energy efficient cities: assessment tools and benchmarking practices

8/9/2019 Energy Efficient Cities: Assessment Tools and Benchmarking Practices

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ECTCKUJssksslkgt Taams jgd

Nkgebljrocgh Vrjetceks

KGK^HS

KIICECKGT

Kdctkd ny

^jg`jg O. Nask


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Kgkrhy Kiiceckgt Ectcks


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Kgkrhy Kiiceckgt EctcksJssksslkgt Taams jgd Nkgebljrocgh Vrjetceks

Kdctkd ny

^jg`jg O. Nask


6/250

>6:6 Tbk Cgtkrgjtcagjm Njgo iar keagstruetcag jgd Dkvkmaplkgt / Tbk Xarmd Njgo:2:2 B Utrkkt GXXjsbcghtag DE >6455Tkmkpbagk0 >6>-485-:666Cgtkrgkt0 www.warmdnjgo.arhK-ljcm0 ikkdnjeoFwarmdnjgo.arh

Jmm rchbts rkskrvkd

: > 5 4 :5 :> :: :6

Tbcs vamulk cs j praduet ai tbk stjii ai tbk Cgtkrgjtcagjm Njgo iar keagstruetcag jgd Dkvkm-aplkgt / Tbk Xarmd Njgo. Tbk icgdcghs, cgtkrprktjtcags, jgd eagemuscags kxprksskd cg tbcsvamulk da gat gkekssjrcmy rkimket tbk vckws ai tbk Kxkeutcvk Dcrketars ai Tbk Xarmd Njgo artbk havkrglkgts tbky rkprkskgt.

Tbk Xarmd Njgo daks gat hujrjgtkk tbk jeeurjey ai tbk djtj cgemudkd cg tbcs waro. Tbknaugdjrcks, eamars, dkgalcgjtcags, jgd atbkr cgiarljtcag sbawg ag jgy ljp cg tbcs waro da

gat clpmy jgy `udhklkgt ag tbk pjrt ai Tbk Xarmd Njgo eagekrgcgh tbk mkhjm stjtus ai jgytkrrctary ar tbk kgdarsklkgt ar jeekptjgek ai sueb naugdjrcks.

^chbts jgd VkrlcsscagsTbk ljtkrcjm cg tbcs punmcejtcag cs eapyrchbtkd. Eapycgh jgd/ar trjgslcttcgh partcags ar jmmai tbcs waro wctbaut pkrlcsscag ljy nk j vcamjtcag ai jppmcejnmk mjw. Tbk Cgtkrgjtcagjm Njgoiar ^keagstruetcag jgd Dkvkmaplkgt / Tbk Xarmd Njgo kgeaurjhks dcssklcgjtcag ai ctswaro jgd wcmm garljmmy hrjgt pkrlcsscag ta rkpraduek partcags ai tbk waro pralptmy.

Iar pkrlcsscag ta pbataeapy ar rkprcgt jgy pjrt ai tbcs waro, pmkjsk skgd j rkqukstwctb ealpmktk cgiarljtcag ta tbk Eapyrchbt Emkjrjgek Ekgtkr Cge., >>> ^askwaadDrcvk, Djgvkrs, LJ 6:3>5, [UJ? tkmkpbagk0 382-8;6-2466? ijx0 382-8;6-4486? Cgtkrgkt0www.eapyrchbt.eal.

Jmm atbkr qukrcks ag rchbts jgd mcekgsks, cgemudcgh sunscdcjry rchbts, sbaumd nk jddrksskd tatbk Aiicek ai tbk Vunmcsbkr, Tbk Xarmd Njgo, :2:2 B Utrkkt GX, Xjsbcghtag, DE >6455,[UJ? ijx0 >6>-;>>->4>>? k-ljcm0 punrchbtsFwarmdnjgo.arh.

CUNG0 382-6-2>:5-2:64-;kCUNG0 382-6-2>:5-2563-4DAC0 :6.:;39/382-6-2>:5-2:64-;

Mcnrjry ai Eaghrkss Ejtjmahcgh-cg-Vunmcejtcag Djtj[rnjg ^kskjreb Uylpascul (;tb 0 >663 0 Ljrskcmmk, Irjgek)Kgkrhy kiiceckgt ectcks 0 jssksslkgt taams jgd nkgebljrocgh prjetceks / kdctkd ny ^jg`jg O.Nask.

p. el.

Vjpkrs prkskgtkd durcgh tbk Kgkrhy Uketar Ljgjhklkgt Jsscstjgek Vrahrjllks sksscagsjt tbk ;tb [rnjg ^kskjreb Uylpascul bkmd cg Ljrskcmmk, Irjgek iral @ugk >256, >663.

CUNG 382-6-2>:5-2:64-; CUNG 382-6-2>:5-2563-4 (kmketragce):. Ectcks jgd tawgsKgkrhy eagsulptcagEaghrkssks. >. Kgkrhy pamceyEaghrkssks.

5. Ecty pmjggcghEaghrkssks. 4. [rnjg pamceyEaghrkssks. C. Nask, ^jg`jg O. CC. KgkrhyUketar Ljgjhklkgt Jsscstjgek Vrahrjllk. CCC. Xarmd Njgo. CY. Tctmk.BD3;6>.J>[84 >663555.83':963:85>de>>

>6636;5:>;

Eavkr pbata ny Surc Oazyrkv/Xarmd Njgo.Eavkr dkschg ny Kdkmljg Dkschg Eallugcejtcags.


7/250

v

Eagtkgts

Iarkward xc

Jeogawmkdhlkgts xccc

Jnnrkvcjtcags xv

: Tbk Clpkrjtcvk ai Kiiceckgt Kgkrhy [sk cg Ectcks0 JgjmytcejmJpprajebks jgd Haad Vrjetceks :

Ujghkktj Gjgdc jgd ^jg`jg O. Nask

> UygEcty0 Jg Cgtkhrjtkd Taam Oct iar [rnjg Kgkrhy Uystkls Ladkmcgh >:

@jlks Okcrstkjd, Gaurc Ujlsjtmc, jgd Gcmjy Ubjb

5 Ecty-Uejmk Cgtkhrjtkd Jssksslkgt ai Emcljtk Clpjets, Jdjptjtcag,

jgd Lctchjtcag 45

@cl X. Bjmm, cebjrd @. Djwsag, Utujrt M. Njrr, Lcebjkm Njtty,

Jnchjcm M. Nrcstaw, Uknjstcjg Ejrgky, Jtbjgjscas Djhauljs,Jmcstjcr E. Iard, Eamcg Bjrpbjl, Lcmks ^. Tchbt, Emjcrk M.

Xjmsb, Bkmkg Xjttkrs, jgd Jmnkrta L. Pjggc

4 [scgh jg Cgtkhrjtkd Jssksslkgt Ladkm iar [rnjg Dkvkmaplkgt

ta ^kspagd ta Emcljtk Ebjghk cg Ectcks 9;

Upcok Naydkmm, Djlckg Hcurea, Vktkr ^ceowaad, Hjrry Hmjzknraao,

Lcebkmmk Pkcnats, jgd Utujrt Xbctk

; Hrkkg Utjr jgd GJNK^U0 Mkjrgcgh iral tbk Justrjmcjg Kxpkrckgek

wctb Hrkkg Nucmdcgh ^jtcgh Taams 35

Mcmy L. Lctebkmm


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9 Kiiceckgt Mchbtcgh Ljrokt Trjgsiarljtcag cg tbk Ljocgh

Tbk Vbcmcppcgk Kxpkrckgek :5:

Gakm G. Ykrdatk

8 Tbk âmk ai Cgiarljtcag jgd Eallugcejtcag Tkebgamahcks

iar Dkljgd ^kspagscvk Trjgspart :48

ânkrt Emjvkm, Kmadck Ejstkx, jgd Dcdckr @asskmcg

2 Hkttcgh ta Ejrnag Gkutrjm0 J ^kvckw ai Nkst Vrjetceks cg

Cgirjstrueturk Utrjtkhy :9;

Ebrcstapbkr Okggkdy, Djvcd Nrcstaw, Uyncm Dkrrcnmk, Kuhkgk Labjrkn,

Ubkydj Ujgkcgk`jd, ânkrt Utupoj, Marrjcgk Uuhjr, yjg Pczza,

jgd Nkrgjrd LeCgtyrk

3 Uuppartcgh Kgkrhy Kiiceckgt Uamutcags cg Dkvkmapcgh Eaugtrcks0

Tbk Xjy Jbkjd :2;

^jg`jg O. Nask jgd Ujghkktj Gjgdc

Cgdkx :35

Jppkgdcx >6;

Naxks:.: [rnjgczjtcag jgd Buljg Dkvkmaplkgt Jttjcglkgts0

J Vasctcvk Jssaecjtcag ;

:.> [rnjg Kgkrhy [sk jgd Jssaecjtkd HBH Klcsscags 8

:.5 Ljsdjr0 J Vmjggkd Acm-Irkk Kea-Ecty cg Jnu Dbjnc,

jg Acm-^ceb Ubkcobdal 2

:.4 Nkgkicts ai Kgkrhy Kiiceckgey Clpravklkgt cg Ecty Uketars0

Ejsk Utudcks :5

>.: Vskuda-eadk ai j Typcejm UygEcty Ladkm >9

2.: VU:6 Uamjr Ekgtrjm ^kekcvkr Utjtcag, Ukvcmmk, Upjcg :8;2.> Eaghkstcag Ebjrhcgh, Magdag, [gctkd Ocghdal :89

2.5 EBV iral Uamcd Xjstk, Hatbkgnurh, Uwkdkg :89

2.4 Uaurek Ukpjrjtcag jgd Kgkrhy ^keavkry, Uydgky, Justrjmcj :88

2.; Ejmhjry E-Trjcg, Jmnkrtj, Ejgjdj cdk tbk Xcgd! :88

3.: Tbk jpcd Jssksslkgt Irjlkwaro0 J Vrjetcejm Taam iar

Cgstctutcgh [rnjg Kgkrhy Kiiceckgey :22

Ichurks:.: ^khcagjm [rnjgczjtcag Trkgds Xarmdwcdk >

N:.:j Xarmd [rnjg Vapumjtcag Ubjrk jgd BDC Yjmuk, >66; ;

N:.:n Xarmd [rnjg Vapumjtcag Ubjrk jgd HDV pkr Ejpctj, >66; 9

E AG T K G T Uvc


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:.> Ubjrk ai Dciikrkgt Uketars cg Jgtbrapahkgce HBH Klcsscags

Xarmdwcdk, >664 8

:.5 Jggujm Hrawtb ^jtk ai Xarmdwcdk [rnjg Vapumjtcag :9

>.: Avkrvckw ai tbk UygEcty Taam Oct >4>.> Mjyaut ai tbk Kea-Tawg js Vmjggkd 56

>.5 East-Aptclczkd Kea-Tawg Mjyaut (ugeagstrjcgkd) 5:

>.4 East-Aptclczkd Kea-Tawg Mjyaut (wctb jddctcagjm

pmjggcgh eagstrjcgts) 5>

>.; Dcstrcnutcag Gktwaros jgd Eagvkrscag Tkebgamahcks iar

Hjs jgd Kmketrcecty 5;

>.9 Dcstrcnutcag Gktwaros jgd Eagvkrscag Tkebgamahcks iar Hjs,

Kmketrcecty, jgd Dcstrcet Bkjt 59

5.: Avkrvckw ai tbk Cgtkhrjtkd Jssksslkgt Lktbadamahy iar

Hrkkgbausk Hjs Klcsscags jgd Emcljtk Clpjets Jgjmyscs jt

j Ecty Uejmk 48

5.> Pagks ai Dkvkmaplkgt cg Magdag jgd tbk Tbjlks Hjtkwjy 43

5.5 Klpmaylkgt Vra`ketcags iar Magdag, Ealpjrcgh Autputs

iral tbk LDL Ladkm (mjnkmkd Tygdjmm) jgd Ichurks [skd

ny tbk HMJ ;:

5.4 Kxjlpmk ai Hkgkrjmczkd Trjvkm Easts ny Ejr (cg lcgutks)

iral Bkjtbraw Xjrd ;5

5.; Vra`ketkd Vapumjtcag Ebjghk cg >:66 jt j Xjrd Uejmk

(bchb keagalce hrawtb, ugeagstrjcgkd dkvkmaplkgt) ;45.9 Vra`ketkd Vapumjtcag Ebjghk cg >:66 jt j Xjrd Uejmk

(bchb keagalce hrawtb, eagstrjcgkd dkvkmaplkgt) ;;

