english grammar omtex classes
TRANSCRIPT
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OMTEX CLASSES
y Present Tense Sentencesy Simpley Continuousy Perfecty PerfectContinuous
1. SimplePresent TenseSentences
[3rdPerson + Presenttense + Singular Verb + s]
1. I gotocollege.2. I readalesson.3. I eatanapple.4. Rajasingsasong.5. Sunrisesintheeast.6. Sunsetsinthe west.7. Theyjump.8. Heopensthedoor.9. Yourunaway.10. Herunsaway.11. He walkstothegarden.
2. PresentContinuous TenseSentences
is singular
am I
are plural
1. I amspeaking.2. Rajuiseating.3. Youaresleeping.4. Theyare watching T.V.5. Weareplayingfoodball.
3. PresentPerfect TenseSentences.
1. I havecutmynose.2. I havegivenmoney.3. I haveahouse4. Wehavebrought.5. Hehassentit.6. Shehassunk.7. Ithasbroken.8. Theyhavetaken.
4. PresentPerfectcontinuous TenseSentences.
1. I havebeengivingmoney.2. I havebeenlisteningmusic.3. Shehasbeenreading.4. Hehasbeenrunning.5. Theyhavebeen watchingmovie.y Past TenseSentences
y Simpley Continuous
y Perfecty PerfectContinuous
1. SimplePast TenseSentences
1. I wenttocollege.2. I readalesson.3. I ateanapple.4. Rajasangasong.5. I studiedthelesson.6. Heopenedthedoor.7. Yourunaway.8. Dogbarked.9. I saw abook.10. Hecamefromschool.11. Hesaidto Raja.12. I receivedamessage.13.
Rajadancedbeautifully.14. They workedhard.
15. Youcaught.2. PastContinuous TenseSentences.
1. I wasspeaking2. Raju wassending.3. You wereteaching.4. They werecoming.5. We weredancing.6. He wasthinking.
3. PastPerfect TenseSentences.
1. Thesunhadset.2. Theshow hadbegun.3. I hadcutmyhair.4. PastPerfectContinuous Tensesentences.
1. I hadbeeneating.2. I hadbeenlistening.3. Shehadbeenrunning.4. Theyhadbeenreading.5. Youhadbeenjumping.y Future TenseSentences
y Simpley Continuousy Perfecty PerfectContinuous
1. SimpleFuture TenseSentences.
1. I shallgotocollege.2. I shallstudytomorrow.
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3. Weshallcome.4. You willrun.5. He willopen.6. She willsing.7. Weshalleat.8. It willcome.9. Raju willsing.10. Rajasillcome.
2. FutureContinuous TenseSentences.
1. He willbeeating.2. I shallbegoing.3. They willbedancing.4. They willbegoing.5. Raja willbeacting.6. Weshallbesinging.
7. Rose willbe winningtherace.3. FuturePerfect TenseSentences.
1. I shallhaveeatentomorrow.2. I shallhave writtenmyexercise.3. They willhavebrokenthecar.4. We willhaveknown.5. Weshallhavegonetomorrow.
4. FuturePerfectContinuous TenseSentences.
1. I shallhavebeeneating.2. Raju willhavebeenreading.3. Raja willhavebeenstudying.4. They willhavebeen writing.5. Raja willhavebeendoing.
I. Use ableto / unableto
Can = Present Tense
Could = Past Tense
1. I canplay. (Useableto)Ans. I amabletoplay.
2. I couldplay (Useableto)
Ans. I wasabletoplay.
3. Hecouldtellme. (Useableto)
Ans. He wasabletotellme.
4. Theycouldtellme. (Useableto)
Ans. They wereabletotellme.
5. Shecan work. (Useableto)Ans. Sheisableto work.
6. I can writealetter.
Ans. I amableto writealetter.
7. Shecouldeatamango.
Ans. She wasabletoeatamango.
8. Shecouldnoteatsandwich.
Ans. She wasunabletoeatsandwich.
9. I cannotdance.
Ans. I amunabletodance.
10. I cannot writeanessay.
Ans. I amunableto writeanessay.
II. Removetoo
too very,excessively,extremelytoo to so that cannot/couldnot
Presenttense,is,am,are cannot.
Pasttense, was, were couldnot.
1. Itistoohotoutside.
Ans. Itisveryhotoutside.
2. Thesebooksaretooexpensive.
Ans. Thesebooksareveryexpensive.
3. Rajaistoofondofsweets.Ans. Rajaisextremelyfondofsweets.
4. Itistoosour.Ans. IT isverysour.
5. Theking wastooinfallible (perfect)tomakeamistake.
Ans. Theking wassoinfalliblethathecouldnotmakea
mistake.
6. I amtootiredtothinkofanything.
Ans. I amsotiredthat I cannotthinkofanything.
7. Hespoketoofasttobeunderstood.
Ans. Hespokesofastthatonecouldnotunderstand.
8. Heistooproudtobeg.
Ans. Heissoproudthathecannotbeg.
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9. Hitlerwastoocrueltosparethe Jews.
Ans. Hitlerwassocruelthathecouldnotsparethe Jews.
10. TheChiefMinisterMr. Raja wastoobusytogiveusanappointment.
Ans. TheChiefMinisterMr. Raja wassobusythathecould
notgiveusanappointment.
11. Parentsnow daysaretoobusytopayattentiontotheir
childreneducation.
Ans. Parentsnow daysaresobusythattheycannotpay
attentiontotheirchildreneducation.
12. Itbecametoodarktoreadeasily.Ans. Itbecamesodarkthatonecouldnotreadeasily.
13. I too wonatickettogotocinema.
Ans. I also wonatickettogotocinema.
14. Hetoogotitright.
Ans. Healsogotitright.
III. Makesentences usingthegiven words as
noun as well asverbs.
Noun = Nameofplace,animal,things.
Verbs = Action.
1. Hand2.
Can3. Lock
4. Cook5. Work6. Visit7. Name8. Right9. Hold10. Return11. Offer12. Look13. Shop14. Produce15. Form16. Try17. leady Handmethetowel. (verb)y Aishwaryashandisbeautiful. (noun)y Youcandothis. (verb)y Thecanisfullofwater. (Noun)y Lockthedoor,beforeyouleave. (verb)y Keyis withthelock. (noun)
y Mymothercooksfood. (verb)y Heisapopularcook. (noun)y He worksincallcentre. (verb)y I havelotofworktodo. (noun)y Hevisitstothe zoo. (verb)y Heearnedgoodname. (Noun)y I namethiscat. (verb)y Rightthecorrectone. (verb)y Takeright. (noun)y Holdthepen. (verb)y I didnthaveanyhold. (noun)y I returnthebook. (verb)y I havenoreturn. (noun)y Thecompaniesofferdiscount. (verb)y Itisagoodoffer. (noun)y I amlookingyou. (verb)y Yourlookisbeautiful. (noun)y Rajashopsvegetables. (verb)y Heopenedtheshop. (noun)y Ragavanproducedafilm. (verb)y Thefarmersstoretheirproduce. (noun)y Ambaniformedacompany. (verb)y I amunabletofilltheform. (noun)y I triedalot. (verb)y Hegaveitalasttry. (noun)y Heleadsmeintherace. (verb)y Leadisametal. (noun)
