english grammar and its basic concepts

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Compiled by: Ghulam Muhammad Abbasi 201 2 WHAT IS GRAMMAR? Grammar is a set of rules followed by native speakers of a language while using their language. Why is it important to learn? Word, being the unit of English language makes grammar learning more necessary for ESL students. Moreover, mastering grammar becomes even more significant language area for the non-native speakers of target language. Hence, learning grammar especially for academic purposes, is as important to master as a holy scripture to learn and practice a religion duly. If an ESL student makes innumerable grammatical errors in his speech (written/spoken) that will result into his failure in all grammar-centered tests. As grammar is directly or indirectly involved with almost all the other areas and skills in a languages, it becomes utmost significant to familiarize with grammatical rules, especially in English Language. Grammatical inaccuracy may change the meaning of the text altogether, So ESL students, especially those who are taught through GTM of teaching must be expert in using apt grammar. SENTENCES A group of properly ordered words with complete sense is called a sentence.

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English Grammar and Its Basic Concepts

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Page 1: English Grammar and Its Basic Concepts

Compiled by: Ghulam Muhammad Abbasi 2012

WHAT IS GRAMMAR?

Grammar is a set of rules followed by native speakers of a language while

using their language.

Why is it important to learn?

Word, being the unit of English language makes grammar learning more

necessary for ESL students. Moreover, mastering grammar becomes even

more significant language area for the non-native speakers of target

language. Hence, learning grammar especially for academic purposes, is

as important to master as a holy scripture to learn and practice a religion

duly. If an ESL student makes innumerable grammatical errors in his

speech (written/spoken) that will result into his failure in all grammar-

centered tests. As grammar is directly or indirectly involved with almost all

the other areas and skills in a languages, it becomes utmost significant to

familiarize with grammatical rules, especially in English Language.

Grammatical inaccuracy may change the meaning of the text altogether,

So ESL students, especially those who are taught through GTM of teaching

must be expert in using apt grammar.

SENTENCES

A group of properly ordered words with complete sense is called a sentence.

KINDS OF SENTENCES:

(1) Assertive OR Declarative:This type of sentence makes a statement or assertion. E.g. Man is

mortal. Grapes are not sour but sweet.

(2) Interrogative: This type of sentence asks a question. E.g. Who is this man? Why did not you come early?

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(3) Imperative:When a command or request is expressed in a sentence such sentence is

called Imperative sentence. E.g. Please give me my MCAT book.

Don’t move

(4) Exclamatory:A sentence that expresses strong feeling. Eg. What a pleasant weather. Its horrible.

(5) Optative: A sentence that expresses a wish or pray.E.g. may you live long!If only you had been present!

STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE:Remember that when we make a sentence;

1. We refer to some person, thing action, quality, quantity or number. 2. We say some thing about that person, thing………………

Hence, it is clear that we must have a subject to speak about and we must have something to say about that subject. Every sentence has two parts:

The part about which we speak is called SUBJECT, and what ever we speak about subject is called PREDICATE.

Topic Subject + Predicate Details (V + O)

OR: Predicate

Subject + Verb + Object

Verb + Object or anything else are the parts of predicate.

VERB TENSE

Tense shows the time of a verb’s action/sate of being. The table below defines and illustrates the tense forms for a regular verb in the active voice.

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PRESENT: Action that is occurring now, occurs habitually, or is generally true.

Simple Present Present progressiveI +V1You/we/they +V1He/she/it/singular noun +V1 ‘s’/’es’

I am +V ingYou/we/they /plural nouns are +V ingHe/she/it/singular noun is +V ing

PAST: Action that occurred before now. Simple Past Past Progressive I/he/she/it +V 2You/we/they +V 2

I/he/she/it was +V ing. You/we/they were +V ing.

FUTURE: Action that will occur in future.Simple Future Future ProgressiveI/you/he/she/it/they/we will + V1 I/you/he/she/it/they will be+ V

ing. PRESENT PERFECT: Action that began in the past and is linked to the present.Present Perfect Present Perfect ProgressiveI/we/you/they/plural nouns have + V3+....He/she/it/singuar noun has +V3.

I/we/you/they have been +V ing.He/she/it has been +V ing.

PAST PERFECT: Action that was completed before another past action. Past Perfect Past Perfect ProgressiveI/you/he/she/it/we/they had+ V3 I/you/he/she/it/we/they had

been +V ingFUTURE PERFECT: Action that will be completed before another future action. Future Perfect Future Perfect ProgressiveI/you/he/she/it/we/they will have +V3 I/you/he/she/it/we/they will

have been V ing.

Using the Present Tense

The present tense has several distinctive uses.

1) Action Occurring Now: ● She understands the problem. ● We define the problem differently.

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2) Habitual or Recurring Action:● Banks regularly undergo audits.● The audits monitor the banks’ activities.

3) A General Truth:● The elephant never forgets. ● The earth is round.

4) Discussion of Literature, Film, and so on:● Huckleberry Finn has adventures we all envy. ● In that article the author examines several causes of crime.

5) Future Time:● Next week we draft a new budget. ● Funding ends next week.

Using the Perfect Tenses

The perfect tenses generally indicate action completed before another specific time or action. The present perfect tense also indicates action begun in the past and continued into the present.

● The dancer has performed here only once. (The action is completed at the time of the statement).

● Critics have written about the performance ever since. (The action began in the past and continues now.)

● The dancer had trained in Asia before his performance. (The action was completed before another past action.)

NOTE: With the present perfect tense, the words since and for are followed by different information. After since give a specific point in time.

● We have been rehearsing for the play since Monday last. After for, give a span of time:

● We have been rehearsing for over a week now.

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Using the Progressive Tenses

The progressive tenses indicate continuing action. ● The economy is improving.● Last year the economy was stagnating.● Economists will be watching for signs of growth.● The government has been expecting an upturn.● Various indicators had been suggesting improvement.● By the end of this year, investors will have been watching markets

nervously for nearly a decade.

NOTE: Verbs that express unchanging states (especially mental states) rather than physical actions do not usually appear in the progressive tense. These verbs include

adore have need tasteappear hear own thinkbelieve know prefer understandbelong like remember wantcare love seehate mean sound

FAULTY: She is wanting to study ethics. REVISED: She wants to study ethics.

Sequence of Verb Tenses

Sequence of tenses means relation between the verb tense in a main clause and the verb tense in a subordinate clause or phrase. The tenses need not be identical as long as they reflect changes in actual or relative time:

● He had left before I arrived. (The verbs are in clear sequence)● Here are some of the difficulties in the tense sequence.

Tense Sequence with the Past or Past Perfect Tense

When the verb in the main clause is in the past or past perfect tense, the verb in the subordinate clause must also be past or past perfect.

● The researchers discovered that people varied widely in their knowledge of public events.

● The variation occurred because respondents had been born in different decades.

● None of them had been born when the play was first staged.

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EXCEPTION: Always use the present tense for a general truth:● The earth is round. ● Most understood that popular presidents are not necessarily good

presidents.

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

A sentence is in the active voice when the subject performs the action of the verb:

● Shakespeare wrote that play.

A sentence is in the passive voice when the subject receives the action of the verb.

● The play was written by Shakespeare.

A passive verb always consists of a form of be plus the past participle of the main verb. You may add a phrase beginning with by after the verb in a passive voice sentence.

● Plays are performed by actors. ● Songs have been sung by performers.

Only a transitive verb (on that takes an object) may be used in the passive voice.

FORMULAE OF TENSES

INDEFINITE TENSE

Affirmative Present: S + V (1st + s, es, ies + OHe eats an apple.Past: S + V (2) + OHe ate an apple. Future: S + will/shall + V + (1st) + OHe will eat an apple.

NegativePresent: S + do/does + not + V1 + OHe does not eat an apple. Past: S + did + not + V1 + O

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He did not eat an apple. Future: S + will/shall + not + V1 + O He will not eat an apple.

InterrogativePresent: Do/does + S + V1 + ODoes he eat an apple?Past: Did + S + V1 + ODid he eat an apple?Future: S + will/shall + not V1 + OWill he eat an apple?

CONTINUOUS TENSE

Affirmative Present: S + H/v (is, am, are) + V (4th) + OI am winding the clock. Past: S + H/v (was, were) + V (4th) + OI was winding the clock. Future: S + H/v (will be) + V (4th) + OI will be winding the clock.

NegativePresent: S + is, am, are + not + V (4th) + OI am not winding the clock. Past: S + was, were + not + V (4th) + OI was not winding the clock. Future: S + will + not + be + V (4th) + OI will n be winding the clock.

InterrogativePresent: Is, am, are + S + V (4th) + OAm I winding the clock? Past: Was, were + S + V (4th) + OWas I winding the clock? Future: Will + S + be + V (4th) + OWill I be winding the clock?

PERFECT TENSE

Present: S + H/v (has, have) + V (3rd) + OPast: S + H/v (had) + V (3rd) + OFuture: S + H/v (will have) + V (3rd) + O

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PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Present: S + H/v (has been, have been) + V (4th) + O + Since/forPast: S + H/v (had been) + V (4th) + O + Since/forFuture: S + H/v (will have been) + V (4th) + O

SINCE shows the fixation of time. For example: morning, afternoon, night, evening, many, some, name of days or months.

FOR shows the duration of time. For example: 5 minutes, 6 days, 2 hours, 3 weeks.

ORSince is used for a specific time – 1998, January, last week, one month ago.

For is used for general periods of time – 2 hours, 3 days, 1 month.

ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE

In the active voice the subject acts.

Subject = Transitive DirectActor verb in object

active voice

The city Controls rents

In the passive voice the subject acts.

(Optional)

Subject = TransitiveObject of verb in by actor

Action passive voice

● Rents are controlled by the city.● Rents are controlled.

Generally prefer the active voice. Use the passive voice when the actor is unknown or unimportant.

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WEAK PASSIVE The Internet is used for research by many scholars, and its expansion to the general public has been criticized by some.

STRONG ACTIVE Many scholars use the Internet for research, and some have criticized its expansion to the general public.

The passive voice is useful in two situations: when the actor is unknown and when the actor is unimportant or less important than the object and the action.

The Internet was established in 1969 by the US Department of Defense. The network has now been extended internationally to governments, universities, foundations, corporations, and private individuals.

PRACTICE EXERCISE – SUBJECTIVE VERBS

1. The principal asked that the coach should be present when the award was given.

2. The terrorist’s demand that the airline provides a plane will not be met by the deadline.

3. It is not necessary that you must take an entrance examination to be admitted to the university.

4. If he was to go to the party, he would be welcome.5. It is requested that a report of the proceedings be prepared and copies

should be distributed to all members. 6. He insisted that they would give him a receipt. 7. He complied with the requirement that all graduate students should write

the thesis. 8. I propose that the vote is secret ballot.9. He regretted not having followed his advisor’s recommendation that he

dropping the class. 10. He ignored the suggestion that he gets more exercise.

VERBS REVIEW EXERCISE

A Choose the letter that contains the correct expression.

1. A good counselor would rather that the patients will make their own decisions after being helped to arrive at a general understanding of the alternatives. (a) will make (b) makes

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(c) making (d) made

2. In 1970, the Canadian scientists George Kell proved that warm water freezes more quickly than cold water. (a) proved (b) proving(c) proves (d) prove

3. The service often lets students extend their visas if they will fill out the appropriate papers. (a) will fill out (b) filled out (c) are filling out (d) fill out

4. Psychologists believe that incentives make us want to increase our productivity. (a) make us want (b) make us to want (c) makes us want (d) make us wanting

5. Would you please don’t smoke? (a) don’t smoke? (b) didn’t smoke? (c) wont smoke? (d) not smoke?

6. Fainting is not uncommon in elderly people who stand up suddenly. (a) Fainting (b) Faint(c) Faints (d) The faint

1.8 MORE ABOUT MODIFIERS

Adjectives and adverbs are modifiers that describe, restrict, or otherwise qualify the words to which they relate.

FUNCTIONS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Adjectives modify nouns : serious studentPronouns : ordinary one

Adverbs modify verbs : warmly greetAdjectives : only three people

Adverbs : Quite seriouslyPhrases : Nearly to the edge of the cliffClauses : just when we arrived

Sentences : Fortunately, she is employed

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ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

ACTIVE: A verb is said to be in Active voice when it indicates that the subject is the doer of an action.

PASSIVE: A verb is said to be in Passive voice when it shows the subject as the receiver of an action. This is labeled as “Passive” because the person or thing denoted by the subject is not active. In Active, subject comes first while in Passive, object comes first.

1) PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSEUse 3rd form of verb with “by”. Helping verb will be in present continuous. Eg: He writes a book.

A book is written by him.Eg: I know him personally.

He is known to me personally. Eg: Please walk to the right.

You are requested to walk to the right.

2) PAST INDEFINITE TENSEUse 3rd form of verb with “by”. Use helping verb of past continuous. Eg: My mother gave me this pen.

This pen was given to me by my mother.Eg: Did I blame you?

Were you blamed by me?

3) FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSEUse 3rd from of verb with “by”. Use helping verb of Future Continuous. Eg: The wind will knock at the door.

The door will be knocked at by wind.

4) PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSEUse 3rd form of verb with “being”. Helping verb will remain same. Eg: He is buying the books.

The books are being bought by him.

5) PAST CONTINUOUS TENSEUse 3rd form of verb with “being”. Helping verb will remain same.

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Eg: We were enjoying picnic. Picnic was being enjoyed by us.

6) PRESENT PERFECT TENSEUse 3rd form of verb with “been” in addition to the same helping verb. Eg: She has lost her watch.

Her watch has been lost by her.

7) PAST PERFECT TENSEUse 3rd form of verb with addition of “been” in addition to the same helping verb. Eg: She had attended a party.

A party had been attended by her. NOTE:1) If the sentence begins with “who”, it will be converted into “by whom”.

Eg: Who seeks admission? By whom the admission is sought?

2) Those sentences which do not have subject will take “let” and “be” or someone. Eg: Open the door.

Le the door be open. Eg: My heart has been broken.

Someone has broken my heart.

3) The sentences which have “going” will keep going with an addition of “to be” in the passive form. Eg: She was going to break your toy.

Your toy was going to be broken by her.

ERRORS IN USING TENSES

RULE 1: We always use present indefinite tense when we are referring to universal truth.

Example:- He said that the earth revolves round the sun.

RULE 2: Any action which regularly or habitually done, is written in present indefinite tense.

Examples:- He always tells lies. He generally meets him.I often meet him.