5.8 Twa Uekgjrcas ai Iuturk ^kscdkgtcjm Dkvkmaplkgt cg >6>6 ;9

5.2 Djcmy Ljxclul Uullkr Tklpkrjturk iar Magdag,

:39:36 jgd >6;6 ;8

5.3 Vapumjtcag jt cso ai Tcdjm Imaadcgh cg Magdag iar Dciikrkgt

Uekgjrcas ai Mjgd [sk Ebjghk ;2

5.:6 Vra`ketcags ai HBH Klcsscags iar Magdag Njskd ag j Njskmcgk

Keagalce Hrawtb Uekgjrca wctb Ga Gkw Lctchjtcag Vamcecks ;3

5.:: Uerkkgsbat iral tbk [skr Cgtkrijek ai tbk Jssksslkgt Taam 9:4.: Cgtkhrjtkd Ladkm Eagekpt 85

4.> Uydgky cg tbk Eagtkxt ai tbk Lktrapamctjg Utrjtkhy 88

4.5 Uydgky Kxahkgaus Bauscgh Cgputs0 Gkw Dwkmmcghs pkr

Bketjrk, >6695: 82

4.4 Uydgky Bauskbamd Cgealk Dkecmks cg >66: jgd >65: 26

4.; Uydgky pkr Ejpctj Cgealk Dkecmks cg >65: 2:

4.9 Uydgky Jggujm Dwkmmcgh-^kmjtkd Kgkrhy [sk ny Pagk cg >65: 2>

4.8 Uydgky Jggujm Vkrsagjm-Trjgspart-^kmjtkd Kgkrhy [sk

ny Pagk cg >65: 25

4.2 Uydgky Jggujm Dwkmmcgh-^kmjtkd Klcsscags pkr Vkrsag

ny Pagk cg >65: 24

EAGTKGTU vcc


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4.3 Uydgky Jggujm Vkrsagjm-Trjgspart-^kmjtkd Klcsscags pkr

Vkrsag ny Pagk cg >65: 2;

4.:6 Uydgky Jggujm Klcsscags pkr Vkrsag ny Pagk cg >65: 29

;.: Nrkjodawg ai Hrkkg Utjr ^jtcghs ny Typk, Juhust >663 :6>;.> Nrkjodawg ai Hrkkg Utjr ^jtcghs ny Vra`ket Maejtcag, Juhust >663 :65

;.5 Nrkjodawg ai Hrkkg Utjr jtcghs ny Utjr jtcgh, @jgujry >663 :65

;.4 Vkrekgtjhk ai Tatjm Gkt Mkttjnmk Jrkj jtkd wctb GJNKÛ Kgkrhy,

ny Utjtk/Tkrrctary, @ugk >663 :63

;.; Nrkjodawg ai Eurrkgt GJNKÛ KgkrhyAiicek ^jtcghs ny

Utjr ^jtcgh, Juhust >663 ::6

9.: VKMLJTV Utrjtkhcks jgd Ealpagkgts :5;

9.> Ljrokt Utrueturk wctb VKMLJTV :58

8.: Gulnkr ai Gkw D T Ukrvceks Erkjtkd cg Irjgek Kjeb Skjr,

:393>664 :43

8.> D T Typks jgd Maejtcags cg Irjgek, >668 :;6

8.5 Vrkvjmkgek ai D T Ukrvcek Typks cg Irjgek, >668 :;:

8.4 Tbk Kchbt Ealpagkgts ai D T Imkxcncmcty :;4

8.; D T Uystkl Jrebctketurk :;9

8.9 Trcp Aptclczjtcag [scgh HjmkapUys Uaitwjrk (TJDA[) :;2

8.8 Vrcgecpmks ai D T TJD :69 cg Taumausk :;3

8.2 Tkebgamahcejm Vkrspketcvks iar D T TJD :69 cg Taumausk :96

2.: Maejtcags ai Ejsk Utudcks iar tbk Hkttcgh ta Ejrnag

Gkutrjm Vra`ket :852.> MahMah Vmat ai Jggujm HBH Ujvcghs vs. Ejpctjm Easts iar

Cgirjstrueturk Ejsk Utudcks cg H>EG Vra`ket :84

2.5 MahMah Vmat ai Jggujm HBH Ujvcghs vs. Ejpctjm Easts iar

Cgirjstrueturk Vra`kets Iugdkd [gdkr tbk Ikdkrjtcag ai Ejgjdcjg

Lugcecpjmctcks Hrkkg Lugcecpjm Iugd :83

2.4 MahMah Vmat ai Jggujm HBH Ujvcghs vs. Ejpctjm Easts iar j

Uunskt ai [gctkd Gjtcags Emkjg Dkvkmaplkgt Lkebjgcsl

Cgirjstrueturk Vra`kets :26

Tjnmks:.: Xarmd Vapumjtcag Dkgscty Mkvkms, >66; 9

>.: Ealpjrcsag ai Mjyaut Ladkm Uekgjrcas 5>

>.> Ealpjrcsag ai UygEcty Jhkgt-Jetcvcty Ladkm ^ksumts ta

Kea-Tawg ^kikrkgek 55

4.: Tbk Tbrkk Xjvks ai Trjgspart/Mjgd-[sk Ladkms 93

4.> Typks ai Djtj [skd cg tbk Cgtkhrjtkd Ladkm 89

4.5 Oky Jssulptcags [skd cg tbk Cgtkhrjtkd Ladkm 88

;.: Hrkkg Nucmdcgh jtcgh Taams Jraugd tbk Xarmd 3;

;.> Hrkkg Utjr Ikjturks 32

;.5 Hrkkg Utjr jtcghs :6:

;.4 GJNKÛ Ikjturks :6;

E AG T K G T Uvccc


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;.; GJNKÛ Utjr ^jtcghs (Kgkrhy) :68

;.9 Kgkrhy jgd Hrkkgbausk Ujvcghs Dklagstrjtkd Ny

^k-rjtcghs ai Nucmdcghs ::6

;.8 [.U. Kgkrhy Utjr Ealpjrkd wctb GJNKÛ iar Nucmdcghs :::;.2 Oky Dciikrkgeks Nktwkkg Hrkkg Utjr jgd GJNKÛ ::>

;.3 Nkgkicts Jssaecjtkd wctb Bchb Hrkkg Nucmdcgh ^jtcghs ::;

;.:6 ^jtcgh kqucrklkgts iar Arhjgczjtcags ::9

9.: Njrrckrs vs. Ealpagkgt Ljtrcx :59

9.> VKMLJTV Uuppmy-Ucdk Ljrokt Trjgsiarljtcag Jpprajebks :52

9.5 VKMLJTV Dkljgd-Ucdk Ljrokt Trjgsiarljtcag Jpprajebks :46

2.: Tatjm HBH Klcsscags iral Tkg Hmanjm [rnjg khcags :99

2.> Vrkmclcgjry Emjsscicejtcag ai HBH kduetcag Utrjtkhcks ny Uejmk

ai Kghjhklkgt :98

2.5 Utrjtkhcks iar ^kduecgh Lugcecpjm Hrkkgbausk Hjs Klcsscags :86

2.4 Ejpctjm Easts jgd Jggujm Hrkkgbausk Hjs Ujvcghs iar

tbk Ejsk Utudcks :8:

EAGTKGTU cx


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xc

Iarkward

XCTB ECTCKU JEEA[GTCGH IA^ BJMI TBKXA^MDU VAV[MJTCAGTADJS,JGD twa-tbcrds

ai hmanjm kgkrhy dkljgd, urnjgczjtcag cs kxjetcgh j skrcaus tamm ag tbk kgvcraglkgt.

Js rjpcd urnjg hrawtb eagtcguks, kgkrhy usk cg ectcks jgd jssaecjtkd mkvkms ai hrkkg-

bausk hjs (HBH) klcsscags jrk pra`ketkd ta eagtcguk ugjnjtkd? eurrkgt pra`ketcags

cgdcejtk tbjt jppraxcljtkmy 86 pkrekgt ai tbk warmds papumjtcag wcmm mcvk cg ectcks ny

>6;6, praduecgh salk 26 pkrekgt ai tbk warmds HBH klcsscags. [giartugjtkmy,

last ai tbcs urnjg hrawtb wcmm tjok pmjek cg dkvkmapcgh eaugtrcks, wbkrk tbk vjstlj`arcty ai pkapmk rkljcg ugdkrskrvkd ny njsce cgirjstrueturk skrvcek jgd wbkrk

ecty jutbar ctcks jrk ugdkr-rksaurekd ta sbcit eurrkgt trj`ketarcks. Iurtbkr, tbk

dkvkmapcgh rkhcags ai Jircej jgd Jscj jrk wbkrk tbk last rjpcd urnjgczjtcag cs

tjocgh pmjek, jgd tbky jrk mkjst jnmk ta eapk wctb tbk ugekrtjcgtcks jgd kxtrklctcks ai

emcljtk clpjets.

Tbk dkvkmaplkgt jgd ljcgstrkjlcgh ai kgkrhy-kiiceckgt jgd maw-ejrnag urnjg

pjtbwjys tbjt eurtjcm emcljtk clpjets wctbaut bjlpkrcgh tbk urnjg dkvkmaplkgt

jhkgdj tbus jrk ksskgtcjm ta lkktcgh sueb ebjmmkghks. ^kduecgh magh-tkrl kgkrhy

usk tbrauhb kiiceckgey jmsa kgbjgeks kgkrhy skeurcty ny dkerkjscgh dkpkgdkgek ag

clpartkd jgd iasscm iukm. Cg jddctcag, mawkr kgkrhy easts irkk up j ectys rksaureks taclpravk ar kxpjgd skrvceks wbcmk pravcdcgh clpartjgt maejm ea-nkgkicts, erkjtcgh

gkw ans, kgbjgecgh ealpktctcvkgkss, clpravcgh jcr qujmcty jgd bkjmtb, jgd pravcdcgh

j nkttkr qujmcty ai mcik.

Kgkrhy Kiiceckgt Ectcks0 Jssksslkgt Taams jgd Nkgebljrocgh Vrjetceks bjs nkkg dkvkmapkd

iral j ejrkium rkvckw ai skmketkd pjpkrs prkskgtkd durcgh twa KULJV-spagsarkd

sksscags jt tbk icitb Xarmd Njgo [rnjg ^kskjreb Uylpascul, Ectcks jgd Emcljtk

Ebjghk0 ^kspagdcgh ta jg [rhkgt Jhkgdj, wbceb iaeuskd ag taams jgd jssksslkgt

jpprajebks, jgd ag haad prjetceks iar kgkrhy-kiiceckgt urnjgczjtcag. Tbk seapk ai tbk

pjpkrs kgejpsumjtks jmm tbrkk urnjg eagtkxts0 gkw ectcks, kxpjgdcgh ectcks, jgd rktra-

icttcgh kxcstcgh ectcks. Tbk rjghk ai pamcey-rkmkvjgt eagekptujm taams jgd prjetceks


14/250

dcseusskd durcgh tbk sksscags, jgd sunskqukgtmy nucmt upag cg tbcs vamulk, bkmps

jebckvk j nkttkr ugdkrstjgdcgh ai mkvkrjhk pacgts iar kgkrhy-kiiceckgey cgtkrvkgtcags

jgd bkmps ejtjmyzk samutcags tbjt wcmm dkmcgo bchb mkvkms ai ejrnag-cgtkgscvk kgkrhy

usk iral urnjg hrawtb wctbaut ealpralcscgh maejm dkvkmaplkgt prcarctcks.

@jljm Ujhbcr

Dcrketar, Kgkrhy, Trjgspart, jgd Xjtkr

Ebjcr, Kgkrhy Uketar Najrd

Uustjcgjnmk Dkvkmaplkgt Gktwaro

Tbk Xard Njgo

IA^KXA^Dxcc


15/250

xccc

Jeogawmkdhlkgts

TBKXA^MD NJGOU KGK^HS UKETA^ LJGJHKLKGT JUUCUTJGEK V^AH^JL (KULJV)

mjugebkd tbk Kgkrhy Kiiceckgt Ectcks Cgctcjtcvk (KKEC) cg Aetankr >662 ta bkmp ejt-

jmyzk samutcags iar rkduecgh kgkrhy-cgtkgscvk urnjg hrawtb wctbaut sjercicecgh saeca-

keagalce dkvkmaplkgt prcarctcks. Tbcs kdctkd vamulk wjs dkvkmapkd iral j rkvckw ai

skmketkd pjpkrs prkskgtkd durcgh twa KULJV-spagsarkd KKEC sksscags jt tbk Xarmd

Njgos icitb [rnjg ^kskjreb Uylpascul, Ectcks jgd Emcljtk Ebjghk0 ^kspagdcgh ta

jg [rhkgt Jhkgdj, bkmd cg Ljrskcmmk, Irjgek, @ugk >256, >663. Lark tbjg 2; pjrtce-cpjgts iral :9 eaugtrcks jttkgdkd tbk twa KULJV sksscags jddrksscgh urnjg kgkrhy

cssuks0 agk ag taams jgd jssksslkgt jpprajebks wctb rkhjrd ta kgkrhy-kiiceckgt urnjg

dkvkmaplkgt, tbk atbkr ag haad prjetceks tbjt pralatk maw-ejrnag pjtbwjys.

