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Engineering Lotion by Season Hill Amanda Robben S R kin emedies, I nc.

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Page 1: Engineering Lotion

Engineering Lotion

bySeason HillAmanda Robben

S Rkin emedies, Inc.

Page 2: Engineering Lotion

Purpose

� Develop a moisturizing lotion to treat ichthyosis and xerosis

� Design the manufacturing procedure for the lotion

Page 3: Engineering Lotion

Agenda

� The Skin

� Skin Disorders� Treatment

� Consumer Satisfaction Model� Demand Model

� Manufacturing Process� Economic Analysis

� Future

Page 4: Engineering Lotion

The Skin

Page 5: Engineering Lotion

The Skin

� Functions as a barrier to provide immunity from disease

� Repairs itself daily by replacing the outer layer

� Contains three layers: epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous

Source: http://cancer.healthcentersonline.com/skincancer/basalcellcarcinoma.cfm

Page 6: Engineering Lotion

Epidermis

� The outermost layer of skin

� Composed of several layers� Stratum Corneum (1)

is outermost layer of the epidermis

Source: www.eucerim.co.uk

Page 7: Engineering Lotion

Stratum Corneum

� Interacts directly with environment� Approximately 20 cell layers thick� Location in which desquamation

occurs� Desquamation is the shedding of the

top layer of cells in the stratum corneum

� Approximately 1 layer per day is released

Page 8: Engineering Lotion

Stratum Corneum (cont.)

� Contains hydrophilic cells surrounded by a hydrophobic lipid bilayer� The lipid bilayer prevents

water removal from the skin to the atmosphere

� Contains natural moisturizing factors (NMF) responsible for the absorption and retention of water� Water content is about 30%

www.cerave.com/barrier.htm

Page 9: Engineering Lotion

Skin Disorders

Page 10: Engineering Lotion

Xerosis (Dry Skin)

� Reduced water content in Stratum Corneum

� Occurs when natural moisturizers on the skin’s surface are removed

� Caused by overexposure to water, sun, or cold weather

� Symptoms include dry, itchy skin

Page 11: Engineering Lotion

Ichthyosis

� Genetic disorders in the production and/or desquamation of cells� Rapid production of skin cells� Desquamation is slowed or

inhibited

� Results in dry and thickened, scaly skin

� Incurable disorders

Source: Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research, www.gfmer.ch

Page 12: Engineering Lotion

Ichthyosis Vulgaris

� Accounts for 95% of all ichthyosiscases

� Affects 1 in 250 people� Caused by low water content in

Stratum Corneum� The enzymatic reactions controlling

desquamation are inhibited

Source: www.ichthyosis.com

Page 13: Engineering Lotion

Effects on Skin Barrier

� Reduced or low water content in the Stratum Corneum results in a compromised barrier

� This compromised barrier must be restored in order to prevent excessive water loss

Compromised Barrier Intact Barrier

Source: http://www.cetaphil.com.au/importance_of_your_skin_more.asp

Page 14: Engineering Lotion

Treatment

Page 15: Engineering Lotion

Current Treatment

� Temporary and symptomatic� Primarily focus on supplying ingredients

that replenish and retain water content � However, there are three key steps to

effectively treat the disorders:1) Promote desquamation2) Deliver moisturizing agents to

underlying skin3) Restore the skin’s lipid bilayer

Page 16: Engineering Lotion

Moisturizer Formulation

� The simplest vehicle for skin moisturizers are emulsions

� For lotions, oil-in-water emulsions are used� Water is the continuous

phase� Oil is the dispersed phase

Source: http://www.pg.com/science/skincare/Skin_tws_101.htm

Page 17: Engineering Lotion

Moisturizer Formulation (cont.)

� Lotions are composed of both active and inactive ingredients

� Active and Inactive ingredients result in a combination of properties (i.e. effectiveness, smoothness, creaminess, etc.)

Page 18: Engineering Lotion

Moisturizer Formulation (cont.)

� Active Ingredients and their function

Fill intercellular spaces of skinEmollients

Promote dead skin removalExfoliants

Prevent water loss from skinOcclusives

Attract and bind to waterHumectants

FunctionActives

Page 19: Engineering Lotion

Moisturizer Formulation (cont.)

