energy: introduction to energy and nonrenewable...
TRANSCRIPT
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Energy: Introduction to Energy and
Nonrenewable Energy Sources
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Think Pair share questions
• What are the positives about using non-renewable resources?
• What are the negatives about using non-renewable resources?
• Why have we not switched over to renewable resources?
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Energy Basics
What is energy?
the ability to do work
What are some forms of energy?
chemical, electrical, mechanical, nuclear, light, heat
What do we use energy for?
transportation, heating, cooking, industry
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Energy Basics
What is the difference between nonrenewable and renewable sources of energy?
Once we use up nonrenewable, we can’t get any more
What are examples of nonrenewable?
oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear
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Energy Efficiency and Energy ConservationWhat is the difference?
Energy efficiency – the amount of useful energy produced compared to the amount wasted as heat (2nd Law of Thermodynamics); built into the device or system, unavoidable waste
Examples of levels of energy efficiency:
human body:
20-25%
incandescent lightbulb:
5%
internal combustion engine:
20-25%
steam turbine:
45%
Energy conservation – making an effort to reduce the amount of energy used, some waste can be avoided – Examples?
Why should we try to increase both?
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Use of energy resources in the U.S.
U.S. has 4.6% of world population; uses 24% of the world’s energy
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Nonrenewable energy resources removed from
the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal,
and uranium
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
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Fossil Fuels: Coal, Oil ,Natural Gas
Fossil fuels that formed from the decay (remains of plants and organisms) that were buried and altered millions of years ago and account for about 80% of the energy generated in the U.S.
www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt
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OilA thick, black liquid formed from buried remains of
microscopic marine organisms.
• Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a well
• Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities
• Example: the Deepwater Horizon was drilling to get oil
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OilCrude oil is transported to a refinery where distillation produces petrochemicals
One example: TransAlaska Pipeline
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Oil refinery – notice the tall towers….
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Oil refineries in the southern U.S.
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www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Info for Oil:
Risk of
spills
Infrastructure
already in
place
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Natural Gas – another fossil fuel
Fossil fuel formed from marine organisms
that often is found in tilted or folded rock
layers.
Mixture of gases
•50–90% Methane (CH4)
•Ethane (C2H6)
•Propane (C3H8)
•Butane (C4H10)
•Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
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Sources of Natural Gas• Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply.
• Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United
States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%);
• 90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (~411,000 km = 255,000
miles of pipeline).
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
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What do we use natural gas for?1. Produce electricity
2. Heat homes (inside homes, water heater)
3. Industry (heat for warmth and producing things)
4. Vehicles
5. Cooking
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Hydraulic Fracturing or Fracking• Technique used to get gas out from underground –
pump water into spaces to increase pressure
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www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Fracking can
cause
groundwater
contamination
and earthquakes
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CoalCoal is sedimentary rock formed from decayed plant
material.
-most abundant fossil fuel in the world
Look on page 121, What happens to begin the formation of coal in a swampy area?
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Coal• What are the four basic stages of coal formation?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Coal: the first fossil fuel used• Long history of use
• Can be burned directly to produce a lot of heat in a stove, train engine or factory
• The dirtiest type of fossil fuel
• Relatively cheap and abundant
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Coal Mining
• Strip mining – very destructive
• Underground mining, including longwall mining –can be dangerous to the miners
• Video clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylkdUuNOJzw&feature=related
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Ranks of Coal• Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality;
energy content is less than4000 BTU/lb
• Subbituminous: dull black; energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb
• Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material); energy content about 10,500 Btu/lb
• Anthracite: a hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal; energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb
www.uvawise.edu/philosophy/Hist%20295/ Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt
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Acid Mine DrainageThe impact of mine drainage
on a lake after receiving effluent from an
abandoned tailings impoundment for over
50 years
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Relatively fresh tailings in an
impoundment.