IV. Opposites withPrefixed andsuffixes.
1. ablexunable (prefix)2. completexincomplete3. properximproper4. guidexmisguide5. regularxirregular6. ordinaryxextraordinary7. socialxanti social8. legalxillegal9. encouragexdiscourage10. interiorxexterior11. agreexdisagree12. carefulxcareless (suffix)13. fearfulxfearless14. appearxdisappear15. directxindirect16. perfectximperfect17. septicxantiseptic18. abilityxinability19. usefulxuseless20. importantxunimportant21. callxmiscall22. nationalxinternational
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23. correctxincorrect24. pureximpure25. obeyxdisobey26. understandxmisunderstand27. literatexilliterate28. warxantiwar29. clearxunclear30. willing xunwilling31. pleasantxunpleasant32. romanticxunromantic33. developedxundeveloped34. equalxunequal35. definitexindefinite36. awarexunaware37. respectxdisrespect38. patient ximpatient39. responsiblexirresponsible40. lockxunlock41. cyclonexanti cyclone42. likexdislike
43. continuexdiscontinue44. restlessxrestful45. justicexinjustice46. experiencedxinexperienced47. valuablexvalueless48. successfulxunsuccessful49. necessaryxunnecessary50. maximumxminimum51. powerfulxpowerless52. sensitivexinsensitive53. vegetarianxnonvegetarian54. reservedxunreserved55. kindxunkind56. friendlyxunfriendly57. advantagexdisadvantage58. connectxdisconnect59. givexreceive60. normalxabnormal
V. Affirmative andnegativesentences
1. I liketogototheseashore. (Makeitnegative.)Ans. I dontdislikegoingtotheseashore.
2. Helikestogototheseashore.
Ans. Hedontdislikegoingtotheseashore.
3. Theyliketogototheseashore.
Ans. Theydontdislikegoingtotheseashore.
4. Itisuseless.
Ans. Itisnotuseful.
5. Thereislittlehurry.
Ans. Thereisnohurry.
6. Hehadonlyhisdaughterwithhim.
Ans. Hehadnooneexcepthisdaughterwithhim.
7. I donotremember. (Makeitaffirmative)
Ans. I failtoremember.
8. I didnotremember.
Ans. I failedtoremember.
9. Shedoesnotremember.Ans. Shefailstoremember.
VI. Question Tag.
1. I aminmood.
Ans. I aminmood,arent I?
2. Letsgoforpicnic.
Ans. Letsgoforpicnic,shall we?
3. Letusgoforcinema.
Ans. Letusgoforcinema,shall we?
4. Theyalwayscomeintime.
Ans. Theyalwayscomeintime,dontthey?
5. Wesithereeveryday.
Ans. Wesithereeveryday,dont we?
6. Vijaycomeshererightat 5.
Ans. Vijaycomeshererightat 5,doesnthe?
7. Theyreachedhereyesterday.
Ans. Theyreachedhereyesterday,didntthey?
8. Thatgirlgottheprize.
Ans. Thatgirlgottheprize,didntshe?
ASSERTIVE
AFFIRMATIVE/
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
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9. I amnottired.
Ans. I amnottired,am I?
10. Hedoesnotattendtheschool.Ans. Hedoesnotattendtheschool,doeshe?
11. Ranjinevermixes withherclassmates.
Ans. Ranjinevermixes withherclassmates,doesshe?
12. Youshouldnotblamehim.
Ans. Youshouldnotblamehim,shouldyou?
13. I shallgotoschool.Ans. I shallgotoschool,shant I?
14. Wearenottellingthetruth.
Ans. Wearenottellingthetruth,are we?
15. He willgotoschool.
Ans. He willgotoschool, wonthe?
16. Bringmefood.
Ans. Bringmefood, willyou?
17. Show meyourpen.Ans. Show meyourpen, willyou?
18. Staythere.
Ans. Staythere, willyou?
19. Openthedoor.Ans. Openthedoor, willyou?
VII. Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences.1. Whata wonderfulstoryit was! (makeitassertive)
Ans. It wasa wonderfulstory.
2. How naughtyyouare!
Ans. Youareverynaughty.
3. How sweet!
Ans. Itisreallyverysweet.
4. He wasveryslow. (Makeitexclamatory)
Ans. How slow he was!
5. It wasaverylovelypainting.
Ans. Whatalovelypaintingit was!
6. How lucky I was!
Ans. I wasverylucky.
7. Whatalessontobelearnedfrom Wilma!
Ans. It wasindeedagreatlessontobelearnedfrom Wilma.
8. He wasanextraordinaryhumanbeing.
Ans. Whatanextraordinaryhumanbeinghe was!
9. I amquitetired.Ans. How tired I am!
10. I amveryproudofmynicemother.
Ans. Howproud I amofmynicemother!
11. Youareabsolutelyright.
Ans. How rightyouare!
VII. HOMOPHONESHomophonesarethose words whichsoundssimilarbuyhave
meaningandspellingdifferent.1. There,their2. Fair,fare3. Knew,new4. Wright,right5. Sum,some6. Whether, weather7. Principle,principal8. Piece,peace9. Birth,berth10. Hole, whole11. Pray,prey12. Sea,see13. Be,bee14. Where, were15.
Hear,ear16. Our,hour
17. Are,orVIII. Degreeofcomparison.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Sweet
SmallTallBold
CleverKind
Young
BraveFine
HappyGreatEasyWealthy
Hot
ThinSad
FatBeautifulEminent
IndustriousFerocious
Difficult
Sweeter
SmallerTallerBolder
ClevererKinder
Younger
BraverFiner
HappierGreaterEasierWealthier
Hotter
ThinnerSadder
FatterMorebeautifulMoreeminent
MoreindustriousMoreferocious
Moredifficult
Sweetest
SmallestTallestBoldest
CleverestKindest
Youngest
BravestFinest
HappiestGreatestEasiestWealthiest
Hottest
ThinnestSaddest
FattestMostbeautifulMosteminent
MostindustriousMostferocious
Mostdifficult
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GoodWellBad
Little
Much
ManyInUpOld
Old
BetterBetterWorse
Lesser
More
MoreInnerUpperElder
Older
BestBestWorst
Least
Most
MostInnermostUppermostEldest
oldest
Positive Comparative Superlative
Noother thananyother thehappiest
Few other/very
few
thanmany/most
other
oneofthetallest
1. Rajiistherichest womanin Mumbai.
Ans. Rajiisricherthananyotherwomanin Mumbai.Nootherwomanin Mumbaiisasrichas Raji.
2. Swami Raja wasoneofthemosteminentdiscipleofustad
Amjat AliKhan.Ans. Veryfew disciplesofustad Amjat AliKhan wereas
eminentasswami Raja.
Swami Raja wasmoreeminentthanmanyotherdisciplesof
ustad Amjat AliKhan.
3. Readingisthebestformofrecreation.
Ans. Readingisbetterthananyotherformofrecreation.
Nootherformofrecreationisasgoodasreading.
4. Australiaisthelargest Island.
Ans. AustraliaislargerthanmanyotherIslands.
NootherIslandisaslargeas Australia.
5. Australiaisoneofthelargest Islands.
Ans. AustraliaislargerthanmanyotherIslands.
Veryfew Islandsareaslargeas Australia.
