Several students failed in mathematics (.^otf c3*J-
,,
' \
..rteJtf&aS* tf^ei). ^B sritfgsSaaer'a- -"several"'- s& adjective.'
eJtsSn' n&5 ... fl 'Indefinite Numeral Adjective'! .,4,1 Many dead bodies were, found in battle field (6^
'
"many"
adjective-''aSl^sSw' rr^)6.... eifl- Indefinite Numeral Adje-
ctive!' .,
'
'
4] Distributive Adjectives* (Si$a$r>gef a'rv rr-fo
... /'Distributive Adjectives" ^
-
J.V. English Grammai' Sill
i1*,:*l]
Neither team scored a goal fi a,
ft'&g&o Sc'eSfii)^. 2JEither book will help you for the c
nation';(> a^ ^j^S^S^.... 2>6cJnj). ?J"|girl is beautiful ^ s^Oi, woCjS)^). 4j I need f/;/^ bag
6] Interrogative Adjectives (1^^^" -aUsicoSwyft"What, which, whose" uto S5sSe- *Noan (s'& ^.ooA ^o
efc.... SiflK) '-'Interrogative Adject
ow box, is'this^fi j6 ^^)? a] M:V//< ;// girl gorank (i as06' ^^sa STo3&)? 8] Wmrboo'ks do you likt
reading (tf&x;&*&fcSb S> ^^S'^>o^ fc^ si^B^^)? ^o a^^.'.'whose, -which, '.what
11
s& adjectives- -wbox, girl, bo
noiins. SJ
j. a )Sro(-?^.. l] Adverb
Time, a] Adverbs of Manner, 3,] Adverbs of Quantity,Adverbs" of Number, 6] Adverbs of Place, ft] AdverbReason, 7] Adverbs of Affirmation, o
p
jAdverbs of Negat
9]'
Comparison of Adverbs,-10]
Two forms of Adverbs,Interrogative Adverbs, 12] Relative Adverbs,
-
J.P; English Gr-amffiar'
81ac5[ic& ajoASi
:"1] Adverbs of Time., (s*.e>&e
.teCfcfo 3*5?SS& - ^OcCa'^dfio 1
^ctxpS"cO,eoSSx)''o?i)->
"Adverbs
of Time" &ti e*odp&*. rfe^&oaspfltooOT AsS io3r^otf.8j^es*a.
i
"Now f Then, Already, Early/
Soon, Immediately, Since, Ago, Before, Afterwards, Yesterday,
To-day, To-morrow" e*&. Adverbs- id
1] Ramya will; ceme-wDw ^s^o %& cr/Koei) "2] Alreadythe child is one year- old ($sS^Jt 9 &df& Sar-fi $o^f^0! 8}Pihakini Express is comming by -one hour late
^"s>sSS, ^^j[liS a.^ ^Coou>j, 81 Lalitha speaks loutUv (&$& ti&r? sSpV^&CJboa^,-' 4 "I,
' J- -^'
\ .*>-,. 9 / . IJhansi Lakslimi Bai fought '"''^0;(.^^olj?^o^ ,S^siah* S^a*
jSgSofl*SS-asweeitlyf slowly,' loudly, bravely" &&>
'
'
"
., ,
'Adverbs of ManrierVaoS^,,,. I/I'SPOOT&- &*l - .
'tfE&s&nv*...*
Adjectwe*& fisStf w-ly" ^?& vQtil^ i6tfo
.... S^c^s5); Ev.; Bnd-
Badly; Sad-Sadly etc. '. : :
-
J'P. English Grammar f2 caricA sjoAS (r&J
31 A f5 verbs of Quantity (Sj'oj ?\&>co tin 5 f oStSipesoSxi ) >e,o {-sSArSc^.... io^^*V s v^^^G"5 ::o^do^o "c-.!cuv ou)r^> UCA^v^XV,
~o uU ^
41 Gomatld came to our bouse again in the night (ifr^^ &*
5] AdYeriis cf ^
xJg'? e^ 6AJSS*.. 4 .
^^^cs^vr? .. "Adverbs of Place1
*.& ^-ur-rb, "Here, There
Above, Below, Far, 'Near, Outside, JnsUl*;, Within, Without',
-
LP..- English Grammar ._
,83 - 83&J)d& 30AS \rp&>$'
& Adverbs
.1] She went there (^D _ w^^& SC'^fi), >] He "came 'here^ftS&'cj^^dS sSES^dfc
1
). |j] There is a book shop near the
temple rt>Stfes sg)c&ss$x>e> ei^essSx)^tS^a). .4] There is a
canteen Inside the' Bus-station &&
6] Adverbs of. Rca>on
) iciar* J&D5....
uAdyerbs of Reason' 1 o) eo&p^b. "As,
.Because, Hence, Therefore" ts& Adverbs-
^s (Jo (3 s5^gSSe)& sSfiSCoO-, ^2r*orfo&!'
l] Jviiniar did not attend .school, because he had fever sciflS Stf^&j odbt3^cSc6n?" . e^tfdfo 83^tfs5A.>?&). a]. As she isfifteen she could no ballott
^"SaSb ^atr^^ f) '^^daSSo^,...
T^^ ^sS& 3c&3^ 35*ax>f5a). a] The 'director is' ill, hence.the meeting postponed ^jrB^S&S&- wotfr^ Aw^o&S..'.. ^s ?5sSr>^^^D HpooCT5
sSd?6). 4j Gopi.is attending , a marriage 'and istherefore unable to come-(/^2)
7] Adverbs of Affkniation (gj
n*.... "Adverbs' of,
Affirma-
tion" 0^ eodr'CSo, "Yes, By all means, Surely, Certainly"
f
Adverbs- ^c^ ASS
-
IP. English Grammar
sS$S%)! 3] Surely they will pass.(C\tfsfc>rp s?&
g?BPdb). 4r]' Certainly She will' come (tf^&ocr8] Adverbs of Negation
-(gS"3sg
*>
- "Adverbs of Negation"e$a wofcri
"No, Not, notatall, any" &&> Adverbs-
1J He has no work (tfa8.$aa&). 2] They di'd not -do the:home work (s^db s-a
-
sjodSsS.i SdiS(^b). fj] He is- not at all
gooti lawyer
Note\- 15 ^^a tftfSao 4Adverbs' ?Sr. "Simple Adveibs'
9] Comparison of Adverbs- ('
?rtftf&j ('dn,
sl^raioe^):- wcCip'sSfSae' |Q (Degreejg sSo&oiSoOfSdtp
.'S"lsic9&a-jS>. "Comparison of Adverbs"
"Fast, Long, Soon; Hard, Early, Late'1
'degree
1-] a) Ramesh writes fast (ti^Sktixrr' \p>&}r- P sltivedegree ^a^asy b) Ramesh. "writes Faster than Suresh :''
Degree (3tf$5*&>) c) Ramesh writes fastest of allSuerlative Degree^
;
2-1 al Radha came -early '(&$ IsodSsj*^ sSONSa") , p'ositi-ye.-JO*-..'* \ ; . TJ / .,Degree, b) 'Radha came earlier than Rajan (v*'$-$&^ '^oS.t..f
SsS3;^-)-- Comparative Degree c)- Radha "came..
-
J.P. knglish' Grammar -* *
^.. _..
_
_____
_______ _., rT^ ___ .__
earliest"of all-.(crtf-
WO&CDS'O "&,-..
Superlative Degree:
10] Two forms of Ad verbs(a^j^^ ^5d$
1
. "Two
forms of Adverbs" && ^o^6, uLate-Lately; Near-Nearly; Hard-Hardly; Loud-Loudly; Pretty- Prettily" &^Adverbs cT8 -
1] a) Chandrika comes /^e to office (rfo^aV scpfoA3c3g^rr, sS^oiS). b) Hri go his job
2] a) Lavanya came uear-io Ramani(^sSesg.^&^s CJh'
rfia). b) Sobhana and Padmini. are nearly related
8] a) Kamala studies. //rm/ (ssSbo 6'.^4 rfdbSS&bfl). b) Kan-'-chana. studies -harMy due to domestic work
11] Interrogative^SS^. 3cJS:at)& ^sScS^orf'coefo [jLoj? S"55:L3^)o?So- "iaterrogativeAdverbs*' ^
w'oic-.jo..." Why,. When, Where, How w^& Adverbs-
1] ./*7^ is he late (w.a *ro^& -eSg&ir? sS^Si)? 2.Jl
did he come [&8& iSryefc Sw^c^^/ ,8] fK/z^re are .you '(fog)^' deep, is this yell (.tfa
12] Relative adverbs -
i) (Sctfp at^sSeo* ieSS- fioo^^o fPSSa" s^w^Sfco^. rfo
-
J,P..English Grammar
i
L,
"Relative Adverbs."
-v.:.
1] . Nahatha loved liis;\\hitc hoi.sc which Won therac
.
.
,, ,i
, a r,i[ ^wuxOj'OO
2] Soundarya came to her school w/icrc b.hc .studied ''
child' hood (> a>a6*8 BD^,,, s^^b &jcn? vj-u6iL ^' :\^- ^'
,
'.
t
N.;
_
' '
ou ^woj\,uo ^ &vj aj
^Todo^g sS3j&). a] Narayana got his4
l.p,s\ selection w/ft'
exactly he expected (K5cpc&es> riOr^ &',Xo jj^ ,. . ^* ^
'Adverbs' ^
Kinds of Prepositions (M'
'Prepositions^
2] Compound prepositions, 3J Phrase prcposiiioais, ijcjpie prepositions, 5] -Appropriate Prepositions.
!} Simple prepositions (^^^ a^-^-fc-'Prepositions',^- ^,,c Prep0s|'
&*;. To; (6,6).;From (&04 ): on ^-). upon (Sbc; ). Near (N
-
JJ
J.P. English Graaimar . - W___ _^i] The Maruthi Car fell into -the river (.& si^&t s^- ^-""T^S^coo^Y 31 Sharmila is.. waiting at the bus-sico ? r' *- - ^/ J
.''_'
.
JL I *"^ ** >" Crf'is,."!*
-o.^o) Sea&^-j&D&a ^g 3Dc5xD?6^a). 4 j We will work //'c//;;
.iiorning till evening-;&o 4trC5c^^ & '^
"" >
2] Compound' Prepositions '(&&}& ^g^g^^ \.J.. .
- Af ,."' -b-ip -^^vj.
fNoun) S& jTo), a.g' "")"l^e.Ib -i (Adjective^ ^.^r-^o" (Adverb) S& r?fe ^o^,^.,
i;A 5V 4Be"S^& ^prepositions* .&-'.' -Conipoimd.
prepositions'1
;;
: '''&&&&>'&.,';"i)';4iong' (.
