engaging and transforming north korea’s economy, by william b. brown

8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown

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ngf`r u.}.*cgtok kmkbojfm }rubfo}

Ua 4;! 48;;

Xx oii o k mx

fxa l u }

}vx }x dv

c o f!

c f fa o Xav!

}la fa } k uv

4844 gd 48;8


4/28

cof obfrgtfka dgktb

COF Obfrgt}> @fmgao J. Ef`òjk``

]ktkl Lgyo

Kdtklkj CfjEagto`mo Agyo*Aoo

Mg`rtkmr Obfrgt> Jktv Jktfc

Mgot Bo}fi`> ]ruktr Ngl`}g` Nt.

Rlo foy} o|xto}}ob f` rlf} xudafmkrfg` kto rlg}o ge rlo kurlgt}. Ylfao rlf} jg`g*

itkxl f} xktr ge rlo gotkaa xtgitkj ge rlo Cgtok Omg`gjfm F`}rfruro o`bgt}ob dv fr}

Gemot}! Dgktb ge Bftomrgt}! k`b Kbf}gtv Mgu`mfa! fr} mg`ro`r} bg `gr òmo}}ktfav

toomr rlo foy} ge f`bffbuka jojdot} ge rlo Dgktb gt ge rlo Kbf}gtv Mgu`mfa.

Mgxvtfilr 48;; dv rlo Cgtok Omg`gjfm F`}rfruro

yyy.cofk.gti

Kaa tfilr} to}otob! o|moxr rlkr kurlgtf~krfg` f} ifo` lotoyfrl rg kmkbojfm f`}rfru*

rfg`} k`b obumkrgt} rg toxtgbumo ktrfmao} lotof` egt kmkbojfm u}o k} agì k} kxxtg*

xtfkro mtobfr f} ifo` dgrl rg rlo kurlgt} k`b rg rlf} xudafmkrfg`.

Xtf`rob f` rlo _`frob ]rkro} ge Kjotfmk.F]@@ ;8?2*5622


5/28

fff

mg`ro`r}

cof k}v Mu`m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f

Xem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f

L}v e c om`jm f`}u kmjm ]vjx} . . . . . . . . . . . .ff

X}xm} e ojiì o} k}` Mx` ` fjxm`}

e l _` ]}

Rgjgttgy} Ok}r K}fk Rgbkv> Toifg`ka ]omutfrv Mggxotkrfg`

egt rlo 4;}r Mo`rutv

K`btoy A. Gtg}. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;

_.].*Tu}}fk`*Mlfò}o Mggxotkrfg` egt rlo ]omutfrv ge Cgtok

Bgui N. Cfj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;?Cgtok! K]OK@! k`b Ok}r K}fk` Toifg`kaf}j

Bkfb Ktk}o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ==

rl ojiì t e ]ul c ` I ]i

Dtfbifì rlo Iagdka Ikx> Cgtok} Aokbot}lfx Kio`bk egt rlo I*48

Dkadf`k V. Lykì k`b Vguìnf Ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?=

rl Euu e oìv ]muv ` @l} k}

Igfì Iagdka> F}}uo} Ekmfì ]gurl Cgtok k} k` Ojotifì

@umaokt O|xgtrot

Mlo` Ckò! ]roxlk`fo M. Afoiif! k`b Jfao} K. Xgjxot. . . . . . . . . . .96

Xtg}xomr} egt Mtokrfì k Itokr! Itoo` Xkrl rg Xgyot

Iogtio Lurmlf`}g`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;8?

oìiì ` r`}ejì @l c} om`jv

Oìkifì k`b Rtk`}egtjfì @gtrl Cgtok} Omg`gjv

Yfaafkj D. Dtgy` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;==

O}rfjkrfì rlo Xgro`rfka ]f~o ge F`rot*Cgtok` Omg`gjfm Mggxotkrfg`

Bggyg` Aoo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;26

E`ì tj e ]| Xv ]u` @l c} @um M}}]gurl Cgtok k`b rlo ]f|*Xktrv Rkac}> Rlo Aok}r Dkb Gxrfg`7

Mlktao} C. Ktj}rtgì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;5?

]f|*Xktrv Rkac} k`b Mlf`k} Igabfagmc} ]rtkroiv>

Iorrfì @gtrl Cgtok Nu}r Tfilr

Btoy Rlgjx}g` k`b @krkafo Jkrrloy} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;96

Nkxkò}o Xot}xomrfo} g` rlo ]f|*Xktrv Rkac} k`b rlo

@gtrl Cgtok` @umaokt Mtf}f}

Jfmlkoa T. Ku}af` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;6?

Tu}}fk k`b rlo ]f|*Xktrv Xtgmo}} f` Cgtok]roxlo` Dak`c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .489


6/28

f

MlRlo Lg`gtkdao ]roxlo` Y. Dg}ygtrl

Rlo Eaormlot ]mlgga kr Ruer}

_`fot}frv3 Boxktrjo`r ge ]rkro

Jj}

Jt. Dtkbaov Dkd}g`

Ygtab Keekft} Mgu`mfa ge Jkfò

Bt. Makubo Dktoab

Kjotfmk` O`rotxtf}o F`}rfruro

Bt. Ngl` Do`òrr

Egtjot COF Xto}fbo`r

Bt. Rlgjk} E. Mktifaa

_`fot}frv ge @okbk! To`g

Lf} O|moaao`mv Vgg`*no Mlg

]gikì _`fot}frv

Bt. @fmlgak} Odot}rkbr

Kjotfmk` O`rotxtf}o F`}rfruro

Jt. Tgdotr Ekaag`

Mgaujdfk Du}fò}} ]mlgga

Jt. Igtbg` Eakco

Jkutoo` % Jfco Jk`}oab

Egu`bkrfg`

Rlo Lg`gtkdao Bg`kab X. Itoii

Rlo Cgtok ]gmforvRlo Lg`gtkdao Rlgjk} M. Luddktb

JmAktrv K}}gmfkro}

Rlo Lg`gtkdao Nkjo} K. Coaav

OKX K}}gmfkro}! F`m.

Jt. K`btoy D. Cfj

]fr'Cfj F`rot`krfg`ka

Jt. ]xo`mot Cfj

Xkmfm Mo`rutv F`}rfruro

Jt. Dtumo Cafìòt

Lotfrkio Egu`bkrfg`

Rlo Lg`gtkdao Nkjo} R. Akòv

Ojgtv _`fot}frv

Bt. Cftc Y. Akt}o`

Dtfilkj Vguì _`fot}frv

Lf} O|moaao`mv Rko*}fc Aoo

Egtjot Kjdk}}kbgt rg rlo _.].

Bt. Vguì*]u` AooVg`}of _`fot}frv

Bt. Yg`lvuc Afj

Cgtok Booagxjo`r F`}rfruro

Jt. Xkua J. JmIg`kiao

Mg`}uark`r

Bt. I. Ju}rkek Jglkrktoj

Ioòtka Jgrgt} Mgtxgtkrfg`

Bt. Mluì*f` Jgg`

Vg`}of _`fot}frv

cof kbUf}gtV mgu`mfA


7/28

Bt. Luil R. Xkrtfmc

Mgaujdfk _`fot}frv

Rlo Lg`gtkdao Otò}r L. Xtooi

Jkùekmrutot} Kaafk`mo'JKXF

Bt. Jfrmloaa D. Tof}}

Yk}lfìrg` Mgaaoio

Jt. Ok`} N. T. Tooto

Kadtfilr ]rgòdtfbio Itgux

Jt. Kak` Tgjdoti

Lo`tv A. ]rfj}g` Mo`rot

Bt. Tgdotr K. ]mkakxf`g

_`fot}frv ge Mkafegt`fk! Dotcoaov

Bt. Noeetov T. ]lkeot

Mfrfitgux

Lf} O|moaao`mv Ngu`*vuì ]u`Cvuì`kj _`fot}frv

Jt. Y. Tgdotr Yktò


Jt. Ng}oxl K. D. Yf`bot

Yf`bot F`rot`krfg`ka!


cof d e bm}

]uclk` Cfj! O}{.

Xktròt

Kcf` Iujx ]rtku}} Lkuot % Eoab

Xtge. Vgg` ]lfc Xktc

Iogtio Yk}lfìrg` _`fot}frv

Xtge. Bkfb ]rof`doti

Iogtiorgy` _`fot}frv

Gemot}

Kjd. Mlktao} A. Xtfrmlktb

Xto}fbo`r

Bt. Kdtklkj Cfj

Ufmo Xto}fbo`r

J}. Eagto`mo Agyo*Aoo

Rtok}utot


8/28

f

Xtoekmo

Rlo Cgtok Omg`gjfm F`}rfruro ,COF& f` Yk}lfìrg`! B.M.! f` mggxotkrfg` yfrl

rlo ]mlgga ge F`rot`krfg`ka ]otfmo ,]F]& kr Kjotfmk` _`fot}frv! ka}g f` Yk}l*fìrg`! B.M.! mg}xg`}gtob k` kmkbojfm }vjxg}fuj kr ]F] g` 4844 Gmrgdot

48;8 g` Rgjgttgy} @gtrlok}r K}fk. Rlf} gaujo mg`rkf`} rlo xkxot} rlkr

yoto xto}o`rob kr rlo }vjxg}fuj k`b }ud}o{uo`rav toòb.

Rlo 48;8 }vjxg}fuj egmu}ob g` ojotifì k`b euruto mlkaaoìo} ekmfì @gtrl*

ok}r K}fk. Xkxot} k`b bf}mu}}fg`} eoaa u`bot o dtgkb rgxfm}>

Xtg}xomr} egt ojotifì Ok}r K}fk` mggxotkrfg` k`b fjxafmkrfg`} egt rlo

_`frob ]rkro}

Rlo ojotifì tgao ge ]gurl Cgtok g` k iagdka }rkio

Rlo euruto ge oòtiv }omutfrv f` @gtrlok}r K}fk

Oìkifì k`b rtk`}egtjfì @gtrl Cgtok} omg`gjv

Ef`bfì tggj egt k }f|*xktrv }gaurfg` rg @gtrl Cgtok} ùmaokt mtf}f}.