� Inactive Ingredients and their function

Provide desirable colorColor Additives

Provide desirable scentFragrant Components

Adjust pH pH adjustors

Increase viscosity Thickeners

Antimicrobials and antioxidantsPreservatives

Stabilize the emulsionEmulsifying Agents

Contain and disperse ingredientsSolvents

FunctionInactives

Page 20: Engineering Lotion

FDA Regulations� The FDA defines cosmetic products as

“…articles intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness”

� Skin moisturizers are considered cosmetic products and do not have to undergo FDA process

� However, cosmetics are subject to ingredient restrictions set forth by the “Cosmetic Ingredient Review”

Source: http: www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-206.html

Page 21: Engineering Lotion

Consumer Satisfaction Model

Page 22: Engineering Lotion

Consumer Satisfaction Model

� A model was developed to assess the consumer needs

� The model measures how satisfied the consumer is with the properties of the lotion

Page 23: Engineering Lotion

Consumer Satisfaction Function

� Determine the relationship between the consumer and physical properties

� Weight the properties according to importance to consumer

)10(

)1000(

)1000(

−=

−=−=

=∑

attributesconsumer

ofscoresnormalizedy

propertyofweightw

onsatisfactiS

ywS

i

i

i

iii

Source: http://www.ou.edu/class/che-design/a-design/Pricing%20of%20Consumer%20Products.pdf

Page 24: Engineering Lotion

Consumer Tests

� Consumer tests are used to determine the satisfaction of the consumer for each property

� The consumers rates the properties based upon extremes (i.e. very thin to very thick)

� Consumer ratings are then correlated to the physical properties to find consumer satisfaction

Page 25: Engineering Lotion

Related Properties

Consumer• Effectiveness• Spreadability• Thickness • Smoothness• Creaminess• Absorption Rate• Greasiness

Physical� Diffusion (C/Cideal)� Surface Tension� Viscosity� Coefficient of Friction� Viscosity & Insolubles� Diffusion S.S. Time� Insolubles

Page 26: Engineering Lotion

Effectiveness

� Based on diffusion of ingredients and their healing ability

� Concentrations weighted upon function

� Concentration as a function of time and location

Page 27: Engineering Lotion

Effectiveness (cont.)

∞−===

−=−=

=

=

∑∞

−−−=

1

3

3

222

sin1

121

fromntegerin

depthdesiredx

surfacethefromcorneumstratumtoinncedistaL

continuumcorneumstratumphasetheoffactornretardatioR

continuumcorneumstratumphaseoftcoefficiendiffusioneffectiveD

depthdesiredatingredientofionconcentratidealC

depthdesiredatingredientofionconcentratC

sc

sc

sc

idealw

w

scLscRtnscD

escLxn

x nscLx

idealwC

wC

ππ

π

Source: A Geoscience Approach to Modeling Chemical Transport through Skin

Page 28: Engineering Lotion

Effectiveness (cont.)

� Effectiveness Test:1. Count the scales per

square inch of skin.2. Apply given amount of

lotion to one of the designated areas while using other area as control.

3. Consumer rates lotion based upon number of scales remaining after a specified amount of time.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Consumer Rating of Effectiveness

Sat

isfa

ctio

Fra

ctio

n.

Numerous Scales Several Scales No Scales

Page 29: Engineering Lotion

Effectiveness (cont.)

� Assumptions:� Scaling rate is proportional to diffusion

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

C/Cideal

Co

nsu

mer

Rat

ing

of.

. E

ffec

tive

nes

sNo Scales

Several Scales

Numerous Scales

Page 30: Engineering Lotion

Spreadability� Based on surface

tension� Surface tension of

each ingredient is found using:

� Surface tension of the lotion is found using:

( )[ ]( )

)(

4

pressurelowatneglectedvaporofdensity

liquidofdensity

structureupondependentvalueparachorP

P

v

l

vl

==

=−=

ρρ

ρργ

Source: Surface Tension Prediction for Pure Fluids & http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/chemie/physchem/files/praktika/pcf/gcii6.pdf

( )

anglecontact

emulsifierwaterbetweentensionsurface

emulsifieroilbetweentensionsurface

wateroilbetweentensionsurface

we

oe

ow

weoeow

=−=

−=−=

−=

θγγγ

θγγγ

cos

Page 31: Engineering Lotion

Spreadability (cont.)