;-4bou,t (&^pdo, /6$o&);--4bov-e' .-j['i^$)? . Across
etc.ii)
,^^l
^.S) etcv'
iii) J/i'side'
prepositions
ll There is a.. bridge. ^tv"o5^ the. river (^ S^ W&L'^ sJoS^J" ,.,.' , .,.'.
' V.a
:)&), 2] Raju wrote ten lines -^fcow/ the cow f^^^c ^loD-3Ps3*-^(Si sSo&co jsp^^). 8] Sailaja walked .thrice around- thetemple..
^leea ^A-tSJico^ ,&r^fo ^S^i^^o) / ^JbeSp)... ..4].Sankarbuilt a house behind Gandki statue
^rvoS 'Iji^^sb/'B^:^ $'ofcT
3aS'.-ioaa.!66^oE?.Cfo). 5] VijayaDasanii will come 'before Deepa-
vali (SS'SSI1
.c^ou
3}. Phrase
"preposition1
.,^^;
Jc^^'
%>% ; 'i
-
Wammar
i]In aJJiton to physics he
*
is teaching Chemistry (?
S&cs^ns:..erf&^^^^2 In from of me Bhaskar is there in the queue (S^Ssyci
8]/u c-ow/'je e>jS>'
"partici
prepositions" && ^.oi^&.*'
Regarding,"
considerihgv pendugi^s - prepositions- & i
lj Considering her experience she ,wafe' selected '.at once (^
cij^jp j>&Ssic'^i?j3o iei3 ^SjCf, ^ef SCSD&?S.). 2j AV\rrf'H^.his application there is "nothing in the letter (c55r5 * ,a;
8 S^^oS). 8]' I shall 'reach mynative, place before this- weekend
(*, a-o-otf^^ ^ S .SaSa_sfa
&*&^*B-O). 4} 'She has been working 'there since 1991
(*9>'*^j.rf 1991 &o sSa^dBoBfi&S^a);.''
,
2] Prepositions denoting period of Time^atf a*ggtfr&ft)-,. a,^' ia^s^-period)?i rt&,a SS^c^ 6.tfaBe,ab&,o&-iai.'pr-"'Prepositions' denoting Period.pf Time" A ao^&.
v "For,In, Wivhin" w& prepositions- ^
"
1J She shall be tack /W an
S] He applied leave fo, a week (
-
J WP, English' Grammar 40. ,_
K&fcd& qoAS irp&iT
|>&), 8] I have been working In this office for threeyears (S^&fcjn* 3& ^s .iPCP*e>u&D ''Conjunctions'.. ^ LSofi s^o
'!] My sister is studying medicine arid lam -studying enfinee.l-
ring (55- &^o 3tfg otf^' tfd6&ot>.... ?^o , :^^ ;,^^o ^ci^!). .2]' My father is in Chennai ^//?
-
jf.t*. English Grammar 41 . ttr$[!>c& sioA
is a dancer both are friends (OjjS rvo^S, $* tf
2] Subordinating Conjunctions:- *>$' 'Principle Clause' &- a,
l
Sub~ordjnate'Conjunctions'^- "Sub-ordinaling
ctions &9^)
v >:w Revathi failed in her examination because she did notstudy well
vvTs sptfgsSwSotfO-uRevathi failed in' her .examination"
&* 6 e^^&o $&>& S^ ... e^a 'principel clause' .ctfa. *she- *,
-J.
'
.not study well',
.. suS 'Sub-ordinatc. Clause' oiSa." eig ... 'Principe! Clause*
.
Sub-ordinate Clause' e>& Seo^tosS^.... "Because"
*Sub-ordinating conjunction* oSa.
Note: 'Principal clause' Jbtf ^sc^cTsSfl slr|^& ^tf'&o o)C3b^/;&>
1
- "Sub^ordinate Clauses11
&$ wotr'CSb* sV 'Sub-ordinatmgconjunctions
1
^)^>*53pAotfcDAS& .- ^ [SoO 53-^o&oo'?Sa SS&&
1] As I am suffering from fever, ,J could not attend the school
(i3& ea^aaafif* B^tfSi&^^rtCisSesS.... wd^ 3tfj3tf SJ*d3j*c&). -2"].Though he is poor, Gupta earned more properties (rtbjS "Ssc^
sr=^o so^ ... e9*J&tf*3efc &3r&o& ?3oSp
-
J,P. English Grammar . '42 esfy&dft eioASi \r
, sjiroC"3
"Correlative Conjunctions' 1 a ua.j&. "Either....or,
ther....nor, Not only.,, ..but
'
also,' 'Though,*..yet" o& t.V,
1]Blether attend the work 0/ 1 . go home (^330 3
.|^> 36j)j'a] Neither. Hit pouter of his father /w t the mo"uf his brothers have saved, him (w^S dSo^fl- wS^^orpfc, >;S'tfCio
tfeai^n'S) ^^o)^ tfi.otfdS' sJ'ocaSa). 3 | He is //^/ onl.doctor- ftw/ fl/Jf? 'a patient (e^i^c^ 'Sdbgdfo sip^^ c^fio ...iB*fl
^rc?j! 4] Though she is hliend, ^'/ she docs her dul
wellies35 |^|S^,... 'tftf
4] Phrase Conjunctionsrs^ rSoiJ^sSooe^.... rs^ 'phrase
1
-
'conjunctions' -553
, _j o
si
-
J.F. English Grammar . '.44;
jShalini is a girl - (SpOS .& s*a.^)! 2] Chennai is';
Z>j Negative sentences
f J i(- f . r TTi"
v-' vT *./ > ' v" \ Itit} I '^- S^o c\)A60^CO)!
"Negative Sentences" ^ c~)odp&, -J?.v. :. ^^)? . 2] What are you(--$ fcaa S?i^^)? g] Where is your sister (&, ^Co'OSiSji}? 1] May I go home (S3] imperative Sentences
.
^"Imperative Senten-
ces"^ ^odj--&. v. :.ij stand up onthebenc
X^)- ^j ^ease give me your book (&'c&3f~^oa) (i"e.i)! ]. Kindly help us ( ((fcg?S)! 4] Turn to the left IGod, save my mother land(tfap cf !4j Exclamatory Sentences
^o^c.x--L^-c^: s^s^oS) r??:.,.. "Exclamatory Sentences"
^ a^S. .\\ : .i] what a fool I am (^
. >B-5&)!? 2] How beautiful the^e girls are(tfe
^^V?! 8] May god bless you . (& ^^A i n V oL wuH^uw(ra j; jfj i
tS^riyd S 'SdCad! (*^ L^^ 4j!
-
.,
T
7J1P. English Grammar. , -4b'
.- , e3&iJjcJ ' , w
NOTE:.'. rS^s* L?^ocSsDd^cco, is3 ksfofv- 1] Simple Sentence',' 2] Complex 'Sen-'
tence,"8] Compound Senlence(!)S!0 rf>e$o>' "Phrases &' Clauses"
OP& ^
and ;'
..
,
arisSooV-.- :'
"'
.
:
,J , /
"!,] Subject (^.) r 2j Predi-
^r^g- or1
1 Subject u i* Pronoun r
%s noun CP pronoun ^ v;^
"S&^^ ..", QS noun ^CT pronoun'"^- "Subject (stf)"2J Predicate .:.'53s'gsS^ ^oa&- 'Subject'^
o'cSo-' "Predicate"
Subject -. Predicate
'The ring^o^tfsSa)- is made of gold
She fes^)-'
'
smiled j$3&^Cat:|^>)- . ". 'drinks milk [5rao'Chowdary ^^6)- is a rich farmer ('j*^d
:
.
o.^b)!
.Ravali tfsS'?-,
"wrote ".a letter''
. ^o'". 'Subject*
/predicate' 6
.
:
. d /-predicate1
-
j&Sbfif --.''is made, smiled, drinks,'Predicate ZQ&&. "Verb" &&
....
'Subject' dc* 33- &ajaot3*' 'S>*ao*S SS**^.
"Object^)""gold, milk, farmer, letter
^/.;. 1] ^ ^aa
2] tfe[. ^d&
8]
B,!fa..*otaoa
"predicate"
subject
The cow
Ranjith
fjr (Subject)!
PredicateVerb
is
saw
grass.
black"
a tiger.
an elephant'
-at down
.sr.sfgSbe.Si
S* ri-
L *
]-Stand up"Subject"
-
J.P. English Grammar ,47
They laughed .(&& X^&}> 3] Sarika cooks (4] Suman goes (&&" 36^&).
:.
1] ^tfas&n*,..'. Sesrfb s^ ICcr^es
2]T
,A-.
:. priya
;
(Subjects^ ) eats (Verb^ijdro) mangoes'
PHRASES and CLAUSES55oedSao
- "Phrase. Clause"'
Stfotfe ^^^o3 eo?Sc&..., 'Phrase'... 'Clause
5
I] Phrases
$*rt^o'?&-."Phrases"io6
l~jRekha waits to receive a letter fa
33c&^a). 2] Shobha Naidu-is a great dancer Having so many
Gopal is a good teacher for several Students (^Sp^T ao sioO - drs^^jdcfiofiia j! 4J Raghava
RINDS OF PHRASES {s*gV"tfSue &>'&>):.Kioi'O- "Noun, Adjective, Adverb" e& spfiKi &^d3pAoCSb
RJ.
-
a) Noun phrases, b) Adjective phrases, c) Adverb phrases.
-
J.P. English Grammar
a) Noun phrases.cSBuCo' eScp '^tfo^tf^co' 'Noun'
?S25anoci&^'?Soi
- "Noun phrases" a
1] Kaveri fexpects ro deliver a child (&ti& ^^e
s^gsfoe*.... "Child11
^!^ Noun- "expects" ^^-
'object'rp SSJOa&S^a. /'Child" 'nouns1 SSa^-^
"a basket of flowers" && 'Noun phrase1
m^fi.
.b) Adjective phrases (a^^ro sr'^^rtawew):- i^t6o^Q-
r'fi^ 'Spdoe'cSsiocpdSb&oco1
-
'Adjective* S3 sS
sp
-
IP. English Grammar -
i] Aflitha will come '/ 1he mormnga.jf
g^Sf*a.... "irt the morning" w& phrase. 'Adverb'-3 sS
2j Race horses will run/,,,wift mannCf ^^ ,^^ &Koto* *&*
c.&&).. tf, ^tfj&^a.... "in swift, manner".
& phrase- 'Adverb' ^
'
u^- "clauses W6 , 8
IjSudha expects "that she will get an mva'
ra (^***>*& &* afi^s^a). tf,
^gsssff....."
that \haward" u!&aa . 'phra,e
.