6. Booksarethebestsourceofknowledge.
Ans. Booksarebetterthananyothersourceofknowledge.
Noothersourceofknowledgeisasgoodasbooks.
7. Ironisstrongerthanmanyothermetals.
Ans. Ironisoneofthestrongestmetals.Veryfew metalsareasstrongas Iron.
8. Nooneisaslazyas Raja.
Ans. Rajaislazierthananyother.
Rajaisthelaziestofall.
Note: - Wheneverthecomparisonismadebetweentwo
personsorthingstheredoesnotexist withsuperlativedegree.
1. Rajaissweeterthan Raji.
Ans. Rajiisnotassweetas Raja.
2. MumbaiisnotleanerthanChennai.
Ans. Chennaiisascleanas Mumbai.
3. Marchisnotashotas June.Ans. Juneishotterthan March.
4. Therosesmellsassweetasthelily.
Ans. Thelilydoesnotsmellsweeterthantherose.
5. Therosesmelledassweetasthelily.
Ans. Thelilydidnotsmellsweeterthantherose.
6. Therosessmellassweetasthelilies.
Theliliesdonotsmellsweeterthantherose.
IX. Changethevoice.
1. I loveAns. I amloved.
2. I warn.Ans. I am warned.
3. Hecalls.
Ans. Heiscalled.
4. Shepermits.
Ans. Sheispermitted.
5. Theycall.
Ans. Theyarecalled.
6. I write.Ans. I am written.
7. Wehelp.
Ans. Wearehelped.
8. Theyask.
Ans. Theyareasked.
9. Rajaloves Raji.
Ans. Rajiislovedby Raja.
10. Vijaylovesus.Ans. Wearelovedby Vijay.
11. Suryalovesme.
Ans. I amlovedbySurya.
12. Thecatkillstherat.
Ans. Theratiskilledbythecat.
13. Thecatskilltherat.
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Ans. Theratsarekilledbythecat.
14. Thecatskilltherat.Ans. Theratiskilledbythecats.
15. I writealetter.
Ans. A letteris writtenbyme.
16. I writethoseletters.
Ans. Thoselettersare writtenbyme.
17. Hebroketheglass.
Ans. Theglass wasbrokenbyhim.
18. Hebreakstheglass.Ans. Theglassisbrokenbyhim.
19. TheC.M. receivedtheP.M.
Ans. TheP.M. wasreceivedbytheC.M.
20. Thepeondeliveredtheletters.
Ans. Theletters weredeliveredbythepeon.
21. I closedthedoor.
Ans. Thedoorwasclosedbyme.
22. Raji wrotealetter.
Ans. A letterwas writtenby Raji.
23. He willfinishthe work.
Ans. The workwillbefinishedbyhim.
24. He willfinishthe work.
Ans. The workwillbefinishedbyhim.
25. People willforgetit.
Ans. It willbeforgottenbypeople.
26. I shallinviteyou.
Ans. You willbeinvitedbyme.
27. Thepolice willcatchme.
Ans. I shallbecaughtbythepolice.
28. They willsendme.Ans. I shallbesentbythem.
29. Theyhaveeatenthefruits.
Ans. Thefruitshavebeeneatenbythem.
30. Theyhaveopenedthe window.Ans. The window hasbeenopenedbyme.
31. Hehasdriventhosecars.
Ans. Thosecarshavebeendrivenbyhim.
32. I had writtenaletter.Ans. A letterhadbeen writtenbyme.
33. Shehadpaintedapicture.
Ans. Apicturehadbeenpaintedbyher.
34. Hehadcutthosetrees.
Ans. Thosetreeshadbeencutbyhim.
35. Theteacherhadtaughtthelesson.
Ans. Thelessonhadbeentaughtbytheteacher.
36. Theteacherhadtaughtthelessons.Ans. Thelessonshadbeentaughtbytheteacher.
37. Theteacherwillhavetaughtthelesson.
Ans. Thelesson willhavebeentaughtbytheteacher.
38. Vijay willhavefinishedthetask.
Ans. Thetaskwillhavebeenfinishedby Vijay.
39. Myfriend willhaveboughtagift.
Ans. A gift willhavebeenboughtagift.
40. I shallhave writtenaletter.
Ans. A letterwillhavebeen writtenbyme.
41. I am watchingyou.
Ans. Youarebeing watchedbyme.
42. The Ramanisbuildingthe wall.Ans. The wallisbeingbuiltbythe Raman.
43. Theteacheristeachinganew lesson.
Ans. A new lessonisbeingtaughtbytheteacher.
44. Mymotheriscuttinganapple.
Ans. Applesarebeingcutbymymother.
45. Mymotheriscuttingapples.
Ans. Applesarebeingcutbymymother.
47. Thegardenerwascuttinggrass.
Ans. Grass wasbeingcutbythegardener.
X. Model Auxiliary1. usedtoisusedtoexpressadiscontinuedhabit2. couldisusedforshowingpossibility
3. shallisusedforrequest,intention,promise,permission
4. willisusedforwarning,order,instruction
5. mustisusedforcompulsion,obligation
XI. FigureofSpeech
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1. Personification humanquality2. Alliteration repetitionofsamealphabet3. Repetition repetitionofsame word4. Tautology samemeaning5. Antithesis opposite words6. Hyperbole overstatement7. Interrogation questions8. Exclamation expression9. Inversion jumble words
10. Onomatopoeia soundXII. Whtype questions.
1. Weliveddownstairsofthehospital.Ans. Wheredid welive?
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October 96.
1. Youryounger brother whoisstayingin a hostel hasfailedinthe Terminal examination andhas become
nervous. Heisthinkingtogive up studies. Write a letter persuadinghimtocontinuetheefforts andgetsuccess.
7G, Rainbow Colony,M.G.Road,
Mahin (E),
Mumbai - 400 016.
24thFebruary, 2010
Dearbrother,
I hopethisletterofminefindsyouinthepinkofhealth. But whatisthis I hearaboutyou? Areyoureally
seriouslyplanningtogiveupyourstudies,justbecauseyoufailedintheterminalexamination? It wouldthenbearash
decisionmade withoutanyfore-thoughtandcarefulreflection. A solitaryfailureshouldnotdisheartenyou. Itisnottheend
ofthe worldforyouyet. Youmustcountyourblessings. Youarefullofbouncingenergyandverymuchintheprimeofyouryouth. Shouldyoudecidetogiveupyourstudies,you willbeabigloser. You willbetaggedasaschooldrop - out.
Worsestill, withoutadequateformaleducation,you willnotbeabletoforgeaheadinlife. Theprospectsforyouanywhereandeverywhereareboundtobebleak. Dearestbrother,thereisnopointinbeingundulynervousanddiffident.
Keepon workingandbrushupyourweaksubjectsthenyouarelikelytopassyournextexamination withflyingcolours.
And whatismore,thisachievementisnotbeyondyou. Yourarequickontheuptake,thisshouldmakeyour
taskmucheasierandsimpler. I wouldnow inallseriousnessurgeyoutohavesecondthoughtsonyourratherrashdecisionto
giveupstudies.
Yourslovingly,
A B C
March 1997
2. You hadinvitedyourfriendfor a vacation atyournative place. Somehow he/shecouldnot arriveintimein
spiteofhis/her assurance. Write a letter askinghim/her aboutthereason andtell aboutyour worries.