� Surface tension between the skin and the lotion is found using: anglecontact

emulsionoftensionsurface

skinoftensionsurface

emulsionskinoftensionsurface

e

s

se

esse

===

−=−=

θγγγ

θγγγ cos

Source: http://www.pcn.org/Technical%20Notes%20-%20Corona.html & Comparison of surface free energy between reconstructed epidermis and in situ human skin

Skin

Emulsion

θ

Page 32: Engineering Lotion

Spreadability (cont.)

� The main factor for spreadability is wettability

� Due to trade secrets, correct values for this were not obtained.

� Approximated spreadability using only surface tension between skin and emulsion

tCoefficienitySpreadabilS

S

se

esesse

=

+−=

/

/ )( γγγ

Source: Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena

Page 33: Engineering Lotion

Spreadability (cont.)

� Spreadability Test:1. Pour given amount

of lotion on hand2. Measure distance

lotion travels in designated amount of time

3. Consumer rates spreadability of lotion

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Consumer Rating of Spreadability

Sat

isfa

ctio

n F

ract

ion

n

Travels no distance Travels fair distance Travels Far Distance

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension

Page 34: Engineering Lotion

Spreadability (cont.)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200Surface Tension (mN/m)

Consu

mer

Rat

ing o

f S

pre

adab

ility.

.

Travels far distance

Travel fair distance

Travels no distance

� Assumptions: � The spreadability is inversely proportional to

surface tension between the skin and lotion

Page 35: Engineering Lotion

Thickness� Based on viscosity, η:

� Viscosity found for each ingredient� Viscosity of an emulsion was found using:

( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )

3/1

734310

727

)(

cos/cos

1110

125110

14

1184

1045.5

1

φλφκ

λλκ

λλλ

φλκ

λλη

=

==

−−

+−−−

+

−++=

phasedispersedtheoffractionvolume

phasecontinuousofityvisphasedispersedofityvis

5.0η=thickness

Sources: 1.Evaluation of theoretical viscosity models for concentrated emulsions at low capillary numbers; 2. Chemical Product Design

Page 36: Engineering Lotion

Thickness (cont.)

� Thickness Test:1. Place given

amount of lotion on pad of thumb.

2. Consumer rubs lotion between thumb and index finger in lateral motion.

3. Consumer rates thickness of lotion.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Consumer Rating of Thickness

Sat

isfa

ctio

n F

ract

ion

n

Very thin Moderately thick Very thick

0 50 100 150 200

Thickness

Con

sum

er R

atin

g of

.. Th

ickn

ess

Very thick

Very thin

Moderately thick

Page 37: Engineering Lotion

Greasiness� Based on the

concentration of insoluble ingredients

� Greasiness Test: 1. Apply given amount of

lotion to designated region on skin.

2. Place a piece of paper on lotion and rotate arm slowly 90 degrees.

3. Consumer rates lotion based on how easily paper slides off skin.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Consumer Rating of Greasiness

Sat

isfa

ctio

n F

ract

ion

n

Falls Not Easily

Falls Moderately Easy

Falls Easily

Page 38: Engineering Lotion

Greasiness (cont.)

� Assumptions:� Ease at which paper falls is approximately linear to the oil

content in the lotion� As the oil content starts to exceeds the water content, the

lotion becomes a water-in-oil emulsion resulting in a sharp increase in greasiness

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1Concentration of Insolubles

Co

nsu

mer

Rat

ing

of.

. G

reas

ines

s

Falls Not Easily

Falls Easily

Falls Moderately

Easy

Page 39: Engineering Lotion

Smoothness

� A function of the coefficient of friction, µ and greasiness

� Smoothness Test:1. Apply lotion to skin

in lateral motion2. Consumer then

rates smoothness

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Consum e r Ra ting of S m oothne ss

Sat

isfa

ctio

n F

ract

ion

n

N ot ve ry s m oo th

Mode ra te ly s m oo th

V ery s mooth

Page 40: Engineering Lotion

Smoothness (cont.)