S3 ^toe .^^^ ^^"will get" ^ 8d6
_
.
|
2] This is the bridge that myfather connedi a^ooss ssos^s
,a)j >t ^^..., my father-, e& tf Bistructed" ,, Ll^^ ^constructed" ss^^s 'Clause'
KINDS OF CLAUSES---
-- A) P"rMam Clauses, B) Sub ordiMte Clauses
AJPWNCIPAL CLAUSES or MAIN CLAUSESS-SB.
..^. Ma ^.
-
J.P. English Grammar 50
,v.:- Govind has -a foreign car which is very expensive
'Clause'^ *o&&.^v>*i&>6*- "has", "is"
ArS^Si. "Govind has a foreign car1
>5d& "which- is very ex-
pensive" & oo& 'Clause'sx)"Govind has a foreign car (/
dfio.^&)M
&5^ 'Clause'sSri^S
^ ''Main, Clause' oSa. "which^is very expensive" (5>
)"... ^rJo Clause ?3o^^ estfioj ^^^,^^(6,
B) SUB-ORD1NATE CLAUSESS' 'clause'
clauses"
.;. Govind has a foreign car* which is very expensiveSS^ SJ^I tf^6=:x.?ii
^WcScofa-^dfo). ^8 s^^:^.,.. "which
is very, expensive" "es& clause (V)- tfSotfda 55*^ 5^^ tsC)'^fc-JfiS^.... "Govind has a foreign car" w?i "'Main Clause* hatf
3?*tfsS4i$3- sp^p -*. etd' Sub- ordinate clause' aof^a.
KINDS OF SUB-ORDINATE CLAUSES (^35^0^5^ffgo^&os3 tf&
x
6w):..dip c*g&ioS*- "Noun", "Adjective1^
"Adverb" ss&Slj cc^ sS&c&'^&SfibS- *Sub-ordinate Clauses"*
"i] Noun Clauses, 2] Adjective Clauses, 8]. Adverb Clauses'
1] Fdoun Clauses (spsSasF-Jte sp^gc^^coex));- a.S'lNoun' 3c?Jb S^a ^?j6o5^di-oSd3 *Ciause' "o^o- "Noun Clauses"
-
XV. English Grammar
.v,:-l"J
I knoW'f/w/ 1 she {$ a good teacher
;yr>ao3 tsS c3b 3*&)! 2] I differ from what he says (o^c^O:'vCjo (v)
-
J P. English Grammar
risen, vii) adverb clause of . result, viii)adverb claxise of
supposition, ix) adverb clauseof concession; x) adverb
clause of manner.' ,,.
i) Adverb clause of Time (s^o &jv5f ^c&^al^o5*5
-
8] J.I*- English Gramfcidt 5B a*[L& sjoAli
% :- The building collapsed because they did not constructft
properly (ggrfsSa ^SfcxaSa ^oS)^o"3).... SP& cr>S3'Adverb clause' er8^- "because"
Adverb clause of Condition
T^gort^w):. as:o5S^ &aoi) 'Adverb Clause'^.44Adverb Clause of Condition" && 50^e5b. Ex.*. He will goif Iris brother comes (&$& ^eSfibefc SS^sSff* estfefc
'Adverb Clause'e*a "if"-
i) Adverb clause of Comparison(4^&S^Si'gort^):-, 6^at>& fipao>
'
Adverb Claused-Adverb clause of Comparison" esS esofcp&,JS-v.:, Pallavi is cleverer than Padmaja (S^ea ^o"&?Sa). ^s 53*^jsSe*a 'Adverb Clause' &*& "than"
'Clause1
^o^ai>* "than Padinaja"clauses*.
'[Sdab (Verb)' g^b. "&33.... ^gi ^clause'
s- *than Padmaja'
vii) Adverb clause of Result
SS^^gofi^)):. ^Otfaa'Sa 3cr>4
^6E5P^^'^ &r0o& 'AdverbClause'& "Adverb clause of Result" wo&pdi.Bx. : . Savithri was so tired that she could not cook (&3$ S3*rvtseRi^^doSScKS Sob acS&a&S^a). ^s sp^gs^a
4^
4Adverb Clause**- "that" ^&> StfsSs *$)tf^ f& f^ag^a.
viii) Adverb clause of Supposition (At&tf^tf'Adverb
'^-
-
J*P. English Grammar o4 83*:- Even if it rains, I shall go (Stf&o
ftrSS)! ^3 5PSf*&;*3 "Adverb Clause' era. "Even if"
"
: Pleasc do ^ 7 f^'
'Adverb Clause*
CLAUSES AND SENTENCES,5Sca)-
family's (SctDoa)SSx>e). 6] lady (^)Note : .
c
y
oe.... e^a 'plural number'
tfS5j 30) keys (Vtf> a^o>). 2] .monkey ^*&)monkeys (g^&ex) 3] ray (StfcaSSao) ray^ (S^^^). t~kidney (sS^jji^oiSxo) kidneys (sSw^2>otfsS&e). 5] journey
journey^ (^da^sssSaco)* 6] pla> (wt) play-
4]6c
number1
Ex, i. 1] mango (&p&as$oefe) mangos (sS^StoftsSo^). 2^]her
/.7 /rfrn-ss- -^efeenV Si echo
-
IP. English Grammar 53
. 4] valcano (wA^^tfsS) valcanc
tf3$s3) 5] buffalo (Tte) buffelo^ (7?3e).
vnumber* e
**;1] photo (o^ttsg>) jphot^ (a^So&G)). g] radio
zs*f^ radio-? f^s^sT^eo), 3] piano (rooA#$) "^^) -'p^
(iSoAtfs^- "3bjSs). 4] bamboo ^o^o) -'
borriboo^
5] canto (so&) canto^- (s*o^^ex)).5] Ts* rp f
fc
fe'5* r?Sj d "Singular Ntiihber'
sS^fee&- "plural form' d^S-sSpcreo "&..-.; 5 sS^Sx "OsStfKe4
i
:- 1] leaf (&) leavw (^s&ex)}.' 2] Toaf(cro^^j-OD). 8] life (^S^&D)~ K^
4] knife (&) knivw (^&es>). 5] thief (fiTotf )_ thic'vr.'
NOTE ^ 4f'^ ^CP 4fc'5*#5 S_5o;5i&. iasg- "s"^& s ^Kd:^^'sSi'L^&o 06^^ BPG.-.T pluralforms
;- 1] hoof (Btfj.) hoof* (atf^ea). 2j roof
S] proof tfjrf4] dwarf (si:efi3i^)_ dwarfs (^.SEO^^CO). 5j safe
safe^sj&sSl^). 6] strife
form* ^o5-'plural form' S&
^:-1] foot (2WJsi:)_ ft (a-tfSaw). 8]
i^ teeth
-
j.. Bnglisli Grammaf ^9 ^N 3 < * ,~^ J SarOioicm moAi-i in* So5
). 3] women (A)_ won^n'
(d0-AT/lT'/r' CTB ff\ */ ^ < ' v'' ( v J i
Olsiab! .v. : - IJ mouse (;>*) mice (aaTtfcfi ). 2]1o7se
7] "^ ^^sp^JT sSfisScx>. , agStev... *plural numbers' r^^&o&rooo. d3- 'singular number1 dj*SsSa3db.Ex. : . 1] nuptials (tfo^c3*S&o); 2] measles CO&OSP^, S'o^oV
8] mumps (rfStfOtfjeo); 4] scissors (^Sd*); 5] pincers f^sS
CS^D); 6] annals (^fi^), 7] obsequies (Atftf [c^co)5 &] spe., ctacles
^^sS^dfc^, 10] thanks (^\^es^oi) etc.PF I
.
^
8] g^a^ Kp&sptftf irf&acpS) fcsStf- *s' ^od, sj^'plural numbersWSingular number' cj^ss^
A-. : - ij politics (o-E3c& w^sb), 2] physics (o^T3] Mathematics (rteSd^sio), 4] Mechanics (bajo5] News.(sKf) etc.
9J g"a^ Nouns- 'singular. number' &*&>, 'plural number1
s*;^,
: .
1] sheep (fl'gJiT'aeo), 2] deer (gafo-^), 8] swine, 4] cod (^o&Sb^s Sj3|^o&&o& ^aa), salmon*
etc.
'nouns'
4ofiroa. ll dozen-*
(o(jo
-
XP. English Grammar BO ssSJbcifi aj
-v. ; . ]] This air cooler coststhree thousand rupees
5tfs ^otf^ 3fcp&3aJ3o &-PC&W SD& 3&o&). 2] She sole
five dozen eggs (&!b o& sSo^o&fc10 j &'s ?o< &tfSJ*ao>;6 &*ajL 'nouns'....
- "^ "Compound Nouns"
1] Soa-in-law (ww&) son^-in-law ^ex)0|jfo)* 2] Daugh-ter-in-law (*&eo) Daughters-in-law (Sf^tfojefc). 8] Step-sor
step-sons ($ ^efo^beo)* 4i] Step-brothci) step-brotherJ (K5^ fr*tf&co), 5] Maid-ser
vent (tiSS&a'co) Maid Servants ("&S&ot o[&). 6] Comman-der in-chief ts^S5s Commander^- in-Chief
*
singular numbers* r?^aL^coi r^fc .. 5-ejb. 0- 'plural number*
^i3 c^O^OM.^
*:- people (Ls5ae), poultry (t*5j), cattle (sSai^e) etc.
lii] eS;tf:S5j3&rp&, so"eo Scs Kio^goSj n&- 'singular number*&oS
'plural number' &^o^eo^.... a ol>Sj ^>
opte,(') rts&sSi ADO, Sa t^^ s as
1] Tlere are three i's and four e's in tliat sentence( a^oSao 4 :2a-& ''( &acBb ne^ Vw tfoft). 2] The teacher
6's and three 12*s on the black board
13] ra^ 'nouns'.... 'singular number's*- a,8f'plural BUmber'o*. >f sS $&, a)^o. ^, LS S
-
.....,, .v . .
j.fr. fangtish Grarmttar . 61
1] tin (tfrftf&o)-tins
'
(tfol6j). 3] copper
(3&V fishes, quarters
), 2] iron ($&sb>)- irons
coppers (a*A spSsSaeo). 4] fish
). &] quarter
Gj spectacle
7]
io)- spectacles
customs
9]
lights
12"] respect
- goods
. 10
force ('j)-- respects 13] good
uren"
!
