english as an indo european language
TRANSCRIPT
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English belongs to a language family
But
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A “Language family”
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A A language family language family contains features of contains features of
Lexicon ( vocabular
y)
Phonology (sounds)
Morphology
(word structure)
Syntax(grammar)
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belongs
And the common
ancestor is called
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Also belongs whitin a subgroup of
Which is
GERMANICGERMANIC
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Gaelic
Irish
Welsh
Etc.
(Latin)
Italian,
Spanish
French
Portuguese
Romanian
ETC.
(Ancient Greek)
GreekLatvian
Lithuanian
Russian PolishCzech
Bulgarian,Etc.
(Sanskrit)
HindiBengali
Etc.German
EnglishEnglishDutch
Danish
Swedish
Norwegian
Etc.
Persian
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About 1000 BCE Were spoken over
A large part of Europe
Parts of southwes
tern
Southern Asia
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The distribution of the Indo-European langauges
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contains
140 languages
Divided into
11 subgroups
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Anatolian
Are languages
Completely extinct
For example
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Old Indic Middle Indic
Modern Indic
The chief
Old Avestan
Old Persian
A western Iranian
Language
Middle Iranian
Middle Persian
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GreekAlso known asHas
Hiad Odyssey
Two principal divisions
South/East Greek
North/west Greek
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Latin-Latin-FaliscanFaliscan
Osco-Osco-UmbrianUmbrian
Known only for inscriptions
Modern descendants of latin
Italian Catala
n
Spanish, etc
No Modern descendants.
Oscan Umbria
n
South Picene
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East Germanic
Gothic
North Germani
c
OldIcelan
dic
Norwegian
Modern NorthGerma
nic
1
Icelandic Faroe
se
Norwegian
2
DanishSwedish
West German
ic
German
YiddishDutchFlemis
hAfrikaa
nsEnglishEnglish
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Continental
Insular
CeltiberiaCeltiberiann
LeponticLeponticGaulish Gaulish (extinct)(extinct)
Goidelic Brittanic
IrishIrishScotsScotsGaelicGaelicManx Manx
(extinct)(extinct)
WelshWelshBretonBretonCornishCornish
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East Baltic
LuthuaniaLuthuaniann
LatvianLatvian
West Baltic
Old Old Prussian Prussian (Extinct)(Extinct)
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South Slavic
West Slavic
East Slavic
BulgarianBulgarianMacedonianMacedonian
SerbianSerbianCroatianCroatian
SlovenianSlovenianOld Church Old Church
Slavic (Extinct)Slavic (Extinct)
CzechCzechSlovakSlovakPolishPolish
KashubianKashubian
RussianRussianUkrainianUkrainian
BelarussianBelarussian
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ArmenianAttested inInfluenced by
GreekGreekArabicArabicSyriacSyriac
PersianPersian
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Albanian
Gheg ToskGreekGreekSlavicSlavic
TurkishTurkishLatinLatin
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This languages provide enough information to be classified as IE, but not much beyond that.
Examples
LigurianLigurianMessapicMessapicVeneticVeneticThracianThracianPhrygianPhrygianIllyrianIllyrian
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Aspects of the structure of PIE
Phonology
Morphology
Verbal Morpholo
gy
Syntax
Phonological correpondences between consonant and vowel segments.
Inflectional (fusional) language
8 cases
Nominative, genitive, dative, acusative, ablative,
locative, instrumental, vocative.
3 numbers
SingularDual
Plural
3 genders
MasculineFemenine
Neuter
Adjectives
Each depends
on gender and number.
Pronouns
Each is marked by their own more-or-less unique ending.
Fusional languages
Different syntactic patterns
Word order
have
due to
Transitive
Intransitive