Energy, Society, and the EnvironmentUnit 8

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Energy Efficiency

• Reducing Demand: Reducing Electricity and Petroleum Use

• Make the Produced Energy Go a Longer Way:

through improved technology conscious energy use energy-conscious development changing lifestyle

new products, new designs new approaches to transportation and buildings

Electricity Demand

Transportation

Traffic in China

Traffic in LA

1000 new cars on theroad in Beijing alone

Energy Consumption vs. Wealth

Source: United Nations Statistical Yearbook 2003

Petroleum Consumption

• The United States consumes 21 million barrels/day

• 25% of the world consumption

• Highest consumption per capita after Canada and Saudi Arabia

US Energy ConsumptionEnergy flow in 2007 from the Department of Energy

Petroleum: 39.82

Importe

d Pet

role

um:

28.7

0Transportation: 29.10%

Buildings consume 39% of total U.S. energy• 71% of electricity and 54% of natural gas

Energy Consumption: Building End-Use

Image credit: Building Technologies Dept, LBNL

Petroleum Use

• Primary Use: Transportation

• Agriculture (Industrial farming),Heating, Production of Plastics, Lubricants, Asphalt, Wax

Energy Efficiency

I aim to show you that Energy Efficiency has to be the first component of any national energy plan or response to climate change

Energy/cost savings can be HUGE with simple steps

We’ll look at many examples

Today: In Class Demo of Energy Efficient Window Technology

Bill Lake-WrightPrentice Fountain

Home Depot

Energy Intensity (E/GDP) in the United States (1949 - 2005) and France (1980 - 2003)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005

tho

usa

nd

Btu

/$ (

in $

200

0)

If intensity dropped at pre-1973 rate of 0.4%/year

Actual (E/GDP drops 2.1%/year)

France

12% of GDP = $1.7 Trillion

7% of GDP =$1.0 Trillion

U.S. Energy Intensity is actually dropping

Per Capita Electricity Sales (not including self-generation)(kWh/person) (2006 to 2008 are forecast data)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

1960196219641966196819701972197419761978198019821984198619881990199219941996199820002002200420062008

United States

California

Per Capita Income in Constant 2000 $1975 2005 % change

US GDP/capita 16,241 31,442 94%Cal GSP/capita 18,760 33,536 79%

2005 Differences = 5,300kWh/yr = $165/capita

California: World’s 7th Largest Economy

data from the California Energy Commission

Total $700 Billion savings

Impact of Standards on The Efficiency of 3 Appliances

Source: S. Nadel, ACEEE,

in ECEEE 2003 Summer Study, www.eceee.org

75%

60%

25%20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Year

Ind

ex (

1972

= 1

00)

Effective Dates of National Standards

=

Effective Dates of State Standards

=

Refrigerators

Central A/C

Gas Furnaces

SEER = 13

** These are despite overall increases in refrigerator and house sizes**

Types of Energy Savings

insulation

glazed low-E windows

CFL/LED lights

appliances

cogeneration plants

mileage standards

………

“pay-back time” is months- few years for most of these

Windows

Image credits for Windows: Stephen Selkowitz, LBNL

Windows

• We talked about U-value: thermal transmittance; how much heat a window transmits (the lower the better)

• Low-e: Low emittance means roughly the same thing. Glazing reduces the e-value.

Double Glazed Low-e

0 °C

3 °C

6 °C

9 °C

12 °C

15 °C

18 °C

21 °C

Triple Glazed Low-e, Krypton(plastic insert center layer)

Test conditions: cold side -18°C, warm side 21°C) Warmer surfaces indicate higher insulating values; Energy Star Window (left) vs LBNL HiR technology

Surface temperatures from infrared thermography

Windows

• We talked about U-value: thermal transmittance; how much heat a window transmits (lower the better)

• Low-e: Low emittance means roughly the same thing. Glazing reduces the e-value.

• Solar heat gain coefficient: Lets heat from the sun in but not out (for heating climates)

• U-value and SHGC can be controlled separately• Windows can become energy PRODUCERS

Double Glaze: U = 0.5

+ Gain

- Loss

19731980 2010 2020

Single Glaze: U = 1

1990

Low “e” U = .35 (Energy Star)

2000

R6 Window U = 0.17

R10 Window U = 0.10

AnnualHeatingEnergyBalance Double Glaze: U = 0.5

+ Gain

- Loss

19731980 2010 2020

Single Glaze: U = 1

1990

Low “e” U = .35 (Energy Star)

2000

R6 Window U = 0.17

R10 Window U = 0.10

AnnualHeatingEnergyBalance

Windows as Net Energy Producers

Windows

• We talked about U-value: thermal transmittance; how much heat a window transmits (lower the better)

• Low-e: Low emittance means roughly the same thing. Glazing reduces the e-value.

• Solar heat gain coefficient: Lets heat from the sun in but not out (for heating climates)

• Windows can become energy PRODUCERS• Further technology: Dynamic windows. Response to sunlight.