Tbcs vamulk, kdctkd ny jg`jg O. Nask, KULJV Ukgcar Kgkrhy Upkecjmcst, Xarmd

Njgo, Xjsbcghtag, DE, wctb tkebgcejm suppart jgd kdctcgh ny eagsumtjgt Ujghkktj

Gjgdc, cs njskd ag skvkg lumtcjutbar waros. Tbk last clpartjgt eagtrcnutcag ta

tbcs kdctkd vamulk ejlk iral tbk jutbars, wctbaut wbask rkskjreb jgd kiiarts ta

quceomy pravcdk ealpmktk rkspagsks ta tbk cgtkgsk earrkspagdkgek tbjt mkd ta tbk

eurrkgt punmcejtcag, tbcs naao ag kgkrhy kiiceckgt ectcks waumd bjvk nkkg j ijr mksskr

waro. Ct wjs j prcvcmkhk ta kxebjghk cdkjs wctb tbksk jutbars jgd hjcg tbkcr wcsdalag ecty pmjggcgh lktbadamahcks jgd ag taams jgd haad prjetceks tbjt cgearparjtk

kgkrhy kiiceckgey cgta tbk dkecscag ljocgh iar ecty kgkrhy pamcecks.

Tbcs kdctkd vamulk nkgkictkd hrkjtmy iral pkkr rkvckw ny tbk iammawcgh kxpkrts

natb wctbcg jgd nkyagd tbk Xarmd Njgo Hraup0 Dcmcp Jbu`j, Jrcsb Djstur, Ikgh Mcu,

Ubjrjtb Ebjgdrj ^ja, Ljttbcjs ^utb, jgd @js Ucghb. Tbk rkvckws wkrk eagstruetcvk

jgd kxtkgscvk, jmmawcgh tbk jutbars ta rksbjpk tbk ebjptkrs cg vckw ai tbkcr vjmujnmk

eallkgts.

Upkecjm tbjgos jrk duk ta Ujghkktj Gjgdc, wbask dcmchkgt rkvckwkrs kyk iar

tkebgcejm dktjcms, tahktbkr wctb bkr kdctcgh jgd wrctcgh socmms, bkmpkd ealpcmk tbk skt

ai pjpkrs cgta j eabkscvk ogawmkdhk praduet. Upkecjm tbjgos ta Jljrqujyk Jrljr,


16/250

KULJV Vrahrjl Ljgjhkr, iar bcs eagtcguaus kgeaurjhklkgt jgd cgtkmmketujm

suppart? ta Bkjtbkr Justcg iar kdctarcjm suppart? jgd ta Ubjrjtb Ebjgdrj ^ja iar

ealpcmcgh pkkr rkvckw eallkgts jgd pravcdcgh mahcstcejm suppart cg arhjgczcgh

tbk twa KULJV sksscags cg Ljrskcmmk. Icgjmmy, tbk kdctar waumd mcok ta dkdcejtk bcskiiarts, wbceb eumlcgjtkd cg tbcs vamulk, ta tbk lklary ai bcs ijtbkr, tbk mjtk

Ebcttjrjg`jg Nask, wbask lklary jncdks jgd eagtcguks ta cgspcrk.

JEOGAXMKDHLKGTUxcv


17/250

xv

Jnnrkvcjtcags

JNH^ Justrjmcjg Nucmdcgh Hrkkgbausk jtcgh

JDN Jscjg Dkvkmaplkgt Njgo

JVC jppmcejtcag prahrjllcgh cgtkrijek

J^EJDCJ Jdjptjtcag jgd ^kscmckgek cg Ectcks0 Jgjmyscs jgd Dkecscag

Ljocgh [scgh Cgtkhrjtkd Jssksslkgt

JUNKE Justrjmcjg Uustjcgjnmk Nucmt Kgvcraglkgt Eaugecm

NJUCR Nucmdcgh Uustjcgjncmcty Cgdkx (uskd cg Uydgky jgd atbkr pjrts aiGkw Uautb Xjmks, Justrjmcj)

NV Nrctcsb Vktramkul

N^KKJL Nucmdcgh ^kskjreb Kstjnmcsblkgt Kgvcraglkgtjm Jssksslkgt

Lktbad

N T nus rjpcd trjgsct

EJ ecty jdlcgcstrjtcag

EJUNKK Ealprkbkgscvk Jssksslkgt Uystkl iar Nucmdcgh Kgvcraglkgtjm

Kiiceckgey

END ekgtrjm nuscgkss dcstrcet

EEHT ealncgkd-eyemk hjs turncgkEDL emkjg dkvkmaplkgt lkebjgcsl

EKVJMEA Ejhjyjg Kmketrce Vawkr jgd Mchbt Ealpjgy

EIM ealpjet imuarksekgt mjlps

EBKD Eallcsscag ag Bchbkr Kduejtcag

EBV ealncgkd bkjt jgd pawkr

ECK Ekgtrk iar Cgtkrgjtcagjm Keagalces

EAJH Eaugecm ai Justrjmcjg Havkrglkgts

ETC ealputkrtkmkpbagk cgtkhrjtcag

DJ^VTX Dcjm-j-^cdk Vranmkl wctb Tclk Xcgdaws

DE dkpjrtlkgt ecreumjr


18/250

DKEEX Dkpjrtlkgt ai Kgvcraglkgt, Emcljtk Ebjghk jgd Xjtkr (Gkw

Uautb Xjmks, Justrjmcj)

DKXBJ Dkpjrtlkgt ai tbk Kgvcraglkgt, Xjtkr, Bkrctjhk jgd tbk Jrts

(Justrjmcj)DAK Dkpjrtlkgt ai Kgkrhy

D^JL Dcsjhhrkhjtk kscdkgtcjm Jmmaejtcag ladkm

D T dkljgd rkspagscvk trjgspart

DUL dkljgd scdk ljgjhklkgt

KK&E Kgkrhy Kiiceckgey jgd Eagskrvjtcag Vrahrjl

KKEC Kgkrhy Kiiceckgt Ectcks Cgctcjtcvk

KKMU kgkrhy kiiceckgt mchbtcgh systkls

KMC Kiiceckgt Mchbtcgh Cgctcjtcvk

KLVJM Klpmaylkgt Jmmaejtcag ladkm

KUEA Kgkrhy Ukrvcek Ealpjgy

KULJV Kgkrhy Uketar Ljgjhklkgt Jsscstjgek Vrahrjl

IEL Ikdkrjtcag ai Ejgjdcjg Lugcecpjmctcks

H>EG Hkttcgh ta Ejrnag Gkutrjm

HNEJ Hrkkg Nucmdcgh Eaugecm ai Justrjmcj

HEL Hmanjm Emcljtk ladkm

HDV hrass dalkstce praduet

HKI Hmanjm Kgvcraglkgt Ijecmcty

Hh hchjhrjls

HHJU Hrkkgbausk Hjs Jnjtklkgt Uebklk (Gkw Uautb Xjmks,Justrjmcj)

HBH hrkkgbausk hjs (ejrnag dcaxcdk _EA>\, lktbjgk _EB4\, gctraus

axcdk _G>A\, bydraimuaraejrnags _BIEs\, pkrimuaraejrnags

_VIEs\, jgd sumpbur bkxjimuarcdk _UI9\)

HCU Hkahrjpbce Cgiarljtcag Uystkls

HMJ Hrkjtkr Magdag Jutbarcty

HV^U Hkgkrjm Vjeokt ^jdca Ukrvcek

HVU Hmanjm Vasctcagcgh Uystkl

HUL Hmanjm Uystkl iar Lancmk Eallugcejtcags

HXb hchjwjtt baur BDC Buljg Dkvkmaplkgt Cgdkx

BO-NKJL Bagh Oagh Nucmdcgh Kgvcraglkgtjm Jssksslkgt Lktbad

BVU bchb prkssurk sadcul

BTU Bauskbamd Trjvkm Uurvky

CEMKC Cgtkrgjtcagjm Eaugecm iar Maejm Kgvcraglkgtjm Cgctcjtcvks

CET cgiarljtcag eallugcejtcag tkebgamahcks

CKJ Cgtkrgjtcagjm Kgkrhy Jhkgey

CKE Cgiarljtcag, Kduejtcag jgd Eallugcejtcag Ejlpjchg

CH Clpmklkgtcgh Hucdkmcgks

CCKE Cgtkrgjtcagjm Cgstctutk iar Kgkrhy Eagskrvjtcag

CCKK Cgstctutk ai Cgtkhrjtkd Kmketrcejm Kghcgkkrs

J N N ^ K Y CJ T CAG Uxvc


19/250

CCKKI Cgstctutk ai Cgtkhrjtkd Kmketr cejm Kghcgkkrs Iaugdjtcag

CM[TK Cgtkhrjtkd Mjgd [sk, Trjgspartjtcag, Kgvcraglkgt ladkmcgh

systkl

CVJ T Cgdkpkgdkgt Vrcecgh jgd khumjtary Trcnugjm (Gkw Uautb Xjmks,Justrjmcj)

CVEE Cgtkrhavkrglkgtjm Vjgkm ag Emcljtk Ebjghk

CVV Cgvkstlkgt Vrcarctcks Vmjg

C^^ Clpmklkgtcgh umks jgd khumjtcags

CUA Cgtkrgjtcagjm Arhjgczjtcag iar Utjgdjrdczjtcag

CT cgiarljtcag tkebgamahy

CTM[V Cgtkhrjtkd Trjgspartjtcag jgd Mjgd [sk Vmjggcgh pjeojhk

CTU cgtkmmchkgt trjgspartjtcag systkls

CY^ cgtkrjetcvk vacek rkspagsk

CYT cg-vkbcemk tkrlcgjms

oX ocmawjtt-baur

MJTM Mchbtcgh Jppmcjgek Tkstcgh Mjnarjtary

MKD mchbt klcttcgh dcadk

MKKD Mkjdkrsbcp cg Kgkrhy jgd Dkschg

MCMT Mkkds Cgtkhrjtkd Mjgd-[sk ladkm

LDL Lumtcsketarjm Dygjlce ladkm

LKVMJG cgput-autput njskd trjgspartjtcag/mjgd-usk ladkm

LKVU Lcgclul Kgkrhy Vkriarljgek Utjgdjrds

LCMV lcxkd-cgtkhkr mcgkjr prahrjllcghLAJ lklarjgdul ai jhrkklkgt

L^UII Lkmnaurgk khcag Utaeos jgd Imaws Irjlkwaro

Ltak lcmmcag taggk acm kqucvjmkgt

LX lkhjwjtt

L[UUJ Mjgd [sk Ladkm iar Ujgtcjha

GJNK^U Gjtcagjm Justrjmcjg Nucmt Kgvcraglkgt jtcgh Uystkl

GKKEV Gjtcagjm Kgkrhy Kiiceckgey jgd Eagskrvjtcag Vrahrjl

GKV^ Gjtcagjm Kgkrhy Vkriarljgek jtcgh ([.U. Kgkrhy Utjr)

GUX Gkw Uautb Xjmks (Justrjmcj)

AKED Arhjgcsjtcag iar Keagalce Ea-apkrjtcag jgd DkvkmaplkgtAIXJT Xjtkr Ukrvceks ^khumjtcag Jutbarcty (Kghmjgd jgd Xjmks)

VEJ Vrapkrty Eaugecm ai Justrjmcj

VEV Vjrtgkrs iar Emcljtk Vratketcag

VDJ pkrsagjm dchctjm jsscstjgt

VKKV Vbcmcppcgk Kgkrhy Kiiceckgey Vra`ket

VKMLJTV Vbcmcppcgk Kiiceckgt Mchbtcgh Ljrokt Trjgsiarljtcag Vra`ket

VMCJ Vbcmcppcgk Mchbtcgh Cgdustry Jssaecjtcag

VLA pra`ket ljgjhklkgt aiicek

VGU Vbcmcppcgk Gjtcagjm Utjgdjrds

VU praeurklkgt skrvcek

V[LJ lumtc-jhkgt ladkmcgh ai urnjg systkls

JNN^KYCJTCAGU xvcc


20/250

^JI ^jpcd Jssksslkgt Irjlkwaro

^JLNMJU rkhcagjm pmjggcgh ladkm njskd ag lcera-sclumjtcag ai djcmy

jetcvcty trjvkm pjttkrgs

^KM[-T^JG ^khcagjm Mjgd [sk jgd Trjgspart ladkmTG rksaurek-tkebgamahy gktwaro

UKJMU Ueckgtcice Kgvcraglkgtjm jgd Jgjmytcejm Mjnarjtary Ukrvceks

ULJ Uydgky Lktrapamctjg Jrkj

t k EA> taggks ai ejrnag dcaxcdk kqucvjmkgts

T:> imuarksekgt mjlp (ijt tunk typk) ar ::/> cgebks cg dcjlktkr)