� Assumptions:� Smoothness is proportional to greasiness and

inversely proportional to the coefficient of friction

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1Concentration of Insolubles

Co

nsu

mer

Rat

ing

of.

. S

mo

oth

nes

sVery

smooth

Moderately smooth

Not very smooth

Page 41: Engineering Lotion

Creaminess

� Based on the thickness and smoothness

� Creaminess is found using:

( )( )[ ] 5.0smoothnessthicknessnessCreami =

Source: Chemical Product Design

Page 42: Engineering Lotion

Creaminess (cont.)

� Creaminess Test:1. Consumer swirls

finger in container of lotion

2. Consumer rates creaminess

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Consumer Rating of Creaminess

Sat

isfa

ctio

n F

ract

ion

n

Not cream y Moderately creamy Very creamy

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8(Smoothness*Thickness)^0.5

Co

nsu

mer

Rat

ing

of

Cre

amin

ess.

..

Not creamy

Moderatelycreamy

Very creamy

Page 43: Engineering Lotion

Absorption Rate

� Based on the diffusion rate of each ingredient

� Found using the time to steady-state value

sc

scss D

xRt

45.0=

Source: A Geoscience Approach to Modeling Chemical Transport through Skin

Page 44: Engineering Lotion

Absorption Rate (cont.)

� Absorption Rate Test:

1. Apply a known amount of lotion

2. Measure time for lotion to completely absorb into skin

3. Consumer scores absorption rate

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Consumer Rating of Absorption Rate

Sat

isfa

ctio

n F

ract

ion

nSlow Moderate Fast

Page 45: Engineering Lotion

Absorption Rate (cont.)

� Assumptions:� Based on informal surveys

0 2 4 6 8 10Steady-State Time (min)

Con

sum

er R

atin

g of

.. A

bsop

tion

Rat

eFast

Moderate

Slow

Page 46: Engineering Lotion

Consumer Satisfaction Model

Creaminess Effectiveness

Ingredient Fractionformulation

min %formulation

max %(Smoothness*Thickness)^0.5 Cw/Cw

o

SolventDeionized Water 70.0000% 50.00% 70.00% 0.50

Occlusivespetrolatum 0.0000% 0.000% 5.00% 0.35Ceramide* 3.0002% 0.00% 5.00% 0.32

Dimethicone 0.0141% 0.00% 10.00% 0.35Cholesterol* 1.0001% 0.00% 5.00% 0.35

Total Mixture Value 100.0000% 0.748513656 0.47Consumer Score 9.76307994 3.13

Happiness percentage 0.777602044 0.45Weight of variable 0.05 0.450000682

Relative happiness (%)= 68.12

Page 47: Engineering Lotion

Maximum Satisfaction Product� Satisfaction is 68%

Exfoliant1.0000%Lactic Acid

Preservative5.0000%EDTA

Occlusive0.0141%Dimethicone

Color Additive0.0500%Titanium Dioxide

Emulsifier8.8316%Cetyl Alcohol

pH adjustor0.0040%Maleic Acid

SC lipid1.0000%γ-linoleic acid

Preservative5.0000%Phenoxyethanol

Thickener5.0000%Carbomer

Emollient0.0500%Castor Oil

Occlusive1.0001%Cholesterol

Occlusive3.0002%Ceramide

Humectant0.0500%Sorbitol

Solvent70.0000%Deionized Water

FunctionCompositionIngredient

Page 48: Engineering Lotion

Competitor Satisfaction-51%

Preservative0.200%Phenoxyehtanol

Preservative0.050%Propylparaben

pH adjustor0.360%TEA

Fragrance0.100%Fragrance

Emollient6.200%Decyl Oleate

Emollient10.300%Mineral Oil

Emulsifier2.000%Cetyl Alcohol

Emulsifier3.000%Dilaureth-4 Phosphate

Preservative0.150%Methylparaben

Humectant3.000%PEG

Occlusive0.200%Allantoin

Colorant3.000%Titanium Dioxide

Thickener0.600%C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate

Solvent70.840%Deionized Water

FunctionCompositionIngredient

Source: Cosmetic and Toiletry Formulations, Volume 4 (2nd ed.)