Ex,*,i] ox (i)gb)
*
(4co), 8] brother
!
s^ix))brethren (e,^
'
151 eitftf
^^05 )- 2 J cbild (a
brother^
children
'Nouns1
- Bases
(A) 'Greek9
s^SpsStfoijjco:- 1] Axis (5>&)- Crises
! 6] Hypothesis f(jS'SocCosk>)- Hypotheses
'Heybrew* EsySrSjCisibco:- l] Cherub^ ^sS^pd)- Cherubim
). 2J Seraph (/T'sSj SScJptf)- Seraphim
fCJ 'Italian9
Bandits
:- Bandit - Banditti,
-
f'
.
'
J.P. English Grantniai i'-; au^icfc ^oM^ ni
.
Gender (eofto;,&j'&> i&f$oov>.... csofj:o?iooiXi)- "Ij Masculine Gen
2] Feminine Gender, 3]Common Gender,
!,]Ncuicr li
1] Masculine Gender (^c2or>ixi):-^io^'6!b 30^'Nouns'&j 'Pronouns'^- "Masculine Genders". eS WQ&*:- Boy (E?CO&), Man (sii^:^^}, He (aC5^), His (
j3^^.) Him ^wfiJaa) etc.
2] Feminine Gender (^ aort&o):* ^^sa uOc.vbv3d'Nouns'i-i, 'Pronouns' &- "Feminine Genders
11
c^A oo.>
A:,:. Girl^^sf), Woman (^ ; ), She (im"3>), Her ^& i3t'i
Hers^waofi) etc.
3] Common Gender (&tfd& Qofi*^);-, ^ci^^&rori'-ib,.spaa n6^; ^ Bofloesa irfo BOcOa'JdLi^ 'Nouns
1
fi^ 'Pronouns';
"Common Genders" Q wc^v-&. /;.v.: Doctor (;;5^.;^X La*yer (^goi)s^s), Friend (&(jfcc&|&|&oFoj), Thief (w'o^), Pu;
"(ODDSS)> Baby C^ 35 ). FOQ (^L&^)' l ^& )> You(s3&), Them ^5^0 ) etc.
4] Neuter Gender (
4
'Neuter Gender" s^ wc&p8b. ,v.:- Book (^ofiJS), Pt
sS) f Chair (^fi^^, tree (3to), Building (atf), Bridj
), It (e|*a|Graajaaa) f Ant(6&), Parficle(^^.^/g^$etc.
From Masculine lender vc* .SV^inSne Gtrr^vr (:;^oKo6. ^ Bull-calf g^^^S- Cow.Calf
D) g*aj, 'uirjOo^ sStfsSxj'co- a^^-v :- l Boy
-
J.P. English Grammar 84 sarSifccBb ssoAS ins
Girl fc--6i). S] Bachelor ^a^tra)- Spinsteri'j
Husband ($')- Wife (Wg). 4] Father (tfo|_a)- Motl
(cf:\ -5] Cock (gMssos?)- Hen (i^aib'do). 6] Son (j^tfDaughter
'ji^i")- 7] Dog (^Kgog'^)- Bitch (w&SoS^"] King JJT>B)- Queen (o*s). 9] Wizard (&poLp&fc)- Wit
f^oJ-l'ccr'Ex). 10] Ram (gpjsea)- Ewe'-
(&/T'S). 11] Li^a:&}. Lass (a?S^).. 12] Monk (^Si)- Nun1 :
"] Drake (j^rr&)- DuckE
'^oOd-f S5d,'ffl'
! lv,
Ij Hero i^c^r^ci&efc).. Heroine (^5p^dt6&c7
8
ex)). 2] Execut rv>JO 6S5SyAotfSi&x
\&, *:-a) The horse's tail (or)
-
}.F. English Grammar . &B esSi|j>c&
The tail of the horse, b) Sita was Rama's wife (or) !
was the wife of Rama*
81 l~^& s5dSSe* &P& &&1 ^&^tf&>otf"8,... 0^0 Stillx,
jt *f
&"#& (apostrophe)A &OIF). #:- a) Mother- in law's hob) Brother-in-law's building, c) Commandcr-in chief's oreetc.
ll r3&j Ss &*&^ sp&.prfg'&oo.Snoi^lr: rfo^SjaS*- apostrophe.v.-.
a) for Biercy's sake, b) a ship's crew, c) death's dcetc,
Z] KlkStfS fiJp^^S18^ Rj-sSagprfg' ^dj^oSb >sStf~ s eS^i^'s sjjxs )sS f esapostrophe a sSr-rtfsio ^ou?6 ^co&. 3f. : -
a) boys* playgroiub) girls' school, c) foxes' tails, d) asses' burden etc.
T] ,:'
-
J.P. English Grammar
-strophe a &OCT>>. *:- a) I've (I have), b) Don't (Do not),c) It's (It is), d)
Can't (Can not), e) Didn't (Did not) etc.
Usage of Capital Letters
(Ibtf wjgtf&ae L&533*rt&)S^^O'esSSan
8 ort &$s$as>S^dSa> 'smallletters (c^ji ^*.i'
S&eo)1 8*^ Lpdjoo^^co3. *-:- eye, ear, finger, they, cat etc,
Note :- ^i'
^oKsSeisSaoe^S w^tf&ioKn cob 'small Letters' r:OC CO ***
|tfSa 'Capital letter (lei:a, Ramya, God, The Ganges eic.
-
'Capital Letter' n f
1] riS ^g&jS4^ SwtfeS SSfi3S
-
i\ English
ajRoopa said, "My mother brought some new bangles." tA
Chowdary told, "Our business improved .a lot/3
6] ^ s^^e:^,,^ s'^s^o &*&s&- Quotations (" "Jdr*J o'. fi ^ ^i^ 2ix,:rr- ?rcl^-CcKc^..,
-
r.P, Engligh Grammar 71.iS|&dBa. 30AS
'silent leters'& -
:- Bomb (o-S), Hour (s$ff). PalmOS).Wednesday sSTi. 3 to ... g eso
:.1] Bomb iVS}-
2] Comb(gS)=ca3^. 3] Debt(sfi) = Sjy f 4]ss^^^Sio. B] Dumb ^tfS)= sSo^^. 6] Lamb (8] Thumb (^S'^^^dofe^^. 8] Tomb (^^s
2] Scene (^)=^gSS:o, 3] Sceptic. ('&&')= ^otfcsSr^fe, 4]"Science
^ST^)=s Ds^Ssb, 5J Scion f^du^^j^ ^o&tf^^ 3]Scissors (ft835"v=:tfatf.\ (v/ a6G S A^Botfasi?) ^?J^ oifiS6we:. l] Benign (kg^W dcsKw, 2] Consign (gS"^)= fco$y\otfv 8] Design [fisiS')= ^sStfo^S, 4] Gnat (Sfi")= dabg OSSpSsSa, 5] Reign (3ff)~ S*c:^
6j Resign (8S^)a=tfg*otfb; 7] Sign '(^S")=^6 f - asS^S:; ]
Sovereign ^a^S1)^^^.
*H* A^So*Jtf& S'S^ c3tffiM :- 1] Heir (&ff)= s-tf&&,
3] Honest (3)= s*cS&fe f 8] Honour (So)t= iT-tfSSx t4] Hour (wsSS^srrfoto, 5]
Hotel (fcaff)= frto6r^ ajgs; 6]Humor (dfijsSa5)=:tfa, S&.'1C d^Bo-SSttfiSS .^^i, ^^^
: - Knack (31")= tfsSu*rj_
tfs5, 2] Knave (^5) =^^rv&, 3] Knee (fc)= ^-3*ec, 4]Knicker (a^)sB&, 5] Knife (35)= tfS, 8] Knit(aff)=eacofc; 7] Knob (f^^)-^^, ^swda; S] Knock (53-r)s=tfe43,ef Knot (Rs-^KSaa, 10] Know ()= BO&r^; 11] Know.ledge (^35)==300 f O^&a; 12] Knight (3ff)= fci&.
-
JJP. English Grammar 72'
esS^dfi sjoAS
:- IJ.Aims (&^)= eKsS,
i/'dLxx.;-ij
Balm (sr-S)tr: &sp?SS 3o, 8] Calm (sS)= ^'3-/:.:, 1,
jOalfr--4^, ft ] Flfc ^2") = ^&T;n^")^Zo^SD^od:uC V- ^^SwCJ^^c ) 3^S)5
fco50}^^ :. 1] Guardz*6, 2"! Guava(r-?Ep'} = ^5SDSSo&, 8
j Clless^S)^^^, .4] GuesttS, f
"
Guide (R5) = c^5ir>rr,, i] Goild (Ao"]=75a5 s (SsSpeaSS^;Tl Gllilt (A'J^^t^D.
' v o /
sspa^ 2] Sword (^)trs?, --] Wrapper (o'5~)=:. sSa^tf, 4]WroM (cpo/T)= tfsi^ 3] Wreath (6S'')= sSye. 8] Wrist fa^W*-
V / x.T J \ / J \ o /
& 5!^^, "1 Write (c)~):=}srdLr*pj j \ --
j/~^ F"?** ji *. ' c* V ^ '**v*is
-
J.P. English Grammar 73 ejS'&cSi
6] Might (g>S>. oe>sa>,. 7] Night (3$)=o.L6, S] Tiglt9]Jhigh (3)=arrf^io] Thought(o.ff)=e* tff5, li] Though
'!, 1:]]
1] Drachm ( LtrS)=,$ rotf/ifratf, 23] Parliament (^g3:oS-)= LsSS!oe ^, 4]
, 5] Could (&
-
I.P. English Grammar
ive Voice' flf B^
'pasive voice's* 2C. Sa.T srS'^^- ^^ 'voice'voice' r^l SL-S;.^&.... e
w'::g*- TL- Sl--2b "a:, ?^K:,FROM ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE VOICE ;'Active Voice' r: 4. a,^ 8-^|sJSi- 'passive voice' B-tfgr.
1] 'Object (^)'&- 'Subject ^tf)f
r
^&- 3-a 'Tensed .&SfloO -.- sfc*dSi Subject-r--. Si verb &- c& 'past participle***
- J
:f^^ :. 1] ^^^s7T.. "by" &%
sSdJs3a&-" 'Object1
t'-oSi c^;. 2~4
S-ubjectf
&.... 'by'S- 'Object'n- ficp^, ^s
ju killed the bird.
f.v;vt' rtvY*:- The bird was killed by Raju
/. :- 'Active voice'6"^wbird"es& 'object'- 'passive voice'a"
8
Subject*n ?:-:l^c. f rl-d?S 'Subject'^ tfA^tor?- verb formwas killed" e^ l past participle'r? ^slSfi. fi^l "by" *&s5tfS:o
S:::.n S2S6. ?- &$&.,.. 'Active .Voice'-rsa.... '"Raju"^ri, ^Subject
1
-
"passive voice' sr5.... 'object' r? 3dti&.