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RULE 3: Double “will” are not used in the same sentences; once present tense will be used.

Example:- I will meet you when you come back.

RULE 4: If the action is in the present we make use of present continuous tense.

Examples:- I am going just now. He is coming to meet you.

RULE 5: When action continues for some time perfect continuous tense is used.

Examples:- He has been working since morning. He has been playing for two hours. I have been thinking about it for many months.

RULE 6: Past perfect tense is used when there are two actions, both in past tense and one earlier than the other.

Example:- The patient had died when the doctor came. The had left their house before he came.

RULE 7: Any sentence in which the “wish” is used or its sense is given must take one of these four verbs – (i) ‘had’ when the man repents over the past. (ii) ‘were’ when we wish for something impossible at present (iii) ‘would’ when we refer to future, (iv) ‘could’ when we refer to possibility.

Examples:- I wish I were a bird. (wishing impossible)I have failed, I wish I had worked harder. I wish I would get what I want. They are free today, I wish they could accompany you.

RULE 8: If many things are done at the same time, same verb is used. Example:- I came, I saw, I conquered.

I met him, talked to him and followed him.

RULE 9: Past tense must be followed by past tense unless it is universal truth.

RULE 10: Perfect continuous tense should be used when work continues for a long time.

CASE OF NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

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NOUNSA noun names a person, thing, idea, place, or quality. There are five classes of nouns:

1. Proper NounsA proper noun names and particular place, person, or thing. The writer’s chief problem with proper nouns is recognizing them in order to capitalize them.

Atlanta, Mr. Jones, the Commissioner of Education, Form 1040

2. Common Nouns A common noun names a member of a class or group of persons, places, or things.

Hope, banana, education, form

3. Collective NounsA collective noun, singular in form, names and group or collection of individual. The chief problem with collective nouns is determining the number of the verb to use with the collective noun. For this reason, it is discussed at length in the section on agreement of subject and verb.

Committee, jury, council, task force

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4. Concrete Nouns A concrete noun names a particular or specific member of a class or group.

Apple, not fruit; typist, not personnel

5. Abstract Nouns An abstract noun names a quality, state, or idea.

Justice, truth, objectivity

PRONOUNSPronouns stand in place of nouns. There are six classes of pronouns:

1. Personal Pronouns

The personal pronoun shows which person (first, second, or third) is the subject. Personal pronouns are troublesome because of their many forms; they change form to indicate number, person, and case.

The personal pronouns are: I, me, mine (my, you, yours (your), he, him, hi, she, her, hers, (her), it, its, and their plurals (we, you, they, etc).

2. Relative Pronouns

The relative pronouns serves two purposes: (1) it take the place of a noun in the clause it introduces, and (2) like a conjunction, it connects its clause with the rest of the sentence.

Who, whom, which, that, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever

The relative pronoun has the same number, person, and case as its antecedent.

3. Interrogative Pronouns

The interrogative pronoun is the same in form as the relative pronoun, but different in function. The interrogative pronoun asks a question.

WhoWhom refer to persons

What refers to things Which refers to persons or things

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As adjectives, which and what may be used. . . . . which book? . . . . what time?

4. Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns listed here are singular, as are most indefinites:

another, anyone, each, either, everyone, no one, nothing. . . .

5. Demonstrative Pronouns

The demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those) point out or refer to a substantive which has been clearly expressed or just as clearly implied. They may be used as pronouns:

These are the letters he wants.or as adjectives:

Bring me those letters.

6. Reflexive Pronouns

The reflexive pronouns are compound personal pronouns:

Myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, themselves, ourselves, herself, itself

A reflexive pronoun emphasizes or intensifies a meaning. It is not set off by commas.

I myself will see that it is done. The director himself gave the order. I will take it to him myself.

A reflexive pronoun often appears as the direct object of a verb; its antecedent, as the subject of the verb.

I taught myself how to type.He hurt himself when he fell.

I can, however, be the object of a preposition,

He finished the assignment by himself.He was beside himself with joy.

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The indirect object of a verb,

I bought myself a new suit yesterday.

Or a predicate nominative.

I am just not myself today.

In formal usage, the reflexive pronoun is not used where the shorter personal pronoun can be substituted for it with no change in meaning.

Not: Both the Director and myself endorse the policy. But: Both the Director and I endorse the policy.

Avoid the following pronoun errors:

The use of hisself for himself. The use of theirselves for themselves.

The use of myself instead of the personal pronoun me or I in such constructions as “The secretary and myself were assigned to do this work.”

ORDER OF PRONOUNS

Pronoun order is the order in which pronouns should appear in a statement. I have been looking into the rules myself, and have come up with only one so far, and it seems logical.2-13-12-3-1

This is how I understand it.

2. Use the second person pronoun (i.e. you) first if it appears in a sentence. The person being addressed always comes first. For example:

I am sorry that you and my mother have been so bored this evening.

3. The third person pronoun (he, she, it, they) should come after the second person pronoun, as in the above example, but before any first person pronoun.

She and I have been talking just now and have hit upon the solution!

1. The first person pronoun (I) comes last in the sequence, even if there are more than just two pronouns.

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We think that you, she, and I should get out to the movies more often

ADJECTIVE:

It is a word that qualifies a noun or pronoun. It adds something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun. It is also called a Noun Modifier and Pronoun Modifier.

KINDS OF ADJECTIVE

1. Adjectives of Quality2. Adjectives of Quantity3. Adjective of Number4. Proper Adjective5. Demonstrative Adjective6. Interrogative Adjective7. Distributive Adjective

(1) Adjectives of QualityIt states kinds quality or state of a person, place or thing. Example: A rich man, a large room, black cat, fresh milk etc.

(2) Adjectives of Quantity Such words which show quality of things it shows us how much of thing is meant. Example: Some corn, much tea, a little water, enough rice etc.

(3) Adjective of Number Such adjectives show that how many or in what order persons or things are taken. Example: Twelve months, sixty minutes, Tenth class, all men, many

boys, few girls, most people etc.

(4) Proper Adjective The adjectives which are formed from proper noun are called Proper Adjectives. Example: Pakistani, America, African etc.

(5) Demonstrative AdjectiveDemonstrative Adjectives point out some thing or person. Example: This, that, these, those such etc.

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(6) Interrogative AdjectiveInterrogative Adjectives are used to ask questions. Example: Which, what, whose.

(7) Distributive Adjective These adjectives show that things or person named in the sentence are taken singly or separately or in separate lots. Example: Each boy, every men, either of the pens, neither of the shirts etc.

ADJECTIVE

POSITION & ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

(a) Usually comes before Noun. Example: a big town, a blue car

(b) We usually don’t use AND between two adjectives.Example: a beautiful new car Except: when last adjectives are of colour. Example: a white & black cat

(c) Opshacom: This spelling helps remembering the Order of Adjectives.

Article Opinion Shape Age Colour Origin Material NounA Beautiful Long New Black British Plastic PenA Wonderful Old American NovelA Fantastic New Black Leather JacketAn Expensive New Japanese Radio

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Introduction In English, it is common to use more than one adjective before a noun — for example, “He's a silly young fool,” or “She's a smart, energetic woman.” When you use more than one adjective, you have to put them in the right order, according to type. This page will explain the different types of adjectives and the correct order for them.

1. The basic types of adjectives

Opinion An opinion adjective explains what you think about something (other people may not agree with you). For example: silly, beautiful, horrible, difficult

Size A size adjective, of course, tells you how big or small something is. For example: large, tiny, enormous, little

Age An age adjective tells you how young or old something or someone is. For example: ancient, new, young, old

Shape A shape adjective describes the shape of something. For example: square, round, flat, rectangular

Colour A colour adjective, of course, describes the colour of something. For example: blue, pink, reddish, grey

Origin An origin adjective describes where something comes from. For example: French, lunar, American, eastern, Greek

Material A material adjective describes what something is made from. For example: wooden, metal, cotton, paper

Purpose A purpose adjective describes what something is used for. These adjectives often end with “-ing”. For example: sleeping (as in “sleeping bag”), roasting (as in “roasting tin”)

2. Some examples of adjective order

Opinion Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material Purpose

a silly young English man

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ADJECTIVE

Tick the correctly ordered set of adjectives

1) Andrea had a ____________ in her hair yesterday. A) Nice yellow bowB) Yellow nice bowC) Nice bow of yellow

2) She lost a ______________. A) small white cat B) white small cat C) small cat of white

3) I bought ___________ oranges. A) great some big B) big great some C) some great big

4) We met _____________ people at the conference. A) decent people Pakistani B) Pakistani decent people C) decent Pakistani people

5) The clown was wearing a ____________ hat. A) big yellow green B) big yellow and green C) yellow and green big

6) The cookies that you _____________. A) smell delicious baked B) baked smell delicious C) delicious smell baked

7) Is it ____________? A) cold getting outside B) getting cold outside C) outside getting cold

8) The course you are ____________. A) taking sounds interesting

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B) sounds interesting taking C) interesting sounds taking

9) My uncle wore a _________ to the wedding. A) tie of blue silk B) blue tie of silk C) blue silk’s tie

10) Have you met that _________ next door? A) cute boy new B) new boy cute C) cute new boy

11) He has watched _______________ film. A) a/an (British, new, fantastic) B) a/an (new, British, fantastic) C) a/an (fantastic, new, British)

12) I have purchased _____________ briefcase. A) a/an (leather, brown, Italian)B) a/an (brown, Italian, leather)C) an/a (Italian, brown, leather)

13) He has ____________ bicycle. A) a/an (beautiful, red, Pakistani)B) a/an (red, Pakistani, beautiful)C) a/an (beautiful, Pakistani, red)

14) Ali has ___________ jacket. A) a/an (impressive, black & white) B) a/an (impressive & black & white) C) a/an (impressive & black, white)

15) I am having _____________ monitor. A) an/a (costly, latest, Sony) B) an/a (latest, Sony, costly)C) an/a (latest, costly, Sony)

Adjective Test # 1 Adjective of Quantity and Number

1) I ate __________ rice. A) Some B) Many C) Few

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2) He showed __________ concerned. A) Some B) Many C) Few

3) He has __________ cars. A) Some B) Many C) Both A & B

4) ___________ dogs have odd behavior. A) Much B) Many C) Little

5) There are ___________ books in the bag. A) No B) Little C) Much

6) You have ____________ sense. A) No B) Little C) Both A & B

7) We had __________ knowledge about English. A) Many B) More C) Much

8) They have __________ question to solve.A) Many B) More C) Much

9) He thinks ____________ times before acting. A) Many B) More C) Much

10) He has ___________ time today. A) Many B) More C) Much

11) There are __________ students in this class. A) Many B) More C) Much

12) There is ___________ air in this class. A) Many B) More C) Much

Adjective Test # 2 Distributive & Emphatic Adjectives

1) ___________ boy must take ________ turn. A) Each, his B) All, their C) Each, their

2) England expects _________ man to do _______ duty.A) Every, his B) All, their C) Each, their

3) __________ word of it _________ false.

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A) Every, are B) All, are C) Each, is

4) ___________ pens _____________ mine. A) Either, is B) Either, are C) Each, are

5) ___________ pen _____________ mine. A) Either, is B) Either, are C) Each, are

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6) On either sides ____________ a narrow lane A) are B) is

7) Neither accusation ___________ true. A) are B) is

8) Neither claims ________________ right. A) are B) is

9) I saw it with my __________ eye. A) very B) own C) myself

10) He was beaten at his ___________ game. A) very B) own C) myself

11) Mind your ___________ business. A) very B) own C) myself

12) He is his ____________ master. A) very B) own C) myself

13) That is the ___________ thing we want. A) very B) own C) myself

14) It is the __________ suggestion that help me out. A) very B) own C) myself

15) Either Pakistan or India __________ the right to vote.A) have B) has

16) Either Pakistan or other nuclear powers ________ the right to voteA) have B) has

COMPARE THE FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES

Adjective Test # 3 Late-Later-Latest/Latter, Last

Late, Later & Latest(recent): Refer to Time

1) He is __________ than I expected. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

2) I have not heard the _______________ news.

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A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Least

3) The ______________ chapter is lacking in interest. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

4) The _____________ chapters are lacking in interest. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

5) The _____________ chapter is clearly written. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

6) Ours is the ___________ house in the street. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

7) Our house is built with the __________ model. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

8) The majority accepted ____________ proposal than the last one. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

9) The _________ part of the book shows sights of hurry. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

10) I prefer the ____________ preposition to the former. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

11) Is there any __________ news than last week’s? A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

12) The ___________ time I saw him, he was in high spirits. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

13) Today is the __________ day for receiving tenders. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

14) I am quiet __________ today, but Ahmed came ________ than me. A) Late, Later B) Later, Later C) Latest, Late D) Last, Latest

15) The ________ Mogul Emperor came to an ignominious end. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

Adjective Test # 4 Elder, Eldest/Older, Oldest

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Elder & Eldest: are used only for pronouns not for animals/things, and are confined to members of family. Elder is not used with than. Older & Oldest: are used of both persons and things and they shows the age.

1) John is my _____________ brother. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

2) Tom is the son of mine. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

3) He is ____________ than his sister. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

4) Rahman is the ___________ boy in the class. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

5) This is the ___________ temple in Calcutta. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

6) I have an ____________ sister. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

7) Rehman is _________ than Hari by two years. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

8) His ____________ brother is in the Indian civil services. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

9) She is the _____________ of the two sisters. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

10) The nephew is ____________ than his uncle. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

11) Rustum is the ___________ of my uncle’s five sons. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

12) He is the __________ member of the School Committee. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

13) That is Kamran, Ahmed’s ___________ brother. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

14) The ____________ mosque in the town is near the railway station.

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A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

15) Mr. Ali is the _____________ European resident of England. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

Adjective Test # 5 Father, Further / Nearest, Next

Far-Farther-Farthest: means more distant or advancedNearest: denotes DistanceFurther: means additional.Next: denotes Position.

1) Karachi is __________ from Sakkar than Hyderabad. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

2) After this he made no __________ remarks. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

3) I must have a reply without _________ delay. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

4) Bombay is the seaport __________ to Europe. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

5) Ali’s shop is the __________ to the Post Office. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

6) My uncle lives in ___________ house. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

7) Ali is sitting ____________ to Ahmed. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

8) No ____________ reasons were given.A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

9) I am the __________ who will claim for the highest share. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

10) This is the ___________ Post Office of my house. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

11) The pillar-box is ___________ to my house.