7G, Rainbow Colony,M.G.Road,
Benson Town,
Bangalore - 560 005.
24th,February, 2010.DearFriend,
I receivedyourletterlongagoconfirmingyourdecisiontospendthisvacation withus. We werealleagerly
waitingtoseeyou. However,thevacationisalmostoverand weknow thattheremusthavebeenastrongreasonfor
cancellingthearrival.
Motherhadspecialplansforusaboutspendingholidaysin Bangalore. Yourbusylifein Mumbaicertainlyneededalittlechangeand wehadtakencareofthatinourplans whichincludedanexcursiontoKrishnarajsagarwherethe
famous Brindavan Gardenis. Asthisisthefagendofvacationandyetthereisnosignofyourarrival welosthopes. Yourrecentletterconfirmingyourticketreservationmakesusallthemoreanxioustoknow astothereasonsforyourlastminutecancellation. Ourdisappointmentforyournotcominghasturnedintoanxiousnessand weareall worriedaboutyou.
Everyoneisforwardinghis/herreasonsforyoursuddendroppingtheplanstocometo Bangaloreand I tell
you,more wethinkofthereasonsthemore worrieditmakesusall. Therefore,please writetousabouttheemergencythat
causedyourchangeintheplans.
Weshallbeanxiously waitingtohearfromyou.Yourslovingly
ABC
3. Write a lettertotheeditorofa newspaperdrawinghis attentiontotheillegal parkingoftruckinyour lane.
7G, Rainbow colony,M.G. Road,
Mahim (E),
. Mumbai:- 400 016.
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24th,February, 2010.
The Editor,
TimesofIndia NewsPaper,Mumbai: - 400 001.
Subject:Complainagainsttheillegalparkingoftruck.Respectedsir,
I havebeentheresidentoftheabovementionedareaforthelasttwentyyears. Thepeoplehereareall
educatedandgooutto workandchildrengotoschool. I wouldliketobringtoyournoticethattheroadsinthisareaarefully
filled withillegalparkingoftrucks,thatitbecomesverydifficulttoeven walkspeciallyduringtherains. Notonlythiseven
thestreetlightsaresopoor,thatitbecomesverydifficultforpeopleto walkortakeouttheirvehiclesduringlateinthe
evening.
Onemustbeawarethathow irresponsibleistoparkvehiclesliketrucksintheresidentialarea. Hence I
requestyoutoconsideritandthroughyournewspaper, I wanttomakeonerequesttotheconcernedauthoritytoconsiderthis
matterasimportantparkthetrucksinsomeothernonresidentialareas.I shallbeobligedifyoupublishmyletterinyournewspapersothatitcatchestheattentionoftheCouncillor
ofourwardandanurgentactionistaken.Thankingyou,
Yoursfaithfully,
X y Z.
4. Write a letterofenquirytothemanagerofa travel agency about a proposedvacationtrip you intendtomaketo
Delhi, Simla and Agra.7G,Sonia Apartments,
Rainbow colony,
M.G. Road,
Mahim(E),
. Mumbai:- 400 016.24thFebruary, 2010
The Manager,The Generaltravelagency,
Mahim (W),
Mumbai - 400 016.
Subject: Enquiryaboutaproposedvacationtripto Delhi,Shimlaand Agra.Respectedsir,
I, XYZ,oneoftheteacherstaffofourschool. Weteachershadameeting withourPrincipal. Theauthorities
haveagreedtogiveusthepermissiontoconductthevacationtripto Delhi,Shimlaand Agra.
Kindlyfurnishus withthenecessarydetailsandthetotalcostfor500 studentsand 20 staffmembers. Also
sendyourquotationsforotherplaces.Eagerlyawaitingyourreasonablequotation.
Thankingyou,
Yoursfaithfully,X Y Z.
5.Yourfrienddoesnot wishto jointhe N.S.S. Asitinvolves a notofextra curricular activity. Write a lettertohim/her
persuadinghim/herto jointhis unit,tellinghim/herofthe usual work beingdone bythe unit, whatreal educational
measetc.
7G, Rainbow colony,
M.G. Road,
Mahim(E),
. Mumbai:- 400 016.5th March, 2007
DearSaniamirza,It wasgreathearingfromyouafteralongtime. YourholidayinthecoolhillsofShimlaseemstobe
interestingandfulloffun,howeverthecontentsofyourletterhasdisturbedmeandsetmethinking. Asalongstanding
friend, I consideritmydutytogiveyoumyviewsandpersuadeyoutofollow yourideals.
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Youhavealwaysbeeninterestedinjoiningthe N.S.S. whyshouldthecurriculumdeteryou? Therecanbe
nofieldofstudy withoutextra - curricularactivities. Theseactivitieshelptodevelopyourpersonalitythey willenableyouto
grow intoafineyoungaccomplishedman.Besidesjustthinkoftheuseful workyou willbeinvolvedinthe N.S.S. You weretheone whoalways
wantedtodosomethinguseful,intheserviceofothersandthisistheidealchance. Sania,thinkaboutit,itisyourcareeryouraretalkingabout. Dontgetputoffwithsomeextra - curricularactivity, Bepositive, Bebraveandconfidence willbeyours.
Byefornow,dokeepintouch I lovehearingfromyouandtreasure,yourfriendship.
Yourslovingly,
X Y Z
6. Write an application letterforthe postoflibrarianfor a public library.
7G,Sonia Apartments,Rainbow colony,M.G. Road,
Mahim(E),. Mumbai:- 400 016.
24thFebruary, 2010
To,
The Manager,
The GeneralPublic Library,
Dadar(W),
Mumbai 400 021.
Reference : Youradvertisementin The TimesofIndiadated 23rd,February,2010.
Subject : ApplicationletterforthepostofLibrarian.Respectedsir,
Withreferencetoyouradvertisementforthepostoflibrarianin The TimesofIndiadated 23rd,February,
2010. I wishtoapplyforthesame.
I amaveryenergeticperson withexcellentcommunicationskillandreadytofaceanytargetsetbyyouresteemedpubliclibrary. I am willto workhardandbeingyoung I amalsoeagertoaddknowledge withexperience. I holda
M.Comdegreefrom UniversityofMumbaianda Diplomain LibrarySciencefrom Indira Gandhi Open University, New
Delhi. I havealsodonecomputercourseslike Basic, Tally 9 as wellasprogramminglanguageslikeC,C++ from NIIT,
Matunga. I have 2 yearsexperienceasaassistantinlocallibrary, Mahim.
Myresumeissenthere with,foryourreference. I shallbemuchthankfultoyou,ifyougrantmeaninterview callatyourconvenienttime. I amlookingforwardtojoinyouresteemedPubliclibraryasearlyaspossible.
Thanking You,YoursFaithfully,
Xyz.
Encl: - Resumeand Xeroxcopyofeducationalcertificates.
7. Write an application letterforthe postofaccountant.
7G,Sonia Apartments,
Rainbow colony,
M.G. Road,
Mahim(E),. Mumbai:- 400 016.
24thFebruary, 2010To,
The Manager,
The Generalcompany,
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Dadar(W),
Mumbai 400 021.