T2 imuarksekgt mjlp (smcl tunk typk ar : cgeb cg dcjlktkr)

TDE trjvkm dcspjteb ekgtkr

TKUDJ Tkebgcejm Kduejtcag jgd Uocmms Dkvkmaplkgt Jutbarcty

T^JG[U Cgtkhrjtkd Mjgd [sk jgd Trjgspart ladkm

[CJI [rnjg Cgtkhrjtkd Jssksslkgt Ijecmcty, Tygdjmm Ekgtrk ([gctkd

Ocghdal)

[O [gctkd Ocghdal

[OHNE [gctkd Ocghdal Hrkkg Nucmdcgh Eaugecm

[GIEEE [gctkd Gjtcags Irjlkwaro Eagvkgtcag ag Emcljtk Ebjghk

[GDV [gctkd Gjtcags Dkvkmaplkgt Vrahrjllk

[GKV [gctkd Gjtcags Kgvcraglkgt Vrahrjllk

[G-BJNCTJT [gctkd Gjtcags Buljg Ukttmklkgts Vrahrjl

[rnjgUcl [rnjg Uclumjtcag ladkm

[UKVJ [.U. Kgvcraglkgtjm Vratketcag JhkgeyYJ vamugtjry jhrkklkgts

X wjtt

XN Xarmd Njgo

wbjtCi1 Uekgjrca ladkmcgh jpprajeb dkvkmapkd ny XbjtCi Tkebgamahcks

Cge. (www.wbjtcitkebgamahcks.eal)

J N N ^ K Y CJ T CAG Uxvccc


21/250

:

EBJVTK^ :

Tbk Clpkrjtcvk ai KiiceckgtKgkrhy [sk cg Ectcks0 JgjmytcejmJpprajebks jgd Haad Vrjetceks

Ujghkktj Gjgdc jgd ^jg`jg O. Nask

Jeeardcgh ta eurrkgt kstcljtks, ectcks bausk bjmi ai tbk warmds papumjtcag nut jeeaugt iar

twa-tbcrds ai hmanjm kgkrhy rkqucrklkgts, wctb bchb mkvkms ai jssaecjtkd hrkkgbausk hjs (HBH)

klcsscags. HBH klcsscags iral urnjg kgkrhy cgtkgscty patkgtcjmmy ugdkrlcgk tbk vkry

dkvkmaplkgt praekss tbjt kgkrhy usk jgd urnjgczjtcag ejtjmyzks ny kgbjgecgh tbk mcokmcbaad

ai jgtbrapahkgcejmmy hkgkrjtkd emcljtk rcsos jt j hmanjm sejmk. Tbkrkiark, tbkrk cs j gkkd iar

urnjg ljgjhklkgt jpprajebks ta kgealpjss bamcstce kgkrhy kiiceckgey lkjsurks tbjt

rkeahgczk tbk kgvcraglkgtjm clpmcejtcags ai ejrnag-iukmkd urnjgczjtcag praekssks. Jhjcgsttbk jnavk njeodrap, tbcs ebjptkr pravcdks jg cgtraduetcag ta tbk ebjptkrs cg tbcs vamulk.

Tbk ebjptkrs jrk njskd ag pjpkrs prkskgtkd jt twa KULJV spagsarkd KKEC sksscags durcgh

tbk Xarmd Njgos icitb [rnjg ^kskjreb Uylpascul, kgtctmkd Ectcks jgd Emcljtk Ebjghk0

^kspagdcgh ta jg [rhkgt Jhkgdj. Ejtkharczkd ugdkr twa tbklks, taams jgd jssksslkgt

jpprajebks ag kgkrhy kiiceckgt urnjg dkvkmaplkgt jgd haad prjetceks tbjt pralatk

maw-ejrnag sketar cgtkrvkgtcags, tbky vjrcausmy kxpmark tbrkk urnjg eagtkxts0 tbk iarljtcag

ai gkw ectcks? tbk kxpjgscag ai amd ectcks? jgd tbk rktraicttcgh ai kxcstcgh cgirjstrueturk

systkls jgd kqucplkgt cg ecty sketars. Tbk jgjmytcejm taams jgd pamcey cgschbts dcseusskd

kxtkgd iral cgtkhrjtkd jssksslkgts ai gkw ectcks ta tbk clpjets ai saecakeagalce, emcljtk,

jgd dklahrjpbce ebjghks ag kxcstcgh ectcks, jgd aiikr pamcey rkmkvjgt eagekpts dklagstrjtkd

tbrauhb rkjm-warmd ejsk studcks. Uketar-spkecice cgtkrvkgtcags jrk dkmcnkrjtkd wctb rkhjrd ta

taams tbjt hrkkg nucmdcghs cg Justrjmcj, tbk trjgsiarljtcag ta kiiceckgt mchbtcgh systkls cg

tbk Vbcmcppcgks, jgd dkljgd rkspagscvk trjgspart (D^T) systkls cg Irjgek. Cg jddctcag, tbk

daeulkgtjtcag jgd nkgebljrocgh ai j vjrckty ai maw-ejrnag jgd ejrnag-gkutrjm haad prje-

tceks pravcdk j rjghk ai prjetcejm cgschbts ag pmjuscnmk kgkrhy kiiceckgt cgtkrvkgtcags cg urnjg

sketars.

Ujghkktj Gjgdc, VbD, cs jg Cgdkpkgdkgt Eagsumtjgt wba spkecjmczks cg sustjcgjnmk keagalcedkvkmaplkgt cssuks? ^jg`jg O. Nask, VbD, cs Ukgcar Kgkrhy Upkecjmcst jt tbk Xarmd Njgo.


22/250

KGK^HS CU CGT^CGUCETA [^NJG UKTTMKLKGTU,KLNKDDKD CGTBK N[CMT KGYC AGLKGT,dcrketmy uskd ta pawkr saecakeagalce jetcvcty, trjgspart, jgd eallugcejtcags, jswkmm js ta kgjnmk tbk pravcscag ai lugcecpjm skrvceks. Jeeardcgh ta eurrkgt kstcljtks,

ectcks: bausk jppraxcljtkmy bjmi tbk warmds papumjtcag nut jeeaugt iar twa-tbcrds aihmanjm kgkrhy rkqucrklkgts, wctb bchb mkvkms ai jssaecjtkd hrkkgbausk hjs (HBH)klcsscags. Ct cs cgkvctjnmk tbjt wctb rjpcd urnjg hrawtb, urnjg kgkrhy usk wcmm eag-tcguk ugjnjtkd0 eurrkgt pra`ketcags cgdcejtk tbjt 86 pkrekgt ai tbk warmds papumj-tcag wcmm mcvk cg urnjg jrkjs ny >6;6, wctb tbk last rjpcd urnjgczjtcag aeeurrcgh cgdkvkmapcgh rkhcags (ichurk :.:).>

^kcgiarecgh stjtcstces ag bchb mkvkms ai kgkrhy cgtkgscty cg urnjg jrkjs, tbk Cgtkr-gjtcagjm Kgkrhy Jhkgey (CKJ >662) kstcljtks tbjt hmanjm ecty kgkrhy usk wcmm hrawny :.3 pkrekgt pkr ykjr, iral jppraxcljtkmy 8,366 Ltak (lcmmcag taggks acm kqucv-jmkgt) cg >669 ta :>,584 Ltak cg >656, ealpjrkd ta jg kxpketkd avkrjmm hmanjmhrawtb rjtk ai :.9 pkrekgt cg kgkrhy usk cg tbk sjlk pkrcad. Tbk sunstjgtcvk ramk aiurnjg praekssks js j eagtrcnutcgh ijetar ta hmanjm-emcljtk-tbrkjtkgcgh HBH klcs-scags wjs rkjsskrtkd durcgh j eagsumtjtcvk Vrjetctcagkrs ^augdtjnmk Dcseusscag,5

bkmd Aetankr >:>>, >662, arhjgczkd ny tbk Kgkrhy Uketar Ljgjhklkgt JsscstjgekVrahrjl (KULJV) cg eaapkrjtcag wctb tbk [rnjg Jgebar ai tbk Xarmd Njgo.Dkschgkd js j staeo-tjocgh kxkrecsk, tbk raugdtjnmk eageurrkd tbjt kgkrhy kiiceckgturnjg ljgjhklkgt cs j eark pamcey taam tbjt ejg jebkcvk schgcicejgt kgkrhy sjvcghs.Bawkvkr, tbk sejmk ai cgtkrvkgtcags rkqucrkd iar tbcs pamcey cg dkvkmapcgh eaugtryectcks cs cllkgsk nkejusk ai tbk ealpmkxcty ai tbkcr kgkrhy ebjmmkghk0 tbjt ai

UJGHKKTJ GJGDC JGD ^JG@JG O . NAUK>

ICH[^K :.:

^khcagjm [rnjgczjtcag Trkgds Xarmdwcdk

Uaurek0 [G >662j.Gatk0 [G dkicgctcags ai mkss dkvkmapkd jgd mkjst dkvkmapkd rkhcags. Jscj daks gat cgemudk @jpjg.

6

warmd

Kurapk

,Gartb

Jlkrcej,

Justrjmcj

,Gkw

Pkjmj

gd,

@jpjg

mkss

dkvkmapkd

rkhcag

s

mkjstdkvkma

pkdrk

hcag

s

Jirce

jJscj

:6

>656

46

;6

96

%ai

urnjgpapumjtcag

86

26

36

:66

:3;6 :326 >66; >656 >6;6


23/250

clpmklkgtcgh kgkrhy kiiceckgt urnjg prjetceks wbcmk sclumtjgkausmy kgsurcgh ugcvkr-sjm jeekss ta emkjg, ladkrg iukms iar tbk ugdkrskrvkd urnjg paar. Jebckvcgh tbcs hajmejmms iar eallcttkd jpprajebks iral natb cgdcvcdujm havkrglkgts jgd tbk cgtkrgj-

tcagjm eallugcty, wctb prajetcvk suppart iral tbk hmanjm dkvkmaplkgt eallugcty.Jhjcgst tbcs njeodrap jgd cg rkspagsk ta tbk eruecjm ramk ai urnjg kgkrhy kiic-

eckgey iar kgvcraglkgtjmmy sustjcgjnmk jgd cgemuscvk dkvkmaplkgt praekssks, KULJVmjugebkd tbk Kgkrhy Kiiceckgt Ectcks Cgctcjtcvk (KKEC) ta ijecmctjtk tbk clpmklkgtj-tcag ai prjetcejm kgkrhy samutcags tbjt lkkt tbk dkvkmaplkgt prcarctcks ai ectcks jgdsclumtjgkausmy nucmd tbkcr emcljtk rkscmckgek. Kgkrhy kiiceckgey tbrauhb rktraicttcghkxcstcgh urnjg systkls cs j eruecjm taam ta jebckvk tbcs hajm. Cgvkstlkgts ta rkduekmagh-tkrl kgkrhy usk tbrauhb kgkrhy kiiceckgt jpprajebks mawkrs ectcks hkgkrjtcagai HBH klcsscags wctbaut jiiketcgh tbk sejmk ai urnjg jetcvcty jgd kgbjgeks kgkrhyskeurcty ny mawkrcgh dkpkgdkgek ag clpartkd iukms. Jmsa, mawkr kgkrhy easts irkk uprksaureks tbjt ejg clpravk ar kxtkgd ecty skrvceks, cg jddctcag ta patkgtcjmmy yckmdcghmaejm ea-nkgkicts sueb js `an erkjtcag tbrauhb bchbkr maejm cgvkstlkgts jgdclpravkd jcr qujmcty.