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A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

12) His house is ____________ to mine. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

13) The ____________ railway station is two miles from here. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

Adjective Test # 1 Adjective Quantity and Number

1) I ate __________ rice. A) Some B) Many C) Few

2) He showed ___________ concerned. A) Some B) Many C) Few

3) He has __________ cars. A) Some B) Many C) Both A & B

4) _____________ dogs have odd behavior. A) Much B) Many C) Little

5) There are __________ books in the bag. A) No B) Little C) Much

6) You have ____________ sense. A) No B) Little C) Both A & B

7) We had __________ knowledge about English.A) Many B) More C) Much

8) They have __________ questions to solve. A) Many B) More C) Much

9) He thinks ___________ times before acting. A) Many B) More C) Much

10) He has ____________ time today. A) Many B) More C) Much

11) There are ___________ students in this class. A) Many B) More C) Much

12) There is __________ air in this class.

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A) Many B) More C) Much

Adjective Test # 2 Distributive & Emphatic Adjectives

1) ____________ boy must take __________ turn. A) Each, his B) All, their C) Each, their

2) England expects ___________ man to do __________ duty. A) Each, his B) All, their C) Each, their

3) ____________ word of it ____________ false. A) Every, are B) All, are C) Each, is

4) ____________ pens ______________ mine. A) Either, is B) Either, are C) Each, are

5) ____________ pens ____________ mine. A) Either, is B) Either, are C) Each, are

6) One either sides ___________ a narrow lane A) are B) is

7) Neither accusation __________ true. A) are B) is

8) Neither claims ____________ right. A) are B) is

9) I saw it with my ____________ eye. A) very B) own C) myself

10) He was beaten at his ___________ game. A) very B) own C) myself

11) Mind your ___________ business. A) very B) own C) myself

12) He is his ____________ master. A) very B) own C) myself

13) That is the ___________ thing we want. A) very B) own C) myself

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14) It is the __________ suggestion that help me out. A) very B) own C) myself

15) Either Pakistan or India __________ the right to vote.A) have B) has

16) Either Pakistan or other nuclear powers ________ the right to voteA) have B) has

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COMPARE THE FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES

Adjective Test # 3 Late-Later-Latest/Latter, Last

Late, Later & Latest(recent): Refer to Time

1) He is __________ than I expected. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

2) I have not heard the _______________ news. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Least

3) The ______________ chapter is lacking in interest. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

4) The _____________ chapters are lacking in interest. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

5) The _____________ chapter is clearly written. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

6) Ours is the ___________ house in the street. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

7) Our house is built with the __________ model. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

8) The majority accepted ____________ proposal than the last one. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

9) The _________ part of the book shows sights of hurry. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

10) I prefer the ____________ preposition to the former. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

11) Is there any __________ news than last week’s? A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

12) The ___________ time I saw him, he was in high spirits. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

13) Today is the __________ day for receiving tenders.

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A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

14) I am quiet __________ today, but Ahmed came ________ than me. A) Late, Later B) Later, Later C) Latest, Late D) Last, Latest

15) The ________ Mogul Emperor came to an ignominious end. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last

Adjective Test # 4 Elder, Eldest/Older, Oldest

Elder & Eldest: are used only for pronouns not for animals/things, and are confined to members of family. Elder is not used with than. Older & Oldest: are used of both persons and things and they shows the age.

1) John is my _____________ brother. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

2) Tom is the son of mine. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

3) He is ____________ than his sister. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

4) Rahman is the ___________ boy in the class. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

5) This is the ___________ temple in Calcutta. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

6) I have an ____________ sister. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

7) Rehman is _________ than Hari by two years. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

8) His ____________ brother is in the Indian civil services. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

9) She is the _____________ of the two sisters. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

10) The nephew is ____________ than his uncle. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

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11) Rustum is the ___________ of my uncle’s five sons. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

12) He is the __________ member of the School Committee. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

13) That is Kamran, Ahmed’s ___________ brother. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

14) The ____________ mosque in the town is near the railway station. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

15) Mr. Ali is the _____________ European resident of England. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest

Adjective Test # 5 Father, Further / Nearest, Next

Far-Farther-Farthest: means more distant or advancedNearest: denotes DistanceFurther: means additional.Next: denotes Position.

1) Karachi is __________ from Sakkar than Hyderabad. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

2) After this he made no __________ remarks. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

3) I must have a reply without _________ delay. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

4) Bombay is the seaport __________ to Europe. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

5) Ali’s shop is the __________ to the Post Office. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

6) My uncle lives in ___________ house. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

7) Ali is sitting ____________ to Ahmed. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

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8) No ____________ reasons were given.A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

9) I am the __________ who will claim for the highest share. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

10) This is the ___________ Post Office of my house. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

11) The pillar-box is ___________ to my house. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

12) His house is ____________ to mine. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

13) The ____________ railway station is two miles from here. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next

Adjective Test # 6 Little, A Little & The Little / Few, A Few & The Few

Little: Not much (i.e. hardly any) (for uncountable) A Little: Some but not much (for uncountable) The Little: Not much, but all there is. (for uncountable) Few: Not many (i.e. hardly any) (for countable) A Few: Some (for countable)The Few: Not many, but all there is (for countable).

PRACTICE TEST

1) He is seriously ill and there is ___________ hope of this recovery. A) little B) a little C) few D) a few

2) It is said “_____ knowledge is a bad thing”. A) little B) a little C) the little D) few

3) She didn’t eat much but drank _________ water. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

4) ___________ people know as much about computers as Bill Gates does. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

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5) Your help does me ________ good when the whole system goes down. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

6) __________ grain they had was damaged by sea water. A) little B) a little C) the little D) few

7) ________ precaution is necessary in handling that machine. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

8) _________ care could have prevented the catastrophe. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

9) ____ knowledge of French that he has, is likely to be very useful to him. A) little B) a little C) the little D) few

10) __________ public libraries that we have, are not well equipped. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

11) _______days that are left to him he spends in solitude and meditation. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

12) Many Pakistani study English, but only _________ study French.A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

13) Give me _________ minutes more to complete my task. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

14) In _________ words he expressed his gratitude to his friends. A) little B) the little C) a few D) the few

15) How he arrived here, I saw him there __________ minutes ago. A) little B) the little C) a few D) the few

Adjective Test # 7 Almost, Almost All, Most of

1) __________ people in the world want to lead a better life. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

2) _________ the students have to work their hardest to pass entry test. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

3) I like summer _________ the time, but August is really too hot!A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

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4) I ________ had a bad accident yesterday. I have to drive more carefully. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

5) The cat ___________ scratched my leg, but I shooed it away. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

6) Are __________ Americans English speakers? A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

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7) I learned __________ of my English by watching movies and listening to music. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

8) We had _________ arrived in the city when it started to snow. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

9) “Did _______ you remember to bring extra water for our hike today?”A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

10) Something terrible happened! I was flying in a plane and it _______ crashed! A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

Adjective Test # 8 Some, or Any

1) I’m sure I made _________ mistakes on them exam. A) Some B) Any

2) My friend didn’t make ________ mistakes on the exam. A) Some B) Any

3) I should have studied _________ more last night. A) Some B) Any

4) I have __________ money so I will give you a treat. A) Some B) Any

5) that is very kind of you because I don’t have _________ money. A) Some B) Any

6) No, I don’t have _______, but I wish I did. A) Some B) Any

7) Do you know ________ good restaurant in Vancouver? A) Some B) Any

8) “Would you like to have ________ coffee with your meal, Sir” asked the waiter? A) Some B) Any

9) Yes, I’d like _______ please,” I replied. A) Some B) Any

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10) “Do you have __________ newspapers left,” I asked? A) Some B) Any

11) “No, I don’t have _________” he replied. A) Some B) Any

12) “But I will have ________ more this evening,” he added. A) Some B) Any

13) I went to the butcher, but I don’t buy ______ meat. It was so expensive!A) Some B) Any

14) Please come to see me ________ time when you are free. A) Some B) Any

15) Thank you. Maybe I will come __________ time on Saturday? A) Some B) Any

16) I have to cigarettes left so I will go to the store to buy ___________. A) Some B) Any

17) If they have ___________ Cuban cigars, please buy one for me. A) Some B) Any

18) Then you must give me __________ more money. A) Some B) Any

Adjective Test # 6 Little, A Little & The Little / Few, A Few & The Few

Little: Not much (i.e. hardly any) (for uncountable) A Little: Some but not much (for uncountable) The Little: Not much, but all there is. (for uncountable) Few: Not many (i.e. hardly any) (for countable) A Few: Some (for countable)The Few: Not many, but all there is (for countable).

PRACTICE TEST

1) He is seriously ill and there is ___________ hope of this recovery. A) little B) a little C) few D) a few

2) It is said “_____ knowledge is a bad thing”.

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A) little B) a little C) the little D) few

3) She didn’t eat much but drank _________ water. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

4) ___________ people know as much about computers as Bill Gates does. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

5) Your help does me ________ good when the whole system goes down. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

6) __________ grain they had was damaged by sea water. A) little B) a little C) the little D) few

7) ________ precaution is necessary in handling that machine. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

8) _________ care could have prevented the catastrophe. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

9) ____ knowledge of French that he has, is likely to be very useful to him. A) little B) a little C) the little D) few

10) __________ public libraries that we have, are not well equipped. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

11) _______days that are left to him he spends in solitude and meditation. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

12) Many Pakistani study English, but only _________ study French.A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

13) Give me _________ minutes more to complete my task. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few

14) In _________ words he expressed his gratitude to his friends. A) little B) the little C) a few D) the few

15) How he arrived here, I saw him there __________ minutes ago. A) little B) the little C) a few D) the few

Adjective Test # 7 Almost, Almost All, Most of

1) __________ people in the world want to lead a better life.

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A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

2) _________ the students have to work their hardest to pass entry test. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

3) I like summer _________ the time, but August is really too hot!A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

4) I ________ had a bad accident yesterday. I have to drive more carefully. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

5) The cat ___________ scratched my leg, but I shooed it away. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

6) Are __________ Americans English speakers? A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

7) I learned __________ of my English by watching movies and listening to music. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

8) We had _________ arrived in the city when it started to snow. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

9) “Did _______ you remember to bring extra water for our hike today?”A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

10) Something terrible happened! I was flying in a plane and it _______ crashed! A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them

Adjective Test # 8 Some, or Any

1) I’m sure I made _________ mistakes on them exam. A) Some B) Any

2) My friend didn’t make ________ mistakes on the exam. A) Some B) Any

3) I should have studied _________ more last night. A) Some B) Any

4) I have __________ money so I will give you a treat.

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A) Some B) Any

5) that is very kind of you because I don’t have _________ money. A) Some B) Any

6) No, I don’t have _______, but I wish I did. A) Some B) Any

7) Do you know ________ good restaurant in Vancouver? A) Some B) Any

8) “Would you like to have ________ coffee with your meal, Sir” asked the waiter? A) Some B) Any

9) Yes, I’d like _______ please,” I replied. A) Some B) Any

10) “Do you have __________ newspapers left,” I asked? A) Some B) Any

11) “No, I don’t have _________” he replied. A) Some B) Any

12) “But I will have ________ more this evening,” he added. A) Some B) Any

13) I went to the butcher, but I don’t buy ______ meat. It was so expensive!A) Some B) Any

14) Please come to see me ________ time when you are free. A) Some B) Any

15) Thank you. Maybe I will come __________ time on Saturday? A) Some B) Any

16) I have to cigarettes left so I will go to the store to buy ___________. A) Some B) Any

17) If they have ___________ Cuban cigars, please buy one for me. A) Some B) Any

18) Then you must give me __________ more money. A) Some B) Any

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ONE-WORD SUBSTITUTIONS

1. Child with parents2. A person who creates disorder or lawlessness3. A thing that cannot be avoided4. A man who does not believe in existence of God5. Talking badly against sacred / pious things / personalities6. One who is a great lover of books7. The life history of a man written by himself8. The life history of a man written by another9. A man who works in the same department10. One who has power seeing everything 11. Government by the people12. Government by one person13. Government by the nobles14. A lady’s purse15. A speech made without any preparation16. In perfect balance17. A man filled with extreme ideas of religion18. One who believes in fate19. A person who does not know how to read or write20. Something that comes and goes with the season21. When more than one thing happen at the same time22. A person who hates mankind23. A person who hates woman24. Belonging to the Middle Anges25. A medicine that induces sleep26. A person who studies a language 27. Power of knowing the though of others28. Favoring own relatives and friends in every way29. One who is all-powerful30. One who is present everywhere31. A child born after the death of his father32. One who things positively33. One who things negatively34. A person who loves and works for human beings35. Medical examination of a dead body36. Property inherited from one’s father or ancestors37. The word that is no longer in use38. Act of speaking to oneself when all alone39. A person who can speak many languages

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40. Amount paid to a person for work done41. Man whose wife is dead42. A person qualified for something43. A man having feminine qualities of attitudes and manners44. A group of singers with all basic musical instruments45. Any work or book that appears after its writer’s death.46. Scientific study of a language47. A person who believes in One God. 48. An office for which salary is not paid49. A disease which ends in death50. Incapable of being corrected51. That which cannot be solved or dissolved52. That which cannot be defended53. One who eats human flesh54. Government by officials55. A medicine to counteract the effect of poison 56. A person who easily trust others57. A building in which dead bodies are kept58. A person who continuously talks 59. A medicine that kills germs60. A person who is indifferent to please and pain 61. One who is very easily made angry62. Worship of idols63. Animals who live in water64. Animals who live in flocks65. A thing which cannot be imitated66. That which is contrary to law67. One who can use his left and right hand in writing 68. The murder or murderer of one’s children 69. The murder or murderer of one’s brother 70. The murder or murderer of one’s father71. The murder or murderer of one’s mother72. The murder or murderer of the king 73. Incapable of being explained74. One who walks on foot75. A person gradually recovering from illness.

VERB

There are three kinds of verb:

VERB

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VERB “TO BE” VERB “T HAVE” ACTION VERB

AM, IS, ARE HAS, HAVE EATWAS, WERE HAD WATCH

WILL BE, WILL HAVE GOSHALL BE SHALL HAVE SEETO SHOW TO SHOW

Status: He is my brother Possession: He has a new car. Place: He is in the class. Relation: He has a cute brother.

Action Verb: It is that category of the verb, which shows the complete action.

KINDS OF ACTION VERB:

1) Regular Action Verb: These verbs take “D”, “ED”, & “IED” in their ends to make their 2nd and 3rd form.