Reference : Youradvertisementin The TimesofIndiadated 23rd,February,
2010. Subject : ApplicationletterforthepostofAccountant.
Respectedsir,
Withreferencetoyouradvertisementforthepostofaccountantin The TimesofIndiadated 23rd,
February, 2010. I wishtoapplyforthesame.
I amaveryenergeticperson withexcellentcommunicationskillandreadytofaceanytargetsetbyyour
esteemedcompany. I am willingto workhardandbeingyoung I amalsoeagertoaddknowledge withexperience. I holdan
M.Comdegreefrom UniversityofMumbaianda DiplomainCost Accountfrom Indira Gandhi Open University, New
Delhi. I havealsodonecomputercourseslike Basic, Tally 9 as wellasprogramminglanguageslikeC,C++ from NIIT,
Matunga. I have 2 yearsexperienceasanassistantaccountantinlocalcompany, Mahim.Myresumeissenthere with,foryourreference. I shallbemuchthankfultoyou,ifyougrantmean
interview callatyourconvenienttime. I amlookingforwardtojoinyouresteemedcompanyasearlyaspossible.
Thanking You,
YoursFaithfully,
Xyz.
Encl: - Resumeand Xeroxcopyofeducationalcertificates.
8. Write an application letterforthe postofteacher.
7G,Sonia Apartments,
Rainbow colony,M.G. Road,
Mahim(E),. Mumbai:- 400 016.
24thFebruary, 2010
To,
ThePrincipal,The General HighSchool,
Dadar(W),
Mumbai 400 021.
Reference : Youradvertisementin The TimesofIndiadated 23rd,February,2010.
Subject : ApplicationletterforthepostofTeacher.
Respectedsir,WithreferencetoyouradvertisementforthepostofTeacherin The TimesofIndiadated 23rd,February,
2010. I wishtoapplyforthesame.
I amaveryenergeticperson withexcellentcommunicationskillandreadytofaceanytargetsetbyyour
esteemedSchool. I am willingto workhardandbeingyoung I amalsoeagertoaddknowledge withexperience. I holda
B.A. degreefrom UniversityofMumbaiand I havedone B.Ed. from Indira Gandhi Open University, New Delhi. I havealsodonecomputercourseslike Basic, Tally 9 as wellasprogramminglanguageslikeC,C++ from NIIT, Matunga. I have
2 yearsexperienceasa English Teacherin LocalSchool, Mahim.
Myresumeissenthere with,foryourreference. I shallbemuchthankfultoyou, Ifyougrantmean
interview callatyourconvenienttime. I amlookingforwardtojoinyouresteemedSchoolasearlyaspossible.
Thanking You,YoursFaithfully,
Xyz.
Encl: - Resumeand Xeroxcopyofeducationalcertificates.
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9. Write a complaint letterregardingirregularelectricsupplyinyour locality / village.
7G,Sonia Apartments,
Rainbow colony,M.G. Road,
Mahim (E),
. Mumbai:- 400 016.
24thFebruary, 2010
To,
TheSub Engineer,
MaharashtraState Electricity Board,
Dadar(w),
Mumbai 400 021.
Subject:Complaintletterregardingirregularelectricitysupply.RespectedSir,
Wearetotallyfivehundredfamiliesresidinginourlocality. Wearefacingasevereproblemofgrowing
instancesofpowerfailureforthelastthreemonthsinourlocality.
Inourlocalitytherearemanystudents whoarepreparingfortheirupcoming Board Examsas wellasfor
otherfinalexaminations. But,thisirregularityinelectricsupplyiscausingobstaclesintheirpreparation. Sir,youalsoknow,
thisyearthesummerisextremelyhotsotheoldpeoplefacingitverydifficulttotackletheproblem. Theproblemsofcurrent
supplyalsoleadtosomeotherillegalactivitiesinourlocality.
Wehavealreadygivenmanycomplaintstoourlocalauthority. Theyarealwaysgivingusemptypromises
anddoingnothing. Sokindlyamrequestingyoutolookintothismatterpersonally. Ifyoudotheneedfulthen I shallbevery
muchthankfultoyou.
Thanking You,YoursFaithfully,
X y z
10. Write a complaint letterregardingirregular Watersupplyinyour locality / village.
7G,Sonia Apartments,
Rainbow colony,
M.G. Road,
Mahim (E),
. Mumbai:- 400 016.24thFebruary, 2010
To,
TheSub Engineer,MaharashtraState WaterSupply Board,
Dadar(w),
Mumbai 400 021.
Subject:Complaintletterregardingirregularwatersupply.RespectedSir,
Wearetotallyfivehundredfamiliesresidinginourlocality. Wearefacingasevereproblemofgrowing
instancesofinsufficient watersupplyforthelastthreemonthsinourlocality.
Wehaveonly 50 tapsforourfivehundredfamilies,itmeansonanaverageatapforevery 10 families,whichisalreadyinsufficient. Butduringthelastthreemonthstheproblemhasincreasedtoalotduetolesssupplyofwater.
Becauseoflesssupplyofwaterthereisagrowinginstanceofdisputesamongourlocalpeople. Manytimes wehavetoreturnhome withouremptyvessels.
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Wehavealreadygivenmanycomplaintstoourlocalauthority. Theyarealwaysgivingusemptypromises
anddoingnothing. Sokindlyamrequestingyoutolookintothismatterpersonally. Ifyoudotheneedfulthen I shallbeverymuchthankfultoyou.
Thanking You, YoursFaithfully,
X y z
11. Write a complaint letterregardingoverflow ofgutterinyour locality / village.
7G,Sonia Apartments,
Rainbow colony,
M.G. Road,
Mahim (E),
. Mumbai:- 400 016.24thFebruary, 2010
To,TheSub Engineer,
MaharashtraStatePollutionControl Board,
Dadar(w),
Mumbai 400 021.
Subject:Complaintletteroverflow ofgutterinoutlocality.
RespectedSir,
Wearetotallyfivehundredfamiliesresidinginourlocality. Wearefacingasevereproblemofgrowing
instancesofoverflow ofgutterforthelastthreemonthsinourlocality.
Wehavealreadygivenmanycomplaintstoourlocalauthority. Theyarealwaysgivingusemptypromises
anddoingnothing. Sokindlyamrequestingyoutolookintothismatterpersonally. Ifyoudotheneedfulthen I shallbevery
muchthankfultoyou.
Thanking You,
YoursFaithfully,
X y z
TOURIST LEAFLET
1. Prepare a Shottourist leaflet aboutyourvillage / townindicate:
i. How togothere?
ii. Wheretostay/ Accommodation
iii. Whentovisit?
iv. Whattosee?
v. Anythingspecial/ Addyourown points.
Ans.BANGALORE
Introduction: BangaloreisacityofRoses withbeautifulgardens. ItisthecapitalcityofKarnataka. Itisahighly
developedcity.
i. How togothere: Bangaloreis wellconnected withrestofIndia. Onecangoto Bangalorebythe wayofPlane, Bus
orTrain:
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Plane: Dailytwoflightsnamely IA 550 and IA 330 from Mumbaito Bangaloreare
available.
Bus: TheState Transport BusServicesandmanyotherprivate BusServicesareavailablefrom Mumbaito Bangalore.