Rlo }xg`}gt} k`b kurlgt} yoamgjo mgjjo`r} g` rlo jkrotfka f` rlf} gaujo. Rlf}

f} rlo 4;}r f` k }otfo} ge k`ùka kmkbojfm }vjxg}fk g` K}fk*Xkmfm omg`gjfm k`b

}omutfrv f}}uo} rlkr dtfì rgiorlot aokbfì kmkbojfm} k`b xgafmv xtgeo}}fg`ka}

etgj rltguilgur rlo toifg`.

Aguf} Y. Iggbjk` Mlktao} A. ,Nkmc& Xtfrmlktb

Bok` Xto}fbo`r

]mlgga ge F`rot`krfg`ka ]otfmo Cgtok Omg`gjfm F`}rfruro

Kjotfmk` _`fot}frv

Bomojdot 48;8


9/28

ff

Lf}rgtV ge cgtok omg`gjfm f`}rfruro

kmkbojfm }VjXg}fk

48;8 Kjotfmk` _`fot}frv! ]mlgga ge F`rot`krfg`ka ]otfmo!

Yk}lfìrg`! B.M.

4886 Ok}r*Yo}r Mo`rot! Lg`gauau

Kbbfrfg`ka xktròt} Lkykff Xkmfm _`fot}frv! Xkmfm Egtuj M]F]

488< @oy Vgtc Q

Mo`rot egt Nkxk`*_.]. Du}fò}} % Omg`gjfm ]rubfo}!

]rot` ]mlgga ge Du}fò}}

4889 _`fot}frv ge ]gurlot` Mkafegt`fk! Cgtok` ]rubfo} F`}rfruro

4885 Lktktb

Xtoo`rfo Boeo`}o Xtgnomr! Ngl` E. Co`òbv ]mlgga ge Igot`jo`r

488? _`fot}frv ge Yk}lfìrg`

4882 Mgaaoio ge Yfaafkj % Jktv

488= ]rkègtb _`fot}frv

4884 _`fot}frv ge Xo``}vak`fk

488; _`fot}frv ge Mkafegt`fkAg} Kìoao}

4888 Ngl`} Lgxcf`} ]mlgga ge Kbk`mob F`rot`krfg`ka ]rubfo}

;666 Iogtio Yk}lfìrg` _`fot}frv

;66< Iogtiorgy` _`fot}frv

;669 _`fot}frv ge ]gurlot` Mkafegt`fk

;665 _`fot}frv ge Jfmlfik`

;66? _`fot}frv ge Mlfmkig

;662 _`fot}frv ge Mkafegt`fkDotcoaov

;66= Xtf`morg` _`fot}frv

;664 Mgaujdfk _`fot}frv

;66; F`bfk`k _`fot}frv

;668 _`fot}frv ge Mkafegt`fk]k` Bfoig

>

_`fot}frv!

_`fot}frv!


10/28


11/28

;==

oìkifì k`b rtk`}egtjfì

`gtrL cgtok} omg`gjV

Yfaafkj D. Dtgy`

kd]rtkMr

@gtrl Cgtok dkbav òob} mlkìo dur ylorlot rlkr mlkìo mk` k`b }lguab do

f`bumob gt egtmob etgj rlo gur}fbo f} gxo` rg {uo}rfg`. Rlf} xkxot xtgmoob} etgjrlo xot}xomrfo rlkr jg}r gur}fbo oìkiojo`r yfrl @gtrl Cgtok rg bkro lk} doo`

bortfjo`rka rg @gtrl Cgtok` toegtj }f`mo fr lk} kfbob rlo mo`rtka }rkro! ylfml f}

kbkjk`rav gxxg}ob rg bomo`rtkaf~fì toegtj}. Dur k yf`bgy egt f`bumfì mlkìo

f` @gtrl Cgtok jkv do gxo`fì k} rlo }gmfkaf}r mgjjk`b omg`gjv mg`rfùo}

rg ekfa k`b k} k afcoav aoìrlv xgafrfmka rtk`}frfg` rg k oy aokbot doif`}. ]ootka

tuao} ge oìkiojo`r! gt xutxg}oeua bf}oìkiojo`r! kto }uiio}rob rlkr mguab

loax }lgo rlo mgu`rtv f` k toegtj bftomrfg`.

Yfaafkj D. Dtgy` f} k Xtgeo}}gtfka Aomrutot ge Omg`gjfm} kr Iogtio Yk}lfìrg`

_`fuot}frv k`b f} torftob etgj rlo _.]. Boxktrjo`r ge Mgjjotmo! Gemo ge rloMlfoe Omg`gjf}r! yloto lo }otob k} k` omg`gjf}r ygtcfì g` Ok}r K}fk.


12/28

;=2 _.].*Cgtok Kmkbojfm ]vjxg}fuj

ml! rl Xux o

]utoav k`v mgu`rtv rlkr jkco} k} xggt u}o ge rlo lktb ygtc ge fr} xogxao k} bgo}

@gtrl Cgtok òob} rg do rtk`}egtjob. Rlo mgu`rtv f} xggt `gr domku}o fr akmc}lujk` k`b xlv}fmka mkxfrka! `krutka to}gutmo}! iggb iogitkxlv! gt oo` xlv}f*

mka fètk}rtumruto dur }fjxav domku}o fr f} `gr gtik`f~ob f` k ykv rlkr xtgfbo}

f`mo`rfo} egt xogxao rg xtgbumo k`b bf}rtfduro iggb} oemfo`rav k`b }ko k`b

fò}r egt rlo euruto. Fr f} `gr k `krutka }v}roj dur k }gmfkaf}r }v}roj! dufar g` k

]gfor Jkt|f}r k`b ]rkaf`f}r jgboa rlkr lk} doo` bf}mktbob ootvyloto oa}o f` rlo

ygtab. Mudk jfilr mgjo rlo mag}o}r rg @gtrl Cgtok! dur f` ]oxrojdot 48;8 oo`

Efboa Mk}rtg! ylo` k}cob dv k _.]. ngut`kaf}r ,Igabdoti 48;8& kdgur ylorlot

Mudk f`ro`b} rg o|xgtr fr} fbogagiv! {ufxxob> rlo Mudk` jgboa bgo}`r oo`

ygtc egt Mudk. Mk}rtg jkv lko doo` rok}fì! dur f` rturl Mudk f} k gutf}lfì

jktcor omg`gjv mgjxktob yfrl @gtrl Cgtok. K} lktb k} rlo kotkio! lfilav

bf}mfxafòb! k`b }jktr @gtrl Cgtok` ygtc}! lo gt }lo f} u`kdao oo` rg eoob lf}

gt lot ekjfav yfrl k`vrlfì dur k dgya ge dktaov }gux. Rlo mlfabto` ig luìtv!

bf}ok}o} kto u`mg`rtgaaob! ekjfafo} u}o ao}} oaomrtfmfrv rlk` rlov jfilr lko u}ob

=8 vokt} oktafot! k`b rlov u}o kajg}r `g euoa egt lokrfì f` ylkr f} {ufro k mgab

mafjkro. Egtofi` rtkoaoo` bgjo}rfm rtkoaf} òktav gò|f}ro`r.

K ioòtkrfg` kig gò ge rlf} yk} rlo mk}o. Akdgt k`b mkxfrka xtgbumrffrv lko

xaujjorob rg rlo xgf`r rlkr rlo `krfg` `gy afo} gee Mlfò}o k`b ]gurl Cgtok`

lk`bgur}rlo akrrot kto btvfì ux }g rlo egtjot kto domgjfì jgto fjxgtrk`r.

]gjo oafro} rltfo k} rlov ygtc rlo ktmkò rtkbfì k`b jgòv tuao} rg rloft

kbk`rkio! k`b Xvgìvkì mfrv mg`rfùo} rg rtv rg dufab fr}oae k} k }lgymk}o

ge jgbot`frv! dur ootvgò c`gy} }gjorlfì f} ytgì. Oo` Cfj Ngì*fa k`b

lf} Cgtok` Ygtcot} Xktrv c`gy rlf} dur rlov lko xtgoò|moxr rg xotlkx}

}gjo _.]. k`b ]gurl Cgtok` kmkbojfm}rlkr rlov kto f`mkxkdao ge toegtj.

Rlo mutto`mv }ykx ge ak}r Bomojdot! ylo` @gtrl Cgtok} jgòv yk} }rtfxxob

ge fr} kauo! yk} egt jk`v rlo ak}r }rtky.