-
\jf-
'
^ *\ '.
, IP. English Grammarr
^ ssaftcA goAfe Lna>ff
'*', Active Voice :- Sarika beats the dog,'
Ptfssfvt* FoiY*:- The dog is beaten by Sarika
>*>/.:- 'Active voice' G*3....- (a) Direct Speech:- Stefi Graf
said, *'I j?/a^J .tennis "for twelve years".'
Indirect speechi-
Stefi Graf said that she played teBiiis for twelve . years.
-
J.P. English Grammar 79
(b) D.S.i- He said, "Our sister vvem away in the night"1-S-i- He said that their sister had gone in the night6] 'Reporting. verb'... /past tense' ?'
-
IP," English' -Grammar'
.. 80-
would go, (c).jxs.:- You said>- "I- will go,'1
IS..:., you said
that you would go. -''. , . . r :. ; '- .'.'
.
2"] 'Direct Speech's* 4% lnd -person^'
3^S*pronouns'wfc^,..
"'Reporting Verb' crSrosQp 'object1- & 'person* f
8 '
s&olb,... *3
*
person'
Ex. i' (a) ZXS.:- She aaid to -me, "You are clever/' :. She
told Wthat'J was clever* (b) >,?.:- She1
'
said- -to J0, "you are
clever/ 4 LS.:- She told jw/ that .v^w were clever;/' (c) D. 5.: -She said to f/i^w, "you are clever/' S. : - She told fft^/)? that
//i^r were clever,
Changes in 'Adverb forms' : From DirectSpeech .to Indirect Speech;- ^&.... 'DirectSpsech'e* &% 'Adverbs*- Indirect Speech*^ o)g &r6rp> ?ocob
1] This- that, 2] These- those, 8] Thus- so ^ in the same
way, S- that way, 4] Here- there, 5] Now- then,.. 6] To-day*that- clay, 7] To-morrow- the next day, 8] yesterday- the pre-
vious day, S] Last night- the previous night,- 10] Ago- before,
HJ Hence- thence, 12]. Hither- thither, . . '.^
-
Interrogative Sentences.(^.^s^tfgSScoep) -I From
'Direct Sp'ceelf to "Indirect '-.'Speech':.''(
"
"Direct Speech' &cd "'Indirect 'Speech' a^^ si
Ij*
Reporting verb' ^^efea&irj6 *ask'n* rv^ ^CP'enquire
1
sSreaQ&oa. 2] 'lS
3] "that11
w&sSc
iT.v.:- (a) J5.5,:- H.e said to me, ."Who has gone to WarangaJ!""!S.
;. He asked m who had gone to warangaU "s&M ^cr
-
Jf;P. English Grammar HI
o- Indirect Speech*'^3
'whether' rp s$&a.
(b) D.S.t- The guest said -to the girl, "where is your mother"
J.S".:- The guest enquired the girl where her mother was.Ex. i. (a) -D.5.:- She said to me, "Did you see the Geverner?"
LS.i - She enquired me /"/ I had t seen the Governer*
(b) D.S.i- He said to me, "Do you like Coffee?
J.S.-:- He asked me 'whether I like Coffee.
Commands and Requests (ss^ew *>& s>gwe3o) :From 'Direct Speech' to 'Indirect Speech':- 'Direct
Speech' 6* &^4
w8aeo-wtfgifce'
Sentence)o&- 'Indirect Speech*
1]t
Reportingverb'S&manded',
*
ordered', 'requested', 'advised', 'prayed' So3 sS'i&saa
S$P>QX>. 2] Imperative mood1
3^ 6^ 4verb'- 'Infinitive Mood'fiT
8a 8 sir>G0^ooi5.
Ex\:-
^a") D.S.:-The teacher j^fd to the boy"Get out from the
class-room." /.
-
J.P.English 'Grammar'
82 83&&C& qoAS irv&Si_
L CO '_, \
(e) D.S.:- The beggar 5fl/V to the passenger," please gW\me one, rupee/' ~/.5.:- The beggar begged the passenger /
--'"""
him one rupee,
Verb-Complement (|Sd5o-33?j$;t
{.,
iSd&eio-SSsgQSSan 11 - "Transitive Verbs. Intransitive Verbs iU - 6) . .
j (complete) c''Complement
1] Transitive Verbs (Stftf^ ^d&e):. ^ (object)"Transitive Verbs"
^:- The boy kicked a dog (e^eodb"dog" e5& 'object'
. S'&S'.,.. sjo^D "kicked" e& *verb 1&- 'Transitive Verb'rp'
2] Intransitive Verbs O^k' |8d&e):.-eftfi (object)^ ^SOi^ cSSccotftfS
8
a?S^e8. i .. ^r_5 ^sSa&. sa^ {Sd&Oc&-%"Intran- |,
sitive 'Verbs"" eS wbar&. ; ^" *
x. ; . 1] Horses ri/ (^g^exi &6Rfc&)i 2] Rivers //sa-^gfiafir
1'objects' ^s&. sa2S&...: &
.... e*ofifo"ruif, "flow" e^^ 'verbs'So- "Intra.
sitive Verbs"n^S*^.^?).
"S> "3oefo i^c^o otf'sS& ^_62d:i)& ASScap^sSefc 'coniple
s*."!] Subjective Complement, 2] Objective Complement"
-
J p. English (jramrfiar As
1] Subjective Complement :- 'Object' SsoovT*.... Subject''Intransitive Verbs'^o- c5o^cpfsS3ir6i ^S^o&k^. &Q (J> ftj **
So* icS &&oc3c&&o&i.... "Subjective "Comple-.
ment" WP
2] Objective Complement:. 'Transitive. Verbs1-
*object
...- ''objective complement11
-
Verb-Moodr
iScijbco
^^50 (Special functions)^^p
tf &
-
J.F, English Grammar b4
....
"l] Indicative mood, "2] Impe
mood, 3"! Infinitive mood, i] Subjunctive mood"
1] Indicative mood
Ai-Srftotf^5^ jfici- "Indicative
f.v.:. il Subhadra reads news paper everyday'
-2*asr-^-sS^ tffiSj^?&) ^s?a 5p^057orsS. 2] /* this
pen^fi & ^c^)? ^a LsS^sp^g^o! 8] If it rains, 1 ca:
go to school (SjftSa abeaS^....
^r.^:fr! i] How -beautiful this is (s?au w
2J Imperative. Mood (atfo^'(order)' t'r5^ (request)', 3e# (Advise)', 'Jl&Jcp (Blcssin,
_:_i- 'Imperative mood'e^A'-:-
I] SitinJuj* on the benchme go (
truth i4 God
you ig] Oh G2r3^:;& c^c^iS^ itfe,.., es (S cSb( verb-)' -'
l
past
dr^tx^l. v. : _ ij Rajani ^ent to NeHore (tf&S 3g3"&'J Mangala ir/'^t- a letter &3j Future Tense
'Future Tense' ^: * toofi. jEar.:.i] Kumar w///
row ;i^;r J ^^ yXoefo). 8] I shallgo within few mimr* ***.
_
._ ^ w s^ ?^, rju(
KLMDS OF TENSES
! Present Tense tfar(i) present indefinite tense
{8d!&.fci&gSa . "jiadrfinite tense" fe simple piesem tense> , ^^ ^^^
:- : TA child,/ -co
r ^ to
(ii present continuous tense(^o^^ a tf^.- 5,1 VE-J^ox.... 'Stf arSSatf..^....^^^te.:*^^ 8ed6ad&. .d6. present
tense S B8yQ school
towards
-
f,P. English Grammar 87 esiic& sioAS ir?^r____ _ _______ _ .
*~C*} *~
to school (&> &d 3S j d&io^ j He /i&s co/ne towards me
(iv) present perfect continuous tense(Sc*& 0^47-1'Si tf 3Sje5 5*eSttY.. ;5tfr s*eotio3 iS-^oLo^^a, sio^> r?I
B C.
^
rVovp3 4^ ^?j^> dOd&^dSb [5cJ>Si*55b:rfD- "present perfectcontinuous tense'* $> esoip&.' *:- 1] I /mvcj been recuJhi^ a
book ^^^ sS)^tf2S!& tfdb^)&S d&ofia), 3] I
to school (^?Si a:d
2] Past Tense
(i) past indefinitetense (0Sai
&>&- "past iadefinite tease" ^^> oir6. E^"-:- 1] The child
slept (& a|^25* 8Dd SC S cStoofia). 2] She haJ reada book
^.-l
(iv) past perfectcontinuous tense (S'w ~^*S*
Bc&:2=x ;c&- ir-i^JCi- "P^ perftc-!
sw ^olj11^. "-v -:- P I /:
-
J.P. English Otammar
school (& B3J 3**p3 Ao
-
J,P. English Grammar 89 e&!>c& 30AS ir_______________
^-...-.-TT-J^-J...-^^^^- _*- C3 *,
Adjective^ jfrea;S| Sjis$.Sa)wwa e*oL-*. -: participles-
*
2:r.'e
*:. She kissed the weep!}?* ek!!J(^
"weeping" r:: :.':....
"weeping child" wSn-.... "Sdfo&Sx j^" a tttf::! "Child" -^-* o- Ci 5.
noun &- "weeping" o&> verb- 'abjective* sSsS qualify t&Z^L.....
"weeping" & verb- e5^ verb n-&* f sjis adjective* siri^c^X)
zicS^a. tf&^ ... ^ s^^^^a "weep" ^S: verb
-
'ing' ^Qctxoiio^ itf^as "weeping" es& verb form- ^parti*
Kinds of participlesjS'^pspoSaa (Tense) . &fcSSoa.... -^a 'participles'- S^^^rr
1
M
l] present participle, 2] past participle, -I7perfect partici-
ple" M& SSxpfo Cj^Sbje^n6 aaS^otfeasPcs:.
1] Present participle(^$^&j):- Simple present tense:*
-
I*P. English Grammar 90 ES^JJ!
.v.:. having eaten, having shown, having loved, having t !
".*" *
S^ 'past participle' Ssi ^o2b-'have'& rpfc, 'has'^b n*5b, 'fr?-. i;di:s?S ... u
a) I //ave seen a \ion.(present perfect ttb) She /,-' written a letter (p.p.r,). c) The king ////rfinto forest
^j/ perfect tense)* d) I shall /lo.ve read the(Future perfect tense}" w& 'perfect tense
1
ex> SiiJ^&abR^S.] 'past participle' ssb Saofia- ?Soejoa^ 'be' form & A
Sc-: ..."a) Ravana v
-
tp. English Orammar 91 aS|iic& s*oAs ir?>&6~*_^ .,_..,- _____ ^^ ....... |
__ ^ ______
'
***
_f*5^
'noun* oSSlfr* &*^A>
"Gerund" 3o*'
verbal noun
.v.;. l"i Reading, is a good habit (rf&s&b e,S sioa ^05?^! ^i
^ ^^ ..."is" w& (6ctt&. "reading" &?5a* 'subject'?? ^.