Train: Therearemanytrainsavailable whichcantakeyouto Bangalore. Themostconvenientis
Mumbai Bangalore Express
ii. Whereto Stay: Accommodationisnoproblemin Bangalore. The Governmenttourist HotelsandotherBigand
Smallhotelsareavailabletosuiteveronesbudget.
iii. WhentoVisit: Octoberto Decemberisthebesttimeoftheyeartovisit Bangalore.iv. Whatto See: TheclimateandsceneryofBangaloreismindblowing. Itisa wellplannedcity with
hugeroads, parks,theatres,andgardens,therearemanyinterestingplaces
toseelike Bull Temple, Tippu
Palace, Glasshouse,the Museum, VishanSabhaandmanyPalatial Buildings. Itisalsoknownas
littleSingapore.v. Anything Special Asfarasfoodisconcerned BangaloreisfamousforNoodles, Gobi Manchurian,Channa
Masala,
Idlifry,Prawnsfry, Mugal Briyani,etc. Thepeopleareverycultureorientedandhighly
intelligent. Theygivemoreimportancetotheireducation.
2. Prepare a Shottourist leaflet aboutyourvillage / townindicate:
i. How togothere?
ii. Wheretostay/ Accommodation
iii. Whentovisit?iv. Whattosee?
v. Anythingspecial/ Addyourown points.
Ans.
CHENNAI
Introduction: ChennaiisacityofTemple withbeautifularchitecture. ItisthecapitalcityofTamil Nadu. Itisahighlydeveloped
city.
i. How togothere: Chennaiis wellconnected withrestofIndia. OnecangotoChennaibythe wayofPlane,Bus
orTrain:
Plane: Dailytwoflightsnamely IA 550 and IA 330 from MumbaitoChennaiareavailable.
Bus: TheState Transport BusServicesandmanyotherprivate BusServicesareavailable
from MumbaitoChennai.
Train: Therearemanytrainsavailable whichcantakeyoutoChennai. Themost
convenientis
Mumbai Chennai Expressii. Whereto Stay: AccommodationisnoprobleminChennai. The Governmenttourist HotelsandotherBig
and
Smallhotelsareavailabletosuiteveronesbudget.
iii. WhentoVisit: Juneto OctoberisthebesttimeoftheyeartovisitChennai.iv. Whatto See: TheclimateandsceneryofChennaiismindblowing. Itisa wellplannedcity withhuge
roads, parks,theatres,andgardens,therearemanyinterestingplacestoseelike Bull Temple, Lord
Ganesh Temple, Marina Beach, Annasamathi, Lord Murugan Temple,Palatial
Buildings,etc,itis
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2. Write a speechto bedelivered amongyourclassmates,regarding EYE donationEYE DONATION
DearFriends, wehaveonelifeletusmakeouronelifemoremeaningfulbydonatingeyes. Eyedonationisthemotherofalldonations. Eyedonationdirectlygivesvisiontoanotherhumanbeing. Itisnotonlygivesvisiontoone
individualbutalsototheentirefamilyofthatindividual. Aperson who wishestodonatehiseyesafterhisdeathhastogoto
aneyehospitalandneedtoregisterhisname withthehospital.
Theinformationabouttheperson whoagreedtodonateeyesanddiedistobegiventotherespective
hospitalasearlyaspossible. So,thathiseyescanberemovedandsaved withinsixhours. Wecanseethe worldevenafter
thedeathofourselvesbythe wayofdonatingeyes.
So,friendsletusputourhandstogetherandmakeapromisetodonateeyesafterourdeath.
APPEAL1. Prepareanappealtobepresentedalongroadsideregardingprotectingenvironment.
PROTECTING ENVIRONMENT
ONE EARTH, ONE LIFE,
WHY THEN LET IT DIE?
NATURE IS A GIFT OF GOD,
LET US PROTECT ITDearfriends, MotherNatureiscryingforhelptoprotectherselffromthesocialevilslike,cuttingoftrees,
pollutingtherivers,burningofplastics,emissionofCO2,depletionofozonelayer,global warmingetc. Inordertohighlighttheproblemsandtomakepeopleaware,thesocialserviceorganisation PRITHVIisgoingtoconduct
atwodaysprogram.
y Day One:FormerPresident A.P.J. AbdulKalam, willgiveaspeechregardingi. How tosaveourenvironment?ii. How toreducethelevelofCO2?iii. Useofsolarenergy.
y Day Two:FamousCricketer,Sachin TendulkarshallplantthefirstsaplingofONE CRORE TREEPLANTATIONprogram.
So,friendscomeoneandcomeallletusputourhandstogetherandmakeapromisetosaveourmother
nature.
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Complex Sentences:(because, when, while, where,as,before,after,that,since,assoonas,nosooner,if,unless,as ....though,if.... though,though,eventhough,although, whether,so .... that,till,onlyif,sothat,until, which, )
Compound Sentence:(and,but,or,notonly ...... butalso,either..... or,neither..... nor, )
ConversionofSimple Sentencesinto Compoundsentences
1. Simple:Seeingasnakeheranaway.Compound: Hesaw asnakeandranaway.
2. Simple: Besidesbeingintelligentsheisbeautiful.Compound:Sheisintelligentandsheisbeautiful.
3. Inspiteofhisenormous wealthbutstillheissad.Compound: Hepossessenormous wealthstillheissad.
4. Simple:Standing withhisgriefheisoptimistic (confident).Compound: Heisgrievousbutstillheisoptimistic.
5. Simple: Toavoiddangeryoumustbeverycareful.Compound: Eitheryoumustbecarefulotherwiseyou willmeetdanger.ConversionofCompound Sentencesinto Simple Sentences
1. I ateapple, I wenttoCinema.Eatingapple I wenttoCinema.
2. Hepassed M.B.B.S. andbecameadoctor.Havingpassed M.B.B.S. hebecameadoctor.
3. Youmuststudy welloryou willnotgetthefirstclassmark.Youmuststudy welltogetthefirstclassmark.
ConversionofSimplesentencesinto Complexsentences
1. Hedoesntknow thedateofhismarriage.Hedoesntknow whenhehadmarried.
2. Heexpectsfirstclassinthemedicalexamination.Heexpectsthathe willgetfirstclassinthemedicalexamination.
3. A manofjusticegetsrespectevery whereA manofwhojusticegetsrespectvery where
4. Thereasonforhissuccessisunknown.Thereasonhow hesucceededisunknown.
5. Onseeingapolicethiefranaway.Assoonasthiefsaw thepoliceranaway.
Conversionon Complex Sentencesinto Simple Sentences
1. Sincehe wastiredhecouldnotgotooffice.Onaccountofhistiredness,hecouldnotgotooffice
2. Whatheaced wasseenbyallHisaction wasseenbyall.3. Hestudent whostudies wellgetshighmarks
The wellstudyingstudentgetshighmarks.
4. He wenttothecollege wherehestudiedHe wenttohisoldcollege.
5. Hereplacedtheold wallclockwhich wasdamaged.Hereplacedthedamaged wallclock.
6. HeranfastthehemightnotmissthetrainHeranfasttocatchthetrain
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7. AfterI hadreservedthetickets I returnedtomyhouse.Havingreservedthetickets I returnedtohouse.