Page 49: Engineering Lotion

Demand Model

Page 50: Engineering Lotion

Demand Model

demandscompetitord

demandourd

pricescompetitorp

priceourp

productofawareness

S

S

d

ddpdp

'

'

2

1

2

1

1

2

2

12211

====

=

=

=

α

β

β

ααβ

Page 51: Engineering Lotion

Demand Model (cont.)

� Budget Model� Consumer has a budget in which the product

price is the main determining factor

� Fixed Demand Model� The total demand is constant and product price

is not as significant

� We initially applied the budget model, but used the fixed demand model when this failed (i.e. individual demands exceed total demand)

Page 52: Engineering Lotion

Demand Model (cont.)

� Budget Model � Fixed Demand Model

αβ

βα

1

1

2

11

1

21

2

112

2211

dp

dpY

p

pd

p

dpYd

dpdpY

=∴

−=⇒

+=

( ) αβα

βα

βα

−−−

=∴

+=

−=⇒

+=

11

1

11

1

21

12

21

dDd

ddUximizingmaand

dDd

ddD

Page 53: Engineering Lotion

Market Research

� Ichthyosis Vulgaris� Hereditary, genetic

disease that cannot be cured: market demand should not decrease

� The symptoms of the disorders worsen in colder, drier climates

Source: www.ichthyosis.com

Page 54: Engineering Lotion

Target Market

� Based on Satisfaction Model

� Target audience chosen by determined weights of model

� Based on current model, main target audience is the southwest

� However, lotion can enter other markets over time

Page 55: Engineering Lotion

Manufacturing Process

Page 56: Engineering Lotion

Plant Location

� Phoenix, AZ� Based on our target

market� Centrally located

within market� Inexpensive property

value� High Productivity� Low Labor costs

Source: http://www.rlmartin.com/photos/scenic/arizona/default.htm

Page 57: Engineering Lotion

Manufacturing Procedure

� Two separate phases make up lotion: aqueous and oil phases

� Must completely combine two phases � Steps in lotion formation:

1) Heat and mix aqueous and oil phases separately

2) Combine both phases into one batch3) Perform post treatment modifications (i.e.

decrease particle size)

Page 58: Engineering Lotion

Process Flow Diagram

Page 59: Engineering Lotion

Equipment Costs

80,200Storage Tanks

158,900Total 15,000Colloid Mill

5,0002 Pumps

21,000Homogenizer

4,100Bath Sonicator

13,500Oil Phase Mixing Tank

20,100Water Phase Mixing Tank

Cost ($)Equipment

Source: www.mhhe.com/peters-timmerhaus & www. heilscher.com/

Page 60: Engineering Lotion

Economic Analysis

Page 61: Engineering Lotion

Maximum Satisfaction Product

� NPW is always negative for varying αvalues and our product price (p2=$10)

-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

0 20 40 60 80 100

P1 ($)

NP

W (

mill

ion

$))

α = 0.1

α = 0.2

α = 0.3

α = 0.4

α = 0.5

α = 0.6

α = 0.7

Page 62: Engineering Lotion

Maximum Satisfaction Product (cont.)

� Increasing competitor’s price (i.e. p2=$15)

� Decreasing competitor’s price (i.e. p2=$5)

-7000

-6000

-5000

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

0 20 40 60 80 100

P1 ($)N

PW

(m

illio

n $

))

α = 0.1

α = 0.2

α = 0.3

α = 0.4

α = 0.5

α = 0.6

α = 0.7

-3000

-2500

-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

0 10 20 30 40 50

P1 ($)

NP

W (m

illio

n $)

)

α = 0.1

α = 0.2

α = 0.3

α = 0.4

α = 0.5

α = 0.6

α = 0.7

Page 63: Engineering Lotion

Maximum Satisfaction Product

� Maximum Satisfaction Product provides a satisfaction of 68 %

� However, due to extreme raw material costs, it is not economically feasible to manufacture

$ 5,900γ-Linoleic Acid

$ 2,100Carbomer

$ 3,000,000Ceramide

$ 330Cholesterol

$ 120Dimethicone

Cost ($/kg)Ingredient

Page 64: Engineering Lotion

Maximum Profit Product

� Since Maximum Satisfaction Product cannot be economically produced, we had to develop a profitable product

� Profitable product includes:� Substituting Product Ingredients� Alternating Ingredient Concentrations

Page 65: Engineering Lotion

Maximum Profit Product (cont.)

