energy in ecosystems - lc.wnlsd.calc.wnlsd.ca/~tammy.bennett/s01448224.1/unit1slideshow2 -...
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ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS
SCIENCE 1206
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TOPICS LIST
ENERGY FROM THE SUN PERCENTAGES
ALBEDO EFFECT
PHOTOSYNTHESIS and CELLULAR RESPIRATION
THERMODYNAMICS
PYRAMIDS PYRAMID OF ENERGY
PYRAMID OF BIOMASS
PYRAMID OF NUMBERS
ROLES IN ECOSYSTEMS KEYSTONE SPECIES
ECOLOGICAL NICHE
INTRASPECIFIC VS. INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION
EXOTIC SPECIES
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Where Does our Energy Come From?
The SUN is the source of energy for the vast
majority of life on Earth.
Observe the following diagram:
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ENERGY FROM
THE SUN
What happens to the majority of the Sun’s energy?
It heats the atmosphere, earth’s surface, and water.
PERCENTAGES:
_______ % is reflected by Clouds and Earth’s Surface
_______ % warms the atmosphere, land, and
hydrosphere
_______ % generates wind patterns
_______ % is used in the process of photosynthesis
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ALBEDO EFFECT
A measure of the AMOUNT of sunlight REFLECTED from an object.
Expressed as a decimal value
Example: 27 % reflection by clouds is 0.27
What are examples of objects that REFLECT sunlight?
In general, LIGHT-COLOURED objects such as:
___________________________________________
These highly reflective objects have a HIGH ALBEDO.
What are examples of objects that ABSORB sunlight?
In general, DARK-COLOURED objects such as:
____________________________________________
These light-absorbing objects have a LOW ALBEDO.
Also, GREENHOUSE GASES have a low albedo.
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ALBEDO EFFECT
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
What is it?
A biochemical process whereby PRODUCERS use the Sun’s energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugar and oxygen.
GENERAL CHEMICAL EQUATION:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Sun’s Energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2
CO2 is carbon dioxide C6H12O6 is glucose (sugar)
H2O is water O2 is oxygen
Oxygen is necessary for CONSUMERS.
Sugars are necessary as a usable form of energy for nearly ALL LIFE on EARTH.
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
What is it?
A biochemical process whereby CONSUMERS release the
energy stored in the sugar they ingest.
By eating sugars and breathing in oxygen, consumers produce
carbon dioxide, water, and energy for life processes.
GENERAL CHEMICAL EQUATION:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
Cellular respiration is the OPPOSITE reaction to Photosynthesis
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What kinds of life processes?
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HOMEWORK
Page 33
Numbers 4 a), c), d)
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THERMODYNAMICS
What is THERMODYNAMICS?
The study of ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS from one form to another (ex: chemical energy to heat energy)
2 Thermodynamic LAWS that apply to ecosystems are:
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Energy CANNOT be CREATED NOR DESTROYED, only TRANSFERRED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER.
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
During energy transfers, SOME ENERGY is “LOST” as HEAT ENERGY and is not passed on.
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PYRAMIDS
PYRAMID OF ENERGY
Recall from an earlier lesson that we can represent ENERGY TRANSFER in an ecosystem with a pyramid of energy, and that only about 10 % of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next.
There are 2 other types of pyramids that are USEFUL GRAPHICAL INDICATORS of ecosystem patterns:
PYRAMID OF BIOMASS
PYRAMID OF NUMBERS
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PYRAMID OF BIOMASS
BIOMASS
The mass of an organism WITHOUT water; its dry
weight. Measured in kg.
Water weight varies greatly in living tissue, so it is more
accurate to eliminate it.
A PYRAMID OF BIOMASS is a graphical
representation of the TOTAL BIOMASS of all the
members of each trophic level.
Often similar in shape to a Pyramid of Energy.
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PYRAMID OF BIOMASS
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PYRAMID OF NUMBERS
A graphical representation of the TOTAL NUMBERS
of all members of each trophic level in a food
chain.
Sometimes, these are shaped liked pyramids, but
there are exceptions!
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PYRAMID OF NUMBERS
AN EXCEPTION:
For example, if the following was a rough sketch of our
pyramid of energy, would the pyramid of numbers look
the same?
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PYRAMID OF NUMBERS
ANSWER:
No, of course not! There would be more caterpillars
than any other organism, so our “pyramid of
NUMBERS” would look like:
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HOMEWORK
Page 39, # 3, 4, 5, 7, 14
Draw 3 pyramids (energy, biomass, and numbers)
for the following food chain:
HAWK (1, 10 J, 5 kg)
WOODPECKER (10, 100 J, 10 kg)
WORM (1000, 1000J, 50 kg)
FIR TREE (1, 10000J, 150 kg)
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ROLES IN ECOSYSTEMS
It is time to discuss some of the interrelationships that
take place in ecosystems between species.
Some specific roles organisms can take on include:
KEYSTONE SPECIES
ECOLOGICAL NICHE
INTRASPECIFIC VS. INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION
EXOTIC SPECIES
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KEYSTONE SPECIES
A species that is considered so important to ECOSYSTEM STABILITY, that if that species declined, the ecosystem might collapse.
Why is it called “keystone”?
It is an analogy for a keystone that holds together an archway.
Example:
SEA OTTER is a keystone in the
CALIFORNIA KELP ecosystem
Without otters, kelp does not grow.
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SEA OTTER . . .
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epUk3T2Kfno
http://www.grinningplanet.com/2004/06-22/keystone-species-article.htm
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ECOLOGICAL NICHE
An organism’s NICHE is its “role” that it plays in a
particular ecosystem.
It includes everything an organism does to survive and
reproduce, including:
Feeding relationships
Habitat
Breeding grounds/behaviours
Activity times
Competitive relationships
Organisms tend to have UNIQUE niches, based on
where and how they are best adapted to survive.
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ECOLOGICAL NICHE EXAMPLE
Galapagos Island Finches
Found on the Galapagos Islands, 600 miles west of Ecuador in South America
This island is estimated to be 4 million years old, and largely untouched by human impacts for the bulk of its existence.
Charles Darwin studied these finches in 1835 and his studies helped him navigate the theory of EVOLUTION in his book, THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES.
By most accounts, a windstorm blew one finch species to the island.
Left undisturbed for many centuries, and with very little competition and many available niches, this little finch evolved into many SUBSPECIES , all adapted to a DIFFERENT NICHE.
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GALAPAGOS ISLAND FINCHES . . .
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l25MBq8T77w
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SPECIES COMPETITION
Sometimes in nature there is COMPETITION for NICHES when two or more organisms have similar requirements for SPACE, FOOD, and/or WATER.
“Survival of the Fittest” usually prevails
2 MAIN TYPES:
INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION
Between the SAME SPECIES
EX:
___________________________________________________
INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION
Between DIFFERENT SPECIES
EX:
____________________________________________________
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INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION
Same species competing
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INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION
Different species competing
penguins versus pelicans
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EXOTIC SPECIES
These are NON-NATIVE species that are not natural parts of ecosystems.
Compete INTERSPECIFICALLY with native species in the area.
Examples:
Moose in NL – 4 in 1904
Green Crab in Atlantic Canada
Zebra Mussels (p. 42-44)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-K1wrn8mDI
Invasive Species in the Great Lakes video
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HOMEWORK
Read p. 42-44
P. 44, # 2, 3, 4