Dynamic WindowsIdea same as Photochromic Sunglasses: glass or plastic darkens or

clears automatically in response to incident sunlight intensity

“Emerging” Option: Electrochromic Glazing

Clear state Dark state

Insulation

• Biggest energy gains in buildings achieved through insulation

• Roofs, then windows, then walls

• Degree-days: Number of days x (Tin - Tout)

• Example: Number of degree days accumulated in Fairbanks, AK between December and February when the average outside temperature is 10 F. (Average home T taken to be 65 F)

• Focus on new technology

Cool Roof Technology

•Direct Effect-Light-colored roofs reflect solar radiation, reduce air-conditioning use

•Indirect Effect-Light-colored surfaces in a neighborhood alter surface energy balance; result in lower ambient temperature

Cool Colors Reflect Invisible Near-Infrared Sunlight

Reflectance Can be Increased 2-3 Fold

Cool and Standard Color-Matched Concrete Tiles

cool

standard

∆R=0.37 ∆R=0.29∆R=0.15∆R=0.23∆R=0.26 ∆R=0.29

CourtesyAmericanRooftile

Coatings

Cool Color Roofs

flat, white

pitched, white

pitched, cool & colored

Old New

Cool Color Cars

• Toyota experiment (surface temperature 18F cooler)

• Ford, BMW, and Fiat are also working on the technology

slide credit: Akbari, LBNL

Lighting

• We talked about CFL: compact fluorescent lights• Emerging technology: LED

L.E.D.= Light Emitting Diode (Runs on 3.2V DC Power)

Blue LED

Made of semi-conductors; different semi-conductors, different colors

Energy Usage Comparison

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Light Source

60W Bulb

CompactFluor.

LED

“Best” White LED and Compact Fluorescent vs. 60Watt Light Bulb ComparisonP

ower

Use

d (W

atts

)

53wattssaved

Refrigerators

0

200

400

600

800

1000

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1600

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2000

1947

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2009

Ave

rage

En

ergy

Use

per

Un

it S

old

(k

Wh

per

yea

r)

Refrigerator Use per Unit

1978 Cal Standard

1990 Federal Standard

1987 Cal Standard

1980 Cal Standard

1993 Federal Standard 2001 Federal

Standard

Not all Good News

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

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1600

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2000

1947

1949

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Ave

rage

En

ergy

Use

per

Un

it S

old

(k

Wh

per

yea

r)

Refrigerator Use per Unit

1978 Cal Standard

1990 Federal Standard

1987 Cal Standard

1980 Cal Standard

1993 Federal Standard 2001 Federal

Standard

Estimated Standby Power (per house)

2007 STD.

Estimated Household Standby Use vs. Time

Savings that Come from Efficiency

• Some examples of estimated savings in 2006 based on 1974 efficiencies minus 2006 efficiencies (California Example)

• Beginning in 2007 in California, reduction of “vampire” or stand-by losses– This will save $10 Billion when finally implemented, nation-wide

• Out of a total $700 Billion, a crude summary is that 1/3 is structural, 1/3 is from transportation, and 1/3 from buildings and industry.

Billion $

Space Heating 40Air Conditioning 30Refrigerators 15Fluorescent Tube Lamps 5Compact Fluorescent Lamps 5Total 95

Office hours today: 1:30-2:30

Total Estimated Savings for a House

Energy Conservation

• Technical advances

• Government Policy measures: local and federal

• Consumer Education and Attitude

• Discussion so far: What can technology do for you?

• Now: What can YOU do for energy conservation?

Energy Conscious Attitude

• REDUCE

• REUSE

• RECYCLE

Consumer Attitude

• Consume less. Think about what you need when you consume. Choose reusable products.

• Use products longer: change from a throw-away society

Comes back to the question I asked Day 1: Should I replace my car?

(or my washer, or even my couch…)

NO, unless it is broken and cannot be fixed.

• When you need to replace a product, recycle it.

Recycling

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

We’ll watch a short movie: “The Story of Stuff” by Annie Leonard

Planned Obsolescence

• From Wikipedia: Sloan is credited with establishing annual styling changes, from which came the concept of planned obsolescence. He also established a pricing structure in which (from lowest to highest priced) Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick and Cadillac referred to as the ladder of success did not compete with each other, and buyers could be kept in the GM "family" as their buying power and preferences changed as they aged.

U.S. Energy Plan

California Energy Action Plan of 2003:

1. Energy efficiency and Demand Response

2. Renewable Generation,

3. Increased development of affordable & reliable conventional generation

4. Transmission expansion to support all of California’s energy goals.

The U.S. Energy Plan needs to emulate this.

Art Rosenfeld’s Observation About the Value of Energy Efficiency

Art Rosenfeld:Senior Adviser to USDE; California Energy Commisioner

“NEGAWATTS”

• Negawatt revolution: From Megawatts to Negawatts

• You get the most financial benefit from saving electricity, as well as the most environmental benefit.

Amory Lovins,Energy Strategy: The Road not Taken?,Foreign Affairs, 1976

Remember: No Energy Generation is Perfect

• oil and gas: not enough resources

• coal: not enough atmosphere

• biomass: not enough land

• hydropower & wind: not enough sites (intermittent)

• nuclear fission: too unforgiving

• nuclear fusion: too difficult

• photovoltaics: too expensive, intermittent

• hydrogen: not a primary source

Holdren, John P. (2006) ENR302 Energy Technology, Markets, and Policy. Lecture 1, February 2, 2006

Energy Efficiency Measures

• Technologies– High efficiency

• CFLs, variable speed drives– Modified function

• Heat pump, point of use lighting– Economics: real costs, hidden (delayed) benefits

• Load Reduction– Insulation

• Ceiling, water heaters, ducts, weather stripping– Passive Strategies

• Solar heating, shading, light colored roof• Energy Management

– Automation• Sensors, clock/thermostat, zone controls

– Behavioral• Turning off lights, thermostat control (battle of the sexes)

• Conservation: lifestyle issues, consumption

ENERGY STAR-labeled products

Clothes WashersDishwashersRefrigeratorsRoom Air ConditionersTVs, VCRs, Audio EquipmentHome Heating and Cooling Products New Homes Windows Residential Lighting FixturesRoof Products Insulation

Exit Signs Office EquipmentTransformersRoof Products InsulationCommercial Buildings

Residential Commercial

See http://www.energystar.gov/ for more details

Drawback:allows comparisonof similar models

only