^kskjrebcgh Kgkrhy Kiiceckgt [rnjg Uamutcags0Icitb [rnjg ^kskjreb UylpasculKULJV pjrtcecpjtkd cg tbk Xarmd Njgos icitb [rnjg ^kskjreb Uylpascul, Ectcksjgd Emcljtk Ebjghk0 ^kspagdcgh ta jg [rhkgt Jhkgdj, bkmd cg Ljrskcmmk, Irjgek,

@ugk >256, >663. Jt tbk sylpascul, KULJV spagsarkd twa sksscags, arhjgczkd nytbk KKEC, tctmkd Taams jgd Jssksslkgt Jpprajebks jgd Haad Vrjetceks iar kgkrhykiiceckgt ectcks. Tbcs wjs cg eagsagjgek wctb KULJVs avkrjmm an`ketcvk ta ljcg-strkjl jgd mkvkrjhk ogawmkdhk jgd cgtkrvkgtcags rkmjtkd ta urnjg kgkrhy kiiceckgeytbrauhb KKEC. Tbus, tbk tbklks jt tbk sylpascul kxpmarkd kgkrhy kiiceckgt prje-tceks cg tbrkk urnjg eagtkxts0

Tbk iarljtcag ai gkw ectcks.

Tbk kxpjgscag ai amd ectcks.

Tbk rktraicttcgh ai kxcstcgh cgirjstrueturk systkls jgd kqucplkgt cg ecty sketars.Tbk dkvkmaplkgt ai jgjmytcejm jssksslkgt jpprajebks jgd taams ag urnjg kgkrhy

cgtkrvkgtcags cg dciikrkgt urnjg skttcghs cs cgtkgdkd ta jebckvk j nkttkr ugdkrstjgd-cgh ai tbk vjrcaus mcgojhks rkmjtkd ta urnjg kgkrhy usk. Tbcs cg turg wcmm pravcdkmkvkrjhk pacgts iar kgkrhy kiiceckgey cgtkrvkgtcags jgd wcmm nk jnmy ealpmklkgtkdny KKEC autrkjeb ag haad prjetceks wctb rkspket ta kgkrhy kiiceckgey cg urnjg jrkjs.Tbk avkrjmm an`ketcvk cs ta systkljtcejmmy nrcdhk tbk ogawmkdhk hjp ag kgkrhykiiceckgt urnjg samutcags nktwkkg dciikrkgt eaugtry hraups. Cg dkvkmapcgh eaugtrcksspkecicejmmy, djtj cgjdkqujecks aitkg eagstrjcg rcharaus qujgtctjtcvk jgjmyscs ai tbkkgkrhy clpmcejtcags ai urnjgczjtcag, kctbkr njskd ag pjst kxpkrckgeks ar wctb rkspketta iuturk pra`ketcags. Last ai tbk mctkrjturk cg tbcs rkhjrd archcgjtks cg dkvkmapkd

TBK CLVK^JTCYK AI KIICECKGT KGK^HS [UK CG ECTCKU 5


24/250

eaugtrcks jgd cs njskd ag dkvkmapkd eaugtry klpcrces. Tbcs rkskjreb aitkg rjcsksclpartjgt eagekptujm cssuks jgd samutcags tbjt sbaumd nk kxpmarkd iar tbkcr sejmjncm-cty jgd jdjptjncmcty cg tbk dkvkmapcgh eaugtry eagtkxt. Tbkrkiark, ct cs clpartjgt ta

dcseuss tbksk studcks ta kgeaurjhk ogawmkdhk dcssklcgjtcag jgd ejtjmyzk tbkcr wcdk-sprkjd usk cg dkecscag suppart systkls.

Tbcs vamulk cs njskd ag skvkg tapcejm pjpkrs prkskgtkd jt tbk KKEC sksscags dur-cgh tbk icitb [rnjg ^kskjreb Uylpascul. Ebjptkrs >2 ealprcsk tbk pjpkrs prk-skgtkd jt tbk twa sksscags, Taams jgd Jssksslkgt Jpprajebks, jgd Haad Vrjetceks.Ebjptkr 3 eagscdkrs tbk rajd jbkjd iar KULJV cg cts eagtcgukd suppart ai kgkrhykiiceckgey cgctcjtcvks cg dkvkmapcgh eaugtry ectcks. Tbcs ebjptkr pravcdks avkrvckws aitbk pjpkrs prkskgtkd jt tbk sylpascul wctb rkspket ta taams jgd jssksslkgts iarkgkrhy kiiceckgt ectcks jgd tbk nkgebljrocgh ai urnjg kgkrhy kiiceckgt haad prjetceks.Tbk avkrvckws jrk prkskgtkd jhjcgst j eagtkxtujm njeohraugd ag tbk cgtkrrkmjtkdjssaecjtcags nktwkkg kgkrhy, saecakeagalce prahrkss, jgd urnjgczjtcag, jgd tbk ebjp-tkr eagemudks ny dkmvcgh cgta tbk kgkrhy clpkrjtcvks ai dkvkmapcgh eaugtrcks, wbcebjrk tbk iaeus ai KULJV-spagsarkd cgtkrvkgtcags ugdkr KKEC.

Tbk Njeohraugd ag Kgkrhy [sk, UaecakeagalceVrahrkss, jgd [rnjgczjtcagTwa jhhrkhjtk jssaecjtcags jssulk clpartjgek iral tbk buljg dkvkmaplkgt pkr-

spketcvk cg tbk eagtkxt ai cgerkjscgh mkvkms ai natb urnjg kgkrhy cgtkgscty jgd urnjgpapumjtcag. Tbksk jrk (:) tbk erasseuttcgh, ejtjmytce ramk pmjykd ny kgkrhy skrvceks cgjttjcgcgh saecjm jgd keagalce dkvkmaplkgt an`ketcvks, wbceb bjs nkkg wcdkmy dae-ulkgtkd (iar kxjplmk, DICD >66>? Xarmd Njgo jgd [GDV >66;), jgd (>) tbk pas-ctcvk rkmjtcagsbcp nktwkkg urnjgczjtcag, j ljgcikstmy kgkrhy-cgtkgscvk praekss, jgdbuljg dkvkmaplkgt (nax :.:). Bawkvkr, HBH klcsscags iral urnjg kgkrhy cgtkg-scty patkgtcjmmy ugdkrlcgk tbk vkry dkvkmaplkgt praekss tbjt kgkrhy usk jgd urnjg-czjtcag ejtjmyzk ny kgbjgecgh tbk mcokmcbaad ai jgtbrapahkgcejmmy hkgkrjtkd emcljtkrcsos jt j hmanjm sejmk. Ectcks tbklskmvks jrk cgbkrkgtmy vumgkrjnmk ta tbk rcsos jssaec-jtkd wctb ebjghcgh emcljtk, hcvkg tbkcr bchb papumjtcag dkgsctcks, kxtkgscvk pbyscejm

jgd icgjgecjm jsskts, jgd eagekgtrjtkd kgtrkprkgkurcjm jetcvcty wctbcg j rkmjtcvkmy mcl-ctkd hkahrjpbcejm jrkj. Js tjnmk :.: sbaws, tbk dkgscty ai papumjtcag cg urnjg jrkjs cslueb bchbkr tbjg jvkrjhk gjtcagjm mkvkms? tbcs cs lark pragaugekd cg dkvkmapcghrkhcags. Jmsa, js ectcks hraw, dcsjstkr rcsos kljgjtcgh iral natb gjturjm jgd ljgljdkejusks aitkg cgerkjsk tbrauhb tbk rcscgh ealpmkxcty jgd cgtkrdkpkgdkgek ai urnjgcgirjstrueturk jgd skrvceks, hrkjtkr papumjtcag dkgscty, jgd cgerkjskd rksaurek eag-ekgtrjtcag ([G-Bjnctjt >668).

Tbk Cgtkrhavkrglkgtjm Vjgkm ag Emcljtk Ebjghk (CVEE >668) kstcljtks ai tbksbjrk ai dciikrkgt sketars cg tatjm jgtbrapahkgce HBH klcsscags, spkecicejmmy ejrnagdcaxcdk, bchbmchbt tbk ljhgctudk ai emcljtk clpjets dcrketmy ar cgdcrketmy kljgjt-cgh iral urnjg jrkjs. Tbk kstcljtks iar >664 emkjrmy sbaw tbjt urnjg-dalcgjtkdsketars mcok cgdustry, nucmdcghs, jgd trjgspart eagtrcnutk schgcicejgtmy ta HBH

UJGHKKTJ GJGDC JGD ^JG@JG O . NAUK4


25/250

TBK CLVK^JTCYK AI KIICECKGT KGK^HS [UK CG ECTCKU ;

Nax :.:

[rnjgczjtcag jgd Buljg Dkvkmaplkgt Jttjcglkgts0

J Vasctcvk JssaecjtcagNax ichurk N:.:j pmats tbk rkmjtcagsbcp nktwkkg tbk Buljg Dkvkmaplkgt Cgdkx

(BDC), j ealpasctk cgdkx tbjt lkjsurks tbk jvkrjhk jebckvklkgts cg j eaugtry

wctb rkspket ta tbrkk njsce dclkgscags ai buljg dkvkmaplkgtbkjmtb, jeekss ta

ogawmkdhk, jgd pkr ejpctj cgealk (iar kxjlpmk, [GDV >663)jgd tbk pkrekgtjhk

sbjrk ai urnjg papumjtcag cg :>6 eaugtrcks. Tbksk eaugtrcks rjghk jerass tbk

spketrul ai buljg dkvkmaplkgt jttjcglkgts, iral vkry bchb ta maw, js dkicgkd

ny tbk [gctkd Gjtcags Dkvkmaplkgt Vrahrjllk ([GDV). Cgdkx vjmuks cg tbk djtjskt

jeeardcghmy rjghk iral 6.392 iar Garwjy ta 6.586 iar Dklaerjtce ^kpunmce ai

Eagha. J sclcmjr kxkrecsk bjs jmsa nkkg ugdkrtjokg wctb rkspket ta tbk jhhrkhjtk

rkmjtcagsbcp nktwkkg pkr ejpctj cgealk mkvkm, rkprkskgtkd ny HDV pkr ejpctj cgeagstjgt >666 [.U. dammjrs, jgd urnjg papumjtcag sbjrk cg tbk sjlk :>6 eaugtrcks

iar wbceb djtj wkrk jvjcmjnmk (ichurk N:.:n). Ct cs kxtrklkmy schgcicejgt tbjt tbk

earrkmjtcag eakiiceckgt nktwkkg buljg dkvkmaplkgt jgd urnjgczjtcag, 6.8:, cs

straghkr tbjg tbjt nktwkkg pkr ejpctj cgealk mkvkm jgd urnjg papumjtcag sbjrk,

ejmeumjtkd ta nk 6.;8? tbcs cs jppjrkgt cg tbk gjturk ai tbk emustkrs cg ichurks N:.:j

jgd N:.:n. Tbk rksumts antjcgkd iral tbcs sclpmk kxkrecsk jppkjr ta rkimket

tbk erctcejm clpartjgek ai urnjgczjtcag js j dkvkmaplkgt pjtbwjy0 jmaghscdk

cgealk-hkgkrjtcgh keagalce appartugctcks, urnjgczjtcag ljoks jvjcmjnmk, wctbcg

j eagekgtrjtkd spjtcjm jrkj, njsce saecakeagalce jlkgctcks tbjt jrk vctjm ta tbk

nucmd-up ai buljg ejpctjm jgd iuturk praduetcvk ejpjecty. Vraxclcty ta njsce pra-

vcscags kgjnmks jeekss, kspkecjmmy iar tbk paar, jgd kxcstcgh djtjskts rkimket tbcs

ta jg kxtkgt cg tbkcr ealpcmjtcags, wbceb sbaw bchbkr mkvkms ai jeekss ta sjik

wjtkr jgd sjgctjtcag ijecmctcks cg urnjg jrkjs ealpjrkd ta rurjm jrkjs cg tbk

dkvkmapcgh warmd.

ICH[^K N:.:j

Xarmd [rnjg Vapumjtcag Ubjrk jgd BDC Yjmuk, >66;

Uaurek0 [rnjg papumjtcag sbjrk0 [G >662j? BDC0 [GDV >663.

:.>

:.6

6.2

6.9

BDCvjmuk

6.4

6.>

66 >6 46 96

warmd urnjg papumjtcag (%)

26 :66 :>6

(eagtcgukd)


26/250

klcsscags? tbcs cs cg jddctcag ta tbk praekss ai suppmycgh kgkrhy ctskmi, dkiarkstjtcag,jhrceumturk, jgd tbk pravcscag ai wjtkr jgd wjstkwjtkr skrvceks (ichurk :.>).Xbcmkdcsjhhrkhjtkd sketar-spkecice ar klcsscag-spkecice djtj jrk gat jvjcmjnmk ag HBHklcsscags iral urnjg systkls, CKJ (>662) kstcljtks rkvkjm tbjt lark tbjg 86 pkr-ekgt ai hmanjm HBH klcsscags cs eurrkgtmy hkgkrjtkd cg urnjg ekgtkrs (nax :.>).