� Solver was used to maximize the NPW with a constant α value at 0.8

� The ingredients and their concentrations were parameters that solver could manipulate to maximize NPW

Page 66: Engineering Lotion

Maximum Profit Product (cont.)

� Consumer Satisfaction is 62% while the maximum satisfaction product was at 68%

Exfoliant1.0000%Malic Acid

Emulsifier13.9500%Cetearyl Alcohol

pH adjustor0.0040%Citric Acid

Preservative1.0000%Phenoxyethanol

Thickener2.0000%Isostearic Acid

Emollient1.0460%Isopropyl Palmitate

Occlusive1.0000%Petrolatum

Humectant10.0000%Glycerin

Solvent70.0000%Deionized Water

FunctionCompositionIngredient

Page 67: Engineering Lotion

Maximum Profit Product� NPW becomes positive when α ranges

from 0.1 to 0.8NPW vs. P1 for α = 0.1-0.8

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

0 5 10 15 20

P1 ($)

NP

W (

mill

ion

$))

α=0.1

α=0.2

α=0.3

α=0.4

α=0.5

α=0.6

α=0.7

α=0.8

NPW vs. P1 for α = 0.1-0.8

-9.80

-9.60

-9.40

-9.20

-9.00

-8.80

-8.60

-8.40

0 5 10 15 20

P1 ($)

NP

W (

mill

ion

$))

α=0.1

α=0.2

α=0.3

α=0.4

α=0.5

α=0.6

α=0.7

Page 68: Engineering Lotion

Maximum Profit Product (cont.)

� Plotting again for α values between 0.7 and 0.8, we see that the NPW peaks when p1 is $10

-10

0

10

20

30

5 7 9 11 13 15 17

P1 ($)

NP

W (

mil

lio

n $

))

α=0.70

α=0.71

α=0.72

α=0.73

α=0.74

α=0.75

α=0.76

α=0.77

α=0.78

α=0.79

α=0.8

Page 69: Engineering Lotion

Advertising� The maximum α occurs at 0.8� As the amount of advertising increases, time

to maximum α decreases

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Time (years)

α

No Advertising Moderate Advertising High Advertising

Page 70: Engineering Lotion

Advertising (cont.)

6.73.9

HighModerate

Total Advertising Costs (million $/year)

0.06 20.34

6.21

0.15

73.24

journal free samples magazines websites tv

Moderate0.04

23.78

6.050.18

69.95

journal free samples magazines websites tv

High

Page 71: Engineering Lotion

Advertising (cont.)

� High advertising also results in highest ROI

� Raw Material Costs rely significantly on α

-200.0

0.0

200.0

400.0

600.0

800.0

0 2 4 6 8 10

Time (years)

RO

I (%

))

no advertising (avg %ROI=217.9)

moderate advertising (avg %ROI=291.7)

high advertising (avg %ROI=414.3)

01234567

0 2 4 6 8 10Time (years)R

aw M

ater

ial C

ost

s (m

illio

n $

)

no advertising (total RMC=$35.02 Million)

moderate advertising (total RMC=$41.58 Million)

high advertising (total RMC=$52.62 Million)

Page 72: Engineering Lotion

Economic Analysis (cont.)

19.03-280000Net Present Worth ($106)

414-5900000Return on Investment (%)

52.6249000Raw Material Cost ($106)

1.060.994Total Capital Investment ($106)

MaximumProfit

MaximumSatisfaction

Product

Page 73: Engineering Lotion

Future

� This model was a first approach� Perfected with further market analysis

and consumer research

� More powerful software should be used in the future for the Demand and Consumer Satisfaction Models

Page 74: Engineering Lotion

Questions