Yo jfilr kitoo rlkr rlo mgu`rtv òob} rg do mlkìob! dur {uo}rfg`} ge mgut}oktf}o kdgur ylorlot }uml mlkìo }lguab do dtguilr f` etgj rlo gur}fbo. Kajg}r

k`v bf}mu}}fg` ge omg`gjfm booagxjo`r xto}uxxg}o} rlkr kr do}r rlf} f} k`

f`}fbo*gur xtgmo}} k`b rlkr fjxg}ob gur}fbo*f` booagxjo`r f} etkuilr yfrl

bkìot. F` ekmr! jv rlo}f} f} rlkr @gtrl Cgtok lk} }ueeotob k`b mg`rfùo} rg }ueeot

etgj rgg juml ge rlo ytgì cf`b} ge o|rot`ka oìkiojo`r! btfo` t}r dv rlo

]gfor dagm dufabfì fr} mktoeuaav af`cob rtkbo }v}roj k`b f` jgto tomo`r vokt}

dv ]gurl Cgtok! Nkxk`! Outgxo! k`b oo` rlo _`frob ]rkro} }oocfì rg mlkìo

fr. Mlf`k f} @gtrl Cgtok} aktio}r xkrtg`Mlfò}o kr aok}r kbjfr rlkr rloft jkf`

igka f` xtgfbfì kfb rg @gtrl Cgtok f} rg jkf`rkf` nu}r o`guil }rkdfafrv rg rlyktr


13/28

Xtg}xomr} egt Ojotifì Ok}r K}fk` Mggxotkrfg` k`b Fjxafmkrfg`} egt rlo _`frob ]rkro} ;=?

toegtj} rlkr mguab xtgo bo}rkdfaf~fì. ]yfr~otak`b} igot`jo`r lk} bomfbob

rg xuaa fr} kfb gemo gur ge Xvgìvkì dv rlo o`b ge 48;;! o`bfì k` k}}f}rk`mo

xtgitkj rlkr lk} ak}rob }f`mo ;66?. ]yf}} ngut`kaf}r Nok`*Jfmloa Dotrlgub ,48;8&

ytfro}> Rlo dk}fm {uo}rfg` f} ylorlot fr f} dorrot rg f}gakro k rgrkafrktfk` toifjogt ygtc yfrl fr. F` rlo mk}o ge @gtrl Cgtok! xktafkjo`r k`b rlo Eobotka Mgu`mfa

lko jkbo k maokt*mur mlgfmo> booagxjo`r kfb ju}r mok}o. ]yf}} bodkro! ge

mgut}o! mg`rfùo} g` rlf} òy xgafmv.

A }ul c>jv D! ` e

Fr f} rlf} xot}xomrforlkr omg`gjfm mlkìo f} òobob dur rlkr mlkìo òob}

rg do itk}xob dv k krfg`} gy` kurlgtfrfo}rlkr mku}o} jo rg xtgxg}o }ootkatuao} ge oìkiojo`r k} yo boka! gt mlgg}o `gr rg boka! yfrl Xvgìvkì. F kj

o`mgutkiob dv rlo _.]. tomgtb jk`v vokt} kig ge loaxfì ]gurl Cgtok rtk`}egtj

fr} omg`gjv butfì }fjfaktav bfto mftmuj}rk`mo}. Gò ekmr jkv do toxto}o`rkrfo.

F` ;658 @gtrl Cgtok xtgbumob egt o|xgtr jgto iggb} rlk` bfb ]gurl Cgtok3 f`

48;8 ]gurl Cgtok o|xgtr} g` k iggb bkv jgto rlk` @gtrl Cgtok yfaa egt rlo

o`rfto vokt. Rltguil rlo ;6?8} _.]. eggb kfb xtoo`rob ekjfò f` rlo ]gurl! dur!

`g bgudr utiob g` dv _.]. ektj*}rkro xgafrfm}! rlo jk}}fo }lfxjo`r} mg`rfùob

egt rgg agì! rlu} òktav bo}rtgvfì ]gurl Cgtok` ektjot} ylg mguab lktbav

mgjxoro yfrl etoo itkf` bujxob f`rg rloft mfrfo}.;

Dv ;65= k bomkbo ge mgjjgbfrv k}}f}rk`mo lkb mtokrob f` rlo ]gurl k` kfb*

boxo`bo`r omg`gjv rlkr }kob k`b fò}rob afrrao3 fr lkb gò ge rlo ygtab} }jkaa*

o}r }kfì*rg*IBX tkrfg}. Egtru`kroav! rlo krfg`kaf}rfm k`b }oae*toafk`r*jf`bob

Xktc Mluì*loo mkjo rg xgyot k`b {ufmcav! yfrl }rtgì _.]. k`b Nkxkò}o

`k`mfka }uxxgtr! xur rlo mgu`rtv} }mka lgu}o f` gtbot k`b mg`}rtumrob k òy

lfil*f`roto}r! lfil*torut` dk`cfì }v}roj rlkr xtgfbob f`mo`rfo} rg }ko k`b

fò}r k`b bf}f`mo`rfo} rg dgttgy k`b mg`}ujo. Yfrl f`krfg` }udbuob k`b

k òy mutto`mv yfrl k mgjxorfrfo o|mlkìo tkro! xtfkro }kfì} xgutob f`rgdk`c} rlkr ao`r gt fò}rob gàv f` xtgbumrfo o`ruto}k`b }rgxxob ao`bfì egt

o|xo`}fo yobbfì} k`b euòtka}. Gtbf`ktv xogxao! Xto}fbo`r Aoo Jvuì*dkc

kjgì rloj! yoto rlu} kdao rg xak`r k }rkco f` rlo omg`gjv! ygtc lktb! rkco

tf}c}! k`b ioòtkaav rltfo f` rlo tomgtb*dtokcfì itgyrl rlkr egaagyob.

Rloto kto jk`v omg`gjfm ao}}g`} rg do rkco` etgj rlf} lf}rgtv! k`b yo òob rg

xk}} rloj g` rg k`vgò f` Xvgìvkì yfaafì rg af}ro`. F` k ;668} xudafmkrfg`!

; Fr f} ftg`fm rlkr rlo ]gurl} ektjot} `gy yk`r rloft igot`jo`r rg duv ux }utxau} tfmo k`bbujx fr f`rg @gtrl Cgtok` mfrfo}.


14/28

;=5 _.].*Cgtok Kmkbojfm ]vjxg}fuj

rlo Ygtab Dk`c ,;66=& mkaa} ]gurl Cgtok k jftkmao omg`gjv. K} rlo Dk`c

igo} g` rg }lgy! fr tokaav f} gr k jftkmao3 }jktr omg`gjfm xgafmfo}! gr jftkmao}!

rtk`}egtjob ]gurl Cgtok! k`b rlo}o mk` do toxafmkrob f` @gtrl Cgtok fe ifo`

k mlk`mo.

`l c X>k Xv rx ga dv D }a

@gy! yfrl @gtrl Cgtok afcoav f` k` oktav xlk}o ge aokbot}lfx rtk`}frfg`! rlf}

jkv do k iggb rfjo rg doif` bf}mu}}fg`} g` lgy yo mk` loax fùo`mo dkmc*

tggj mgòt}krfg`} f` Xvgìvkì k`b rlo fjxgtrk`r bomf}fg`} rlkr yfaa egaagy.

F` @gtrl Cgtok` lf}rgtv! }uml yf`bgy} ge gxxgtru`frv lko doo` oorfì k`b

tkto. Doegto yo rkac rg @gtrl Cgtok} aokbot}! lgyoot! yo òob rg u`bot}rk`brloft xtobfmkjo`r. F rtv rg u`bot}rk`b @gtrl Cgtok} omg`gjv dv mgjdf`fì

ryg }fjxao omg`gjfm booagxjo`r mg`moxr}! gò k xgotrv rtkx k`b rlo grlot k

}gmfkaf}r*rg*mkxfrkaf}r rtk`}frfg` rtkx ,Lkdot! @gtrl! k`b Yofìk}r 4884&. Rlo}o

ryg mg`moxr} kto faau}rtkrob f` Efiuto ;k }corml tokaavylfml faau}rtkro}

xtgbumrffrv ,egt o|kjxao! ge ak`b! mkxfrka! k`b akdgt& g` rlo otrfmka k|f} k`b

k mg`rfùuj doryoo` }gmfkaf}j k`b mkxfrkaf}j g` rlo lgtf~g`rka k|f}. Gotakfb

f} k lokv bk}lob afò f`bfmkrfì rlo xgotrv rtkx.

Mk}uka gd}otkrfg`} xakmo @gtrl Cgtok f` k xgotrv rtkx }f`mo kdgur rlo oktav;668}3 rlf} rtkx f} boòb k} k }frukrfg` f` ylfml mg`}ujxrfg` bojk`b}! xtfkro

k`b igot`jo`r! kto lfilot rlk` f} rlo mkxkmfrv ge rlo mgu`rtv} ekmrgtfo} k`b

ektj} rg }uxxav! k`b dgttgyfì mkxkmfrv mk``gr aa rlo ikx. Rloto f} rlu} `g òr

}kfì} gt fò}rjo`r xg}}fdao o|moxr egt ylkr mk` do xtgmutob k} kfb gt bftomr

fò}rjo`r etgj kdtgkb. Rlu}! f` Efiuto ;! rlo mgu`rtv} xtgbumrffrv f} }lgy`

k} }gjoyloto kr gt doagy rlo bktc bk}lob afò. Rlf} jok`} rlkr k` kotkio @gtrl

Cgtok` ygtcot bgo} `gr xtgbumo o`guil iggb} k`b }otfmo} rg }fjuarkògu}av

}u}rkf` rlo lfil aooa ge igot`jo`r }xo`bfì k`b rlo agy aooa ge xot}g`ka mg`*

}ujxrfg`. @grlfì f} aoer got rg }ko k`b fò}r! k`b f` ekmr }gjo mg`}ujxrfg`}ooj} rg do jkbo xg}}fdao gàv dv btkyfì bgy` to}oto} k`b rlo mkxfrka }rgmc

fr}oae. @g bkrk kto kkfakdao rg xtgo rlf} f} rlo }frukrfg`! dur fr mk` do gd}otob f`

rlo ujotgu} bfakxfbkrob ekmrgtfo} }rtoy` kmtg}} rlo mgu`rtv! k` oaomrtfm xgyot

}v}roj rlkr xtgbumo} lkae fr} xtofgu} gurxur! k tu`*bgy` tkfatgkb }v}roj! rlo

kd}o`mo ge oy mgka jfò ekmo}! k`b k aktio }lurrotob f`roitkrob }rooa jfaa. Jgto

etfilro`fì kto rlo bomaf`fì lokarl }rk`bktb} ge vguì xogxao gy o`rotfì rlo

ygtcegtmo k`b k afcoav xktkaaoa btkybgy` ge lujk` mkxfrka.