Kgvcraglkgtjm strkssks archcgjtcgh iral tbk eagscdkrjnmk hkgkrjtcag ai HBHs cgectcks jrk ai twa typks0 maejmczkd jcr pammutcag tbjt clpjets buljg bkjmtb jgd pra-duetcvcty mkvkms jgd magh-tkrl hmanjm emcljtk clpjets. Tbk pkrvjdcgh kxcstkgek aiurnjg pavkrty cg dkvkmapcgh eaugtrcks cg Jscj jgd Jircej, wbkrk last rjpcd urnjghrawtb cs pra`ketkd, clpmcks tbjt mjrhk skhlkgts ai tbk papumjtcag bjvk maw eapcghejpjectcks wctb rkhjrd ta tbk ugekrtjcgtcks ai hmanjm emcljtk ebjghk. Tbkrkiark, ct cs


ICH[^K N:.:n

Xarmd [rnjg Vapumjtcag Ubjrk jgd HDV pkr Ejpctj, >66;

Uaurek0 [rnjg papumjtcag sbjrk0 [G >662j? HDV pkr ejpctj0 Xarmd Njgo >663.

5;,666

56,666

46,666

>;,666

>6,666

:;,666

:6,666

:6,666

;,666

;,666

HDVpkrejpctj

6

6 >6:6 56 46 96;6

warmd urnjg papumjtcag (%)

86 26 36 :66

Nax :.: (eagtcgukd)

TJNMK :.:

Xarmd Vapumjtcag Dkgscty Mkvkms, >66;

Xarmd rkhcag

Jvkrjhk papumjtcagdkgscty

(papumjtcag pkr ol>)

[rnjg papumjtcagdkgscty

(papumjtcag pkr ol>

ai urnjg kxtkgt)

Lark dkvkmapkd rkhcags >5 42>

Mkss dkvkmapkd rkhcags 94 :,52:

Mkjst dkvkmapkd rkhcags 58 >,;49

Uaureks0 Jvkrjhk papumjtcag dkgscty0 [G >663? [rnjg papumjtcag dkgscty0 [G >662n.


27/250


ICH[^K :.>

Ubjrk ai Dciikrkgt Uketars cg Jgtbrapahkgce HBH KlcsscagsXarmdwcdk, >664

Uaurek0 CVEE >668.

iarkstry cgemudcghdkiarkstjtcag

:8%

jhrceumturk:4%

cgdustry:3%

trjgspart:5%

kgkrhy suppmy>9%

wjstk jgdwjstkwjtkr

5%

rkscdkgtcjm jgdeallkrecjmnucmdcghs

2%

Nax :.>

[rnjg Kgkrhy [sk jgd Jssaecjtkd HBH Klcsscags

Ectcks eagsulkd jnaut twa-tbcrds ai tbk warmds kgkrhy uskjg kstcljtkd 8,366

Ltakcg >669 jgd jeeaugtkd iar 8:% ai hmanjm HBH klcsscags, wbcmk rkprkskgtcgh

agmy bjmi tbk warmds papumjtcag.

Ny >656, ectcks jrk pra`ketkd ta jeeaugt iar jppraxcljtkmy 85% ai hmanjm kgkrhy

dkljgd, 89% ai hmanjm HBH klcsscags, jgd 96% ai tbk tatjm hmanjm papumjtcag

kqucvjmkgt ta tbk tatjm hmanjm papumjtcag cg :329.

Jppraxcljtkmy 2:% ai tbk kstcljtkd cgerkjsk cg kgkrhy usk cg ectcks nktwkkg

>669 jgd >656 bjs nkkg pra`ketkd ta dkrcvk iral gag-AKED (Arhjgcsjtcag iar

Keagalce Ea-apkrjtcag jgd Dkvkmaplkgt) eaugtrcks.

Uaurek0 CKJ >662.

cgerkjscghmy clpartjgt ta dkvkmaplkgt tbjt urnjg kgkrhy ljgjhklkgt jpprajebkssbcit nkyagd kgsurcgh eagtcgukd jeekss ta kgkrhy saureks ta kgealpjss bamcstcekgkrhy kiiceckgey lkjsurks tbjt rkeahgczk tbk kgvcraglkgtjm clpmcejtcags ai ejrnag-iukmkd urnjgczjtcag praekssks.


28/250

Taams jgd Jssksslkgt Jpprajebks iar KgkrhyKiiceckgt Ectcks

Twa nrajd ejtkharcks ai jgjmytcejm jpprajebks ta cdkgtciy jgd prcarctczk kgkrhy kiic-eckgey jgd HBH-rkduecgh cgtkrvkgtcags cg urnjg jrkjs jrk (:) cgtkhrjtkd pmjtiarlstbjt kxjlcgk systklwcdk vjrcjnmks ta antjcg j emkjr ugdkrstjgdcgh ai tbk lumtcpmkdclkgscags jgd cgtkrmcgojhks tbjt drcvk ecty lktjnamcsl jgd dktkrlcgk urnjg kgkrhyusk pjttkrgs? jgd (>) sketarwcsk kgkrhy kiiceckgey cgtkrvkgtcag strjtkhcks. Tbk cgtkr-vkgtcag jpprajebks jdaptkd ljy ealprcsk natb tklparjm jgd spjtcjm sejmks ai jgjmy-scs tbjt ijetar cg tbk cgbkrkgt keagalce jgd dklahrjpbce dygjlces tbjt ebjrjetkrczkurnjg systklscg tbkcr kgtcrkty jgd wctb rkspket ta spkecice sketars. Tbksk strjtkhcksjrk dcseusskd nkmaw wctb rkikrkgek ta tbk pjpkrs prkskgtkd jt KULJVs icitb [rnjg^kskjreb Uylpascul. Tbk pjpkrs iaeus ag natb cgtkhrjtkd, systklwcdk jssksslkgtsai gkw ectcks jgd kxpjgdcgh ectcks jgd sketar-spkecice kgkrhy kiiceckgey rktraicts.

Gkw Ecty Taams0 Maw Ejrnag Vjtbwjys

Tbk kgkrhy cgtkgscty jgd jssaecjtkd HBH klcsscags mkvkms ai eark urnjg iugetcagstbk pravcscag ai saecakeagalce appartugctcks, lancmcty, jgd sbkmtkrjrk mjrhkmyclpjetkd ny tbk urnjg iarl, tbjt cs, tbk pbyscejm mjyaut jgd dkschg ai tbk ecty, jgd tbkkeagalce strueturk ai praduetcvk jetcvctcks wctbcg tbk ecty. Ct cs hkgkrjmmy jeekptkdtbjt ealpjet urnjg iarls jrk lark kgkrhy kiiceckgt ealpjrkd ta kxtkgdkd urnjg

sprjwm, jmtbauhb skvkrjm ijetars dktkrlcgk tbcs, cgemudcgh tbk qujmcty jgd usk ai pun-mce trjgspart systkls jgd mkvkms ai eaghkstcag cg tbk ecty mjyaut. Tbk klkrhcgh eag-ekpt ai kea-ectcksdkschgkd ta nk maw ejrnag ar ejrnag gkutrjm jgd ta mclct wjstkhkgkrjtcag ta tbk kxtkgt passcnmk (nax :.5)prkskgts ecty pmjggkrs wctb j ugcquk


Nax :.5

Ljsdjr0 J Vmjggkd Acm-Irkk Kea-Ecty cg Jnu Dbjnc, jg Acm-^cebUbkcobdal

Tbk ecty ai Ljsdjr cg Jnu Dbjnc, ugdkr eagstruetcag scgek >669, cs nkcgh dkschgkd ta

nk acm irkk. Uuntkrrjgkjg kmketrce ejrsdunnkd Vkrsagjmczkd ^jpcd Trjgsctwcmm ikrry

pjsskghkrs iral pacgt ta pacgt, jgd samjr pawkr pmjgts wcmm pravcdk kmketrcecty iar

mchbtcgh jgd jcr eagdctcagcgh jgd iar dksjmcgjtcgh aekjg wjtkr. Xcgd ijrls wcmm eag-

trcnutk ta tbk ectys kgkrhy rkqucrklkgts, jmagh wctb kiiarts ta tjp hkatbkrljm kgkrhy

nurckd dkkp nkgkjtb tbk kjrtb. Tbkrk jrk jmsa pmjgs ta nucmd j pmjgt tbjt wcmm praduek

bydrahkg js wkmm js iukm iral rkscdkgts skwjhk cg tbk lugcecpjmcty, wbceb umtcljtkmy

wcmm jcl ta nk zkra ejrnag jgd zkra wjstk. Vkrbjps last clpartjgt iar tbk dkskrt ecty,

jmm wjtkr wcmm nk rkeyemkd? kvkg rkscdkgts wjstkwjtkr wcmm nk uskd ta hraw eraps cg

kgemaskd, skmi-sustjcgcgh ijrls tbjt wcmm iurtbkr rkeyemk tbkcr awg wjtkr.

Uaurek0 Nckmma >662.


29/250

appartugcty ta usk wkmm-ejmcnrjtkd jgjmytcejm jpprajebks tbjt lcgclczk tbk ejrnagiaatprcgt ai pmjggkd ectcks.

Cg tbk jnavk eagtkxt, ebjptkr >, UygEcty0 Jg Cgtkhrjtkd Taam Oct iar [rnjg

Kgkrhy Uystkls Ladkmcghnjskd ag tbk pjpkr prkskgtkd cg tbk icrst KKEC sksscagag Taams jgd Jssksslkgt Lktbads jt tbk sylpasculpravcdks j ugcquk lktbadta kvjmujtk bamcstce urnjg kgkrhy strjtkhcks iral tbk kjrmy ljstkr pmjggcgh stjhk iargkw ectcks tbrauhb ta jssksscgh tbk clpjets ai spkecice kgkrhy suppmy strjtkhcks. Ukko-cgh ta pravcdk j tklparjmmy jgd spjtcjmmy dcvkrsk rkprkskgtjtcag ai urnjg kgkrhyusk, nut wctbcg j hkgkrjmczkd irjlkwaro, tbk sygtbktce ecty (UygEcty) taam octladkm-strueturk nkhcgs wctb tbk pmjggcgh jgd mjyaut ai j gkw ecty, cgearparjtcgh tbksaecakeagalce strueturk ai tbk ecty jgd cts jetcvctcks jgd tbk ebacek ai kgkrhy ejrrc-krs jgd tkebgamahcks uskd ta lkkt tbksk dkljgds. Jt tbk bkjrt ai tbk ladkm jrk tbrkksunladkms, kjeb dkschgkd ta bjgdmk j spkecice pjrt ai tbk urnjg kgkrhy systkljgjmyscs0 (:) j mjyaut ladkm tbjt skkos ta aptclczk tbk spjtcjm pmjg ai tbk ecty? (>) jgjhkgt-jetcvcty ladkm tbjt cgearparjtks ectczkg nkbjvcar jgd hkgkrjtks dkljgd iarrksaureks, sueb js kmketrcecty, bkjt, ar trjgspart iukm, jgd erkjtks rksaurek suppmcks?jgd (5) j rksaurek-tkebgamahy gktwaro aptclczjtcag ladkm tbjt skkos ta dkschg tbkavkrjmm kgkrhy-suppmy strjtkhy iar tbk ecty. Cg jddctcag, tbk UygEcty ladkm eal-prcsks j djtjnjsk ta dksercnk jgd stark rksaureks, praekssks, jgd tkebgamahcks, js wkmmjs j saitwjrk prahrjl ta jssklnmk tbk ladkm jgd eaardcgjtk ruggcgh ct.