2) Irregular Action Verb: These verbs have no fix formula to make their 2nd and 3rd form.

FORMS OF ACTION VERB:

Present Form Past Form Past Participle Present Participle

Regular VerbsPromiseWatchCarry

PromisedWatchedCarried

PromisedWatchedCarried

PromisingWatchingCaring

Irregular VerbsGoComeCut

WentCameCut

GoneComeCut

GoingComingCutting

MODEL VERBSKey Points

CAN: Usually expresses Ability or Capacity.Example: I can swim. / He can arrive there in five minutes.

COULD: Is used as past equivalent of Can. Example: I could swim yesterday.

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MAY:(a) Is used to express Permission. Example: May I come in please.

(b) It is used to express Possibility in affirmative sentences.Example: It may rain today.

(c) It is used to express With or Pray. Example: May you live happily & long!

MIGHT:(a) Is used as past equivalent of May. Example: He said I might go (Permission) Example: I thought he might be at home (Possibility) Example: I wondered whether it could be true (Possibility)

(b) Might is used to express a degree of dissatisfaction or reproach. Example: You might pay a little more attention to your appearance.

(c) MIGHT & COULD are used as less positive versions of MAY & CAN

Example: I could/might attend the party (less positive & hesitant than: I can/may attend the party)Might/Could I borrow your pen? (Less positive & hesitant than: Can/May I borrow your pen?)

SHALL:(a) It is used with First Person i.e. I & We: Example: I shall call you. Example: We shall wait for you.

(b) It is used with second & third person to express. 1. Command Example: He shall not enter my house again. 2. Promise: Example: You shall have a holiday tomorrow. 3. Threat: Example: You shall be punished for this.

SHOULD:(a) It is used as past equivalent of Shall. Example: I expected that I should get a first class.

(b) It is used for Advise. Example: You should work hard to pass entry test.

(c) It is used to express duty / obligation. Example: We should obey our parents.

(d) It is used (In clause of condition) to express a supposition that may not be true

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Example: If it should rain, he will not come.

WOULD:(a) It is used as the past equivalent of Will. Example: I would come yesterday, but I didn’t.

MUST:(a) It is used to express Necessity/Obligation. Example: WE must obey the law

(b) It is used to express Fixed determination. Example: I must have my way in his matter.

SOUGHT (To):(a) It is used to express moral obligation/desirability. Example: We ought to love our country

(b) It is used to express Strong Probability (chance/possibility) Example: Ali ought to win. The film ought to be a great success.

USED TO:(a) It is used to express Discontinued habit (Past habitual activity). Example: I used to play cricket when I was in college.

NEED TO: It is used to express Necessity/Obligation. Example: I need to write a letter to VC.

HARE TO: It means (to be brave enough to). It is generally used in negative and interrogative. It does not take with third person singular.

Example: He doesn’t dare to touch my stuff again.

(1) MODALS

The modal helping verbs or modal auxiliaries include can, could, may, and

might, along with several two-and three-word combination, such as have

to and be able to. Modals convey various meanings, with these being most

common.

ABILITY: can, could, be able to

POSSIBILITY: could, may might, could/may/might have + past

participle

● The equipment could fail. (Present)

● The Equipment may fail. (Present or Future)

● The equipment might fail. (Present or Future)

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● The equipment may have failed. (Past)

NECESSITY OR OBLIGATION: must, have to, had to, will have to

● The lab must purchase the equipment. (Present or Future)

● The lab has to purchase the equipment. (Present or

Future)

● The lab had to purchase the equipment. (Past)

● The lab will have to purchase the equipment. (Future)

PERMISSION: may, can, could

● The lab may spend the money. (Present or Future)

● The lab can spend the money. (Present or Future)

● The lab could spend the money. (Present or Future,

more tentative)

● The school then announced that the lab could spend the money.

(Past)

INTENTION: will, shall, would

● The Lab Will Spend the money (Future)

● Shall we offer advice? (Future. Use shall for questions requesting

opinion or consent.)

● We knew we would offer advice. (Past)

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REQUEST: could, can, would

● Could I use your phone, please?

● Could (or can or would) you please obtain a bid?

ADVISABILITY: should, had better, ought to, should have + past

participle

● You should obtain three bids. (Present or

Future)

● You had better obtain three bids. (Present or Future)

● You ought to obtain three bids. (Present or Future)

● You should have obtained three bids. (Past)

PAST HABIT: would, used to

In years past we would walk to work.

● We used to walk to work.

VERB PRACTICE 1 MODEL VERBS

From the choices provided after each sentence select the verb that would correctly complete the sentence

1) You are a talented student. You ________ pass this test. A) Can B) Might C) Must

2) Ali is the student of his semester, so he _________ appear in exams. A) Must B) Ought to C) Should

3) Every Muslim ________ perform prays five times in a day. A) Must B) Ought to C) Should

4) __________ God bless you all. A) May B) Ought to C) Should

5) Europeans thought that Muslims __________ remain claim while seeing the blasphemous cartoons published. A) Can B) Might C) Must

6) I am sorry I ________ attend your class yesterday. A) Can’t B) Couldn’t C) Wouldn’t

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7) You seem to be having trouble there. _______ I help you? A) May B) Can C) Shall

8) I don’t have money to buy lunch. _________ you lend me a couple of dollars? A) May B) Could C) Can

9) That ice is dangerously thin now. You _______ go ice-skating today. A) Mustn’t B) Might not C) Shouldn’t

10) It’s way past my bedtime and I’m really tired. I ______ go to bed. A) Should B) Can C) Could

11) He ______ have committed this crime. He wasn’t even in the city that night. A) Might B) Shouldn’t C) Couldn’t

12) John is late today. He _______ miss his bus. A) Should B) Might C) Would

13) I’m really quite lost. _______ showing me how to get out of here? A) Would you mind B) Would you be C) Must you be

14) That bus is usually on time. It _______ be here any time now. A) Might B) Can C) Ought to

15) It’s the law and they _________ follow it. A) Might B) Could C) Have to

16) Villa is teacher here, so she _________ teach here. A) Has to B) Can C) Must

17) _________ you speak any foreign languages? A) May B) Can C) Have

18) Liz _________ get tired of her job. It was so boring. A) Might B) Must C) Should

19) The time of Ali’s class is 12. It 12.30, so he ______ be in his class now. A) Might B) Must C) Can

20) Take an umbrella. It ________ rain later. A) Has to B) Need C) Might

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21) Jack __________ go to hospital yesterday. A) Must B) Had to C) Need

22) You look tired. You ________ go to bed. A) Should B) Ought to C) Are to

23) You _________ do it. I’ve already done it. A) Must not B) Need not C) Ought not

24) ___________ it be true? A) Must B) May C) Can

25) _________ we stay or leave? A) Will B) Would C) Shall

26) Jane was so tired. She _________ have worked days and nights. A) Should B) Must C) Need

27) I _________ to the doctor yesterday. A) Had to gone B) Must had gone C) Had to go

28) I am happy that I _______ wake up early on Sunday. A) Don’t have to B) not have to C) Must not

29) You ought _________ the movie. A) See B) To see C) Seeing

30) I __________ work yesterday. A) Not had to B) Didn’t had to C) Didn’t have to

31) You _________ eat the whole meal. A) Must not to B) Have don’t to C) Have not to

32) Would you please __________ me that book? A) To give B) Giving C) Give

33) Would you mind _________ me that book? A) To give B) Giving C) Give

34) You _________ more careful. A) Ought to been B) Ought to C) Ought to be

35) It __________ snow tomorrow.

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A) Can B) May C) Must

36) He ________ in yesterday, as it was his first test. A) Has to be B) Had to be C) Could be

37) You ________ her. A) Has to be B) Had to be C) Could be

38) He _________ not to ask me such this, as I am his boss.A) Ought B) Dares C) Needs

39) You ________ not to right since I will give you handouts.A) Out B) Dare C) Need

40) We were ________ call you but you called A) Out to B) About to C) Need to

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Used to do or Be used to Quiz

41) My mother _________ cook on Sunday. A) Used to B) Is used to C) both of them

42) Didn’t you use to ________?A) Swim B) Is swimming C) Swimming

43) I don’t use to __________ this much TV. A) Watch B) Watching C) Watched

44) You _________ noisy child. A) Use to B) Used to C) Used to be

45) Ali used to __________ my best friend. A) Been B) Be C) Have

46) I used to __________ 10 cigarettes a day. A) Be taking B) Been taking C) Take

47) I __________ in Hawaii in 1990. A) Used to be B) Used to do C) Use to

48) __________ you ________ to eat spicy food? A) Do, used B) Did, used C) Did, use

49) My brother used to _________ early for school. A) Getting up B) Get up C) Got up

50) Did you _________ to eat meat? A) Use B) Used C) Uses

IRREGULAR VERB TEST

1. Write the 2nd form of : Abide _________2. Write the 2nd form of : Beget _________3. Write the 2nd form of : Bite _________4. Write the 2nd form of : Blow _________5. Write the 2nd form of : Cost _________6. Write the 3rd form of : Creep _________7. Write the 3rd form of : Deal _________8. Write the 3rd form of : Draw _________

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9. Write the 3rd form of : Dwell _________10. Write the 2nd form of : Fight _________11. Write the 2nd form of : Find _________12. Write the 2nd form of : Flee _________13. Write the 2nd form of : Forsake _________14. Write the 2nd form of : Freeze _________15. Write the 2nd form of : Give _________16. Write the 3rd form of : Grind _________17. Write the 3rd form of : Grow _________18. Write the 3rd form of : Hit _________19. Write the 3rd form of : Keep _________20. Write the 2nd form of : Know _________21. Write the 2nd form of : Lay _________22. Write the 2nd form of : Lead _________23. Write the 2nd form of : Lean _________24. Write the 2nd form of : Leave _________25. Write the 2nd form of : Lend _________26. Write the 3rd form of : Make _________27. Write the 3rd form of : Rise _________28. Write the 3rd form of : See _________29. Write the 3rd form of : Sew _________30. Write the 2nd form of : Shoot _________31. Write the 2nd form of : Sink _________32. Write the 2nd form of : Sit _________33. Write the 2nd form of : Sting _________34. Write the 2nd form of : Strive _________35. Write the 2nd form of : Thrive _________36. Write the 3rd form of : Throw _________37. Write the 3rd form of : Undertake_________38. Write the 3rd form of : Wake _________

PREPOSITION

It shows the relation of a noun or pronoun with same thing else (action, noun or pronoun) in a sentence.

Preposition means something that is placed before.

It is always placed before a noun or pronoun.

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IN

PLACE In roomIn shopIn CarIn the waterIn GardenIn a town,In the city centre,In HyderabadIn FranceIn the beginning ofIn the middle of In cupboardIn the riverIn the seaDirections (North South East West)In the bed

TIMEIn the morningIn the eveningIn the afternoonIn the midnightSeasons (in summer)In AugustIn 1999In the Middle AgesIn time (before time)

On the grassOn the envelopOn the horse, bike, bicycleOn a bus, train, plane, ship:(He is sitting on the bus)On the ground floor, first floorOn the way home or to workOn the leftOn the right – in the middleOn holiday: Ali is on holiday todayOn TV, Radio: we watch news on the TVOn phone: I spoke to Carol on phoneOn fire: The house is on fire.

TIMEOn 1st August On my birthdayOn MondayOn ChristmasOn time: (not late)

AT

PLACE At gate At the door At the bus stationAt traffic signalAt my desk At village At the top ofAt the bottom of At the end of

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At homeAt work At school, college, universityAt the stationAt the airportAt Ali’s (house, place)At my sister’s (place)At concert, party, football matchAt (the age of): Ali dies at the age of 20At 50 miles per hourAt 100 C

ON

PLACE On roofOn shelfOn the bankOn sea shoreOn a plateOn balconyOn the floorOn ceilingsOn wallsOn the trees

TIMEAt nightAt noonAt 1 O’clock At week ends

BY

By bus, are, train, plane: He travels by bus.Exceptional: On foot: he came home

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on foot.A book by: This is a book by Dickens After Passive: he was killed by her.

PREPOSITION

Prepositions of TimePrepositions can also be used to show when something happened.

The prepositions At, On, and In We use at for specific times.

For ExampleMy birthday is on Monday. We’re having a party on 7th September. We also use on for some special days.

For ExampleOn Christmas day. We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year.

For ExampleIn summer it’s too hot to work. I started his web site in 1999. She woke up in the night.

More prepositions of time

Point in Time

at 6 O’ClockMidnightSaturday

on April 10th Christmas Day

by the end of July (indicates a deadline = at the latest)

till/until/upto March (indicates an end point) April

since 10th March (indicates a beginning point in time)

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Length of Time

in July the autumnthe morningthe middle of . . . . .

at night The weekend

during the meeting the lesson

for two days twelve months

throughout Augustthe project

Prepositions of PlacePrepositions can be used to show where something is located.

The prepositions at, on, and in We use at to show a specific place or position.

For example: Someone is at the door.They are waiting at the bus stopI used to live at 51 Portland Street. We use on to show position on a horizontal or vertical surface.

For example: The cat sat on the mat.The satellite dish is on the roof. We also use on to show position on streets, roads, etc.

For example: I used to live on Portland Street. We use in to show that something is enclosed or surrounded.

For example: The dog is in the garden.She is in a taxi.

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Put it in the box.He also use in to show position within land-areas (town, countries, states, countries, and continents).

For example: Used to live in Nottingham.

More prepositions of place

Prepositions of Place

AfterShe slammed the door after her.

They ran after the thief.

Among I enjoy being among my friends.

I found my handbag among my luggage.

AtThe secretary was sitting at her desk.

The man was standing at the taxi stand.

Behind The car park is behind the building.

He never won a race, he was always behind other

BetweenThe prisoner sat between the two policemen.

I held the pen between my thumb and fingers.

In The pen was in the drawer

He lives in South Africa.

In front of The teacher stands in front of the class

The car was parked in front of the garage.

Next to / beside / by In my English lesson I always sit next to / my friend.

beside / by

The bank is next to / the hotel.

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Beside / by

On The painting was hanging on the wall.

The boy was sitting on the chair.

Over/aboveThe sign hanging over/above the door read ‘No smoking’.

I put the tablecloth over the table. I enjoy watching the planes fly above me.

Under / below The temperature outside was under/below 0.

The woman was sheltering under a tree.When flying I enjoy watching the clouds below me.

Prepositions of Movement

Prepositions can be used to show movement.

