engineering approach to green infrastructure - iowa … approach to green infrastructure ......
TRANSCRIPT
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Engineering Approach to Green Infrastructure
T. Andrew Earles, Ph.D., P.E., D.WREWright Water Engineers, Inc.
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Why do we care about stormwater quality?
The Regulation of Storm Water by Decade
» 1960s
» 1970s
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» 1980s
» 1990s
» 2000s
» 2010s
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Phase I and II Storm Water Regulations» Phase I
» Phase II
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Four Step Process
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Runoff Reduction
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Directly Connected Impervious Area
This is what we want to avoid!
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Runoff Reduction
» Minimize Directly Connected Impervious Area
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Runoff Directed to Landscape
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Runoff Reduction
» Reduce Impervious Area
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UIA
Conceptual Model
UIA = Unconnected Impervious AreaDCIA = Directly Connected Impervious Area
RPA = Receiving Pervious AreaSPA = Separate Pervious Area
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Effective Imperviousness Adjustments
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Effe
ctiv
e Im
perv
ious
ness
Total Imperviousness
Directly Connected 2-year Level 2 10-year Level 2 100-year Level 2
Based on typical development patterns & 4-cover Imperviousness model
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Treat the WQv
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Treat the Water Quality Volume (WQv)
Equivalent to capturing and treating roughly 90% of all runoff on an annual basis in Iowa
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Source: Iowa Stormwater Management Manual
Ames, Iowa Rainfall Summary1960-2006
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“Maximized” Water Quality Volume
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Volumetric Runoff Coefficients (Rv)
Adjustment Factors for MDCIA
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Treat the Water Quality Volume (WQv)--Example
Approximately 4,500 ft3 Wqv required per acre of impervious area.
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Recharge Volume (Rev)
The Rev is a part of the WQv and can be achieved by MDCIA or a WQv practice such as bioiretention.
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Stabilize Drainageways
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Water Quality, Channel Protection & Flooding
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Stream Channel Stability
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Lane’s Stable Channel Concept
The Channel Protection Storage Volume (Cpv) is the volume required for extended detention release (24-hour) of the 1-year, 24-hour storm
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Implement Source Controls
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Source Control BMPs
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BMP Photo Gallery
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Two Key Aspects of Performance: Improving BMP Maintenance and Implementing Maintainable BMPs
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When preparing landscaping plans for BMPs, remember that access is necessary.
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Swales that are too flat can lead to ponding and nuisance conditions.
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Runoff cannot get to BMP because curb is not cut.
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Soggy bottom may be due to shallow groundwater, poor draining soils and/or overcompaction.
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Hydrology and Impervious Area
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Hydrologic Cycle
Source: Sustainable Sites Initiative
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Hydrologic Budget Components
GAINS
» Precipitation» Runoff» Groundwater Gains
LOSSES
» Interception and Depression Storage
» Evaporation and Transpiration
» Infiltration» Groundwater Withdrawals» Diversions
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Source: Kansas Biological Survey, Native Prairie Hay Meadows
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Large Storm
Higher and More Rapid Peak Discharge
Small Storm
More Runoff Volume
Lower and Less Rapid Peak
Higher BaseflowGradual Recession
Pre-developmentPost-development
TIME
STR
EAM
FLO
W R
ATE
IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON STREAMFLOW
Source: Schuler, T.R. 1987. Controlling Urban Runoff: A Practical Manual for Planning and Designing BMPs. Washington DC: Metro Council of Governments.
Large Storm Higher and More
Rapid Peak Discharge
More Runoff Volume
Lower and Less Rapid Peak
Higher Baseflow Gradual Recession
Pre-developmentPost-development
Why are Stormwater Management and LID Important?
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Source: Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group 1998
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How do you quantify impervious area?
Source: UDFCD
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Source: UDFCD
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Nothing is as effective as site level drainage mapping & analysis
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What Do You Need? Why Do You Need It? What Does It
Tell Us?
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Typical Design Information Needs»
»
»
»
»
»
»
»
»
»
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Drainage Basin Mapping—Watershed Scale
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Land Use and Imperviousness Mapping
Plan for future imperviousness
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Regional, Sub-regional and Onsite
Regional Approach»»
»
Source: Arapahoe County (Colorado) Stormwater Management Manual
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Regional, Sub-regional and Onsite
Sub-regional Approach»
»»
»
Source: Arapahoe County (Colorado) Stormwater Management Manual
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Regional, Sub-regional and Onsite
Onsite Approach»
»»
»
»
Source: Arapahoe County (Colorado) Stormwater Management Manual
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Site-scale Topography and Mapping
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Geotechnical Data
»
»»
»
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Soil Classification and Characterization
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Sieve Size Analysis
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Soil Survey Mapping and Data
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Soil Testing Parameters for Successful Revegetation
» pH»»»»
» Electrical Conductivity (EC): »»
» Free Lime»
»
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Soil Testing Parameters for Successful Revegetation» Nitrogen(N) - Phosphorus(P) - Potassium(K)
»»»»
» Saturation Percentage»»
»» Organic Matter Content
»
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Soil Testing Parameters for Successful Revegetation
» Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)»
» Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) »
» Soil Texture by Hydrometer Method»
»
»