Tbk ebjptkr cgemudks jg jgjmyscs ai tbk ladkms jppmcejtcag ta tbk praspketcvkdkvkmaplkgt ai j gkw [O kea-tawg. Bawkvkr, tbk ladkm bjs nkkg dkschgkd ta nk

imkxcnmk iar usk cg kxcstcgh ecty eagtkxts sun`ket ta j dktjcmkd mcst ai jdjptjtcags jgdejvkjts. Jg clpartjgt cgschbt nrauhbt aut ny tbk jppmcejtcag ai tbk ladkm ta jpraspketcvk [O kea-tawg cs cg rkhjrd ta j pamcey eagstrjcgt ag urnjg dkgscty,nrauhbt jnaut ny rkqucrklkgts ta bjvk jdkqujtk hrkkg spjeks tbjt pravcdk natbjlkgcty jgd keasystkl skrvceks cg urnjg ekgtkrs. Cg tbcs eagtkxt, tbk jppmcejtcag aitbk ladkm ta j dkvkmapcgh eaugtry ecty waumd kgjnmk j nkttkr ugdkrstjgdcgh ai tbkgjturk jgd clpjets ai saecakeagalce jgd pamcey eagstrjcgts spkecice ta ct ag kiiartsta aptclczk systklwcdk kiiceckgt kgkrhy usk.Tbcs cg turg waumd yckmd vjmujnmk mkvkr-jhk pacgts iar cgtkhrjtkd kgkrhy kiiceckgey pamcey cgctcjtcvks cg tbk ecty.Tbk jutbarssulljrczk tbrkk lj`ar pamcey usks ai tbk ladkm, wbceb cs stcmm jt tbk pratatypk stjhk0

(:) j sclpmcickd vkrscag ai tbk taam oct eaumd nk uskd ta rjpcdmy jsskss tbk lj`ar trjdk-aiis wctbcg urnjg kgkrhy systkls? (>) tbk aptclczjtcag ladkm eaumd nk uskd takxpmark tbk mclcts ai maw-kgkrhy urnjg dkschg, iar kxjlpmk, tbask paskd ny pamceyeagstrjcgts ag tbk dkgscty ai rkscdkgtcjm nucmdcghs? jgd (5) tbk ugdkrmycgh djtjnjsk aiurnjg kgkrhy rksaureks jgd tkebgamahcks aiikrs j uskium rkikrkgek taam.

Kxpjgdcgh Ecty Gkkds0 Kiiceckgt Kgkrhy [sk ta Mclct

HBH Klcsscags

Ectcks kxpjgd ta jeealladjtk hrawcgh keagalce jetcvcty jgd papumjtcag. Aitkgecty kxpjgscag cs jg arhjgce praekss, j iugetcag ai keagalce stclumc tbjt jttrjet



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mjrhk gulnkrs ai pkapmk, js wkmm js gjturjm cgerkjsks cg tbk urnjg papumjtcag (tbjtcs, cgerkjsks cg tbk gjtcvk-narg papumjtcag duk ta bchbkr ncrtb rjtks, mawkr dkjtbrjtks, ar natb). Tbcs pjttkrg cs last ebjrjetkrcstce ai urnjg hrawtb cg dkvkmapkd

eaugtrcks, wbkrk pbyscejm ecty kxpjgscag typcejmmy mkjds ta tbk cgearparjtcag aisunurnjg paeokts eaggketkd ta keagalce sketars tbrauhb trjgspart gktwaros. Cgljgy dkvkmapcgh eaugtry ectcks, ag tbk atbkr bjgd, rurjm bjrdsbcps jrk rkspagsc-nmk iar j mjrhk prapartcag ai urnjg papumjtcag hrawtb, jmtbauhb ljgy lchrjgtsiral rurjm jrkjs da gat bjvk tbk socmm skts ar tbk keagalce jncmcty ta cgtkhrjtk cgtatbk kstjnmcsbkd urnjg ljcgstrkjl (Xjtsag >663). Ljgy skttmk cg cgiarljm smulsjgd squjttkr skttmklkgts wctbcg tbk ecty, js wkmm js cg jrkjs pkrcpbkrjm ta tbk ectymclcts, jmsa ogawg js pkrc-unjg jrkjs. Vkrc-urnjg jrkjs jrk sctujtkd nktwkkg eag-samcdjtkd urnjg rkhcags jgd tbk jhrjrcjg eaugtryscdk jgd, js gatkd ny Ujttkrtbwjctk(>668), Tarrks (>662), jgd atbkrs, jmsa bast lcddmk- jgd uppkr-cgealk rkscdkgts cgjddctcag ta maw-cgealk bauskbamds. Bawkvkr, cg dkvkmapcgh eaugtrcks, tbkskpkrc-urnjg jrkjs tkgd ta nk cgjdkqujtkmy skrvcekd ny lugcecpjm pravcscags, ta bjvkpaar urnjg cgirjstrueturk, ta nk ebjrjetkrczkd ny lcxkd mjgd-usk pjttkrgs, jgd taijmm cg j hrjy jrkj cg tbk pamcey eagtkxt (Tarrks >662), jmtbauhb cg tclk tbky ljycgtkhrjtk wctb tbk iarljm ecty tbky jd`acg. Ct cs gjturjm tbjt jssksslkgts ai tbkkgkrhy rkqucrklkgts ai tbksk twa dcstcget typks ai urnjg kxpjgscag, sunurnjg jgdpkrc-urnjg, wcmm nk dktkrlcgkd ny spjtcjm ikjturks? rkscdkgtcjm, trjgspart, jgd atbkrsketar rkqucrklkgts? jgd saecakeagalce jgd dklahrjpbce jspkets tbjt jrk typcejmta tbkl. Tbk jgjmytcejm jpprajebks jdaptkd waumd gkekssjrcmy dciikr taa, natb

lktbadamahcejmmy jgddkpkgdcgh ag tbk urnjg rkmjtcagsbcps jgd spjtcjm jgdtklparjm eagscdkrjtcagscg tbk pkrspketcvks tbjt jrk nkcgh studckd.Cg tbk dkvkmapkd eaugtry eagtkxt, twa cgtkhrjtkd ecty-sejmk jssksslkgt

jpprajebks wkrk prkskgtkd cg KKECs icrst sksscag ag Taams jgd JssksslkgtJpprajebks jt tbk sylpascul. Agk pjpkr jgjmyzkd tbk clpjets ai urnjg mjgd-uskpmjggcgh pamcey ag rkscdkgtcjm kgkrhy jgd trjgspart rkqucrklkgts jgd HBH klcs-scags, jgd tbk atbkr jssksskd emcljtk clpjets jr cscgh iral ebjghks cg urnjg dklah-rjpby, keagaly, mjgd usk, cgirjstrueturk, jgd tbkcr cgtkrjetcags. Natb jgjmytcejm taamswkrk dkvkmapkd ta cgiarl sustjcgjnmk urnjg pamcey eagstruetcag cg twa mjrhk ectcks,Magdag jgd Uydgky, wbceb jrk clpartjgt buns ai saecakeagalce jetcvcty, eagtcg-

ujmmy jttrjetcgh gkw rkscdkgts. Tbus, tbky aiikr pamcey-rkmkvjgt eagekptujm taams tbjtpatkgtcjmmy jdjpt ta tbk jgjmyscs ai dciikrkgt ecty eagtkxts, jmnkct sun`ket ta tbkjvjcmjncmcty ai tbk rkqucrkd djtjskts. Tbksk jgjmytcejm jpprajebks jrk nrckimydksercnkd js iammaws.

Ecty-Uejmk Cgtkhrjtkd Jssksslkgt ai Emcljtk Clpjets, Jdjptjtcag,jgd LctchjtcagEbjptkr 5, j Ecty-Uejmk Cgtkhrjtkd Jssksslkgt ai Emcljtk Clpjets, Jdjptjtcag, jgdLctchjtcag, dcseussks tbk ladkm [rnjg Cgtkhrjtkd Jssksslkgt Ijecmcty ([CJI) nkcghdkvkmapkd ny tbk Tygdjmm Ekgtrk iar Emcljtk Ebjghk ^kskjreb, [O. Tbk an`ketcvk aitbk ladkm cs ta jgjmyzk magh-tkrl ebjghk praekssks cg ectcks jgd baw emcljtk-rkmjtkddrcvkrs cgtkrpmjy wctb dklahrjpbce jgd saecakeagalce drcvkrs avkr tclksejmks ai up

UJGHKKTJ GJGDC JGD ^JG@JG O . NAUK:6


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ta :66 ykjrs cgta tbk iuturk. Tbk ebjptkr dcseussks tbk jppmcejtcag ai tbk ladkm taMagdag, [CJIs rkskjreb iaeus, jgd cts usk js jg jgjmyscs taam ta dkvkmap kgkrhy pam-cey aptcags iar tbk ecty. Tbk jpprajeb cs j qujgtcickd sekgjrca jgjmyscs0 j gulnkr ai

ladumks sclumjtk dklahrjpbce jgd saecakeagalce ebjghks jgd tbkcr earrkspagdcghkiikets ag mjgd usk pjttkrgs, emcljtk, jgd HBH klcsscags avkr tbk eaursk ai tbktwkgty-icrst ekgtury.Tbk sekgjrcas antjcgkd pravcdk tbk njscs iar kxjlcgcgh tbk kiiketai jdjptjtcag jgd lctchjtcag dkecscags jt tbk sejmk ai wbamk urnjg systkls, wctb pjr-tceumjr klpbjscs ag dkecscags tbjt wcmm bjvk magh-tkrl kiikets. Tbk kxtkgdkd tclksejmkai tbk jgjmyscs eacgecdks wctb tbk typcejm tclkirjlk iar jssksslkgt ai emcljtk ebjghkpamcey jgd cs jmsa latcvjtkd ny tbk magh mcik ai cgirjstrueturk systkls jgd tbk kxtkgdkdmkhjey ai pmjggcgh dkecscags.

Tbk ladkm jssklnmks magh-tkrl pra`ketcags ai dklahrjpby, keagaly, mjgd usk,emcljtk clpjets, jgd HBH klcsscags wctbcg j eabkrkgt jssksslkgt irjlkwaro, jgd ctjmmaws tbk jgjmyscs ai lctchjtcag jgd jdjptjtcag strjtkhcks jt j systkls sejmk. Ct tbuspravcdks tbk imkxcncmcty ta tkst j wcdk rjghk ai lctchjtcag jgd jdjptjtcag pamcecks tbjtcgearparjtk mjgd-usk pmjggcgh, ladcicejtcags ta trjgspart systkls, ebjghcgh kgkrhytkebgamahcks, jgd lkjsurks ta rkduek emcljtk rcsos. Uchgcicejgtmy, tbk klcsscagsjeeaugtcgh taam cg tbk ladkm ejg nk uskd ta tkst tbk patkgtcjm kiiketcvkgkss ai kgkrhykiiceckgey lkjsurks jt vjrycgh mkvkms ai uptjok. Cg hkgkrjm, tbk jssksslkgt jpprajebjdaptkd sbaws tbjt ct cs natb passcnmk jgd cgiarljtcvk ta maao jt ectcks cg jg cgtk-hrjtkd jgd qujgtcickd ljggkr avkr lumtcpmk dkejdks.

Cgtkhrjtkd [rnjg Ladkms ta ^kspagd ta Emcljtk Ebjghk cg Ectcks[scgh djtj iar Uydgky, Justrjmcj, js j ejsk study, ebjptkr 4, [scgh jg CgtkhrjtkdJssksslkgt Ladkm iar [rnjg Dkvkmaplkgt ta ^kspagd ta Emcljtk Ebjghk cgEctcks, iaeusks ag rkscdkgtcjm, cg-bausk kgkrhy jgd trjgspart dkljgds, aiikrcgh jvcsujm suppart taam ta kxjlcgk baw mjgd usk pmjggcgh jiikets tbksk dkljgds jgdtbk jssaecjtkd mkvkms ai HBH klcsscags. Tbk eark ai tbk ladkm dcvcdks tbk urnjgrkhcag cgta skpjrjtk sunrkhcags njskd ag rkscdkgtcjm maejtcag ebacek ny bauskbamdtypk? rkscdkgtcjm maejtcag ebacek cs ejmcnrjtkd ny papumjtcag jgd dklahrjpbceebjrjetkrcstces jgd bauscgh typk. Uunladkms jrk tbkg uskd ta ejmcnrjtk rjtks ai rks-cdkgtcjm cg-bausk kgkrhy jgd trjgspart usk jeeardcgh ta bauskbamd jgd dkla-

hrjpbce ijetars. Tbcs praekss hkgkrjtks j pceturk ai spjtcjmmy bktkrahkgkaus kgkrhyeagsulptcag pjttkrgs jerass tbk lktrapamctjg jrkj, kgjnmcgh jg jpprkecjtcag aiijetars, sueb js tbk dcstrcnutcag ai urnjg cgirjstrueturk, tbjt ejg erkjtk eagscdkr-jnmk vjrcjtcag cg kgkrhy eagsulptcag jgd rkmjtkd HBH klcsscags jlagh dcstrcetswctbcg ectcks. Tbk kgkrhy clpjets ai pamcey dkecscags tbjt jiiket, ny wjy ai kxjl-pmk, wbkrk gkw bauscgh cs ta nk nucmt jgd ai wbjt typk, ejg tbkg nk sclumjtkd. Tbkrkskjreb aiikrs j pamcey sekgjrca ta lagctar prahrkss tawjrd j >656 vcscag iar jsustjcgjnmk Uydgky. Tbk ladkm ejg jmsa nk eagichurkd iar cgtkrjetcvk sekgjr cas,tbus mkgdcgh ctskmi ta usk cg dkmcnkrjtk ecty ljgjhklkgt praekssks.