K booagxjo`r }gaurfg` rg k xgotrv rtkx f} rlo f`rtgbumrfg` ge egtofi` fò}r*jo`r rlkr kaagy} k rojxgtktv dufabux ge mkxfrka }rgmc k`b omg`gjfm itgyrl f`


15/28

Xtg}xomr} egt Ojotifì Ok}r K}fk` Mggxotkrfg` k`b Fjxafmkrfg`} egt rlo _`frob ]rkro} ;=9

torut` egt }o`bfì kdtgkb }gjo ge rlo xtgr} rlf} fò}rjo`r dtfì}. Fe k aktio

}lkto ge rlo f`mtok}ob gurxur mk` do }kob k`b tofò}rob bgjo}rfmkaav! k xg}f*rfo itgyrl mvmao mk` doif`. Rlf} koùo egt mafjdfì gur ge rlo xgotrv rtkx f}

`gr kkfakdao rg @gtrl Cgtok! lgyoot! domku}o oktafot boekuar} g` egtofi` agk`}

jkco egtofi` fò}rjo`r uàfcoav. F` oeeomr! afco }gjogò ylg lk} dgttgyob

rg lf} mtobfr mktb} afjfr! @gtrl Cgtok katokbv lk} okro` ux rlo egtofi` mtobfr

kkfakdao. F` rlo }ujjot ge 48;8 fr yk} rtvfì rg }gu`b gxo` rg egtofi` fò}r*

jo`r3 rlo rturl f} rlkr fr kaykv} lk} yk`rob egtofi` fò}rjo`r dur fr} du}fò}}

xtkmrfmo} lko òot kaagyob fò}rgt} rg jkco jgòv. Fr} toxurkrfg` dv `gy

f} }gafbav bktc.

Egtru`kroav! f`mtok}fì mkxfrka }rgmc f} `gr rlo gàv ykv rg itgy. ]rk`bktb omg*

`gjfm itgyrl rlogtv ,ge Tgdotr ]gagy! egt o|kjxao& jkf`rkf`} rlkr }u}rkfòb

itgyrl mgjo} etgj ryg grlot }gutmo} k} yoaa> k` f`mtok}o f` ygtc rfjo dv k

itgyfì gt jgto oìkiob ygtcegtmo k`b k` omg`gjvyfbo f`mtok}o f` xtgbumrf*

frv dtguilr g` dv }v}rojfm mlkìo}! ikf`} etgj rtkbo! mlkìo} f` rlo mgjxg}frfg`

ge bojk`b! k`b roml`gagifmka kbk`mojo`r} rlkr kaagy kaa ekmrgt} ge xtgbumrfg`

rg do u}ob jgto oeeomrfoav! k mg`moxr c`gy` k} rgrka ekmrgt xtgbumrffrv ,REX&.4

4 Egt toeoto`mo! f` rlo _`frob ]rkro}! mkxfrka }rgmc! akdgt f`mtok}o}! k`b REX u}ukaav mg`rtfdurokdgur gò xotmo`rkio xgf`r okml rg rlo agì*rotj kotkio = xotmo`r k`ùka IBX itgyrl.

8

;88

58

28

48

rl Xgv rx

]gutmo> Kurlgt} mg`moxr.


16/28

;=< _.].*Cgtok Kmkbojfm ]vjxg}fuj

F` @gtrl Cgtok k` f`mtok}o f` ygtc rfjo jkv do òktav fjxg}}fdao ifo` rlo

kxxoktk`mo ge k` katokbv lktbygtcfì }gmforv. K krfg`yfbomlgaafjk ygtc btfo

ak}r ekaa xur lu`btob} ge rlgu}k`b} f`rg gotrfjo ygtc! dur rlf} cf`b ge oeegtr

mk``gr do }u}rkfòb. REX f} rlo jkifm }gaurfg`rlo }gjorlfì egt grlfì gero`tkob kdgur dv oy*omg`gjv kbgmkro} ootvylotoegt @gtrl Cgtok} xgotrv

rtkx! dur fr f} lktb rg ikuio egt @gtrl Cgtok domku}o rlo mgu`rtv f} u`botigfì

rlo oikrfo }v}rojfm fjxkmr ge k dtgco` xak``fì }v}roj kagì yfrl rlo xg}frfo

fjxkmr ge k òy xtfkro jktcor }v}roj rlkr f} {uforav booagxfì.

]gjo xtgxgò`r} ge omg`gjfm oìkiojo`r yfrl @gtrl Cgtok jkv u}o rlo o|*

f}ro`mo ge k xgotrv rtkx rg ktiuo rlkr rlo gàv eok}fdao ykv gur ge rlf} rtkx f}

o|rot`ka k}}f}rk`mo rlkr mk` nujx*}rktr rlo mgu`rtv g`rg k itgyrl mvmao. Oòtiv!

obumkrfg`! roml`gagiv! k`b kitfmuarutka xtgnomr} kto rlo jg}r mgjjg` xtgxg}obkmrffrfo} rlkr jkv kbb }gjo REX k} yoaa. Rlo xtgdaoj yfrl rlf} kxxtgkml f}

rlkr fr ekfa} rg rkco f`rg mg`}fbotkrfg` rlo grlot bfjo`}fg` rg @gtrl Cgtok}

mgù`btujrlo rtkx egtjob dv rlo omg`gjv} xg}frfg` g` rlo }gmfkaf}r*rg*

mkxfrkaf}r mg`rfùuj.

Rlo mutob afò f` Efiuto ; faau}rtkro} rlf} }frukrfg` dv xg}frfì rlkr @gtrl Cgtok}

omg`gjv! f` kbbfrfg` rg dofì f` k xgotrv rtkx! }fr} }{uktoav doryoo` ryg otv

bfeeoto`r k`b f`mgjxkrfdao }v}roj}rlo }gmfkaf}r mgjjk`b omg`gjv k`b etoo

jktcor mkxfrkaf}j. K }gmfkaf}r mgjjk`b }v}roj! egt kaa fr} ekuar}! mk` k`b bfbf` @gtrl Cgtok} mk}o xtgfbo k jomlk`f}jk o*vokt xak`rlkr mlk`òaob

to}gutmo} etgj mg`}ujxrfg` f`rg fò}rjo`r k`b kaagyob rlo dufabux ge mkxfrka

}rgmc butfì rlo ;6?8} k`b ;658} k`b toakrfoav }rtgì itgyrl. Oo` rltguil

rlo jfb*;698} @gtrl Cgtok} IBX xtgdkdav o|moobob ]gurl Cgtok} g` k xot

mkxfrk dk}f} karlguil xot mkxfrk mg`}ujxrfg` k`b affì }rk`bktb} yoto xtgdkdav

agyot oo` rlo` }f`mo }g juml ge @gtrl Cgtok} gurxur yk} bf}rtfdurob dv rlo

xak` dv rlo igot`jo`r k`b rlo jfafrktv k`b egt fò}rjo`r xutxg}o}.

Jktcor*dk}ob omg`gjfo}! }lgy` rg rlo tfilr f` Efiuto ;! lko xtgo` rg do ektjgto oemfo`r f` rlo u}o ge mkxfrka k`b akdgt! kmlfofì juml lfilot xtgbumrf*

frv aooa}. Rlo xtgdaoj f` jgfì etgj gò }v}roj rg rlo grlot! lgyoot! f}

rlkr k jf| ge rlo ryg }v}roj} mtokro} }uml mgèu}ob xtfmo} k`b bomf}fg`} rlkr

xtgbumrffrv ekaa} doagy rlkr ge ofrlot rlo }gmfkaf}r gt rlo jktcor }v}roj. Fe k`

omg`gjv mguab }jggrlav jgo etgj gò }v}roj rg rlo grlot! gt fe k jfbbao ykv

yoto jgto xg}}fdao! @gtrl Cgtok yguab lko jk`v eoyot xtgdaoj}.

Fe yo rlf`c ge rlo @gtrl Cgtok` }frukrfg` f` rlo}o rotj}! egtofi` kfb f} g agìot

rlo gàv gt oo` rlo do}r ykv gur ge rlo rtkx. K }afilr }lfer ofrlot rg rlo tfilr gt

rlo aoer mk` fjxtgo xtgbumrffrv k`b mtokro k` fò}rkdao }utxau} rlkr mk` xur rlo


17/28

Xtg}xomr} egt Ojotifì Ok}r K}fk` Mggxotkrfg` k`b Fjxafmkrfg`} egt rlo _`frob ]rkro} ;=6

omg`gjv g` k itgyrl mvmao. Ylkr yo lko gd}otob f` Xvgìvkì butfì Cfj

Ngì*fa} roùto f} k xot}f}ro`r oeegtr rg xu}l rlo }v}roj rg rlo aoer dur yfrlgur

o`guil to}gutmo} rg xu}l fr ekt o`guil rg ior rlo xak``fì jomlk`f}j ygtcfì

kikf`. Rlo ak}r agì*rotj xak` yk} f` rlo ;658}! k`b fr ekfaob. ]fjxav xur! rlotoifjo lk} gr doo` kdao rg to{uf}frfg` o`guil iggb} rg aa rlo xogxao} tkrfg`}

k`b xtgfbo jkrotfka egt f`bu}rtv k`b rlo jfafrktv. ]g f` xakmo ge tkrfg`}! fègtjka

k`b gero` faaoika jktcor} lko booagxob! k`b rlo}o jktcor} lko xuaaob rlo

omg`gjv rg rlo tfilr g` Efiuto ;. Yfrlgur xtgxotrv tfilr} k`b aoika akdgt k`b

mkxfrka jktcor} rlf} jgojo`r ka}g lk} doo` f`mgjxaoro! aokfì rlo omg`gjv

f` k bok}rkrfì }rk`bgee.