-v.-.. 2 1 I like reading novels
-"like" es& L d3b^- "reading" &S6 'object' rr
^ y^r? .... 'noun1
SSB^ s3^^cSxcSif^a. sjo^eT7-^ &5* L"!^,^::
....
ureading" ^^o ^^sSx>- tfc6& ^?S3 'object'rp Acdipg....
J^ "novels" ^& 'object1
s> roAcsSo^a.
:- 'present participle' si>5ctixj'Oerund'oa ^oifc* a," CcpsS
., ^s BodfcJO 'verb'Si- 'ing'^ e
Aotoofl. Ac?&tfE&& ^ ^ofi
1] Runningis an exercise (3&7^fc a-tf ^oO
-
j.k Knglish Grammar 2 aSftdfr
3*2^. co^lr*- a* it Sjtfwzor?5 &PO^ eS&soc^ safio.^o
cScw'^sSaeafiodfc-*
simple present tense7& &r
i/
fit.:-a) The sun r/jr^j in the east (&&& fia
b^l The Earth rotates round the Sun($j>3o
CO*....*:-
a) I take coffe
the morning (j3?& ^tfcCosSx) s$ 5ft vofij&X b) Shegymnasium in the early hours every day
'. i .. Ex.: a) The. b) The lion
4] ?Sfrfis oScis; rfoSS^?^ SOcifiMdBco ^o^&oo^8,...
Xdfc&). b)
u-J western music besides classical music
el^_
a) The muslims pray Allah
b) The Hindus burn the dead (frofibfteo A\&^& efsStfa
,..,v. s . a
1! The Christians r/j^r Church every Sunday fi
. b) We ge/ omonth
-
iSj J,P, English urammar
81 S$tf&dS> SOdtaadfo tfo&'&^ocr*....a) She /m* two*.]*&>
Usage of verb forms in various ienses(S)# c^^^12
. (verb form) 05 n
Ssi (number), ^&& (person) o?& ^^cSdoD siptf ^ 'verb
s^sSjea)ifcf3^ ox. ^s (SoCj SdbcSiT
1
,*.. "present tense1
, "past
tense', "Future Tense* o c&oe>- "go" s& verb (jadtsi)- person
{^SbSa,) f number
-
iSj J.P. Bnglish Urunimar 'yy
J"
q**" ' Urf '*" u
^^'^*+v**-*->
,*,aj &.ue /Zf/*i tWO1 0-;J1 ti; v.'*les to her right
b) The rainis heavy (sto't
9] tfacigfibtoc
,...^. s .
a) I so to Bangalore next month (3S^3e>#'3o^5orc
3ojdi)c6a). b) She comes here in a day or ;wo8^i>^erJJ
fi
JO]
s*fi
c;-,-."" '
&). Ex* m a) Krishnadevaraya .rum leads his army toreach the battk field (^Jiocfiw oi^& tf?S ^Soio^* yl a S)6'oK^ Se&iioSb
cpo^^tibf^fifo). b^ Kuchela now explain;,Krishna about his poverty(5o^^&
Usage of verb forms in various (ense9(a&^ c*oi-itio12
(verb form) e rv sireS,5i5jf5sio (number), s^cS^. (person) o& i>&?S6oO &P&' ^8 'verbforms'
sSj'eaaiib^oco. & (jtotf sSdbrSr?.,.. *present tense 1 , *pa&i'
tense1
,
A
Future Tense'e o&ob- "go" ^^a verb (|o^bV personI, number
-
fctt
S! '5
in1 J"
.jc;
S
-1
f
3 5.'S '5 .2 .5w
-I aa
s
a a -i:c a
oO5
^
HQC*^
-
!.? English Grammar
: : Pv'jak Verbs
t;;:^s-; 4SJA LSd, (verb)& .cjfcfg. 'd' rj-a, -'ed't"-..W :.-:.... sfrSsws-o (past tense) e*as &> |Sdfce&. "w,V-'.s" :-J:~
"Regular Verbs (^ptf LSc{fis)" JaST-t'stc:- fe's
1 ense Past Te s"_
(Suffix)
!+)( + ed)
(+0k' j Strong Verbs ($*& \g&w y. m ^^ ^^ (presj"'" : v ^ ^i U
-
I IP, English Grammar
-
j.t>. JSnglis'hCifammtir W afeftcAa go AS t rt>
-
it |4J J.P. -English Cxraratnar 10 1
-
J.f. Engligh Grammar \TK.
a " raitense's*
Resent tense'
.eg
teme 'pan 'tense past participle
fall
fell (ssrf/rlie (Jlay )felled
lay ,laid
.
foundfounded
fallen (sSa)felled
lain
laid
found.
founded
"Found" &&
1 1 She fell down from the tree
^'\ Son^e people fell the trees for tlie sake of fire wooi
("r-oci:oa Sod3oc?& a&tfsS 3da& sStf/ratf&\ '81 1 lay on th / -t " ?bed i'^^cas^^' sS&^od3o)). 4] I lay the pen on the tabl icc^^cb^ e&o&> Ao^aa). 5] Slie found herbook iiithtkitchen (^ tfS s&Stf&)& ^oi)^(S^ 8 tfSa/rasi))/ 6] I foundthis society (eS& '^s ?OO&&D& &^&oOM).
Degrees of Comparison
S8rrCc. ^S3.... "Degrees of Comparison" e^-:-
a) Java is tall (-acfio- SP^S^^); b) Vijaya is tallertlum Jaya
^acS- ttcaogTot) SToS^a), c) Srivijaya ig the
-
J.P. English Grammar.
10 *&n SDc&^cJLiD Adjec-tives
1
?^,"positive degree" oS eo^&. *:- 1] Nandini is
good (^oa &o^ "^^)-S] Calcutta is a great city (tfetf^-/^^^^).2
1 Comparative Degree (&tons|8):. ^ sSgja-sScS^jSy; a,^ SS&3&&- sSs^^"" SS&^S*^ a,^ K5o^^-
ftiiH* _a (|)
^sSxj^c&p1 f&coo$& ^raSS^&
.f5a&*fi^ ^Dc^^dii*
Adjectives'^."Comparative Degree" && wo&pifi. ^. ; .
-ijNandini is fee/^e''
than Padmini (riofia- sSa^asfo"6 &oCa). 5] My house is bigger .than my brother's house (io'ajc ^r ^dJdo^ Bigj'tfo'fr'o^a;. 8].Cecutta is greater than Chennai
3] Superlative
Adjectives
"Superlative Degree'* &3 ^ofi^db. Ex. : ~ ij Ramifii is the fees*
of all the girls- in the class (&&). 8] Cal-
cutta is the greatest of all the. cities in India
-
J.P. English Grammar 'JO* **&&? o^Jfcpositive degree a* *& 'Adjectives'^- 'Comparative
Degi
5c&> 'Superlative Degree1 5*a8 ^tft>rl&.... ^ (I
1] a,"3 Syllable & 'SAd&^ Adjectives
(a) .'positive degree'^-*$ 'single syllable adjective'
"er" e& itfsSe& 3dci3teS.... 'Comparative Degree*rtest" e& etf;&o. *:- (i) Long- Longer. Longest, (ii) Hard-
Hardc
Hardest. -
(b) 'Positive Degree1
StfJ6- *ef
A^$&....fiK)8- "r" ^*& e^i
3.'. s . 'Comparative Degree' si)6d&> "st" wrb t
6.... 'Superlative Degree' iitfjebdoofl. ^-r- Wis
Wiser- "Wisest, Late- Later- Latest
fc) ^Positive Degree* OiStftf- *y* AoA y eoA^
parative* &8da 'Superlative* Degrees Stf^tfcp'oaa. jEx.:- DrjDrier- Driest; Easy- Easier- Easiest
(a) 'positive degree's OSStf'-'y' &o'ft. S?!> 3?&^ Srexiexj ^Six *. co
sSrsSbj*ca5n^*er' si5cixo *est' o& ^5\c6^.... 'comparative'Superlative* degress Sitf^ef^e^j. -E
1
^-:- Gay- Gayer- Gayest,
^'positive degree* BStf- a.^1
3..... 3 aasa
*er* 5i5c^b *est* of& 35^-5*.... 'comparative9
&6d&>'Superla-
tive' degrees d^dfapa. ^-:- Thin- Thinner- Thinnest;Red. Redder- Reddest
(f) 'positive degree* fcsStf-'
-
J.P. English Grammar 105;
er' SD&>c
est'&ad& 3a^ .....'comparative1*
Superlative1
degrees^isrcxa. v. : - Thick- Thicker.
Thickest; weak- weaker- weakest,
2] 'Positive Degree1
s8 & c &, Bofifa 'Syllables' tfo ra^ 'adje-ctives' i$&- &Qc)&> sS^& 'syllables' Ko
wR)^ 'adjectives1
S5&-"'
'more1
sS?Odo*
most* e&- w'S3isSe3& &oo^ Sd^S ^fifo....*
comparative' &>5c^ 'supeilative1
degrees Sto'^tferooo.- x.
:-
(i)Harmful- More harmful-
^
Most harmful, (ii) Beau- mtiful- Mbre beautiful. Most beautiful.
,
-
8] Sf1
^1
Adjectives1
a.g" (tf&siofl^- 3&6is*.... 'irregular1
rv- compare
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Bad (%$} Worse ^o 3|) WorstGood (s?^) Better (C-OBB*^)' B;St
Much (wStfa>f6) More (ope ^fia- gp?6) Most
Old (aiJ)"
Older o-o &tf Oldest
Little ^gb-SS,^
Lesser
COMPARISON OF 'ADVERBS'; (^dfir-
gT8^):. 'Adjectives' cS3c siSi 3
-
J.P. English Grammar 106 . ea*5[Scsi soA
Soon(tfjtfrp) Sooner ^no tfjtfn*) Soonest (SbS
'
5tf). Earlier (EPS *aotfetf) Earliest (
Badly (S&v) . Worse (woBtfn-)'
Worst
Well (&oQrp) Better (co sSioOr?)"
.Best
Far (^p^r^r?) Farther (c-e&^cCsSan*) Farthest (JtoSj.0
Swiftly^r?*) More swiftly(!peSan) Mo'^t swiftly
Skilfully More skilfully*
Most skilfully
marks"
Punctuation Markstffio3&&$i
eSj^ "punctuatic
'punctuation marks' S^cSfiStf/fo^. 30
'punctuation marks'
1J
The Full Stop raark--^^ scr-sSj osS^Sb (.)r?! The Question mark=S^tfi
P
r^Sa (?)"- ! The Exclamation
I . '*"' &sy""
;sL
I|The Comma ?^^
c-j The Colonsr^t*-'i? The Se
-
}J>. flatfish (Grammar < jp?'