Compoundto Complex
1. Study welloryou willfailUnlessyoustudy wellyou willfail.
2. Hesaw thenameboardandenteredthehotel.Seeingthenameboard,heenteredthathotel.
3. He wassufferingfromfeverandhe wasadmittedinthehospital.Sincehe wasfeverishhe wasadmittedinthehospital.
4. Heisstrongbutheistimid (scared).Althoughheisstrong,heistimid.
Complexto Compound
1. I saw amonkey which wassittingonatree.I saw themonkey. It wassittingonatree.
2. Ifyougoto Agrayoucansee Tajmahal.Goto Agrayoucansee Tajmahal.
3. I suspectthathehasdonethemurder.Hehasdonethemurder. I suspecthim.
4. Thoughthesoldierwas wounded,buthe wenttothebattlefieldagain.Thesoldierwas wounded. He wenttothebattlefieldagain.
Prepositions Time
English Usage Example
on daysofthe week on Monday in months/seasons
timeofday
year
afteracertainperiodoftime(when?)
in August/in winter
inthemorning
in 2006
inanhour
at fornightforweekend
acertainpointoftime(when?)
atnight
atthe weekend
athalfpastnine
since fromacertainpointoftime (pasttillnow) since 1980 for overacertainperiodoftime (pasttillnow) for2 years ago acertaintimeinthepast 2 yearsago
before earlierthanacertainpointoftime before 2004
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to tellingthetime tentosix (5:50) past tellingthetime tenpastsix (6:10)to/till/until markingthebeginningandendofaperiodoftime from Mondayto/tillFriday
till/until inthesenseofhow long something is going to last HeisonholidayuntilFriday. by inthesenseofat the latest
uptoacertaintime
I willbebackby 6 oclock.
By 11 o'clock, I hadreadfivepages.
Prepositions Place (Position and Direction)
English Usage Example
in room,building,street,town,countrybook,paperetc.
car,taxi
picture, world
inthekitchen,in London
inthebook
inthecar,inataxi
inthepicture,inthe world
at meaningnext to, by an objectfortable
forevents
place whereyouaretodosomethingtypical (watcha
film,study, work)
atthedoor,atthestation
atthetable
ataconcert,attheparty
atthecinema,atschool,at work
on attachedforaplace withariver
beingonasurface
foracertainside (left,right)
forafloorinahouse
forpublictransport
fortelevision, radio
thepictureonthe wall
Londonliesonthe Thames.
onthetable
ontheleft
onthefirstfloor
onthebus,onaplane
on TV,ontheradio
by,nextto,beside leftorrightofsomebodyorsomething Janeisstandingby/nextto/beside
thecar.
under ontheground,lowerthan (orcoveredby)somethingelse thebagisunderthetable below lowerthansomethingelsebutaboveground thefisharebelow thesurface over coveredbysomethingelse
meaningmore than
putajacketoveryourshirt
over16 yearsofage
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gettingtotheotherside (alsoacross)
overcominganobstacle
walkoverthebridge
climboverthe wall
above higherthansomethingelse,butnotdirectlyoverit apathabovethelake across gettingtotheotherside (alsoover)
gettingtotheotherside
walkacrossthebridge
swimacrossthelake
through something withlimitsontop,bottomandthesides drivethroughthetunnel to movementtopersonorbuilding
movementtoaplaceorcountry
forbed
gotothecinema
goto London/ Ireland
gotobed
into enteraroom/abuilding gointothekitchen/thehouse towards movementinthedirectionofsomething (butnotdirectly
toit)
go 5 stepstowardsthehouse
onto movementtothetopofsomething jumpontothetable from inthesenseofwhere from aflowerfromthegarden
OtherimportantPrepositions
English Usage Example
from whogaveit apresentfrom Jane of who/whatdoesitbelongto
whatdoesitshow
apageofthebook
thepictureofapalace
by whomadeit abookby MarkTwain on walkingorridingonhorseback
enteringapublictransportvehicle
onfoot,onhorseback
getonthebus
in enteringacar / Taxi getinthecar
off leavingapublictransportvehicle getoffthetrain
outof leavingacar / Taxi getoutofthetaxi
by riseorfallofsomething
travelling (otherthan walkingorhorseriding)
priceshaverisenby 10 percent
bycar,bybus
at forage shelearned Russianat 45 about fortopics,meaningwhat about we weretalkingaboutyou
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1. Readthetabulardatashowingthecausesofroadaccidentsin Indiaand writeaparagraphmentioningthechiefpoints.Sr. No. Causes Percentage
1 Driversfault (notfollowingtrafficrule,overtaking,speeding,etc. ) 83.5%
2 Passengers/Pedestrianfault (notfollowingtrafficrule,not walkingonfootpath,etc. ) 4.7%3 Mechanicaldefectinvehicle 4.0%
4 Absenceofreflectors 2.0%
5 Otherfactors (bad,roads,potholes,brokendividers,etc) 6.8%
Total 100.0%
2. WriteaparagraphbasedonthefollowingtreediagramaboutthevillageKaldhari:
3. ImaginethatyouareinterviewingSachin Tendulkar. Write 10 questionsthatyou wouldaskhim.4. Imaginethatyouareinterviewing AmirKhan. Write 10 questionsthatyou wouldaskhim.5. Readthefollowingtreediagramthatgiveinformationaboutthejudiciarysystemin Indiaandprepareashortnote.
6. Youhaveconductedasurveyofwageearnersinyourlocality. Givenbelow isagraphicalrepresentationofyourfindings.The Xaxisrepresentsthe wagesearnedin Rs. Andthe Yaxisrepresentsthenumberofwageearners. Theblocksare
shadeddifferentlytoshow children, womenandmen. Thelegendforeachisgivenbelow thegraph. Writeaparagraph
explainingyourfindings:
KALDHARI
cleanliness energy sources milkrainwater
harvesting
Massive
awarenes
Drive
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7. Writeaparagraphcomparingandcontrastingtheenrolmentofgirlsandboysinaschoolfrom 1998 to 2002. Youmayusethefollowing wordsorphrases.
Numberofenrolments,always,morethan,except,exceeded,steadyrise,fell,remainedthesame,roseagain,etc.
Year Girls Boys
19981999
20002001
2002
50005200
51005100
5325
49115099
50675190
5205
Tree Diagram1. A Tissuemaybedefinedasagroupofcellshavingsomeshape,size,origin,functionandthesametypeof
development. Tissuesarebasicallyclassifiedintotwogroupsnamely,meristematictissues,and permanenttissues.
Meristematictissuesaredividedintotwo,thesearepositionbasedandoriginbased. Permanenttissuesarefurther
dividedintotwogroups. Theyaresimpletissuesandcomplextissues. Ontheirbasisoftheirpositionintheplant
bodymeristematictissuesareclassifiedasaplicle intercalary,andlateral. Onthebasisoforigin,meristematic
tissuesaredividedinto 3 groups;theyarePro meristem,Primary meristemandsecondary meristem. Simple
tissuesareclassifiedinto 3 groups,namelyparenchyma,collechyma,sclerenchyma, Thetwocomplextissuesare
foundinvascularplant. Theyarexylemandphloem.