Gàv Mlf`k ro`b} rg }rox f` rg coox rlo mgu`rtv kgkr! jkfàv dv iffì @gtrl

Cgtok 588!888 rg`} ge mtubo gfa k vokt! nu}r o`guil rg coox rlfì} tu``fì.Yo}rot` mgu`rtfo}! k`b ]gurl Cgtok k`b Nkxk`! lko etgj rfjo rg rfjo rtfob rg

loax dur rlov ifo kfb rltguil rlo igot`jo`r! ylfml u}o} fr rg dga}rot rlo tkrfg`

}v}roj k`b to}f}r rlo jgo rg rlo tfilr f` rlo iuto. Rlf} lkxxoòb k} tomo`rav

k} 488?! ylo`! kerot toakrfoav iggb lkto}r} k`b k aktio f`gy ge eggb etgj rlo

Ygtab Eggb Xtgitkj! rlo _`frob ]rkro}! ]gurl Cgtok! k`b Mlf`k! Xvgìvkì

eoar fr lkb }uemfo`r to}gutmo} rg to}rgto rlo tkrfg` }v}roj k`b makjx bgy` g`

rlo jktcor}. Rlf} doik` k xtgmo}} rlkr }lferob rlo }v}roj rg rlo aoer rltguil rlo

o`b ge 4886! muajf`krfì f` rlo bf}k}rtgu} mutto`mv }ykx ge Bomojdot 4886. F`

48;8! xtgdkdav domku}o ge rlo xudafm }`kxdkmc kikf`}r ag}} ge jgòv k`b domku}oge tobumob egtofi` kfb! rlo omg`gjv }lferob }lktxav rg rlo tfilr dur xtgdkdav gr

dv o`guil rg tkf}o xtgbumrffrv kdgo rlo xgotrv*rtkx aooa.

e o ta> k o|x L c

@gtrl Cgtok f} }gjorfjo} mkaaob k lotjfr cfìbgj f` òob ge gxo`fì ux.

Fr} rtkbo toakrfg`} kto yokc! o}xomfkaav mg`}fbotfì fr} ifk`r rtkbfì*mgu`rtv

òfildgt}Mlf`k! Nkxk`! k`b ]gurl Cgtok. Dur bo}mtfdfì @gtrl Cgtok k} k

lotjfr f} jf}aokbfì. K dorrot bo}mtfxrfg` jkv do rlkr fr f} k toj`k`r ge ylkryk} g`mo k aktio rtkbfì }v}roj! f`maubfì rlo ]gfor dagm k`b Mlf`k! rlkr yk}

mlkfòb rgiorlot rg mtokro k ifk`r ygtabyfbo mgjju`f}r gt mgjjk`b }v}roj.

Gxxg}fro rlkr }v}roj yk} ylkr lk} domgjo rlo Ygtab Rtkbo Gtik`f~krfg` ,YRG&!

k etoo*rtkbo }v}roj rlkr lk} itgy` rg o`mgjxk}} òktav rlo o`rfto ygtab. @gtrl

Cgtok f} gò ge otv eoy mgu`rtfo} aoer rlkr lk} vor rg ngf` gt }rktr k xtgmo}} ge

ngf`fì.

Mgjjk`b omg`gjfo} afco @gtrl Cgtok} kto `gr f`loto`rav k`rfrtkbo! dur yfrl

rloft |ob*xtfmo }v}roj} rlov mk``gr kaagy rloj}oao} rg rtkbo etooav yfrl jktcoromg`gjfo} yfrlgur luio bf}rgtrfg`}k} ylo` }ud}fbf~ob jobfmfò f` k mgu`rtv


18/28

;28 _.].*Cgtok Kmkbojfm ]vjxg}fuj

f} faaoikaav o|xgtrob rg k g`}ud}fbf~ob mgu`rtv k`b }gab egt dfi xtgr}. F iutob

k eoy vokt} kig rlkr f` @gtrl Cgtok k cfagitkj ge tfmo yk} xtfmob rlo }kjo k}

kdgur 988 cfagykrr lgut} ge oaomrtfmfrv! fe oaomrtfmfrv yoto tokbfav kkfakdao.

Rlf} jok`r rlo xtfmo ge tfmo mgjxktob yfrl rlo xtfmo ge oaomrtfmfrv yk} kdgurk lu`btob rfjo} jgto rlk` f` rlo ygtab jktcorxakmo! gt rlkr oaomrtfmfrv yk} k

lu`btob rfjo} mlokxot. Yfrl oaomrtfmfrv }g mlokx toakrfo rg tfmo! fr jkbo }o`}o

egt k @gtrl Cgtok` mggxotkrfo ektj rg u}o aktio kjgu`r} ge xgyot fttfikrfì k

tfmo xkbbv tkrlot rlk` aorrfì rlo xgyot do u}ob rg xtgbumo mgxxot gt ~f`m rlkr

mguab lko doo` rtkbob egt xotlkx} k rlgu}k`b rfjo} jgto tfmo rlk` rlo fttfik*

rfg` kaagyob. Rlf} bf}xktfrv yguab `gr lko jkrrotob }g juml f` k mgjjk`b

omg`gjv domku}o rlo xak`òt} yguab bfmrkro lgy juml mgxxot rg o|xgtr k`b

lgy juml oaomrtfmfrv rg u}o. Rlo jf|ob omg`gjv! yfrl rlo}o xotot}o xtfmo

toakrfg`}lfx! mku}o} dkb omg`gjfm bomf}fg`} rlkr k mgu`rtv k} xggt k} @gtrlCgtok mk``gr keegtb.

Rlo rtgudao ygtc} dgrl ykv}. Etoo*rtkbo omg`gjfo} mk``gr rgaotkro u`toiuakrob

rtkbo yfrl |ob*xtfmo omg`gjfo} domku}o jktcor mgjxorfrfg` to{ufto} rlkr xtfmo}

do borotjfòb dv jktif`ka mg}r mg`}fbotkrfg`}xtfmo} juml doagy gt kdgo

jktif`ka xtgbumrfg` mg}r} kto ofrlot u`}u}rkf`kdao gt faaoika k} rlov }uiio}r jg*

`gxgav! rlo oòjv ge jktcor}. F` k jktcor omg`gjv! rlo jg}r oemfo`r xtgbumot

mlktio} rlo aok}r k`b ior} rlo }kao. K @gtrl Cgtok` }oaaot! k} `grob kdgo! lk}

`g fbok ge rlo toka mg}r} ge xtgbumrfg` domku}o f`xur}! f`maubfì ykio}! mkxfrka!k`b oòtiv mg}r} kto! k} }lgy` f` gut o|kjxao kdgo! xtfmob dv rlo xak`òt}

f`boxo`bo`r ge rloft mg}r}3 fe mkaaob uxg` rg o|xgtr! k tj yfaa }fjxav }oaa ekt

o`guil doagy rlo jktcor xtfmo rg ior rlo }kao. Rlo oemfo`r jktcor tj mk` oot

yf` f` rlf} }frukrfg`! }g fr krutkaav! k`b mgttomrav etgj k` oemfo`mv xot}xomrfo!

yfaa bojk`b rtkbo xtgromrfg` etgj fr} igot`jo`r.

F` rlo _`frob ]rkro} xtgromrfg` f} xtgfbob f` rlo egtj ge gero` xtglfdfrfo mga*

uj` 4 rktfee} rlkr g`mo yoto kxxafob rg kaa mgjju`f}r mgu`rtfo} k`b `gy kto

kxxafob gàv rg rlg}o mgu`rtfo} gr f` rlo YRG gt f` rlo gero` xtgagìob xtgmo}}ge ngf`fì. Rlf} jok`} @gtrl Cgtok f} f` otv }oaomr mgjxk`vMudk jkv do

rlo gàv grlot mgauj` 4 mgu`rtv. @gtrl Cgtok`} k`b }gjo Kjotfmk`} bo}mtfdo

rlf} k} k _.]. }k`mrfg`! dur f` jv foy rlkr f} f`mgttomr. Fe Xvgìvkì yoto rg

rkco rlo }rox} rkco` dv grlot mgu`rtfo} rg ngf` rlo YRG}rox} rlkr jkco rloft

bgjo}rfm omg`gjfo} mgjxorfrfoFj }uto rlo _`frob ]rkro} yguab itkbukro

fr rg jg}r*ekgtob*`krfg` gt `gtjka rktfee }rkru}. Dv `gr rkcfì rlo}o }rox}!

Xvgìvkì mlgg}o} `gr rg o`rot rlo _.]. jktcor f` k mgjxorfrfo ykv.

Grlot mgu`rtfo} lko }fjfakt tuao} karlguil rlo _`frob ]rkro} xtgdkdav f} kjgìrlo jg}r f`rgaotk`r ge `g`mgjxorfrfo xtfmfì nu}r k} fr f} kjgì rlo jg}r gxo`


19/28

Xtg}xomr} egt Ojotifì Ok}r K}fk` Mggxotkrfg` k`b Fjxafmkrfg`} egt rlo _`frob ]rkro} ;2;

rg mgu`rtfo} yfrl mgjxorfrfo xtfmfì. Gò igo} lk`b f` lk`b yfrl rlo grlot.

Dv rkcfì @gtrl Cgtok gee rlo _.]. ]rkro ]xg`}gt} ge Rottgtf}j af}r f` 488

o`rot rlo YRG_.]. aky to{ufto} rlkr k`v _.]. kbjf`f}rtkrfg` org jojdot*

}lfx f` f`rot`krfg`ka f`}rfrurfg`} ge k`v mgu`rtv g` rlf} af}r ge }rkro }xg`}gt} ge

rottgtf}jdur @gtrl Cgtok lk} gr vor rkco` kbk`rkio. K`v bf}mu}}fg` ge rtkbo

yfrl @gtrl Cgtok dv k` Kjotfmk` }lguab }rktr yfrl rlo}o dk}fm ekmr}.