^&&'
7]The Brackelsrs&otffctftfw as^&oeo ([],())
8] The Dashsi'^pSg asS^Saj' ( ).
.9]Inverted Commas marks r=
10] Double Quotation marks=t9&p^ OS^sSe(" ")-ll] Hyphen-12
JApostrophe^
ia];Three
14] CapitalLetter&:=">>
15] The Colon and Dashrr^;.)USAGE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS
1] Fllll Stop :-(a).CiSS^- ^s o-^c&aeo ^5^j^(Joo
-
J.& English Grammar''
iQB . &ijbd& $oAi
3] Exclamation marie :-
"Exclamation mark (!)'& sSp
sse :f s 'Interjection' ficr.v. : . ij How beautiful she is! '(w^cpgtfs'
"
s^kgab)* 2] Getout! or Sit down! (^ ). 3j Hurrah! (Interjection).4] C0IHIBa :- ^ *^o>Comma (,)' 4?^^d
%
a 3.3 ^ireT-^^SSb fSoaodoa^.S^a^' ^es-^caex, 'and'
t&- fcr^tf^ a^&o ^Ci)^^ 'Comma (,)'
-
-Grammar;
.
:. 169-
(d) v*i&>*G*b' LCP 6*&^& ..&*&* .'rSb Comma's,Lsrctfpa.
*,:-1] To err is human, to forgive, devine
SaflV forgive' ^^ "is" & L6c6 'e^asa.Comma/ L PcfcaaSa)'. 2] Reading maketh a full man; confe.rence, a ready man; and writing, an ..exact, manConference' 'writing* o tf&sptf ^maketh'" ^
>... 'Comma 1
(e)
comma'&.
Lp-cS^D.-JEic.:. I1-The
Sun rising, 'the wofkers ''commenced their work. 21 The Suni having set, they all went home. .
|(f) ''Direct Speech's4.^ s^^g^SoeSei. .Quotations &>^ &&,
i>doo& sSofiS)v''c6n3ina'cSai(jcr=cd;p).
*' :-!] She said,"! will go**2] He said, ".Ramya is clever". .
"
(g) -^Compound, sentence' SofiS- OS^O^-' Co-ordinate* clauseo?5o ai&dSo6& 'Comma' .e?&
^pd^D. ^-:- I] Men may come,men may go, but 1 go on for ever, 2] He called at my office,but I 'Was absent,
'
,
'
,"
.
5] Colon ;.--ja .'semi-colon' p?i..a&^s$- cjCP^Sb'^ ^^^oa.-apa^eo-, .Sp&tfio, cfe*^o& s5oDo5)b ^s ''colon f;)
J
^> f53d&D. .Ex. i . .. 1
JThe , important tenses of a verb are : the present
tense, the past . tensey the future tense, -il .The proverb says:
Honesty is the- best '-policy'.. J Dickens said : "It is 'better to
be ihree hours earl> than one minute late,"
:^ acr
-
(jramniar - . * 110 es^caa qoS, \\
'clause* o&. &>Sd&> a. "3
a
*
Semicolon(; )'&> (jpc&?>. ,#:-
came; she saw; she conquered* 2J
The coconut trees
i'owS; it gives us oil; it gives us milk; it gives us ro{
supplies ub, indeed, with all the. necessaries of life, 3
heart was pure; his life was peaceful and happy.
7j Brackets :. (a) *** *?>g$&z.6'* ^A),^i 'clause' o^ c^g. cr-
fc
;ji.oi'^ 5, clause [Parenthetical)^. 'Brackets ()'jr-L. -tx. : . Abou Ben Adhem (may 3ais tribe iucrcAwoke one night from a deep dream of peace.
;
r
^/ '^ &3&&s3i Abbreviations ^C'
^
'Brackets( j
1
"^ rpcj-. ^|>., -4 ^^ ^gSSo OSitf &wg 0:jr^SoR CPS^&; s^^sSoa sySft &^^ ! Brackets 1 , e*^
^dab-r-.
:.
i_ Rajakumari studied B.Sc. (Home Science). 2] Ha B.Sc. (Agriculture) graduate. 8] Ranjitha bought a laciikulator(15 digits). 4] My father got an. award* from Raspaihi The president of
India). 5] Indian population touc&e ;,: million "mark (10 millionssl crore). 6j Writees*ay about The Simla Agreenient? (U P.-S-C/,' Mar: 79.) .
'' '
'Brackets1
*^
S! Dash:, i y^sia ^-3^ ^ t SfiC
;^ v:l- 'Dash (-.)& ..p^. *... ij Gayathri is aare friends.
-
NOTE -..
-
English Grammar m-
"Fill up the blanks:,"
j^ 3d&&"9] Single Quotation marks.-
s,g S5tfae& Sin-gle Quotation marks (
4 J
) Sex Inverted comnTassSatfgg ic-ctSpO.
.v.s.
1] Mahatma_ Gandhi was also called as-Bapuji
1
. 2]Kon-dapalli Seetharamaiah is the 'founder of 'Naxalite movement'in Andhra- pradesh. 3] M.G'.R. was awarded
*
Bharatha Ratna*
posthumously, 4] 'Aamuktha Maalyada' was written fay SriKrishna Devaraya. 5] Indira Gandhi was popular with 'BankNationalisation
7
and '20 point programmeV(bj Quotations &tfg &S^ &*gx ff6^- Quotations IjfioSeaS&6c3^. s$pk 3cs- op^"g^3 sSo^s^efc.... 5*50 'Quotations'^-'Single Quotation Marks' JT |5Fc&*6. ^v-:- Mr. Robert replied,11 Was it not Shakespeare who observed ; 'Give every man earbut few thy voice*?"
"
.
.
(c) Sr3yo> fe'SbocSa- 'Single Quotation marks'^ i3ad&*D."*
.
.
-" ',"*-Ex.--
1] 'Tit for tat (^^ wto& S^S^V -2] *Truth isGod
(rStfg'S} SsSsSxi)1
.
101 boubie Quotation marks:- Direct Speech tfo ^^>J ',
' O
sptfgsSao&-Double
.Quotation marks Sc* Double Inverted
commas (" ") &tfjS |spd6*>.-^.:- 1] Lalitha Said,- "Lamgoing to market." 2] Afuna said, "I got U,P S.C. selection",
3] "Never mind" 5 she replied, "it made known to me who
were wellwishers". & s&y&sSs^^gsSD^oei-' Reporting Verb
niintntinn rnnrtfi r^
-
J.P. English Grammar 112
11] Hyphen :- wortiFSWo& vfagg* &^ Compound worddJSe& e*>&doSb Hyphen(-)&[j3d&*0. $ Dash(_Wd&oix>o3. X:- 1] To-morrow, 2] Short- sight, 3] Lamj
stand4] Father-in-law, 5] Daughter-in-law, 6] Sister- in-tas
7] Commander- in- chief, etc.,
12] Apostrophe :- (a) 'Possessive- case' &> &r-a &^ 7
'noun' &8&> 4 s' ^b &$*$ Apostrophe (*) al&r.-.l] Rekha's bag, 2] Deepika's purse, 8] Leela's ring etc
(V) aitf cSeS&o^ofijD- a,S w^^sS^ a*&ou)i!oOT S^OoeS aaotf^> /,
C*J tvA
^9 e*8>oO?6 ^do Apostrophes [p*dfr. Ex. : . 1] It's' (It is]
2] Don't (Do not) etc.. s Apostrophe ^s$ob*rfsSEc&
13] Three dots' :. 9
-
J.P. Engll&h Grammar 118
b) one transistor, c) one gold ringj d) 1200 rupees in cash,
e) tw.o' pairs of clothes etc. 2} Tie assets of Sudhakarare
given below :- a) one < tea estate, b) three big houses, c) one
imported car, d) two petrol bunks, e) due cashewgrove etc,
Same Words in Different Parts ofSpeech
spfi
ssotf sScJsSuoa- S c^5 fSoStf^sSab cCoodi
1] A :-*
Article* r?/.. He bought a two-wheeler(wtf& a,tf flj5pSjf6^& f*3&). 'Preppsition'n8 .... She takes meal twice aday (49^ 3*3= ^O^O^P& E^es^^p S^ofi)-2] About :- 'preposition' n-.... They are discussing aboutthe elections (&& &&&& rtbeSoO rf^^&). *Adverb' n-....She is about twenty years old (a>\
3} above :- 'Adjective'^.... Explain the above lines (lj sSo&o& as$aobsS). 'Noun'r?.;.. The ^frove is an accurate colour
(^ ft ?o2^ ^OiSb). 'AdverbW:... Look r/&ov^ (l>'preposition
1
^.... They are placed .above *$ T&& &
4] After :-c
Adverb* rv-... She came here at 8 PM and herhusband toon.
after. (^^D SPJ^OL^^O 6 Koioo^ gtfvtf& DTP....ea
1
^ ftf' s Sofio^ S3^&).4
Adjective' n ... She was more
peaceful in /^/- life
-
J.P. English Grammar . 114 r &&fid& eoA5
). 'Conjunction1
n .... She arrived.after the plane left
'
38^&*ooDc6 ^SbSF9^ esSo
sSei^&j. 'prepositionYP....- She
visited me #//?/ mid-night (tfc
5] As :- /Pronoun* r?.... This is the same book as I read ye-sterday (3& S?$^ rffiSi^a ^S Ltfo)! ^Adverb'rv.,.. She hasbeautiful as you (&$ ^)o^ 65o^^S c^^^.,..' ^s'Si ^r^ wo^
. 'conjunction'??1 . ... They did as they were told
6] Both :- 'Adjective*^.... -'-Both girls went there
lfe^^^^^ 38jQ). 'conjunotion'r?.... She is both an educa-
ted and, intelligent (e$3o&- rfd&sjp sfcadtfr ^^
'preposition'n*.... fior/; of them are married
7] Down :- 'Noun'n-.... His life contains many upsand
downs (&& &&$x o"e E'cS^djSSao) feScJio sS^^sSxo^A^a); 'Adjective'?^.... She has taken thedowH portioni8o&' 5s-^a& S^^a). 'Adverb*^.... .She .sat rfoirw
). 'preposition^....He sailed ....
Sh^'is not clever enough
-
>LV, English Grammar 115 &$), 'Adverb'rv.... She is less known than her sister
^53^ S^s-wS'oc efl'^o ci^b^S.T8
oO^^v^.). 'preposition1
n8 .... She
paid the wages less the expenses f ^VJo ^cfi-\o\
'
-
- w.