The same tailings impoundment
after 7 years of sulfide
oxidation. The white spots in
Figures A and B are gulls.
http://www.earth.uwaterloo.ca/services/whaton/s06_amd.html
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Cutting edge research: Clean Coal Technology (CCT)
Involves carbon capture and storage, washing coal to remove pollutants, use of devices to purify air as it leaves the plant, convert solid coal to a gas (cleaner, more efficient)
Video clips:
http://www.cleancoalusa.org/
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal
Pros
• Most abundant fossil fuel
• Major U.S. reserves – contributes to energy
independence
• 300 yrs. at current consumption rates
• High net energy yield
Cons
• Dirtiest fuel (produces particulate matter, carbon
dioxide and sulfur dioxide)
• Mining causes major environmental degradation
• Major threat to health
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
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Energy from Atoms
Nuclear energy is an alternate energy source produced from atomic reactions.
Energy is released during fission reaction when a heavy atom is split into lighter atoms.
Fusion occurs when two atoms come together to form a single atom.
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Nuclear EnergyIn a conventional nuclear power plant,
a controlled nuclear fission chain reaction
heats water to…
produce high-pressure steam that…
turns turbines which…
generate electricity
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Nuclear EnergyNuclear fission – splitting of an
atom
Once an atom splits, neutrons
cause other atoms to split – a
chain reaction occurs
In a nuclear power plant, the
chain reaction is kept under
control (using control rods),
and the heat is used to generate
electricity
Most common fuel used is
uranium – a nonrenewable
heavy metal that comes from
underground www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
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Controlled Nuclear Fission Reaction
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt
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www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
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• Types
• Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons,
and therefore are positively charged
• Beta particles are negatively charged (electrons)
• Gamma rays have no mass or charge, but are a form
of electromagnetic radiation (similar to X-rays)
• Sources of natural radiation
• Soil
• Rocks
• Air
• Water
• Cosmic rays
Radioactivity
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
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Relative
Doses
from
Radiation
Sources
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt
Unit for measuring
radiation dose: millisievert
(mSv)
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• Genetic damages: from mutations
that alter genes
• Genetic defects can become
apparent in the next generation
• Somatic damages: to tissue, such as
burns, miscarriages & cancers
Effects of Radiation
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
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www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/ EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
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1. Low-level radiation (Gives of low amount of radiation)
• Sources: nuclear power plants, hospitals &
universities
• 1940 – 1970 most was dumped into the ocean
• Today deposit into landfills
2. High-level radiation (Gives of large amount of
radiation)
• Fuel rods from nuclear power plants
• Half-time of Plutonium 239 is 24000 years
• Safe method of storage is difficult – may be stored
in pools, or dry casks on land
Radioactive Waste
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
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Yucca Mountain
www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/ EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
Was going to be the nation’s
repository for nuclear waste –
this plan has been canceled
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Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt
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Three Mile Island• March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA lost
coolant water because of mechanical and human
errors and suffered a partial meltdown
• 50,000 people evacuated & another 50,000 fled
area
• Unknown amounts of radioactive materials
released
• Partial cleanup & damages cost $1.2 billion
• Released radiation increased cancer rates.
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
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Chernobyl• April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung
radioactive debris into atmosphere
• Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths
• Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths;
• About 400,000 people were forced to leave their
homes
• ~160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated
• > Half million people exposed to dangerous levels of
radioactivity
• Cost of incident > $358 billion
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
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Effects of
Chernobyl nuclear
disaster
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Fukushima disaster – Japan, March 2011
Earthquake, followed by tsunami –
subsequent loss of power to cool reactors,
plus fire at plant
before
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Use of Nuclear Energy• U.S. phasing out - ???
• Some countries (France, Japan) investing
increasingly
• U.S. currently ~7% of energy nuclear
• No new U.S. power plants ordered since 1978
• 40% of 105 commercial nuclear power expected
to be retired by 2015 and all by 2030
• North Korea is getting new plants from the US
• France 78% energy nuclear
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
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www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
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Comparison of Supplies of Nonrenewable
Energy Sources:Energy &
Mineral resources
garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt
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Self Check
1. Explain why coal, oil, and natural gas are fossil fuels.
2. Explain why fossil fuels are considered to be nonrenewable energy resources.
3. Describe two disadvantages of nuclear energy.
4. Think Critically: Why are you likely to find natural gas and oil deposits in the same location, but less likely to find coal and petroleum deposits at the same location?