energy storage advancement -...
TRANSCRIPT
LiFeYPO4 as replacement for Lead-AcidLithium Iron Yttrium Phosphate (LiFeYPO4)
February 2016
Energy Storage Advancement
• For the same Price today; retailing @ $550/kWh (daily useable)• Buy Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) instead Lead Acid equivalent• Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) delivers same kWh/day as Lead Acid
BUT:• LFP lasts 2 -4 times longer (10-15 years)
• 10 year warranty
• < 25% of the weight
• < 33% volume
• No gasses or acid
• 100% safe
• 100% environmentally friendly
Summary & Conclusion
Can LiFeYPO4 replace “equivalent “ Lead-Acid ?
What is LiFeYPO4 vs Lithium-Ion?A lithium-ion battery (sometimes Li-ion battery or LIB) is a
member of a family of rechargeable battery types in
which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the
positive electrode. Wikipedia.com 154 references
Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2)Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4)Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC)Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4)Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2)Lithium Titanate (Li4Ti5O12)
Tesla Motors
BlueNova
What is the Y in LiFeYPO4 ?
Yttrium in the cathode• High electron transfer at low temperatures• Increased capacity at low temp• High C ratings at low temperatures• Protects Iron Phosphate molecular structure from
oxidation layer damage during high temperature applications
• Same Price or lower
• Same Performance or better• More Operating Cycles
• More Usable Life
• Just as or more Safe
• Weight must be lower
• Preferably Smaller
• Easy to Dispose and Recycle
Considerations for a Changeover
Which Lead Acid Batteries are we looking at ?• Deep Cycle Batteries• 30% - 50% DoD to give 1500 – 3000 cycles at 25 degree C• Peukert coefficient of at least 1.3 or better (low loss during discharge)• 3 - 5 year warranty• 5 - 7 year life
16.5:1
Battery 50% DoD Cycles (Wh)Namplate rating Source Price $/kWhTrojan 6V, 189Ah 1800 1134 Iron Edidon 352 310
Trojan 6V, 189Ah 1800 1134 Battery Stuff 320 282
Raylite 6V,570Ah 1600 3420 sustainable.co.za 748 219
Trojan 12V, 150A 1200 1800 sustainable.co.za 250 139
Raylite 6V, 600Ah 1500 3600 sustainable.co.za 639 178
Lead Crystal 12V,200Ah 2000 2400 offdrigdiy.co.za 411 171
Hoppecke 2V, 280Ah 2500 426 ecosolarspain.com 157 367
Hoppecke 2v,730aH 2500 1092 ecosolarspain.com 260 238
Hoppecke 2v, 1520aH 2500 2880 ecosolarspain.com 476 165
Rolls 12V, 166Ah 1800 1992 ecosolarspain.com 339 170
Rolls 12v, 180aH 1800 2160 ecosolarspain.com 443 205
Rolls 12v, 266aH 1800 3192 ecosolarspain.com 499 156
$217/kWhAvarge Price $/kWhRetail prices
123 Lead to Lithium™
1. Adjust Lead-Acid Ah rating for Depth of Discharge (LA= 50% and LiFePO4=100% )2. Adjust Lead-Acid Ah rating for Discharge Efficiency (25% more losses than LiFeYPO4)3. Adjust Lead Acid Ah rating for Adjust for Terminal Voltage (5% lower)
Ah (LiFeYPO4) = Ah (LA) x 50% x 75% x 95% = 36%
Sizing a LiFeYPO4 battery
100Ah 50 Ah (50%) 37.5 Ah (80%) 35.6 Ah (95%)
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Step 1 : Depth of Discharge (DoD)
• Aim for 1800 cycles
• 1800 cycles give approx. 5 years daily use
• Operating temp at 25C
• Discharge at C/10
• Hoppecke = 50% DoD , 2000 cycles @ 25 degrees C
• https://www.victronenergy.com/blog/2015/03/30/batteries-lithium-ion-vs-agm/• http://pqrs.co.za/april-2015-lifepo4-vs-lead-acid-batteries/• http://www.solara.de/en/products/storage-solutions/hoppecke/
DoD = 30% to 50%Use 50%
When compared to lead acid batteries being around 65% Empirical data has
demonstrated efficiencies as low as 55% in a residential PV system where the
Depth of Discharge (DoD) is limited to 20% as a measure to lengthen the life of the
lead acid cells.
University California Santa Barbra
50%
Step 2 : Discharge Efficiency Lead Acid
Step 2 : Discharge Efficiency LA
Capacity loss due to discharge current• C5/C100 = 60%• C10/C100 = 70%• C20/C100 = 77%
Voltage efficiency = 2V/2.3V (voltage / cell)= 87%
Discharge efficiency = 70% x 87%= 61%
Step 2 : Discharge Efficiency LA
Capacity loss due To discharge current• C10/C100 = 80%
Voltage efficiency = 2V/2.3V (voltage / cell)= 87%
Discharge efficiency = 80% x 87%= 70%
Step 2 : Discharge Efficiency LiFeYPO4
https://www.victronenergy.com -12,8-Volt-lithium-iron-phosphate-batteries
Discharge Efficiency : C/2 = 96% 2hrs charge cycle
Discharge Efficiency : C/2.5 = 96% 2.5 hrs charge cycle
https://www.bluenova.co.za–BN52V-3.6kHC LiFePO4
Step 2 : Differential Discharge Efficiency
LiFeYPO4 = 96%
Differential= 26% to 36%Use a delta of 25%
Lead Acid = 60% - 70%
Step 3 : Terminal Voltage
LA = 12.4 VoltLiFePO4 = 13 Volt
LiFeYPO4 current = 95% of Lead Acid currentLiFeYPO4 (Ah) = 95% of Lead Acid (Ah)
kWh = Vbatt x Ibatt x t
123 Lead to Lithium – Check
123 Lead to Lithium™
1. Adjust Lead-Acid Ah rating for Depth of Discharge (LA= 50% and LiFePO4=100% )2. Adjust Lead-Acid Ah rating for Discharge Efficiency (25% more losses than LiFeYPO4)3. Adjust Lead Acid Ah rating for Adjust for Terminal Voltage (5% lower)
Ah (LiFeYPO4) = Ah (LA) x 50% x 75% x 95% = 36%
100Ah 50 Ah (50%) 37.5 Ah (80%) 35.6 Ah (95%)
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
• Lead Acid cost $200/kWh on nameplate value
• Usable kWh of Lead Acid cost $200/0.36 = $555/kW
• BlueNova - LiFeYPO4 retail at $550/kWh
123 Lead to Lithium – Conclusion on Price
Reality check on battery life
The optimum operating temperature for a Lead Acid battery is 25°C
(77°F); every 8°C (15°F) rise above this temperature threshold
cuts battery life in half.