12] Like':-'
Adjective 1 jv.... The earth is round //A-e a ball
^ir*^ ao&sSS i^oo^^on* &^&). 'Adverb' r?.... She behaves like-d lunatic
(csj^o 3,2' isy^fl ^S ^O 1^^)- 'p^position'rp....She cannot do it ///ve- you
-
(Lcrv> ^Z, u-^ro 3dS>3fi&).'rr.,.. 1 like N.T.R. Films
^N.T.R. ojis^o& &xi> e,;,i -( &c&^s6a S^ iis-SSffib). 'Conjunction'^.. Since you are my well
wisher, I will surely help you ^l^> & jJf^&^^S) ssSt)o'S5s;S&&
^sS^ ^JSiiiSdScSa). 'Proposition'?^.... I did not see her
since last 'Friday (rftf ab^sp^sSa j5ooS %3"a,& S
23] Some :- 'Adjective1
r?.... Bring some milfc
^o'!).'
Adverb' rt6 .... I saw her jojMg six months ago!& w&3ooSa sSr'^&o 55^^ ^^,fr^^). 'PronounW...;passed in first class remaining in second class
24] Still :- 'VcsrbW.... When the tempest stf/fr, the fisher-men will resume their catching (&S^^ S^csSw STT'S s^od& (^sSco) sSdudd jj^tfoao&&). ^djective'n .*.. This is a still
lake (aS. a,tf- S^o^S c5ds5>j).'
Adverb* nv... She is still
writing 'the examination (wSa-qotfcSa 3SS< ^pcabduS dSs^s).'Conjunction
1
^... She had fever, 'still she attended the func-
tion (^> e^efssasa SSO^?P 53^0 3
-
J,,F; tlngligh Otaiuihat
(fctfax& S^ST* SctosSgb). 'Conjunction' r?,... Make hay
the Sun shines &*
Forntation of Words
), wog
Verbs Md3bt , Nouns
'
! .
I] Fonuatiou of Nounsa Formation of Nouns from Verbs Sc&o "&oa
Admit (|j$^&oa&^)'
Admission
'Agree (woAdoi&) AgreementAnnounce ([StfaoeS))
'
Announcement
Apply (fil;*ip& SdSco) . Application
Approve (
-
J.P. English Grammar
.Deliver-(lF?fs*ud&a,
i
Deny (Dismiss
Exceed
Expect
Expel'
Grow
Bate
Heal (rf
Judge
Know
Laugh (Manage
Marry '
Move
Obey
Object (Oppose
Perform
Please^?
Protect-(
Provide
.Reduce
Reveal /\
Revolve
Secure(
Serve (tSeparale
US ejoAB
Delivery^i-
Denial (tfrTv
Dismissal h
Excess(.wrfrfl
Expectation
Expulsion (Growth
Hatred
Health
Judgement
Knowleiolge
Laughter
Management
Marriage
Motion
Obedience
ObjectionOpposition
Performance
Pleasure(ST
Protection
Provision
Reduction
Revelation
Revolution
Security
Service.("S
Separation
-
Vacate s
Vary (Wed
(
WeighWrite
Success
Trail
Urgency
Vacancy
Variety
WeddingWeight (Writing
(b) Formation of Nouns from Adjectives
Adjectives
Able
Brave
Brief(s$ |rffra)
Broad (SSS^S)Certain
Curious
Deaf
Deep (flf*3 S)Dense
, Equal
False
Fertile
Free
.Gay
Generous
Grand
Nouns
Ability
Bravery
Brevity
Breadth
Certainity
Curiosity
Deafness
Depth
.Density (
Equality (Falsehood
Fertility
Freedom
Gaiety
Generosity
-
J.P t English Grammar 181 sjoAS"
Happy
Hard(
High (Holy (sHonest
Inferior.(
Intelligent
Just(
Local
Long
'Mean
Merry
Moist
Necessary
Noble !/X.
Obedient
One
Possible
Relative
Shy
Silly
Tumid
Happiness
Hardness
Height (ojHoliness
(
Honesty
Inferiority
Intelligence
Justice
Locality
Length
Meanness
, Merriment
Moisture
Necessity
Newness(
Nobility (Obedience
Oneness
Possibility
Relation
ShynessSilliness
Tumidity
(c) Formation of Nouns from Nouns
Nouns
Act Action
-
J.P. English Grammar
Bond
Child (Brf\ QCreature
Friend
Hero
Infant
Man
Mother
Owner
Patriot
Priest
Servant
Slave
WidowWomian
122
Bondage (Childhood
Creation
Friendship
Heroism
Infaricy (iManhood
Motherhood
Ownership^
Patriotism
Priesthood
Service
Slavery
Widowhood (3\ 0-*.Womanhpod
2] Formation of Verbs
(a) Formation of Verbs from Nouns
Nouns
Apology
Authority
Beauty
Black
CampCentre
Circle
Class
Verbs
ApologiseAuthorise
Beautify
filacken
EncampConcentrate
Encircle
Classify (dtfrfO
-
l.P, English Grammar
Company
Courage (3tfgsS)Critic
Danger
Economy
Electricity
Famine
Force(
Fraud ("jGlory (l_d)Habit
Hand (3ox
Head'(tfe)
idol
Joy
Justice
Knee (ZLength
MemoryNation
Neuter'
Peace (Port
Prjson Sfib
accompany
Encourage
Criticise(
Endanger (-Economise
Electrify
Famish
Enforce
Defraud
Glorify (Habituate
Handle(
Behead
Inherit
Idolise
Enjoy (Justify (Kneel (vLengthen
Memorise
Nationalise
Neutralise
Pacify
Deport
Export
Import
Transport
Imprison
-
Grammar
Slave (
Society
Sympathy
Table
Throne
Title
Utility
Vapour
Enslave
Associate
Sympathise
Tabulate
Enthrone (a sS*;3SEntitle
Utilise
Evaporate (eas
(b) Formation of Verbs from Adjectives
Adjectives
Able
Brief
Broad
Certain -
Cheap (Clean
Clear
Dark
Deep
Dense
Equal
Faimiliar
Flat
Fertile
Enable
Abbreviate
. Broaden
CheapenCleanse"
Clarify
Darken
DeepenCondense
Equalise (cFanialiarise
Flatten
Fertilise
-
i'f j J,K BnghshOraffiiiiar 126 &;
Fine
Glad
Large
Little
MadNew (ifj@Popular
Proper
Pure
Real
Rich
Right
Solid
Special
Specific*
Stable
Timid
White
Wide
Refine
Gladden
Enlarge
Belittle
MaddenRenew
Popularise (
Appropriate
Purify
Realise
Enrich
Ratify
Consolidate
Specialise ([
Specify (^Stabilise
(
Intimidate
Whiten
Widen
3] Formation of Adjectives
(a) Formation of Adjectives from Nouns
Nouns Adjectives
Accident (wAdvantage
Adventure
Accidental
Advantageous
Adventurous
-
English Gratnmat
Affection
Aiigel (3sAnger (
Beauty
Black
Bride (
Brother
Burden (5tfLBush (\'i)Capacity (^^Centre
^Go^Ceremony ^Cheer (^e^sCircle (^J^Classic
^
Comfort
Coward
Crime(
Danger
Earth (aJEase
East
Empire
Expense
Fable
Faith
Fnnl
Affectionate
Angelic^
Angry (i^Beautiful
Blackish
Bridal (
Brotherljr (Burdensome
Bushy
Capable^&
Central^"l
Ceremonial
Cheerful
Circular
Classical (^\ feComfortable
Cowardy (Criminal (
Dangerous
Earthly (
Easy^&
Eastern
Imperial
Expensive
Fabulous
Faithful f
-
J.P. English Grammar 127
Four
Fury
Gas
Gloom(
Heart(s
Heir (sp
Honour
Law u
Limit (
Meaning
Mercy (gMiracle
(
Money
Mystery
Nature
Number
Origin (Peace (
Question
Science
Sense
Silk(aito)Society
System
Thirst (Trouble
Type
Value
Fourth
Furious
Gaseous
GloomyHearty (
.
Heriditary fN,
Honourable fLawful (^go^Limited ('&\Meaningful
Merciful^
Miraculous\
Monetary (tf
Mysterious (\Natural
Numeral
.Original
Peaceful
QuestionableScientific fV.
Sensible
Silken (Social (SpoiivSystainatic (j
Thirsty (^sSTroublesome
Typical
Valublc
-
I.P. English Grammar 12ft
Vigour (Vs) VigorousWood (r*c&) Wooden (rafcjflf*Youth (ciT^ftn) YouthfulZeal dostafco Zealous
(b) Formation of Adjectives from Verbs
Adjectives (D
Cease (aes3>3dfo) - Ceaseless
Envy (Ltf^Sboi) Envious
Govern (&*0o&) Governable
Hesitate (Kioa8ro&) Hesitative
Move (s'^oDib) Movable (tfrfoTalk (Srfij&) TalkativeTire wo&S*^ Tiresome
(c) Formation of Adjectives from Adjectives
Adjectives
Black (?Se3 *) Blackish
Comic (sS*sSgsSrQfifa>?s)Comical
Eight (.^a&a) EightfoldRed (ij^a) Reddish
Tragic (& 8ap^tf^?6) Tragical
White (3o) Whitish (3ce*
ijverbs, Adjectives, Adverbsfrom Nouns (^sfca-tftf&a
-
J,P. English Grammar 129
Diminutives
"Diminutives"
o-^o-
'le' '' ''
rwnrre
'let', 'et', 'ing' ^i:ia fsuf.x
-
J.P, English Grammar 130
Qrginal Word
Ankle [3*6Arm
(
Babe
Book
Brook
'Bull
Cabin
Car
Cat (fc>V coChange
Circle
Cock
CrownDame
Dear(
Duck
Eagle
Eye (Flower
Globe
Hill (Home
Isle ^&
Diminutive \ rSr^
Anklet (o3,Armlet
Baby jBooklet (as
Brooklet
Bullock
Cabinet-
Chariot
Kitten
Changeling
Circlet
Chicken
Coronet
Dasmel
Darling (rt) C20*0,
!^c
Duckling
Eaglet
Eyelet
Floweret
Globule
Hillock(
Hamlet
Tslet ^*-i
-
i.K English Gramma!
Lamb (rrg^e)Lance f^,?o, =oSc^"j
Leaf
Lock
Maid
ManMole
Nose
Nurse (Pack VPart
Pile
PipePuss
RingRiver (^.)Root (36)Seed (^c5xShade (VcCb)Sign
S