For example:-To, through, acrossWe use to to show movement with the aim of a specific destination.

For example:-I moved to Germany in 1998.He’s gone to the shops.

We use through to show movement from one side of an enclosed space to the other.

For example:-The train went through the tunnel. We use across to show movement from one side of a surface or line to another.

For example:-She swam across the river.

More prepositions of movement

She ran To the door.

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Through the tunnel. (from one side of an enclosed space to the other)

Across the road. (from one side of an open space to the other)

Along the road. (the length of the road)

Down the road. (the length of the road)

Over the bridge. (from one side of an open space to the other)

Off the stage.

Round the track.

Into the room

Fill in the blanks with suitable option.

1) My elder brother is ___________ LLB. A) a B) an C) the D) nothing X

2) Honesty is ___________ best policy. A) a B) an C) the D) nothing X

3) What __________ shot! A) a B) an C) the D) nothing X

4) Please give me _________ pen and __________ inkpot. A) a, X B) a, an C) a, a D) an, nothing X

5) Ali is studying in ______ university which has _____ many students. A) a, X B) a, an C) a, a D) an, nothing X

6) Haana is ______ intelligent and _____ diligent student of our school. A) an, X B) an, an C) an, a D) an, the

7) ________ Sahara is _________ largest desert of _______ world. A) X, the, X B) the, X, X C) the, the, X D) the, the, the

8) _______ Holy Quran is _______ most sacred book of _______ Allah.

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A) X, the, X B) the, the, a C) the, the, X D) the, the, the

9) After climbing ________ K2, he is planning to conquer _______ Mount Everest. A) an, X B) a, the C) the, a D) the, the

10) I always buy ___________ Dawn. A) a B) an C) the D) nothing X

11) He loves to speak __________ Truth and hates to tell _______ lie. A) an, X B) a, the C) the, a D) the, the

12) _________ stars are in ___________ sky. A) an, X B) a, the C) the, a D) the, the

13) __________ trees look fresh and green in _________ spring. A) an, X B) a, the C) the, a D) the, the

14) He is __________ one who beats me. A) a B) an C) the D) nothing X

15) My younger brother is __________ S.H.O of __________ Hala City. A) an, X B) an, an C) an, a D) an, the

PRACTICE TEST 2

Fill in the blanks with suitable option.

1) I met ___________ person. He was _________ M.A in English. A) a, a B) an, a C) an, an D) a, an

2) I went to _________ doctor who was my relative. A) the B) a C) an D) None of them

3) Please consult _______ calendar and find __________ date on which you were born. Fill in the blankA) a, the B) an, the C) the, the D) All of these

4) ______________ dog is a faithful animal. A) The B) a C) an D) None of these

5) There is ___________ university in that city. A) an B) a C) Both A&B D) None of these

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6) ___________ only way to get through the examination is hard working. A) a B) an C) the D) All of these

7) Asma attained _________ first position and her friend attained ________ second position. A) a, an B) the, a C) a, a D) the, the

8) Aslam is __________ tallest boy of the class. A) a B) the C) an D) N.O.T

9) If oil supplies run out, ________ man may have to fall back on __________ horse. A) the, the B) No article, a C) No article, the D) All of these

10) The students have arranged a program to visit ________ sea, especially __________ Arabian sea. A) a, the B) the, a C) a, a D) the, the

11) We have recently visited __________ Thar Desert. A) the B) a C) Both A&B D) an

12) __________ USA is the abbreviation of _________ united state of America. A) No article, the B) the, a C) the, the, D) N.O.T

13) ___________ Indus river is ___________ largest river of Pakistan. A) No article, the B) the, the C) the, No article D) a, the

14) We recite ___________ Holy Quran whereas Christian recites ____________ Holy Bible. A) a, a B) the, the C) a, the D) N.O.T

15) Edmund Dantes is better known as __________ Count of Monte Cristo not as _____________ Duke of Strelsau. A) a, the B) an, the C) Both A&B D) the, the

Find out the error:

16) The teacher taught a students. (a) (b) (c) (d)

17) An earth moves around the sun. (a) (b) (c) (d)

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18) The sun has been covered with a clouds. (a) (b) (c) (d)

19) The Stars are sparking in a sky. (a) (b) (c) (d)

20) A two girls are sharing confidence between each other. (a) (b) (c) (d)

Example:

Faheem writes a letter.

Kinds of Verb

1. Transitive Verb2. Intransitive Verb

(1) Transitive VerbThe transitive verb shows that the action does not stop with the subject but it passes on from subject to the object.

Example: 1. The man killed a snake. 2. He bought a house.

(2) Intransitive VerbIf the action denoted by a verb stops with subject and does not pass over to the object, the verb is called Intransitive verb.

Example: 1. Sun rises in the east.2. They sweep3. She smiles.

(5) The Verb An adverb is a word which is used to show the time, manner and degree of verb and adjective or another adverb by modifying their meaning.

Example:1. Ahmed speaks fluently. 2. This is very sweet dish.3. Faheem writes quite clearly.

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Kinds of Adverb1. Adverbs of Manner2. Adverbs of place3. Adverbs of Time4. Adverbs of Frequency5. Adverb of Degree6. Interrogative Adverb7. Relative Adverb

(1) Adverbs of MannerIt tells about the manner of some action how it took place.

Example:She danced beautifully.Here beautifully shows manners.

(2) Adverbs of placeIt shows where something happened.

Example:He brought him here. “Here’ is the adverb of place.

(3) Adverbs of TimeIt shows when did something happen.

Example:He is coming tomorrow. Here tomorrow is adverb.

(4) Adverbs of FrequencyIt shows that how often or how many times action takes place.

Example:He is always in time for meal. Here always is adverb of frequency.

(5) Adverb of DegreeSuch adverb which shows the degree of a verb or an adjective by telling how much or at what degree an action takes place.

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Example:Almost, nearly, quite, too, extremely, absolutely, entirely etc.

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(6) Interrogative Adverb Interrogative Adverbs asks about an action. (Why, where, when, how)

Example:Why is he late? How did you come?

(7) Relative AdverbSuch words which show relationship between nouns and connect one sentence to another sentence are called Relative adverb.

Example:1. I visited the house where he lived. 2. This is the reason why I left school.

(6) PrepositionA preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a Noun or Pronoun to some other words in sentence.

Example:1. The goat grazes in the field. 2. She is going to Bazar.3. The books are on the table.4. She is looking at the kid.

(7) ConjunctionA Conjunction is a word used to join the two statements, words or phrases.

Example:Two and two make four.

Kinds of Conjunctions

1. Co-ordinating Conjunctions2. Co-relative Conjunctions3. Sub-ordinationg Conjunctions

(1) Co-ordinating ConjunctionsCo-ordinating conjunctions connect words or word groups which are equally important. The most common co-ordinating conjunction are “and, but, for, nor & or”.

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Example:They had hoped to break up their group, but their fans forced then to stay.

(2) Co-relative ConjunctionsSuch conjunctions which are used in pairs are called Co-relative conjunctions.

Example:He is not only a teacher but also a good poet.

(3) Sub-ordinationg Conjunctions Such conjunctions which join one dependant clause to another independent clause for its full meaning are called sub-ordinating conjunctions. Such as after, if, unless, where, when, though, till, while, before, because, that, as, lost etc.

Example:1. We enjoy when it’s cloudy. 2. I hope you if you want.

(8) InterjectionSuch words or phrases which are used to express some sudden feelings, emotions, pleasure, sorrow, surprise, desire and exclamation are called Interjection.

Example:1. Alas! His father died in accident. (Sorrow)2. Hurrah! We won the match. (Joy)3. Would that I were doctor! (Desire)

ARTICLES

Articles are used to highlight the noun. There are two types of articles i.e.

Definite & Indefinite article.

Articles are used only before nouns. Indefinite articles always come before

singular nouns.

Indefinite Articles are ‘A’ & ‘An”.

‘A’:- It is used before a noun which starts with Consonant Sound i.e. a boy,

a table a city etc.

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‘An’:-It is used before a noun which starts with Vowel Sound an

intelligent, an easy question etc.

Definite Article is ‘The’

It is used;

1. With names of Gulfs, Rivers, Seas, Oceans, Groups of Islands, and

Mountains-ranges, deserts; as,

The Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, The Indian Ocean, The Indus

The Sahara

2. Before names of certain books, especially Holy Book; as,

The Quran The Bible The Illiad The

Ramayana

3. Before the name of Nations; examples

The Americans The Pakistanis The Greeks The

Balochs

4. Before the titles examples The President, The

P.M, The Admiral

5. Before Directions; examples: The East, The North, The

West

6. Before Seasons: example:

The Summer The Winter The Autumn

The spring

7. Before Newspapers: example:

The Pakistan Times The News The Frontier

Post

8. Before musical instrument; example: He can play the flute

9. Before nouns of Natural objects,

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The earth moves around the sun, The Mars, The Jupiter

The Sky

10. With Ordinals; as,

He was the first man to arrive. The ninth chapter of the book is

very interesting

11. With superlatives; as,

The best The worst The most important The

easiest question

12. When a singular noun is meant to represent a whole class; as,

The cow is useful animal. The cat loves comfort. The banyan is

kind of a tree

Note: Man & Woman used in general sense to denote the whole class

never takes article

13. Before a proper noun only when it is qualified by an adjective or a

defining adjectival clause; as,

The great Caesar The immortal Shakespeare

14. As an Adverb with Comparative; as,

The more they get, the more they want.

15. When we speak of a particular person or thing, or one already

referred to; as,

The book you want is out of print I dislike The fellow

OMISSION OF THE ARTICLE

The Article is omitted---

1. Before the name of materials; as,

Gold is the precious stone Cotton grows in India, America and

Egypt.

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2. Usually before Proper noun; as,

Dehli is the capital of India Newton was a great philosopher

and scientist.

3. Before Abstract noun used in general sense; as,

Wisdom is the gift of heaven Honesty is odious

Note:- An Abstract noun when it is qualified by an Adjective,

Adjectival pharase or clause, my have the article; as, “The wisdom of

Hazrat Ali is famous” “I can’t forget the kindness with which he

treated me”

4. Before Languages,

we are studying English. I like Spanish

5. Before School, College, Church, Bed, Table, Hospital, Market, Prison,

When these places are visited or used for their primary purpose; as,

I learnt French at school. We go to church on Sunday. He stays

in bed till nine every morning.

Notes: “The is used with these words when we refer to them as a

definite place, building or object rather than to the normal activity that

goes on there; as,

The school is very near on my home I met him at the church The be is

broken

6. Before the name of relations Like Father, Mother, Aunt, etc

A-CONFUSING WORD PAIRS

Q.1 Choose the correct word for each space and fill in the blank:

1. Misused (badly, wrongly used)

(a) They complained that the new law had been ___________ to

suppress individual liberties.

(b) The goods were stored in a ___________ cinema.

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2. Unreadable (too boring or too badly written to read)

Illegible (physically impossible to read)

(a) After years of being exposed to the sun and rain, the sign

over the shop had become completely _____________.

(b) I think her novels are __________. The style is awful and the

plots are ridiculous.

3. Dependent (depending)

Dependant (person who depends on another for home, money,

food)

(a) You are entitled to receive a government allowance for

each_________ who is living with you.

(b) The empire consisted of the kingdom and all its ________

colonies.

4. Story (tale, plot)

Storey (floor or level in bilding)

(a) I live in a flat on the seventh __________.

(b) I‘ll tell you a ___________.

5. Historic (important in history)

Historical (concerning history)

(a) She likes _____________ novels, especially romances set in the

16th and 17th centuries.

(b) In 1945 there was a _________ meeting of world leaders which

changed the courses of world events.

6. Immigration (coming into a country to settle)

Emigration (leaving a country to settle elsewhere)

(a) If we don’t restrict___________ into this country, the pressure

on our social services will be intolerable.

(b) When times were hard in Britain, there was very

large__________ Australia and Canada.

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7. Draft (rough preliminary version, to make a rough preliminary

version)

Draught (i: current of cold air in a room ii: beer, not in

bottles, straight from the barrel

(a) Don’t sit there you’ll be in a ________. The window doesn’t

close properly.

(b) The prime Minister discussed with his secretary the _______ of

the speech he was going to make the following day.

8. Dissatisfied (discontented, displeased, not satisfied with quality)

Unsatisfied (unsatisfied with quantity)

(a) He ate a meal large enough for three normal people but his

appetite was still__________.

(b) I’m very __________ with this computer. It keeps breaking

down.

(c) Demand for the new car is still ___________ in spite of an

increase in production.

9. Suit (be suitable for)

Suite (group of things belonging together, set)

(a) For the living-room we can either buy a complete ________ of

matching furniture or get different items separately.

(b) Do you think a dark brown overcoat would ________ me?

10. License (document giving official permission to do something, noun)

License (to give a license, verb)

(a) The annual ___________ for a colour television set in Britain

now costs over ₤60.

(b) The authorities refused to ________ him to export arms.

11. Prophecy (prediction, noun)

Prophesy (predict, verb)

(a) I ______________ that he will pas his exam and get a good job.

(b) I will make a _____________. There will be a new government in

less than a year.

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12. Device (new invention, means of doing something, noun)

Devise (invent, verb)

(a) A __________ can be attached to a private telephone which

keeps a record of al calls made and their cost.

(b) He managed to _________ a system of bonus payments to

encourage har- working staff.

13. Goal (i. point won in football etc.ii. Aim, ambition)

Goal (prison, send to prison)

(a) He scored the winning __________ of the match.

(b) He spent eight years in __________ for armed robbery.

(c) She finally achieved her _________ of becoming directress of

the firm.

(d) The judge said that he had no option but to _______ her.

14. Enquiries (request for information)

Inquiries (formal investigation)

(a) You should make _________ at the office.

(b) Official _________ are always held after plane crashes.

15. Exhausting (very tiring)

Exhaustive(very thorough, complete)

(a) The older member of the group found the long journey

quite________.

(b) He never stops talking. He’s an________ person to be with.

(c) The police carried out an_____ investigation, but the missing

woman was never found.

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16. Disinterested (impartial)

Uninterested (not interested, bored, apathetic)

(a) Only 22% of the people voted. The rest were totally _______.

(b) The management and the union asked a completely

_________party to mediate between them.

(c) I don’t know why he didn’t go to the exhibition. Perhaps he

was too busy or just ______________.

17. Council (district government)

Counsel (i. kind of lawyer in court ii. To advise)

(a) The job of Vocational Guidance Officer is to _______ young

people on their careers.