Egtofi` Rtkbo> Mlf`k k`b ]gurl Cgtok Bgjf`kro Rtkbo

@gtrl Cgtok bgo} `gr xudaf}l rtkbo }rkrf}rfm}! dur k xtorrv iggb xfmruto mk` dogdrkfòb etgj bkrk xudaf}lob dv fr} rtkbo xktròt}rlo xktròt} o|xgtr} kto

@gtrl Cgtok} fjxgtr} k`b fmo ot}k. Rlo}o kto rkduakrob dv rlo Cgtok Rtkbo*

Fò}rjo`r Xtgjgrfg` Kio`mv ,CGRTK& k`b dv Iagdka Rtkbo Krak} ,Rkdao;&.

@gtrl Cgtok o|xgtrob gàv kdgur "4 dfaafg` f` iggb} f` 4886! yfrl Mlf`k

xutmlk}fì "96= jfaafg`k`rltkmfro mgka! ftg`! k`b grlot gto}3 k`b }l

xtgbumr}k`b ]gurl Cgtok fjxgtrfì "6=2 jfaafg`! jg}rav `f}lob

iggb} etgj rlo Cko}gì f`bu}rtfka ~gò. Rltguil Nuav 48;8 o|xgtr} rg

Mlf`k tg}o ;; xotmo`r! f` xktr gyfì rg xtfmo f`mtok}o}. Rlf} yk} xktravgee}or dv Mlog`k`*toakrob }k`mrfg`} dv ]gurl Cgtok rlkr lko }rgxxob

rtkbo grlot rlk` rltguil Cko}gì. Rlf} aooa ge o|xgtr} f} otv }jkaa!

xtgdkdav ao}} rlk` ;8 xotmo`r ge IBX! egt k mgu`rtv yfrl k} jk`v `krutka

to}gutmo} k} @gtrl Cgtok lk} k`b iogitkxlv rlkr ftrukaav rgumlo} rltoo

ge rlo ygtab} aktio}r omg`gjfo} k`b rtkbot} ,Mlf`k! Tu}}fk! k`b ]gurl

Cgtok&. Egt k`vgò }oocfì rg oìkio @gtrl Cgtok! fr} akmc ge egtofi`

o|mlkìo f} rlu} k aktio xtgdaoj.

@gtrl Cgtok fjxgtrob iggb} f` rlo kjgu`r ge kxxtg|fjkroav "=.; dfaafg` f`4886! yfrl Mlf`k dv ekt rlo aktio}r }uxxafot ge ";. CGRTK.

o|x fx DaYgtab 4.888 =.;88 ;.;88

Mlf`k 8.96= ;.


20/28


gfa! mgcfì mgka! itkf` ,f`maubfì itkf` xutmlk}ob dv `gìgot`jo`rka

gtik`f~krfg`} f` Mlf`k k`b ifo` rg @gtrl Cgtok&! k`b ktfgu} jkmlfòtv

k`b mg`}ujot xtgbumr}. Fjxgtr} etgj Mlf`k yoto ux k }rtgì =4 xotmo`r

rltguil Nuav ge 48;8 mgjxktob yfrl vokt*oktafot iuto} karlguil f` xktrdomku}o ge k nujx f` mtubo gfa xtfmo}. Fjxgtr} etgj ]gurl Cgtok yoto

"92? jfaafg` f` 4886! aktioav o{ufxjo`r egt rlo Cko}gì ekmrgtfo} k`b

xktr} rlkr kto k}}ojdaob rg do to*o|xgtrob. F` 48;8 fjxgtr} etgj ]gurl

Cgtok kto afcoav rg do bgy` }lktxav domku}o ge rlo Mlog`k` }f`cfì.

@grkdav kd}o`r etgj @gtrl Cgtok} rtkbo f} Nkxk` k`b rlo _`frob ]rkro}!

ryg ge rlo ygtab} aktio}r rtkbfì mgu`rtfo}. Nkxk` u`rfa k eoy vokt} kig

yk} xoto``fkaav gò ge @gtrl Cgtok} rgx xktròt}. Nkxkò}o }k`mrfg`}

af`cob rg rlo u`to}gaob kdbumrfg`} f}}uo! ùmaokt k`b jf}}fao ro}r}! k`bu`xkfb bodr} lko mur @gtrl Cgtok gee etgj k jkngt xgro`rfka jktcor k`b

}uxxafot ge jgbot` roml`gagiv.

Xvgìvkì} ";.; dfaafg` rtkbo bomfr ak}r vokt yk} aktioav eu`bob dv kfb

k`b tojfrrk`mo} k`b }otfmo okt`fì} etgj orl`fm Cgtok`} affì kdtgkb.

Uftrukaav g mgjjotmfka gt grlot igot`jo`r mtobfr f} kkfakdao rg Xvgì*

vkì! }g fr} fjxgtr} kto mg`}rtkfòb rg ylkr fr mk` okt` f` o|xgtr} k`b rg

ylkr fr mk` iktòt etgj bg`gt}.

@gtrl Cgtok} egtofi` bodr tu`} f` rlo ro`} ge dfaafg`} ge bgaakt}! dur fr

kxxokt} rg do o`rftoav g`xotegtjfì! k`b juml ge fr lk} doo` ytfrro` gee

dv Outgxok` k`b Nkxkò}o xtfkro k`b igot`jo`r ao`bot}. @g f`roto}r

gt xtf`mfxka xkvjo`r} kto jkbo xudafm dv ofrlot rlo toifjo gt fr} mtobf*

rgt}. Rlf} boekuar }rkru} f} k luio borotto`r rg booagxjo`r k`b gò rlkr

f} `gr o`rftoav rlo ekuar ge @gtrl Cgtok. F ktiuo rlkr egtofi` igot`jo`r}

kto aktioav rg dakjo domku}o rlov lko ao`r jgòv rg @gtrl Cgtok oo`

ylo` rlov lko c`gy` rloto yk} otv afrrao mlk`mo ge toxkvjo`r. Rlo}o

f`maubo rlo _.]. igot`jo`r f` rlo Cgtok` Xo`f`}uak Oòtiv Booagx*jo`r Gtik`f~krfg` ,COBG& xtgnomr k`b rlo ]gurl Cgtok` igot`jo`r f`

fr} xotfgbfm }lfxjo`r} ge itkf` rg @gtrl Cgtok. ]utxtf}fìav eoy krrojxr}

kto jkbo rg egtmo Xvgìvkì rg toxkv fr} agk`} dv! egt o|kjxao! aoikaav

krrkmlfì rlo eoy @gtrl Cgtok` k}}or} kdtgkb. Fr f} f`roto}rfì rlkr rlo

Tu}}fk` Bujk f} rlo jg}r gmka egtofi` o`rfrv bojk`bfì kr aok}r rgco`

xkvjo`r} g` dfaafg`} ge bgaakt} f` ]gfor*otk bodr. K} k to}uar ge @gtrl

Cgtok` u`yfaafìò}} gt f`kdfafrv rg xkv! rtkbo doryoo` Tu}}fk k`b @gtrl

Cgtok f} jf`gt.


21/28

Xtg}xomr} egt Ojotifì Ok}r K}fk` Mggxotkrfg` k`b Fjxafmkrfg`} egt rlo _`frob ]rkro} ;2=

Jgòv Xtgdaoj}> Gxxgtru`frfo} egt Mlkìo

Mag}oav toakrob rg rlo mgu`rtv} o|rot`ka `k`mfka xtgdaoj} f} rlo xtgdaoj ge

jgòv f` @gtrl Cgtok. Rlf} f} toakrfoav òy domku}o ux rltguil rlo ;6 egtmfì jktcor xtfmo} agyot dv yfrlbtkyfì jgòv f` mftmuakrfg`.= Fe rlf}

lkb ygtcob rloto yguab lko doo` k aktio btgx f` rlo jgòv }uxxav k`b agyot

jktcor xtfmo}! dur Xvgìvkì dkbav jf}mkamuakrob. Fr lkb`r tokaf~ob rlkr rlo

kmr ge bf}lg`gtfì fr} gy` dk`c `gro} f` rlf} ykv yguab btfo ootvgò rg rtv

rg o|mlkìo rlo mk}l egt lktb mutto`mv gt lktb iggb} k} {ufmcav k} xg}}fdao. K`f`}rk`r f`mtok}o f` rlo oagmfrv ge jgòv gee}or rlo tobumrfg` f` jgòv }uxxav!

k`b xtfmo} kikf` }gktob. Xudafm kìot o|xagbob! egtmfì rlo toifjo rg kxgagif~o!

dkmcrtkmc g` jktcor mag}uto}! k`b xtgdkdav o|omuro rlo xktrv} aokbfì `k`mo

gemfka.

F`krfg` lk} }f`mo }agyob! dur rlo bf}tuxrfg` rg jktcor} k`b lgu}olgab} yk}

kmuro. Mg`bo`mo f` rlo toifjo k`b f` fr} omg`gjfm xgafmv }ooj} `gy kr k`

= Rlo dk`c o|mlkìob gàv rlo o{ufkao`r ge kdgur "=? xot xot}g`! ùaafevfì rlo kauo ge kaagrlotyg`*bo`gjf`krob }kfì}.


22/28


kaa*rfjo agy! k`b egtofi` mutto`mv f} toxgtrobav dofì u}ob yfboav f` u`toiuakrob

k`b gakrfao jktcor}. Lktjeua rg rlo }rkro! rlo u}o ge egtofi` jgòv! o}xomfkaav

Mlfò}o vuk` k`b _.]. bgaakt}! tkf}o} kaa cf`b} ge gxxgtru`frfo} egt egtofi`

kmrffrfo} k`b oìkiojo`r kr k lfilav bomo`rtkaf~ob aooa yfrl @gtrl Cgtok`}.K`b fe rlf} bgaaktf~krfg` mg`rfùo} rg fr} agifmka o`b! rlo toifjo fr}oae yfaa òob

fr} gy` _.]. bgaakt okt`fì} rg xtgmuto iggb} k`b }otfmo} oo` f`}fbo @gtrl

Cgtok. ]gjo ge rlf} katokbv jkv do lkxxo`fì.