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/lead_based_batteries
What about charge efficiency ?Utility Generator Solar PV Wind Turbine
vs.
Charge efficiency 96%Charge efficiency = 70%
26% less kWh to charge LiFePO4
Charge Efficiency of Lead Acid Batteries
“A Study of Lead-Acid Battery Efficiency Near Top-of-Charge and the Impact on PV System Design”
John W. Stevens and Garth P. Corey
Sandia National Laboratories, Photovoltaic System Applications Department
Sandia National Laboratories, Battery Analysis and Evaluation Department
Photovoltaic Energy Technology Division of the US Department of Energy
100Ah Trojan 30XHS battery charge and discharge at C/30
.
Charge
Efficiency
50 60 85%
60 70 80%
70 80 70%
80 90 60%
90 100 40%
67%
SOC %
Avg Efficiency
• Jens Bäcker Larry S. Meisner Head of Product Management Managing Director and V. P. Technology Reserve Power HOPPECKE Batteries Inc. HOPPECKE Batterien GmbH & Co KG Cherry Hill, NJ 08034 59929 Brilon, Germany
Charge Efficiency of Lead Acid Batteries
Charge Efficiency = 71.7%
Charge Efficiencies of LiFeYPO4 batteries
https://www.victronenergy.com -12,8-Volt-lithium-iron-phosphate-batteries
Charge Efficiency : C/2 = 96% 2hrs charge cycle
Charge Efficiency : C/2.5 = 96% 2.5 hrs charge cycle
https://www.bluenova.co.za–BN52V-3.6kHC LiFePO4
vs.
Charge efficiency 96%Charge efficiency = 70%
26% less kWh to charge LiFePO4
Nett effect of charge efficiency ?
26% less
LiFeYPO4 Safety
www.bluenova.co.za/safety
“Safety Performance for Phosphate Based Large Format Lithium-Ion Battery”, John Nguyen and Chas Taylor Valence Technology
Lithium Ion batteries for storage:• LiMn2O4 - lithium-manganese• LiCoO2 - lithium-cobalt• LiNiO2 - lithium-nickelThese battery have shown thermal events under certain conditions.
Fire Test Nail Test
Short Circuit Test
LiFeYPO4 has shown no thermal events under any test conditions.
Size and Weight
Voltage Ah Wh Weight (kg)
Lead Acid 12V 200 2 400 50
LiFePO4 13V 66 864 13
Lead Acid 48V 3 461 166 111 3 461
LiFePO4 52 1 150 59 800 780
LiFeYPO4 Size < 30% of Lead Acid
LiFeYPO4 weight < 25% of Lead Acid
Environmental impact and Recycling
• RoHS Compliance (Restriction of Hazardous Substances. Directive 2002/95/EC)
• Lead Acid : Violet status. Contains Lead and sulphate
• LiFeYPO4 is RoHS compliant
• Lead acid: Needs special recyclingafter treatment utility
• LifeYPO4 : No recycling required,can re-use copper and aluminium.
Summary & Conclusion
• For the same Price today; retailing @ $550/kWh (daily useable)
• You CAN buy Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFeYPO4) instead Lead Acid equivalent
• Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFeYPO4) delivers same kWh/day as Lead Acid
BUT:• LiFeYPO4 lasts 2 -4 times longer (10-15 years)• 10 year warranty• < 25% of the weight• < 30% volume• No gasses or acid• 100% safe• 100% environmentally friendly
Product Range (Residential / Commercial)
Product Range (Custom)Voltage Range Ah Range Voltage Range
13 46 13 0.6 15.0
26 69 26 1.2 29.9
39 115 39 1.8 44.9
52 184 52 2.4 59.8
104 230 104 4.8 119.6
upto 345 520 23.9 598.0
812V 460 812V 37.4 933.8
805
1150
kWh Range
Product Range (Industrial/Utility scale)
• Large format LiFeYPO4 prismatic cells• 1000Ah up to 10,000Ah• 900kWh up to 9MWh
8.1 MWh , 1.4MVA @ 4hrs BESS PowerPlex™
AEG SC600 – 800kW
•70% DoD – 5.7 MWh per cycle •Cycle twice daily for 10 years with 20% fade•C/4 charge & discharge•R1.50/kWh fixed for 10 years
• Useable Storage Capacity = 4.1 MWh (min)
• DoD = 75%
• Cycles = 7000 (can cycle twice daily)
• Charge rate = C/4
• Discharge rate = C/4
• Operating Temp = -10°C to 55°C
• Round Trip Efficiency > 96%
• Average Usable Storage 3.7MWh (10 years)
Questions ?