(b) I have complained to the local _______ about the poor

condition of the pavements.

18. Councilor (member of council)

Counselor (advisor)

(a) She and her husband often argued, so they went to marriage

_____________ for help.

(b) He’s always been interested in local government. Now he’s

been elected ____________.

19. Dairy (i. place where mild I kept, butter, cheese etc. made; shop

selling milk products ii. Related to milk products)

Diary (daily record of events)

(a) He kept a _________ from the age of 15 to 21.

(b) We’re still waiting fro mild deliveries from the______________.

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20. Compliment (to praise, piece of praise)

Complement (go together or combine well, add to)

(a) He lacks confidence and she is a strong person. They

___________ each other very well.

(b) He paid her a nice _________ no her new dress.

(c) I’d like to ___________ you on your performance. It was

excellent.

(d) Weight-lifting gives strength. Running increases stamina. The

two exercises _________ each other.

21. Accept (to take when offered, to receive, to agree, to approve, verb)

Except (excluding or omitting, preposition)

a. They ________ my invitation to dinner.

(b) Everyone attended the meeting _________ the secretary.

22. Access (availability, approach, admittance)

Excess (too much, more than needed)

a. We shall ___________ to your request for more leave.

(b) Nowadays, expenses __________ one’s income.

23. Accede (to agree with, to an opinion or proposal)

Exceed (to be more than)

a. We shall _________ to you request for more leave.

(b) Nowadays, expenses _____________ one’s income.

24. Adapt (make suitable, to adjust, to change)

Adopt (to take as one’s own what is not so natural; to take

voluntarily as one’s own child)

Adept (Skillful, expert, thoroughly proficient)

(a) A clever man _________ himself to the situation.

(b) Some Pakistanis have _____________ western ways of life.

(c) He is __________ in painting.

(d) The orphan was _______________ by young couple.

25. Affect (to influence or to change, verb)

Effect (to bring about, verb)

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Effect (influence, noun)

(a) My words had no ___________ on him.

(b) He was deeply _________ by the death of his son.

(c) The __________ of the last war is still being felt.

(d) The doctor was able to __________ cure.

(e) Everyone was ____________ by the war

B-CONFUSING VERB PAIRS

Q.1 Choose the correct verb for each space and fill in the blank:

1. Fall, fell, fallen

Fell, felled, felled (cut down)

(a) Prices have ___________ steeply since last August.

(b) Three old trees will have to be _____________ because they are

diseased and dangerous.

2. Find, found, found

Found, founded, founded (establish)

(a) While clearing out the bedroom, I ____________ these old

letters.

(b) The United Nations was _________ in 1945.

3. Bind, bound, bound (tie up)

Bound, bounded, bounded (e. jump ii. Border)

(a) The lion __________ forward and sparing at her.

(b) He was _________ hand and foot by the robbers.

4. See, saw, seen

(a) I suddenly ________ a face at the window.

(b) He _____ the branch in half and put the pieces on the fire.

5. Grind, ground, ground (crush into powder)

Ground, grounded, grounded (compel to remain on the ground)

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(a) The beans are ________in this machine before they are put in

the coffee pot.

(b) The airline has decided to ________ all its planes until special

safety checks have been carried out.

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6. Wind, wound, wound (twist)

Wound, wounded, wounded (injure)

a. The police opened fire and __________ six of the rioters.

(b) Keep still and I’ll ________ a bandage round your arm.

7. Lie, lay lain (be or put oneself in horizontal position, intransitive)

Lay, laid, laid (put transitive)

(a) He ________the enormous box on the ground and looked for a

taxi.

(b) He ________there for an hour until someone finally heard his

cries for help.

8. Hang, hung, hung (suspend)

(a) When you’ve _________ your coat up, come and sit down.

(b) Before the abolition of the death penalty, convicted

murderers were sometimes _____________.

26. Already (means before the time specified, previously)

All ready (everybody or ever thing ready, completely prepared)

(a) They had _________ begum writing when the teacher arrived.

(b) They were ________ to write when the teacher arrived.

27. Altogether (thoroughly, completely, wholly, absolutely)

All together (group, all in one company)

(a) I am ________ ignorant of what happened to you.

(b) We went there _________.

28. All ways (in every possible way)

Always (all time)

(a) She was in _________ acceptable to voters.

(b) His reputation had _________ been spotless.

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29. All round (versatile or general)

All around (all over a given area)

(a) The Champion is an ________ athlete.

(b) The Police was lined up for miles _________.

30. Artist (a person skilled in fine arts)

Artiste (a profession singer or dancer)

Artisan (skilled workman)

(a) A famous ____________ has drawn this picture.

(b) This ________________ is famous for his glass tables.

(c) Some of the leading ____________ took part in the concert.

31. Ascent (is the act of rising)

Assent (approval)

(a) The _________ to the top of the mountain was very dangerous.

(b) Congress gave its _____________ to the President’s emergency

directive.

32. Beside (next to close to, nearby, by the side of)

Besides (over and above, in addition to)

(a) We visited Muree ____________Islamabad.

(b) He was sitting __________ director.

33. Berth (resting place, an allotted place situation)

Birth (beginning of life, act or fact of being born)

(a) He gave a dinner to his friends on the ________ of his first son.

(b) I reserved a _____________ in the train leaving late in the night.

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34. Born (to come into existence)

Borne (past participle of bear)

(a) The cost of his education was _______ by his brother.

(b) It was difficult for him to _____________ in such a dark room.

35. Breath (an intake of air)

Breathe (to draw air in and give tit out)

(a) Before you dive in, take a very deep ____________.

(b) It was difficult for him to __________ in such a dark room.

36. Cite (to quote, as by way of authority or proof)

Site (a place for a building, situation)

Sight (seeing vision)

(a) The ____________ of the wreck was appalling.

(b) The Board of Education is seeking a __________ for the new

school.

(c) Please ____________ an example to prove your statement.

37. Cease (to end)

Seize (to take hold of)

(a) Will you please ________ making those sounds?

(b) He _________ her hand in excitement.

38. Check (to stop, to control)

Cheque (an order on a bank for payment)

(a) The auditors have _________ the accounts of our firm.

(b) He was given me a ________ of Rs. 5,000/-

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39. Coarse (vulgar, rough or harsh)

Course (syllabus, a line of action, path or a study)

(a) The ship took it usual __________.

(b) Which _______ in English are you taking?

(c) Villagers usually use _________ clothes.

40. Corps (Special military group of people)

Corpse (dead body)

(a) The _________ was examined by a pathologist to determine

the cause of death.

(b) He served in the Pakistan Army Medical ________.

41. Defer (postpone)

Differ (disagree)

(a) _____________ this decision for the time being.

(b) I_____________ with him on several points.

42. Decent (suitable, refined, nice)

Descent (going down, slope)

Dissent (disagreements)

(a) The __________ thing to do is to admit one’s fault.

(b) There was no voice of __________ against the new bill.

(c) While coming down the _________, his foot slipped and he fell

down

43. Die (to cease to live, to become dead)

Dye (to color, to stain)

(a) The old woman died of cancer.

(b) She dies her suit black and white.

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44. Desert (an arid area, a sandy place)

Desert (a reward or punishment, abandon)

Dessert (the final course of a meal, fruit or sweet served after meal)

(a) The Sahara is the world’s most famous ____________.

(b) Execution was a just _________ for his crime.

(c) Those who ___________ us in our bad days can not be our

friends.

(d) It was a nice _________ after dinner.

45. Eminent (high, lofty, distinguished by talent)

Imminent (threatening to occur, impending misfortunes)

(a) Iqbal was not poet but also an ___________ philosopher.

(b) The world war seems to be _________ now-a-days.

46. Eliminate (to get rid of)

Illuminate (to supply with light)

(a) Let us try to __________ poverty.

(b) Several lamps were needed to _______ hall.

47. Floor (covered ground0

Flour (milled grain)

(a) There is a __________ mill in my beighbourhood.

(b) Don’t sit on the ______________ as it is quite dirty.

48. Farther (refers to distance, far from)

Further (is used to express additional time, degree or quantity,

ahead)

(a) No___________ action is necessary in this matter.

(b) When we went __________, we saw a stream of clear water.

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49. Lost (is the past participle of lose which means unable to find)

Last (the one that comes at the end or after all the others, to

describe the most recent period of time)

(a) I went to a party _________ night.

(b) I have _________ my keys.

50. Lose (is a verb meaning to suffer loss)

Loose (is an adjective which means “not tight”)

(a) One of the knobs on the drawer is __________.

(b) She will ___________ weight if she goes on a diet.

51. Later (comparative degree of late)

Latter (refers to the second of two)

Letter (a written message)

(a) He came to the meeting __________ than I had expected.

(b) Of riches and health, the __________ is more valuable.

(c) I have just received a ______ from my friend.

52. Most (is an adjective, superlative degree of much which means a

larger amount that nay one or anything else)

Almost (is an adverb which means very nearly)

(a) __________ every one has a desired to succeed.

(b) __________ of the students of Superior College of Science,

Hyderabad are hard working.

53. Minor (below the legal age, inferior in importance, one who has not

yet been mature)

Miner (a worker in mine)

(a) __________ have no right to vote in the general election.

(b) The life of _______ of a coal mine is always in danger.

54. Morale (Spirits, State of mind)

Moral (Right, Proper, virtuous)

(a) Regular mail and good food are important to maintain the

__________ of soldiers during a war.

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(b) It was a good move financially, but from the

__________________ point of view I have my doubts.

55. Principle (a fundamental truth or belief)

Principal (Chief official or main, noun or adjective)

(a) The teacher taught us the __________ of algebra thoroughly.

(b) The _________ asked for cooperation from the staff.

56. Quiet (silence)

Quite (completely)

(a) The teacher asked his students to keep ___________.

(b) He seems to be________ well.

57. Stationary (standing still, fixed, not moving)

Stationery (writing material, articles as paper, pen, ink)

(a) In ancient times people thought the earth was ______________.

(b) We bought writing paper at the _____________ shop.

58. Their (blonging to them)

There (in that place)

They’re (they are)

(a) You will find you books over _________ on the desk.

(b) ______________ coming late this afternoon.

(c) ______________ coming surprised us.

59. Than (indicates comparative degree of adjective or to link two parts

of a comparison)

Then (at a particular time in the past or in the future)

(a) He went to the grammar school and ___________ to the

university.

(b) She is more intelligent __________ her sister.

60. Who’s (who is)

Whose (possessive means of whom)

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(a) __________ is this note book?

(b) __________ in the next office?

61. Abolish (put an end to, stop altogether, verb)

Demolish (pull down, verb)

(a) We want to _______ Indo-Pak war on Kashmir.

(b) We may __________ this old building.

62. Adverse (not in favour of, Adj)

Averse (opposed, Adj)

(a) They are ________ to your plan.

(b) Smoking has _________ effect on health.

63. Affection (an emotional feeling of love noun)

Affectation (insincere love, noun)

(a) His love for her is noting but an _____________.

(b) A mother’s ________ for her child is great indeed.

64. Arise (appear, come into being)

Rise (the sun, moon, to come up, group)

(a) The sun will __________ soon.

(b) Many problems, will ____________ here for us.

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65. Amity (friendship, noun)

Enmity (hostility, noun)

(a) Our ______________ is very deep rooted.

(b) There was a bitter ___________ between two clans.

66. Allusion (indicate reference, noun)

Illusion (false idea, belief or impression, deception, noun)

(a) I understand his _____________ to our mistake.

(b) It is an ___________ that earth is flat.

67. Altar (a place of worship-in Christian Churches; a place of sacrifice,

noun)

Alter (change, verb)

(a) They will _________ their plan soon.

(b) The temple had an ____________.

68. Apathy (lack of interest, enthusiasm or concern; indifference, noun)

Antipathy (strongly or deed dislike, noun)

(a) I was surprised to see his ______________ in the preparatory

classes.

(b) Simply on a piece of land, there has been an _______ between

brothers since long.

69. Apposite (very appropriate (of a remarks), Prospect (for an

occasion), adjective)

Opposite (In frontal, contrary, noun & adj)

(a) The live __________ to our house.

(b) Your reply was quite ________ and we are fully satisfied.

70. Audible (that can be heard clearly, adj)

Edible (fit to be eaten, adj)

(a) These are ___________ plants.

(b) His speech was quite ____________.

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71. Avocation (hobby, noun)

Vocation (profession, noun)

(a) I would like to follow teaching as a _______________.

(b) Gardening is my _________________.

72. Bail (money paid by or for a person accused of a crime, as security

that he will return for his trial, noun)

Bale (a large bundle tied with rope or wire, noun)

(a) I want to buy a _____________of cotton.

(b) He was set free on ______________.

73. Barren (producing no crop, no child bearing, noun)

Baron (British noble man, noun)

(a) This land is ________.

(b) Tony Blair is one of the _____________ of UK.

74. Bridal (relating to wedding (marriage), adj)

Bridle (rein of a horse, to keep (feelings) under control, noun)

(a) Hold the _________________ of the horse tightly.

(b) In Pakistan, the ____________ dress is red.

75. Block (large, solid piece of wood)

Bloc (combination of parties, groups, noun)

(a) We need a __________ in working building-Construction.

(b) Pakistan is a member of Muslim ___________________.

76. Calendar (a chart/table showing the days, weeks and months of the

year, noun)

Calender (machine for pressing and smoothing the cloth or paper,

noun, to press in a calendar, verb)

(a) We want the new year’s __________.

(b) They brought a _________ to press their cloth.

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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

1: If reporting verb is in past tense and the reported speech is in present tense, we will convert reported speech into past tense.

(Cont) Direct: She said: “I am writing a letter.” R.V R.S

Indirect: She said that she was writing a letter.

(Ind) Direct: They said: "We live in paradise." Indirect: They said that they lived in paradise.

(Per) Direct: He said: "I have polished my shoes."Indirect: He said that he had polished his shoes.

(Per.Cont) Direct: I said: "I have been busy in work since afternoon." Indirect: I said that I had been busy in work since afternoon.

2: If reported speech is in past indefinite or past continuous, it is converted into past perfect. If it is in past perfect or past perfect continuous, it remains same.

Direct: He said: "The cat died at night.”Indirect: He said that the cat had died at night.

3: If reporting verb is in present tense, the tense of reported speech does not change.

Direct: She says: "I am a bold girl." Indirect: She says that she is a bold girl.

Direct: They say: "We will have a party tonight." Indirect: They say that they will have a party tonight.