}u tua o

Rlo }`kx}lgr kdgo xtgfbo} k }o`}o ge @gtrl Cgtok} omg`gjv rgbkv k`b rlo

mgjxao|frv! bkìot}! k`b gxxgtru`frfo} rlkr afo f` oìkifì yfrl fr. Gur ge rlf}

mgjxao|frv! F geeot rlo egaagyfì iufboafò} egt _.]. oìkiojo`r gt xutxg}oeua`gòìkiojo`r yfrl @gtrl Cgtok.

r f} igg3 f! uà}} xgxa }fì! f} . Oo` rtkbo doryoo`

jktcor k`b }gmfkaf}r }v}roj} f} mgjxafmkrob k`b f} f` òob ge toiuakrfg`. Yo

}lguab fjxto}} uxg` @gtrl Cgtok rlo òob egt fr rg ngf` rlo YRG }g rlkr fr mk`

tomofo `gtjka rktfee rtokrjo`r. Grlotyf}o yo }lguab `gr do`b gut tuao}3 rlov

kto rloto egt k xutxg}o. Yo }lguab rlu} gr kaagy Cko}gì xtgbumr} rg o`rot rlo

_`frob ]rkro} u`bot `gtjka rktfee} u`rfa @gtrl Cgtok ngf`}! gt kr aok}r }rktr} rlo

xtgmo}}! ge ngf`fì rlo YRG.

@gtrl Cgtok mg`rfùo} rg tomofo jgto kfb rlk` f} lokarlv egt fr} omg`gjv. Kfb

boakv} rlo booagxjo`r ge o|xgtr} k`b bf}rgtr} f`rot`ka xtgbumrfg` f`mo`rfo}

rlkr f}! eggb kfb lutr} ektjot}! loax} mfrv byoaaot}. K`v mgu`rtv! k`b o}xomfkaav

@gtrl Cgtok! lk} xao`rv ge lujk` k`b xlv}fmka to}gutmo} fr mk` u}o. Iufbob dv

rlo u`fot}ka xtf`mfxao} ge mgjxktkrfo kbk`rkio! @gtrl Cgtok mguab mtokro

jok`fìeua ngd} rlkr yguab rut` fr} to}gutmo} f`rg fkdao o|xgtr} rlkr fr mguab

u}o rg duv eggb k`b grlot òmo}}frfo}.

Fe k }frukrfg` f} }g daokc rlkr fr to{ufto} kfb! rlo kfb ifot} ju}r jkco rlf} kfb

k} jktcor etfo`bav k} xg}}fdao. Rlf} jfilr jok` rlkr! egt o|kjxao! itkf`} kto

ifo` rg ektjot} ylg itgy itkf`}! kaagyfì rloj rg }oaa rloft kbbfrfg`ka }utxau}

f` utdk` jktcor}. Rlo f`mtok}ob }uxxav yguab dtfì bgy` xtfmo} k`b loax mfrv

byoaaot} vor `gr lutr rlo ektjot} }f`mo rlov yguab ior rg }oaa aktiot {uk`rfrfo}.

Egtofi` eggb kfb ifo` rg mfrfo} jkv lko doo` gò ge rlo jg}r lktjeua k}xomr}

ge gur}fbo oìkiojo`r yfrl @gtrl Cgtok rg bkro! k} fr lk} xtgromrob k ygoeuaav

fòemfo`r! }gmfkaf~ob ektjfì }v}roj.


23/28

Xtg}xomr} egt Ojotifì Ok}r K}fk` Mggxotkrfg` k`b Fjxafmkrfg`} egt rlo _`frob ]rkro} ;2?

o{ufv f} igg! ag`} a} yl` l ggy f} ùx.

@gtrl Cgtok} mtobfrgt}! f`maubfì Outgxok`}! Nkxkò}o! ]gurl Cgtok`}! k`b

Kjotfmk`}! kto kr ekuar egt ao`bfì @gtrl Cgtok jgòv ylo` rlov còy @gtrl

Cgtok mguab `gr gt yguab `gr toxkv. Egt @gtrl Cgtok rg lko k tokaf}rfm mlk`moge egaagyfì Mlf`k} xkrl ge omg`gjfm toegtjylfml boxo`b} g` }ud}rk`rfka

egtofi` fò}rjo`rfr oob} k dk`ctuxrmv ygtcgur rg to}rgto mtobfrygtrlfò}}.

Egt rlf}! jojdot}lfx f` rlo F`rot`krfg`ka Jgòrktv Eu`b k`b Ygtab Dk`c yguab

do loaxeua. @gtrl Cgtok jkv yoaa lko k af{ufbfrv xtgdaoj! `gr k }gao`mv

xtgdaoj domku}o rlo }rkro gy`} rlo xtgbumrfo k}}or} ge rlo mgu`rtv. K ygtcgur

yguab kaagy Xvgìvkì rg }oaa gee k}}or} rg xtfkro! jg}rav @gtrl Cgtok` duvot}

ylg mguab jkco juml jgto xtgbumrfo u}o ge rloj k`b okt` egtofi` o|mlkìo

òobob rg toxkv agk`}.

Egtofiòt} }oocfì rg oìkio @gtrl Cgtok }lguab xto}} egt o{ufrv o`ruto}! egt

o|kjxao! }lktfì rlo gyòt}lfx ge `gèottgu} jfò} rlkr mk` do booagxob egt

o|xgtr xutxg}o}. O{ufrv }lktfì! k} yoaa k} k mktoeua }rox*dv*}rox xtgmo}} rlkr

to{ufto} afrrao f`frfka rtu}r dv ofrlot }fbo k`b rlkr rlo` dufab} rtu}r yfrl ootv

rtk`}kmrfg`! f} k iggb ykv rg xtgmoob. Mlfò}o tj} jkv do }rktrfì rg bg rlf}.

_.]. tj} jfilr lko k` kbk`rkio! lgyoot! k} @gtrl Cgtok`} kto afcoav rg

do }u}xfmfgu} rlkr Mlfò}o! ]gurl Cgtok`! gt Nkxkò}o tj} kto rtvfì rg duv

ux rgg juml ge rloft rottfrgtv.

bfm xv f} igg3 f`fm xv f} mag} g }av. Rlf} mg`rfùo} rg do jv

jkf` mgjxakf`r yfrl Cko}gì k`b Jr. Cujikì k`b yfrl rlo _`frob @krfg`}

Booagxjo`r Xtgitkj k`b grlot egtofi` gemo} f` Xvgìvkì. F`rot`krfg`ka

akdgt aky} to{ufto bftomr xkvjo`r egt iggb tok}g`}. Fe ygtcot} tomofo tok}g`*

kdao ykio} bftomrav etgj rlo tj} ojxagvfì rloj! rlo ygtcot} yfaa }xo`b rlkr

jgòv ,mgòtrob rg bgjo}rfm mutto`mv kr k jktcor tkro&! k`b k} rlkr jgòv

mftmuakro} fr }xky`} oy }lgx} k`b du}fò}}o} f` k` uò`bfì xg}frfo }rkftmk}o ge

booagxjo`r. Rlf} f} rlo juarfxafot omg`gjfm booagxot} ago rg rkac kdgur.

F` mg`rtk}r! ylo` xkv f} ifo` rg k @gtrl Cgtok` }rkro kio`mv! rlo kio`mv ifo}

rlo ygtcot k tkrfg` mguxg`! `gr jgòv. Rlo mguxg` mk``gr do rtk`}eottob gt

}rgtob k`b rlotoegto f} gr jgòv! k`b rlo @gtrl Cgtok` kio`mv rlu} torkf`} rgrka

mg`rtga got rlo f`bffbuka. Fe bftomr xkvjo`r }ooj} fjxg}}fdao f` @gtrl Cgtok!

k egtofi` oìkiot }lguab do f``gkrfo k`b `b ykv} rg ior ktgu`b rlo tuao} dv

xtgfbfì! egt o|kjxao! o|kiiotkrob gotrfjo xkv! aktio jgòrktv dgù}o}! gt

xkvjo`r} rg }uxotf}gt}.


24/28


]`mfg`} ,xglfffg`} g |}& if`} lfg }lgua `gyav

boeòb k`b rktiorob! k`b maokt ygtcgur} }lguab do fbo`rfeob. Mutto`r _.].

k`b _@ }k`mrfg`} g` @gtrl Cgtok bg mag}oav egaagy rlo}o iufboafò}3 rlov kto

`gr kfjob kr rlo aktiot omg`gjv! k`b rlov bg`r tokaav fjxkmr fr. Yo }lguabxu}l dkmc ylo` Xvgìvkì mkaa} k`v cf`b ge toiuakrfg` k }k`mrfg` gt ylo`

fr }kv} }uml toiuakrfg`} kto lutrfì @gtrl Cgtok} omg`gjv. Lfil _.]. rktfee}

g` @gtrl Cgtok` xtgbumr}! egt o|kjxao! kto gr }k`mrfg`}. Rlov }fjxav kto _.].