2. Readthefollowingextractandmakeanoteofit withthehelpofthedataprovided. Thelatestnationalsamplesurveyorganisation (NSSO)reportrevealsthat Urban Indiaspentonly 43% ofitstotalconsumptionexpenditureon
fooditemsin 2004 2005. Thatisamajordropfrom 64% in 972 73. Andthetrendholdsfortherural Indiatoo.Theshareoffoodintotalexpenditureinruralareashasfallenfrom 73% in 1974 75 to 55% in 2004 05. Inbothruralandurban India,ruelandlighttookup 10% oftotalconsumerexpenditure, whileclothingbeddingandfood
wealtookup 5% Medicalexpensesformed 7% ofthetotalexpenditureinrural Indiaand 5% in Urban India. Rural
Indiaspentlessoneducationat 3% ofconsumptionexpenditurethanurban India 5%. Conveyancetookaway 7%
expenditurein Urban Indiaand 4% inrural India.
3. Draw atreediagramThe Unitednationisabodyofnations whohavevoluntarilyjointtogetherto workforthe worldpeace. Allnationals
areequalin UN. Theinternationallabourorganisation (ILO)isoneofthespecialisedagenciesofthe NO. Itaimsat
improving workingconditionsofworkersthroughthecombinedeffortsofGovernment,employersandlabours. The
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Foodand Agricultural Organisation (FAO)isanotherspecialisedagenciesofUN. It workstohelpcountriesto
increasethequalityandimprovethequalityoftheirfoodfromfarmingandfishing. Itgivesadviceontheimprovementofsoil,forest,cropsandonnutrition. The World Health Organisation (WHO)seekstoimprovethephysicalas wellasmentalhealthofeveryonealloverthe world. Ithelpstoimprovethesanitationand watersupply
italsohelpsintrainingdoctorsandhealth workers. The United Nationseducationscientificandculturalorganisation (UNESCO)isanotherspecialisedagencyofthe UN. It worksforpeace,seekstofightilliteracyand
encouragedexchangeofideas.
4. Readthefollowingextractandmakeanoteinthesuitableform.A greatdealofcomputercommunicationtakesplaceovertelephonelines. Telephonessendandreceiveanalog
signals. Computerincontrast,receivesdigitalsignals. So,toconvertthedigitalsignalstoanalogsignalsandvice
versa,thereisaneedofmodem. Therearefourbasictypesofmodems. External,internal,PCcardand wireless. The
externalmodemstandsapartfromthecomputerandtypicallyisconnectedbyacabletothecomputersserialport.
theinternalmodem,consistsofaplug incircuitboardinsidethesystemunit. ThePCcardmodemisacreditcard
sizeexpansionboardthatisinsertedintoaportablecomputer. A wirelessmodemmaybeinternal,externaloraPCcard. Unlikeothermodems,itdoesnotusecables,instead wirelessmodem workthroughtheair.
REPORT WRITING
1. Writeareportonthefollowingheadline.MASKED MEN SHOOT BANKMANAGER
Mumbai,February, 24
ByaStaffReporter,
Inadaringdaylightrobbery,threemaskedmenenteredthe Indian Bank, Mahimbranchon Mondayat 10 a.m. Whenthe
managerrefusedtocooperate,he wasfiredatchestfroma N 38 revolverand wasseriouslyinjured. Thethreemaskedescapedina waiting Red Maruti Van withalootof5 lakhs.
The BankManagerMr. AnbuSelvan, wasrushedtoSion Hospital. Hehadsustainedtwobulled woundsonhischest.Doctorshavereportedthathisconditionisstillcritical. Whencontacted Mr. Ragavan,commissionerofPolicesaidthatcertain
importantclueshavebeeninspected which woulddefinitelyleadtothearrestofthebankrobbers.
30 SCHOOL CHILDREN KILLED IN BYS TRUCKACCIDENT.
Mumbai,February, 24ByaStaffReporter,
Thirtyschoolchildren werekilled whenanS.T. Bus wassmashedbyatrucknearMatungayesterday.
SixtyfivestudentsandfiveteachersofGeneral English HighSchool wereontheirwayto WaterKingdomatabout 9.40
a.m., whenthe Municipal GarbagetrucksmashedtheS.T. bus. Thetruckdriverwastryingtosaveaboy who wascrossingthe
road. Twentyfivestudentsand 3 teachers wereseriouslyinjured;they wereimmediatelytakentotheSion Hospital. Whencontacted Mr. Ragavan,commissionerofPolicesaidthatinvestigations weregoingondetailedreport willbegivenonlyafterthe
properinvestigation.
HEAVY RAINS DISTURBED NORMAL LIFE
Mumbai,February, 24ByaStaffReporter,
Heavy,rainscontinuedforthethirddayin Mumbai,bringingallnormallifetoastandstill. TheCentralpartofthecity was
the worstaffected withthe waterlevelrisingabove 3 feetinsomeareas.
Mostofthemainroads werecompletelyflooded. Inmanyareastheelectricpoleshadfallendownandthusthe wholecity
faceddarkness. Thesituationmayimprovebytomorrow. TheSpokesmanofB.E.S.T. saidthat, Allthecitybuses were
cancelled, whichleadstoamajorproblemforacommonman
24 KILLED IN BUS ACCIDENT
Mumbai,February, 24
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ByaStaffReporter,
24 werekilleda busaccident witha Volvobusnear Dadaryesterdaybyatruck.SixtypeopleoftheareaofMatunga wereontheirwayto Mahabaleshwaratabout 11.15 a.m. whena Municipal Garbage
truckhitthe Volvobus. Thevictims wereimmediatelytakentothenearSion Hospital. Amongsixtypeople, 24 werediedand 30wereseriouslyinjured. Aftertheinvestigation Mr. Shiva, DeputyCommissionerofPolicesaid,thatthedriverisadrunkard.
FOOD POISONING AFFECTS 50 SCHOOL CHILDREN
Mumbai,February, 24
ByaStaffReporter,
Over30 children werebattlingfortheirlivesinSion Hospitalaftertheyhadconsumedsweetsdistributedbytheschoolata
function,yesterday.
Thestudentsofthe General English HighSchool,KingCircle weregivensweetbroughtfromalocalshopontheoccasionof
Annual DaycelebrationoftheSchool. Immediatelyafterconsumingsweetsthechildrenfeltnauseaanddizziness. Somestarted
vomitingand wererushedtoSion Hospital. Thepolicehaveregisteredacaseagainsttheshopkeeperandarrestedhim. Parents
were worriedforthespeedyrecoveryoftheirchildren.
INDIA WINSSECOND TEST MATCH AGAINST AUSTRALIAMumbai,February, 24
ByaStaffReporter,
India winssecondtestmatchagainst Australiaat Eden Garden,today. Thetwoteamsnow standlevel.
ThelittlemasterSachinandSkipper (captain) Dhoni whobuiltupapartnershipofonesixtyrunstakingupthetotalto 350.
However, McGrath,bowlingtookthetollandhetook4 wickets. Latertheoveralltargetof540 runsseemedtobetoughforthe
Australianteam. The AustralianSkipperRickyPonting wasdisappointed withtheirplayersperformance. Asnoneofthe
AustralianplayerhasscoredacenturyexcepttheSkipper. RickyPontinghimselfisthehighestscorerwith 103 runs. ThePonting
said, Myteam wouldfightbackinthe Thirdandfinaltestin Mumbai.