4: If reporting verb is in future tense, the tense of reported speech does not change.

Direct: He will say: "I am not feeling well." Indirect: He will say that he is not feeling well.

Direct: She will say: "I will think about it." Indirect: She will say that she will think about it.

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5: If reporting verb contains the subject addressed to, it will change in the following way (said is changed into told).

Direct: She said to him: "You are a fool." Indirect: She told him that he was a fool.

6: If reported speech is in the form of interrogative with "w" interrogatives, or how, which, etc, converted , sentence will not take "that" and "said" will be changed into "asked".

Direct: He said to me: "What is your name?" Indirect: He asked me what my name was.

Direct: He said to him: "Where is your school?" Indirect: He asked him where his school was.

Direct: You said to her: Why are you sleeping in the class?" Indirect: He asked him why she was sleeping in the class.

Direct: He said to her: "How do you do?" Indirect: He asked her how did she do.

Direct: The Policeman said to the taxi driver: "Why have you refused to take those ladies to take the railway station?"

Indirect: The Policeman asked the taxi driver why he had refused to take those ladies to the railway station.

Direct: The wife asked her husband: "When will you come back?"

Indirect: The wife asked her husband when he would come back.

Direct: I said to him: "What do you want?Indirect: I asked him what he wanted.

7: If reported speech is in the form of interrogative with helping verb, it will take "if" or "whether" at the place of helping verb. Usually the verbs "can" and "will" is converted into whether.

Direct: She said to him: "Have you seen my college?" Indirect: She asked him if he had seen her college.

Direct: He said to her: "Am I looking smart today?"

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Indirect: He asked her if he was looking smart that day.

Direct: He said to the leader: "Can you spare some time for poor people?"

Indirect: He asked the leader whether he could spare some time for the people.

Direct: He said to her: ,oWill you go to pizza hut tonight?" Indirect: He asked her whether she would go to pizza hut that

night.

8: If reported speech contains order, request or advice, the converted form will take "to", not "that", and Msaid" will also be changed according to the speech. Moreover, "to" always takes 1 sI form of verb (infinitive).

Direct: My father said to me: "Work hard."

Indirect: My father advised me to work hard.

Direct: I said to him: "Please sit down,"

Indirect: I requested him to sit down.

Direct: The king said: "Arrest all the criminals" Indirect: The King ordered to arrest all the criminals.

9: If reported speech begins with "do not", use the word "forbade".

Direct: My father said to me: "Do not tell a lie." Indirect: My father forbade me to tell a lie.

10: If reported speech contains exclamations, mention the type of exclamation in the converted form and use "that".

Direct: He said: "Alas! My friend is lost."

Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow that his friend was lost.

Direct: He said: "Hurrah! I got the prize."

Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that he got the prize.

Direct: He said: "Oh! How fast you run,"

Indirect: He exclaimed with wonder that how fast he ran.

11: If reported speech contains "let us", the converted form will take "suggested" and "should"

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Direct: He said: "Let us enjoy picnic."

Indirect: He suggested that we should enjoy picnic.

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12: Words expressing time and place are changed in the following way.

now = then, here = there, thus = so, today = that day, ago = before, tomorrow = the next day, yesterday = the day before, this = that, these = those, next week = following week.

Direct: She said: "I am glad to be here,"

Indirect: She said that she was glad to be there.

Note: If the speech is reported during the same period or at the same place, no i' Change is made in the indirect speech.

Direct: He says: "I am glad to be here."

Indirect: He says that he is glad to be here.

PRACTICE: 2

Q1: Following are choices given in indirect form for converting direct into indirect, select the correct choice.

1: You said: "I have been writing a letter." A: You said you have been writing a letter. B: You told that you have been writing a letter. C: You said that you had been writing a letter. D: You said that you were writing a letter.

2: The Commander said to the company': "Walk to the left." A: The commander requested the company to walk to the left. B: The commander ordered the company to walk to the left. C: The commander ordered to the company to walk to the left. D: The commander commanded to the company to walk to the left.

3: They said to him: 'You were flying a kite yesterday." A: They said to him that she was flying a kite previous day. B: They told him that he had been flying a kite previous day. C: They told to him that he had been flying a kite previous day. D: They told to him that he has been flying a kite previous day.

4: He said to the servant: "Bring me a glass of water." A: He ordered the servant to bring him a glass of water. B: He ordered the servant that bring him a glass of water. C: He ordered the servant that bring me a glass of water.

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D: He asked the servant that bring him a glass of water.

5: She said to them: "Don't waste your time." A: She told them not to waste their time. B: She forbade them to waste their time. C: She stopped them from wasting time. D: She warned them in terms of wasting time.

6: The student said to the teacher: "Sir, excuse me this time." A: The student excused the teacher to excuse him this time. B: The student told to the teacher to excuse him that time. C: The student requested the teacher respectfully to excuse him that time. D: The student asked the teacher to excuse him that time.

7: He said: .'May it rain today." A: He wished for rain that day. B: He wished that it may rain that day. C: He prayed might it rain that day. D: He wished that it might rain that day.

8: I said: "What a beautiful house this is!" A: I exclaimed with wonder that that was a beautiful house. B: I exclaimed wonderfully that was a beautiful house. C: I exclaimed with joy that that was a beautiful house. D: I exclaimed with wonder that this is a beautiful house.

9: I said to him: "Don't go now." A: I told him that he cannot go now. B: I forbade him to go at that time. C: I forbade him to go then. D: I forbade him go then.

10: The boy says: "I am using my blue pen." A: The boy said that he was using his blue pen. B: The boy says that I am using my blue pen. C: The boy says that I am using his blue pen. D: The boy says that he is using his blue pen.

11: The students said: "We have copied all the questions." A: The students said they have copied all the questions. B: The students said that they have copied all the questions. C: The students said that they had copied all the questions. D: The students told that they had copied all the questions.

12: She will say: "I am alright." A: She will say that she will be alright.

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B: She will say that I will be alright. C: She will say that she is alright. D: She will say that she would be alright.

13: They said to you: "We have solved all the questions." A: They had said to you that we have solved all the questions. B: They said to you that they had solved all the questions. C: They told you that they had solved all the questions. D: They told to you that they had solved all the questions.

14: I said to him: "Friends are plenty when the purse is full." A: I said to him that friends are plenty when the purse is full. B: I told him friends were plenty when purse was full. C: I told him friends were in plenty when purse was full. D: I told him that friends were plenty when purse was full.

15: He said to her: "You always bring your dog here." A: He told her that she always brought her dog there. B: He told her that she always brings her dog there. C: He said her that she always brought her dog there. D: He informed that she always brought her dog there.

16: He said to me: "What is your name?" A: He said to me what your name is. B: He asked me that what is your name. C: He asked me what your name was.

5: "Let me go", she said. A: She asks to let her go. B: She asked, to let her go. C: She asked to lets her go. D: She asked to let her go.

6: "Where have you forgotten your book?" asked the teacher. A: The teacher asked where have you forgotten your book. B: The teacher asked where he had forgotten his book. C: The teacher asked had he forgotten his book somewhere. D: The teacher asked if he had forgotten his book.

7: My dear friend said to me: "Thank you very much for your care today." A: My dear friend thanked her very much for my care that day. B: My dear friend thanked me very much for her care that day. C: My dear friend thanked me very much for my care that day. D: My dear friend thanked me very much for my care today.

8: "What is your name and who are you?", said the reporter. A: The reporter asked what my name was and who I was. B: The reporter asked what his name was and who I was. C: The reporter asked what my name is and who I was. D: The reporter asked what my name was and who he was.

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9: "I am 12 years now", said he. A: He says that he was then 12 years old. B: He says that he is then 12 years old. C: He said that he was then 12 years old. D: He said that he was now 12 years old. 10: He said to me: "I will certainly help you." A: He told me that .1 would certainly help me. B: He told me that he will certainly help me. C: He told me that he would certainly help him. D: He told me that he would certainly help me.

Q3: Choose the appropriate Preposition.

1 : I am annoyed him for what he did. a: of b: with c: to d: by

2: Saima takes his father. a: after b: upon c: of d: to

3: This material is different the one we had last time. a: by b: from c: of d: to

4: We are accountable God for our actions. a: for b: in c: to d: on

5: Sindh is famous Azrak. a: about b: for c: to d: by

6: He was born a small village Kanpur. a: in, in b: on, in c: at, at d: None of them

7: The child has been missing yesterday. a: by b: from c: since d: for

8: The married ___________ money. a: from b: for c: of d: with

Ql: Tick the appropriate synonym.

l: Garish a: bright b: bridge c: bride d: brutal

2: Dais a: short b: stage c: street d: straight

3: Malaise a: distance b: disturb c: distribute d: dissatisfaction

4: Knead

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a: pass b: possess c: pose d: press .

5: Pervade a: pass b: passage c: parcel d: pass through

6: Renegade a: trailer b: tractor c: traitor d: trainer

7: Yowl a: try b: fry c: cry d: high

8: Vapid a: senseless b: conttolless c: thinkable d: lifeless

9: Jilt a: finish with b: fun With c: handle with d: argue with

10: Kudos a: revolution b: renovation c: reputation d: remember

Q2: Choose the correct option to convert the given direct speech into indirect.

1: She said to her servant: "Bring me a cup of tea." A: She said to her servant to bring her a cup of tea. B: She ordered her servant that brings me a cup of tea. C: She ordered her servant to bring her a cup of tea. D: She told her servant that brings me a cup of tea.

2: She said to her brother: "Have you finished your homework?" A: She inquired to her brother if he had finished his homework. B: She asked her brother whether he had finished his homework. C: She inquired her brother that if he had finished his homework. D: She asked her brother if he had finished his homework.

3: John asked us: "Which company will you join tomorrow?" A: John asked us which company you would join the next day. B: John asked us which company we will join the next day. C: John asked us which company we would join the next day. D: John asked us which company we would join tomorrow.

4: She said: "No, I am not to blame." A: She denied that she was to blame. B: She denies that she was to blame. C: She denied that I was to blame.

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D: She denied that she was not to blame.

PRACTICE: 1

Q1: Change the following into indirect speech.

1: He said: “That is my horse.”

__________________________________________________________

2: He said to her: “What do you want?”

__________________________________________________________

3: I asked: “Don’t you know the way to the garden.”

__________________________________________________________

4: She said: “Alas! I am fail.”

__________________________________________________________

5: She said to you: “Will you listen to such a man?”

__________________________________________________________

6: She said: “I am very busy now.”

__________________________________________________________

7: They say: “We are unwell.”

__________________________________________________________

8: He said to me: “I don’t trust you.”

__________________________________________________________

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9: The judge said: “Call the witness.”

__________________________________________________________

10: He said to me: “Wait until I come.”

__________________________________________________________

(2) CAUSATIVES

In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. The person

causes it to happen by forcing another person to do it.

MAKE GET HAVE LET HELP

MAKE:

Do not use an infinitive or an-ing from instead to a base form of a

verb after a person or in causative MAKE.

INCORRECT: She made the baby to take a nap.

CORRECT: She made the baby take a nap.

GET:

In expressions with a causative GET we use an infinitive after

persons, and a participle after things:

INCORRECT: We will have to get someone fixing the phone right

away.

CORRECT: We will have to get someone to fix the phone

away.

INCORRECT: Let’s get some of our money exchange for dollars.

CORRECT: Let’s get some of our money exchanged for

dollars.

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HAVE:

In expressions with causative Have we use an infinitive after

persons, and a participle after things:

INCORRECT: They had their layer to change their will.

CORRECT: They had their layer change their will.

INCORRECT: We want to have the house paint before the rain

start.

CORRECT: We want to have the house painted before

the rains start.

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LET:

In a causative with LET we do not use an infinitive or an-ing

form after person or thing.

INCORRECT: Her mother let her to go with her friends.

Or

Her mother let her going with her friends.

CORRECT Her mother let her go with her friends.

HELP:

In expressions with causative HELP we can use an infinitive or an

infinitive without to, but not an-ing form of a verb.

INCORRECT: He is helping me typing my paper.

CORRECT: He is helping me to type my paper.

Or

He is helping me type my paper.

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(3) CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

A conditional Sentence states

i. A factual relation between cause and effect.

ii. Makes a predication, or

iii. Speculates about what might happen.

Such a sentence usually consists of a subordinate clause beginning with if,

when, or unless along with main clause stating the result.

The three kinds of conditional sentences use distinctive verbs.

FACTUAL RELATION

For statements that something always or usually happens whenever

something else happens, use the present tense in both clauses.

● When a voter casts a ballot, he or she has complete privacy.

PREDICATION

For a prediction, generally use the present tense in the subordinate clause

and the future tense in the m main clause:

● Unless citizens regain faith in politics, they will not vote.

● If he runs, he will get there in time.

● The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail.

Sometimes the verb in the main clause consists of may, can, should or

might plus the verb’s base form:

● If citizens regain faith, they may vote.

SPECULATION

Speculations are mainly of two kinds, each with its own verb pattern. For

events that are possible in the present, though unlikely, use the past tense

in the subordinate clause and would, could, or might plus the verb’s base

form in the main clause.

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● If voter had more confidence they would vote more often.

● If I had a map I would lend it to you.

● If someone tried to blackmail me I would tell the police.

Use were instead of was when the subject is I, he, she, it, or a singular

noun:

● If the voter were more confident, he or she would vote more often.

For events that were impossible in the past, use the past perfect tense in

the subordinate clause and would, could or might plus the present

perfect tense in the main clause.

● If I had known that you were coming I would have met you at the

airport.

● If the escaped prisoner had tried to leave the country he would have

been stopped at the frontier.

● PLURALS OF SINGULAR NOUN

● A singular noun names one person, place, thing or idea. A plural

noun names more than one. The singular and plural almost have

different spellings. Following are the most basic rules regarding the

formation of plural nouns.

● Rule No. 1: If a singular noun ends in ‘O’, ‘S’, ‘SH’, ‘CH’, ‘X’, their

plural is formed by adding ‘es’ to other singular’.

a: Nouns which end in ‘s’ Class,

Glass, Guess

b: Ending in “SH”: Brush, Dish,

Bush

c: Ending in “CH”: Church,

Bench, Watch

d: Ending in “X”: Tax, Fax, Fox

(Exceptional OX-OXEN)

e. Ending in “O”: Potato, Buffalo,

Cargo, Volcano, Hero,

Exception: End in “O” but are made

plural by adding only “S” not “es”

Piano, Kilo, Photo, Ratio, Commando

● RULE 2: If a singular noun ends in “Y”, end preceded by

consonant, its “Y” is not replaced with “ies”. Baby, Army, Family,

Lady, Story, City, Pony

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● RULE 3: If a singular noun ends in “Y”, end preceded by vowel,

its “Y” is not replaced with “ies” but only “s” is added to it to make

it plural EXAMPLES: Toy, Boy, Joy, Journey.