,k`b YRG& tuao} egt bokafì yfrl `g`jktcor omg`gjfo}. Fe @gtrl Cgtok yk`r}

rg oìkio rlo _.]. jktcor! fr f} etoo rg bg }g! dur fr oob} rg ngf` rlo tuao}*dk}ob

YRG! k} Mlf`k bfb f` k bomkbo*agì dur lfilav mg`}rtumrfo xtgmo}}. ]fjfaktav!

gut u`yfaafìò}} rg ao`b jgòv rg @gtrl Cgtok f} `gr k }k`mrfg`3 f`}rokb! fr f}

gut krutka to}xg`}o rg k dgttgyot rlkr bgo} gr gt mk``gr toxkv fr} bodr}. @gtrl

Cgtok mk` gotmgjo rlf} dkttfot! dur fr yfaa to{ufto }gjo cf`b ge dk`ctuxrmvygtcgur rlkr kbbto}}o} fr} af{ufbfrv xtgdaoj.

rl Mlog`k` }f`fì ju} a yfl. Fr f} kxxkto`r rlkr @gtrl Cgtok }k`c

rlo ]gurl Cgtok` ykt}lfx. Bgo} k`vgò tokaav doafoo rlkr ,k& rlo }lfx daoy ux k

eoy cfagjorot} }gurl ge rlo @gtrlot` Afjfr Afò kerot lkxxo`fì rg tu` got k`

gab jfò! ,d& rlo ojdkttk}}ob ]gurl Cgtok` gemot} rlo` xak`rob k rgtxobg }g k}

rg xur rlo dakjo g` @gtrl Cgtok! k`b ,m& `g }jktr xot}g`! Cgtok` gt Kjotfmk`!

lk} u`mgotob rlf} xagr k`b domgjo k lotg gt jkbo jfaafg`} ge bgaakt}7

Aorrfì rlo f}}uo eo}rot yfaa do k agì borotto`r rg xg}frfo oìkiojo`r yfrl

@gtrl Cgtok! k`b ylfroyk}lfì fr yfaa aokb rg jgto vokt} ge bf}rtu}reua oigrfk*

rfg`} rlkr aokb `gyloto. Yo k`b ]ogua }lguab bf}mu}} yfrl Xvgìvkì ylorlot

rlf} f`mfbo`r yk} k` kmr ge ykt! k` kmr ge rottgtf}j! gt k` kmmfbo`r gt tgiuo km*

rfg`. Okml lk} bfeeoto`r mg`}o{uo`mo}fe @gtrl Cgtok jok`r ykt! yo }lguab

xtoojxr eutrlot }uml krrkmc}3 fe rottgtf}j! yo }lguab }k`mrfg` k`b ig kerot rlo

afcoav xotxortkrgt}3 fe k` kmmfbo`r gt tgiuo kmrfg`! yo }lguab o|xomr Xvgìvkì

rg | rlo f`rot`ka xtgdaoj} k`b mgjxo`}kro rlo }kfagt} ekjfafo} k`b rlo ]gurl

Cgtok` `kv. Fe jgòv f} k xtgdaoj! Mlf`k mk` eggr rlo dfaa k`b rlo jkrrot do}orraob. Yo jfilr xto}ujo g` rlo dk}f} ge Xvgìvkì} }ud}o{uo`r kmrfg`} rlkr

rlf} yk} `gr jok`r rg do k` kmr ge ykt gt rottgtf}j dur k tgiuo gt kmmfbo`rka kmr

rlkr òob} rg do mgjxo`}krob. Fr f} f`roto}rfì rlkr k }oxktkro tomo`r f`mfbo`r

jkv egtj rlo rojxakro egt }gafì rlf} f}}uo. Xvgìvkì! kmmgtbfì rg Mlfò}o

jobfk! tomo`rav k`b {uforav xkfb Mlfò}o ekjfafo} "=!888 okml egt }ootka Mlf*

ò}o jo` cfaaob dv @gtrl Cgtok` dgtbot iuktb} g` rlo Vkau Tfot kr kdgur rlo

}kjo rfjo k} rlo }f`cfì. Rlo kjgu`r ge rlf} mgjxo`}krfg` f} ekt rgg }jkaa! dur

fr bgo} }uiio}r k }gaurfg` rg ylkr grlotyf}o mguab rut` gur rg do k agì*rotj!

eo}rotfì f}}uo.


25/28

Xtg}xomr} egt Ojotifì Ok}r K}fk` Mggxotkrfg` k`b Fjxafmkrfg`} egt rlo _`frob ]rkro} ;29

rl ùma f}}u f}**f} @gl cg ju} là xav lguil

mg`gjfm}. Fe `grlfì jgto yo }lguab rtv tkf}fì rlo mg}r} k`b agyotfì rlo

doòr} ge @gtrl Cgtok lkfì ùmaokt yokxg`}! k`b agyotfì rlo mg}r} k`b

tkf}fì rlo doòr} ge fr iorrfì tfb ge rloj. Gò o|kjxao ge tkf}fì rlo mg}r}>yfrl Mlf`k ykrmlfì mag}oav! o`mgutkio Nkxk` k`b ]gurl Cgtok rg gdrkf` `g`*

ùmaokt xtoojxrfg` mkxkdfafrfo} ge rloft gy` ,egt o|kjxao! rlgu}k`b}jkvdo

ro`} ge rlgu}k`b}ge }lgtr*tkìo lfil*xotegtjk`mo jf}}fao}&. Gò o|kjxao

ge tkf}fì rlo doòr} rg @gtrl Cgtok ge iorrfì tfb ge rlo xto}ujob yokxg`}>

bf}}ukbo Nkxk` k`b ]gurl Cgtok etgj km{uftfì `g`*ùmaokt xtoo`rfg` mkxk*

dfafrfo} k`b toxokr gut }rkrojo`r rlkr yo yfaa oot u}o umaokt yokxg`} kikf`}r

k `g`*ùmaokt }rkro. Ka}g! yo mk` jkco fr maokt rlkr k ùmaokt @gtrl Cgtok yfaa

`gr lko kmmo}} rg rlo mffafk` oaomrtfm umaokt roml`gagiv rlkr mutto`rav xgyot}

kdgur lkae ge ]gurl Cgtok` k`b Nkxkò}o f`bu}rtv k`b rlkr f} }akrob rg do k tkx*fbav itgyfì mgjxgò`r ge Mlfò}o oaomrtfm xgyot. Fe @gtrl Cgtok ifo} ux rlo

yokxg`} k`b tongf`} rlo F`rot`krfg`ka Krgjfm Oòtiv Kio`mv k} k `g`*ùmaokt

}rkro! mffafk` oaomrtfm xgyot f} ok}fav yfrlf` rloft tokml! k`b rlf} mk` rlu} xakv

k dfi tgao f` tofrkaf~fì rlo mgu`rtv} omg`gjv.

r @gl cg! } juml } xg}}fa! } gja mgu`v. Rlf} f} rlo jg}r

bfemuar mlkaaoìo domku}o @gtrl Cgtok! ge mgut}o! f} `gr k gtjka mgu`rtv. Rlo

Mlog`k` }f`cfì f} xtorrv maokt ofbo`mo rlkr @gtrl Cgtok f} gò ge rlo gbbo}r

mgu`rtfo} f` rlo ygtab! yfaafì rg kmmoxr rlo tf}c ge }rktrfì k ykt yfrl k xgyot*eua k`b tfilreuaav kìtv tfka dkmcob dv k }uxotxgyot egt kxxkto`rav jf`fjka

ikf`. Fr f} k} bfeeoto`r etgj rlo _`frob ]rkro} k} xg}}fdao f` jk`v to}xomr}! k`b

fr} bfeeoto`mo} etgj ]gurl Cgtok kto itgyfì tkxfbav. Dur rlo mgu`rtv f} gbb f`

aktio xktr domku}o fr lk} doo` rtokrob gbbav oot }f`mo fr yk} mtokrob dv Ng}oxl

]rkaf`. Okml ge fr} dfi òfildgt}Nkxk`! Mlf`k! Tu}}fk! k`b ge mgut}o fr} tfka

igot`jo`r f` rlo ]gurllk} doo` eokteua ao}r Cfj Fa*}uì gt lf} }g` bgo}

}gjorlfì rlkr xtggco} k òy ykt f` k ro`}o òfildgtlggb. @gtrl Cgtok}

igot`jo`r lk} aoktòb rg rtkbo g` rlo}o eokt}! u}fì rlo xtgmoob} rg coox fr}oae

f` xgyot oo` k} fr ekfa} fr} mfrf~o`}. Omg`gjfm oìkiojo`r rlkr kgfb} rlo}oeokt} k`b rtokr} ootv rtk`}kmrfg` yfrl @gtrl Cgtok k} k du}fò}} kmrffrv f`

ylfml dgrl }fbo} ju}r ikf` jkv do rlo gàv ykv rg mlkìo @gtrl Cgtok f`rg k

`gtjka mgu`rtv.


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;2< _.].*Cgtok Kmkbojfm ]vjxg}fuj

Af}r ge Toeoto`mo}

Dotrlgub! Nok`*Jfmloa. 48;8. ]yfr~otak`b k`b @gtrl Cgtok> Rlo O`b ge k` Otk7 }yf}}*

fèg.ml ,]yfr~otak`b Dtgkbmk}rfì Mgtxgtkrfg`&! 6 Nkùktv. ,Rtk`}akrob dv Gxo`

]gutmo Mo`rot! 4< Jkv 48;8&.

Igabdoti! Noeetov. 48;8. Efboa> Mudk` Jgboa Bgo}`r Oo` Ygtc egt _} K`v*

jgto. RloKrak`rfm.mgj! < ]oxrojdot. yyy.rlokrak`rfm.mgj'f`rot krfg`ka'kt*

mlfo'48;8'86'boa*mudk`*jgboa*bgo}`r*oo`*ygtc*egt*u}*k`vjgto'54584'.

Lkdot! ]roxlo`! Bguiak}} M. @gtrl! k`b Dkttv T. Yofìk}r. 4884. Rlo Xgotrv Rtkx.

Lggot Bfio}r! `g. 2. yyy.lggot.gti'xudafmkrfg`}'lggot*bfio}r'ktrfmao'54;4.

Ygtab Dk`c. ;66=.Ok}r K}fk` Jftkmao> Omg`gjfm Itgyrl k`b Xudafm Xgafmv. @oy Vgtc>

G|egtb _`fot}frv Xto}}.


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engaging and transforming north korea’s economy, by william b. brown

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