● RULE 4: Letters, Figures and other symbols are made plural by

adding an apostrophe and “s”.

● Examples: There are more e’s than I’s in this passage. Dot you I ‘s

and cross your t’s. Add two 5’s and four 2’s.

● RULE 5: Compound noun generally form its plural by adding-s

to the principle word.

● Example: Commander-in-chief-Commanders-in-chief Spoon

feeder-spoon feeders

● RULE 6: Nouns end in-f or-fe form their plural by changing

into.v and adding –es.

● Wife-------wives Leaf------Leaves

● RULE 7: A few nouns form their plural by CHANGING the

INSIDE Vowel of Singular.

● Man-------Men Mouse--------Mice

● RULE 8: Some nouns become plural by adding EN to singular.

● Child----Children Maid----Maiden

● RULE 9: Some nouns have singular and Plural Similar

● Sheep Hair (is) quid (Slang 1 pound) baggage Deer

Counsel (Barrister) furniture

● Ancraft

● Advice (advices=information) information knowledge news

rubbish

● Pair, dozen, Score, gross, hundred,

thousand(when used after numerals)

● Example: I bought three PAIR of shirts

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● He gave me three DOZEN of eggs

● RULE 10: Some nouns are Plural in nature

● Scissors (are), Spectacle (are) Glasses (are) Trousers(are)

Annals(are) Thank(are)

● Assets(are) Clothes (Piece of cloth) Ice (are) Garments

Premises(are)

● RULE 11: Name of Science and Arts is considered as singular

● Mathematics (is) Physics(is) acoustics(is) politics(is) ethics(is)

mechanics(is)

● RULE 12: Nouns with Latin and Greek origin make plural

according to their rules.

● Radius ----------- Radii Crisis -------- Crises

● Phenomenon ---- Phenomena Basis -------- Bases

● Thesis ------------Theses Formula----- Formulae

● Genius ----------- Genii

● RULE 13: Abstract nouns have no plural.

● Love Honesty Hope Truth

Falsehood

● NOTE: If their plural come then they will be used as Common noun.

● RULE 14: Material nouns have no Plural.

● Copper Silver Gold Rubber

● NOTE: If their plural come then they will change the meaning.

● Example: Coppers = copper coins, Tins = cans made of tin.

PLURALS OF SINGULAR NOUN

A singular noun names one person, place, thing or idea. A plural noun

names more than one. The singular and plural almost have different

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spellings. Following are the most basic rules regarding the formation of

plural nouns.

Rule No. 1: If a singular noun ends in ‘O’, ‘S’, ‘SH’, ‘CH’, ‘X’, their plural is

formed by adding ‘es’ to other singular’.

a: Nouns which end in ‘s’ Class,

Glass, Guess

b: Ending in “SH”: Brush, Dish,

Bush

c: Ending in “CH”: Church,

Bench, Watch

d: Ending in “X”: Tax, Fax, Fox

(Exceptional OX-OXEN)

e. Ending in “O”: Potato, Buffalo,

Cargo, Volcano, Hero,

Exception: End in “O” but are made

plural by adding only “S” not “es”

Piano, Kilo, Photo, Ratio, Commando

RULE 2: If a singular noun ends in “Y”, end preceded by consonant, its

“Y” is not replaced with “ies”. Baby, Army, Family, Lady, Story, City, Pony

RULE 3: If a singular noun ends in “Y”, end preceded by vowel, its “Y”

is not replaced with “ies” but only “s” is added to it to make it plural

EXAMPLES: Toy, Boy, Joy, Journey.

RULE 4: Letters, Figures and other symbols are made plural by adding

an apostrophe and “s”.

Examples: There are more e’s than I’s in this passage. Dot you I ‘s and

cross your t’s. Add two 5’s and four 2’s.

RULE 5: Compound noun generally form its plural by adding-s to the

principle word.

Example: Commander-in-chief-Commanders-in-chief Spoon feeder-

spoon feeders

RULE 6: Nouns end in-f or-fe form their plural by changing into.v and

adding –es.

Wife-------wives Leaf------Leaves

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RULE 7: A few nouns form their plural by CHANGING the INSIDE

Vowel of Singular.

Man-------Men Mouse--------Mice

RULE 8: Some nouns become plural by adding EN to singular.

Child----Children Maid----Maiden

RULE 9: Some nouns have singular and Plural Similar

Sheep Hair (is) quid (Slang 1 pound) baggage Deer Counsel

(Barrister) furniture

Ancraft

Advice (advices=information) information knowledge news rubbish

Pair, dozen, Score, gross, hundred, thousand(when

used after numerals)

Example: I bought three PAIR of shirts

He gave me three DOZEN of eggs

RULE 10: Some nouns are Plural in nature

Scissors (are), Spectacle (are) Glasses (are) Trousers(are)

Annals(are) Thank(are)

Assets(are) Clothes (Piece of cloth) Ice (are) Garments

Premises(are)

RULE 11: Name of Science and Arts is considered as singular

Mathematics (is) Physics(is) acoustics(is) politics(is) ethics(is)

mechanics(is)

RULE 12: Nouns with Latin and Greek origin make plural according to

their rules.

Radius ----------- Radii Crisis -------- Crises

Phenomenon ---- Phenomena Basis -------- Bases

Thesis ------------Theses Formula----- Formulae

Genius ----------- Genii

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RULE 13: Abstract nouns have no plural.

Love Honesty Hope Truth Falsehood

NOTE: If their plural come then they will be used as Common noun.

RULE 14: Material nouns have no Plural.

Copper Silver Gold Rubber

NOTE: If their plural come then they will change the meaning.

Example: Coppers = copper coins, Tins = cans made of tin.

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Active/Passive Voice Rules

While making passives of actives ; >The object of the verb takes the position of Subject. >The Subject of the verb in the active voice becomes the Agent and is usually preceeded by the preposition ‘by’. >The tense of the verb in the passive voice remains the same as in the active voice. In the passive voice, third form of the verb is used. > I, We, He, She, They are changed into me, us, him, her, them. Take care of singular and plural nature of nouns or pronouns. Verb/helping verb requires to be adjusted accordingly. > Interrogative sentences beginning with ‘wh’ words like what, why, when etc. the question word is retained in the beginning of the sentence. > An interrogative sentence in the active voice remains an interrogative in the passive form. An imperative sentence is a sentence showing order, or request. So, accordingly, in the passive voice, we say: You are requested/ordered/advised + infinitive with ‘to’. > Sentences involving order/advice are preferably changed into passive by using the word ‘let’ or ‘should’. Please close the door. You are requested to close the door. Save your soul. Your soul should be saved. Let your soul be saved. Do it. Let it be done. It should be done > In some sentence the subject is understood type. Here the subject has to be supplied according to the context while changing them into active form. The thief was arrested. (by the police.) > Preposition attached with the verbs in the active form continue to be attached with them even in the passive form. Please listen to him. You are requested to listen to him. He turned down my proposal. My proposal was turned down by him. > In the case of a verb having two objects in Active Voice, either of them can be retained in the passive. Hari gave me an apple. I was given an apple by Hari. An apple was given to me by Hari. > Intransitive verbs do not have passive forms. I go to school. Go is intransitive verb. Sono passive form: What is done, cannot be undone. What people do, they cannot undo

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LIST OF MOST COMMON ADJECTIVES

Appearance Adjectives

adorable

beautiful

clean

drab

elegant

fancy

glamorous

handsome

long

magnificent

old-fashioned

plain

quaint

sparkling

Color Adjectives

Red

orange

yellow

green

blue

purple

gray

black

white

Condition Adjectives

alive

better

careful

clever

dead

easy

famous

gifted

helpful

important

inexpensive

mushy

odd

powerful

Feelings (Bad) Adjectives

angry

bewildered

clumsy

defeated

embarrassed

fierce

grumpy

helpless

itchy

jealous

lazy

mysterious

nervous

obnoxious

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ugliest

unsightlywide-eyed

rich

shy

tender

uninterested

vast

wrong.

panicky

repulsive

scary

thoughtless

uptight

worried

Feelings (Good) Adjectives

agreeable

brave

calm

delightful

eager

faithful

gentle

happy

Shape Adjectives

broad

chubby

crooked

curved

deep

flat

high

hollow

Size Adjectives

big

colossal

fat

gigantic

great

huge

immense

large

Sound Adjectives

cooing

deafening

faint

hissing

loud

melodic

noisy

purring

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jolly

kind

lively

nice

obedient

proud

relieved

silly

thankful

victorious

witty

zealous

low

narrow

round

shallow

skinny

square

steep

straight

wide.

little

mammoth

massive

miniature

petite

puny

scrawny

short

small

tall

teeny

teeny-tiny

tiny

quiet

raspy

screeching

thundering

voiceless

whispering

Time Adjectives

ancient

Taste/Touch Adjectives

bitter

Touch Adjectives

boiling

Quantity Adjectives

abundant

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brief

early

fast

late

long

modern

old

old-fashioned

quick

rapid

short

slow

swift

young

delicious

fresh

greasy

juicy

hot

icy

loose

melted

nutritious

prickly

rainy

rotten

salty

sticky

strong

breeze

broken

bumpy

chilly

cold

cool

creepy

crooked

cuddly

curly

damaged

damp

dirty

dry

dusty

empty

few

full

heavy

light

many

numerous

sparse

substantial

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sweet

tart

tasteless

uneven

weakwet

wooden

yummy

filthy

flaky

fluffy

freezing

hotwarm

wet

Adjectives can turn the ordinary in to the extraordinary. When used properly, they can add vivid interest to your conversation or written communication. However, there can be too much of a good thing. Please keep your adjectives effective by choosing them wisely.

Appearance   adorable

adventurous

aggressive

alert

attractive

average

Appearance Contd. glamorous

gleaming

gorgeous

graceful

grotesque

handsome

Condition  alive

annoying

bad

better

beautiful

brainy

ConditionContd. impossible

inexpensive

innocent

inquisitive

modern

mushy

Feelings (Bad)

  angry

annoyed

anxious

arrogant

ashamed

Feelings (Bad)Contd. 

grumpy

helpless

homeless

hungry

hurt

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beautiful

blue-eyed 

bloody

blushing

bright

clean

clear

cloudy

colorful

crowded

cute

dark

drab

distinct

dull

elegant

excited

fancy

filthy

homely

light

long

magnificent

misty

motionless

muddy

old-fashioned

plain

poised

precious

quaint

shiny

smoggy

sparkling

spotless

stormy

strange

ugly

ugliest

unsightly

unusual

wide-eyed

breakable

busy

careful

cautious

clever

clumsy

concerned

crazy

curious

dead

different

difficult

doubtful

easy

expensive

famous

fragile

frail

gifted

helpful

helpless

horrible

important

 

odd

open

outstanding

poor

powerful

prickly

puzzled

real

rich

shy

sleepy

stupid

super

talented

tame

tender

tough

uninterested

vast

wandering

wild

wrong

awful

bad

bewildered

black

blue

bored

clumsy

combative

condemned

confused

crazy, flipped-out

creepy

cruel

dangerous

defeated

defiant

depressed

disgusted

disturbed

dizzy

dull

embarrassed

envious

ill

itchy

jealous

jittery

lazy

lonely

mysterious

nasty 

naughty

nervous

nutty

obnoxious

outrageous

panicky

repulsive

scary

selfish

sore

tense

terrible

testy

thoughtless

tired

troubled

Page 119: English Grammar and Its Basic Concepts

Compiled by: Ghulam Muhammad Abbasi 2012

evil

fierce

foolish

frantic

frightened

grieving

upset

uptight

weary

wicked

worried

Feelings (Good)  agreeable

amused

brave

calm

charming

cheerful

comfortable

cooperative

courageous

delightful

determined

eager

elated

enchanting

encouraging

energetic

Feelings (Good)Contd.  happy

healthy

helpful

hilarious

jolly

joyous

kind

lively

lovely

lucky nice

obedient

perfect

pleasant

proud

relieved

Shape  broad

chubby

crooked

curved

deep

flat

high

hollow

low

narrow

round

shallow

skinny

square

steep

straight

Size   big

colossal

fat

gigantic

great

huge

immense

large

little

mammoth

massive

miniature

petite

puny

scrawny

short

Sound  cooing

deafening

faint

harsh

high-pitched

hissing

hushed

husky

loud

melodic

moaning

mute

noisy

purring

quiet

raspy

Time  ancient

brief

Early

fastlate

long

modern

old

old-fashioned

quick

rapid

short

slow

swift

young

Page 120: English Grammar and Its Basic Concepts

Compiled by: Ghulam Muhammad Abbasi 2012

enthusiastic

excited

exuberant

fair

faithful

fantastic

fine

friendly

funny

gentle

glorious

good

silly

smiling

splendid

successful

thankful

thoughtful

victorious

vivacious

witty

wonderful

zealous

zany

wide small

tall

teeny

teeny-tiny

tiny 

resonant

screeching

shrill

silent

soft

squealing

thundering

voiceless

whispering

Taste/Touch  bitter

delicious

fresh

juicy

ripe

rotten

salty

sour

spicy

Taste/TouchContd. melted

nutritious

plastic

prickly

rainy

rough

scattered

shaggy

shaky

Touch  boiling

breezy

broken

bumpy

chilly

cold

cool

creepy

crooked

Quantity  abundant

empty

few

heavy

light

many

numerous

substantial   

   

Page 121: English Grammar and Its Basic Concepts

Compiled by: Ghulam Muhammad Abbasi 2012

stale

sticky

strong

sweet

tart

tasteless

tasty

thirsty

fluttering

fuzzy

greasy

grubby

hard

hot

icy

loose   

sharp

shivering

silky

slimy

slippery

smooth

soft

solid

steady

sticky

tender

tight

uneven

weak

wet

wooden

yummy  

cuddly

curly

damaged

damp

dirty

dry

dusty

filthy

flaky

fluffy

freezing

hot

warm

wet      

                 

 

G The car is red /

Page 122: English Grammar and Its Basic Concepts

Compiled by: Ghulam Muhammad Abbasi 2012

rammarAlphabet

ASCII / Pin Yin