Jg clpartjgt cgschbt iral tbcs jgjmyscs rkmjtks ta kgkrhy uskd iar trjgspart pur-pasks cg Uydgky. Jmtbauhb trjgspart-rkmjtkd klcsscags dalcgjtk tbk avkrjmm spjtcjmdcstrcnutcag ai klcsscags cg tbk ecty, ladkm rksumts cgdcejtk tbjt trjgspart kgkrhy usk

TBK CLVK^JTCYK AI KIICECKGT KGK^HS [UK CG ECTCKU ::


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cs cgimukgekd prcljrcmy ny praxclcty ta punmce trjgspart0 pkapmk, rkhjrdmkss ai bausk-bamd strueturk ar cgealk mkvkm, usk ladks ai punmce trjgspart ci tbky mcvk emask tatbkl. Tbcs pacgts ta tbk clpartjgt ramk tbjt punmce trjgspart pmjys cg lctchjtcgh

HBH hkgkrjtcag cg ectcks. Tbus, js cgdcejtkd ny tbk rkskjreb rksumts, dkvkmapcgheaugtrcks sbaumd pralatk kiiceckgt, wkmm-eaggketkd, ealiartjnmk punmce trjgspartsystkls ta dcseaurjhk bchbkr prcvjtk vkbcemk usk js cgealk mkvkms cgerkjsk, wbcmkdkvkmapkd eaugtrcks sbaumd klpbjsczk sustjcgcgh jgd clpravcgh tbk qujmcty ai tbkcrpunmce trjgspart. Bawkvkr, tbcs ljy gat jmwjys nk tbk ejsk0 js ebjptkr 4 pacgts aut,trjgspart pamcey cg Uydgky cg rkekgt dkejdks bjs ijvarkd rajd dkvkmaplkgt avkrcgvkstlkgt cg punmce trjgspart.

^ktraicttcgh jgd Bjrgksscgh Tkebgamahcejm Dkvkmaplkgtscg Kxcstcgh Ecty Uketars

[gdkr cts KKEC prahrjl, KULJV bjs cdkgtcickd scx ecty sketars js erctcejm ta tbkclpmklkgtjtcag ai kgkrhy kiiceckgey lkjsurks0 trjgspart, nucmdcghs, wjtkr/wjstkwjtkr,punmce mchbtcgh, samcd wjstk, jgd pawkr/bkjtcgh. Kgkrhy kiiceckgey cgtkrvkgtcags cgtbksk sketars eaumd mkjd ta schgcicejgt kgkrhy jgd apkrjtcagjm east sjvcghs tbrauhbtbk rkpmjeklkgt ai amd tkebgamahcks jgd dkvceks, jgd tbky bjvk j eruecjm ea-nkgkictcg rkduekd HBH hkgkrjtcag (nax :.4). Bawkvkr, rksaurek eagstrjcgts jgd mjeo aijeekss ta jppraprcjtk tkebgamahy aitkg jet js ljàr njrrckrs ta tbk jdaptcag ai

kgkrhy-sjvcgh lkjsurks, kspkecjmmy cg dkvkmapcgh eaugtrcks.Tbcs sketcag pravcdks jgavkrvckw ai tbrkk cgctcjtcvks cg tbk nucmdcgh, mchbtcgh, jgd trjgspart sketars, rkspke-tcvkmy, wbceb wkrk prkskgtkd js ejsk studcks cg tbk skeagd KKEC sksscag ag HaadVrjetceks jt tbk sylpascul cg Ljrskcmmk ag @ugk >3, >663.

Justrjmcjg Hrkkg Nucmdcgh ^jtcgh TaamsEbjptkr ;, Hrkkg Utjr jgd GJNKÛ0 Mkjrgcgh iral tbk Justrjmcjg Kxpkrckgekwctb Hrkkg Nucmdcgh ^jtcgh Taams, jgjmyzks taams uskd ta hjuhk j strueturks kgkrhyjgd rksaurek cgtkgscty, wbceb ejg nk kvjmujtkd ag tbk suppmy scdk iral twa pkrspke-tcvks0 nucmdcgh dkschg jgd nucmdcgh pkriarljgek. Natb typks ai nucmdcgh jssksslkgt

systkls jrk uskd cg Justrjmcj0 Hrkkg Utjr kxjlcgks tbk dkschg ai tbk nucmdcgh systkl,wbkrkjs GJNKÛ jsskssks tbk jetujm pkriarljgek ai nucmdcghs cg kgkrhy jgdrksaurek usk avkr j :>-lagtb pkrcad. Tbk ebjptkr dcseussks tbk ikjturks ai tbk rjt-cgh taams jgd tbkcr dciikrkgt jpprajebks ta jssksscgh j rjghk ai ejtkharcks, cgemudcghkgkrhy, wjtkr, jgd cgdaar kgvcraglkgt, cg j nucmdcgh. Tbk ebjptkr jmsa jddrkssks bawta jebckvk cgerkjskd bjrlagczjtcag nktwkkg tbk twa typks ai taams ta nkttkr rkjmczktbk patkgtcjm ai rjtcghs taams ta hrkkg nucmdcghs. Ct rkeallkgds tbjt hrkkg nucmd-cgh rjtcgh taams nk ealpmklkgtkd ny pamcey cgctcjtcvks, sueb js tjx cgekgtcvks iarnucmdcgh awgkrs wba rktraict tbkcr nucmdcghs, ta kgeaurjhk tbkcr wcdksprkjd usk.

Xbcmk jeogawmkdhcgh tbjt wcdksprkjd usk ai hrkkg nucmdcgh rjtcgh taams waumdnk jg clpartjgt stkp cg lctchjtcgh emcljtk ebjghk, tbk ebjptkr prapasks tbjt nucmd-cgh rjtcgh taams ejg jmsa jsscst cg jdjptjtcag ta emcljtk ebjghk ny cgearparjtcgh

UJGHKKTJ GJGDC JGD ^JG@JG O . NAUK:>


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dkschg ikjturks tbjt kgbjgek j nucmdcghs ejpjecty ta jdjpt ta wkjtbkr kxtrklctcks. Tasalk kxtkgt, js tbk ebjptkr pacgts aut, tbcs cs jmrkjdy nkcgh jeealpmcsbkd tbrauhbnucmdcgh cgsumjtcag tkebgcquks tbjt rkduek kgkrhy usk wbcmk jmsa rkduecgh vumgkrj-ncmcty ta wkjtbkr kxtrklks (rhk-Yarsjtz jgd Lktz >663). Cg jddctcag, tbk rjtcghvjrcjnmks ejg kjscmy nk jdjptkd ta maejm emcljtce eagdctcags jgd urnjg pmjggcgh

rkqucrklkgts ai dciikrkgt eaugtrcks. Nucmdcgh rjtcgh taams jrk jg clpartjgt kgkrhykiiceckgey cgtkrvkgtcag lkebjgcsl, hcvkg tbjt rjpcd urnjg kxpjgscag jgd cgerkjscghcgealk mkvkms jrk cgkvctjnmy jeealpjgckd ny mjrhk-sejmk eagstruetcag jetcvcty cgectcks. Uuctjnmk pamcey cgekgtcvks ejg bkmp cgstctutk tbk wcdksprkjd usk ai tbksk taams.

Vbcmcppcgk Trjgsctcag ta Kgkrhy Kiiceckgt Mchbtcgh UystklsEbjptkr 9, Kiiceckgt Mchbtcgh Ljrokt Trjgsiarljtcag cg tbk LjocghTbk VbcmcppcgkKxpkrckgek dcseussks jpprajebks jdaptkd ny j Vbcmcppcgks Dkpjrtlkgt ai Kgkrhypra`ket ta kiiket tbk eaugtrys trjgsctcag ta jg kgkrhy kiiceckgt mchbtcgh keagaly jgddaeulkgts tbk jebckvklkgts ai tbk pra`ket. Tbk Vbcmcppcgks Kiiceckgt MchbtcghLjrokt Trjgsiarljtcag Vra`ket (VKMLJTV), mjugebkd cg >66;, cs j [U$:;-lcmmcag,icvk-ykjr pra`ket, pjrtcjmmy suppartkd ny j $5.: lcmmcag [gctkd Gjtcags Dkvkmaplkgt

TBK CLVK^JTCYK AI KIICECKGT KGK^HS [UK CG ECTCKU :5

Nax :.4

Nkgkicts ai Kgkrhy Kiiceckgey Clpravklkgt cg Ecty Uketars0

Ejsk UtudcksCg Iartjmkzj, Nrjzcm, tbk maejm utcmcty clpmklkgtkd lkjsurks ta clpravk tbk dcstrcnu-

tcag ai wjtkr wbcmk rkduecgh apkrjtcagjm easts jgd kgvcraglkgtjm clpjets. Xctb jg

cgvkstlkgt ai agmy [U$:.: lcmmcag ta cgstjmm jg jutaljtce eagtram systkl jgd atbkr

sclpmk lkjsurks, tbk ealpjgy bjs sjvkd [U$>.; lcmmcag, ar 22 HXb avkr 4 ykjrs.

Lark clpartjgt, tbk utcmcty wjs jnmk ta kstjnmcsb jg jddctcagjm 22,666 gkw eaggke-

tcags wctbaut cgerkjscgh tbkcr avkrjmm kgkrhy usk.

Cg Uautb Jircej, Durnjg eagduetkd j pcmat pra`ket ta hrkkg twa ai cts lugcec-

pjm nucmdcghs tbrauhb lumtcpmk maw-east lkjsurks, rksumtcgh cg jggujm kgkrhy sjv-

cghs ai :;%, ar 466,666 oXb, j rkduetcag cg EA> klcsscags ai 546 taggks, jgd

hkgkrjtkd j rkturg ag cgvkstlkgt cg agmy ; lagtbs. Tbk ecty cs gaw rkvckwcgh pmjgs

ta rktraict ljgy lark nucmdcghs.

Cg Nahatj, Eamulncj, tbk clpmklkgtjtcag ai tbk icrst twa pbjsks ai j nus rjpcd

trjgsct (N^T) systkl, tbrauhb j ealncgjtcag ai jdvjgekd Kura CC jgd CCC tkebgamahy

nusks jgd clpravkd apkrjtcagjm kiiceckgecks, bjs rksumtkd cg iukm sjvcghs ai 48%

rkmjtcvk ta tbk ectys amd punmce nus gktwaro. Jddctcagjmmy, j 5>% rkduetcag cg avkrjmm

trjvkm tclk iar eallutkrs, 46% rkduetcag cg klcsscags, jgd 3>% rkduetcag cg jeecdkgt

rjtks cg tbk N^T earrcdars bjvk nkkg rkeardkd. Xctb tbk sueekssium rkhcstrjtcag ai

Vbjsks CCYCCC ai cts N^T systkl wctb tbk [gctkd Gjtcags Irjlkwaro Eagvkgtcag iar

Emcljtk Ebjghk, tbk ecty jmsa kxpkets [U$>; lcmmcag EDL (Emkjg Dkvkmaplkgt Lkebj-

gcsl) ejrnag erkdcts ny >6:>.

Uaurek0 KULJV daeulkgtjtcag.


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VrahrjllkHmanjm Kgvcraglkgt Ijecmcty hrjgt. Tbk ebjptkr dktjcms tbk suppmy-jgd dkljgd-scdk ljrokt trjgsiarljtcag jpprajebks tbk pra`ket ugdkrtaao tajddrkss njrrckrs ta tbk wcdksprkjd usk ai kgkrhy kiiceckgt mchbtcgh systkls (KKMU).

Cg tbcs eagtkxt, havkrglkgt nadcks jgd tbk rkscdkgtcjm, eallkrecjm, jgd cgdustrcjmsketars jrk spkecicejmmy nkcgh kgeaurjhkd ta trjgsctcag ta KKMU. Tbk pra`ket bjs tjr-hktkd jg jhhrkhjtk sjvcghs ai >3,666 HXb avkr j dkejdk, kqucvjmkgt ta j gkjrmy>: pkrekgt rkduetcag rkmjtcvk ta tbk nuscgkss-js-usujm Vbcmcppcgks kgkrhy kiiceckgeysekgjrca. Twa autealks ai tbk pra`ket jrk tbk jdaptcag ai j gjtcagjm stjgdjrd iarmchbtcgh praduets jgd tbk ljgdjtary usk ai KKMU cg havkrglkgt aiiceks.

Js tbk ebjptkr gatks, tbk strjtkhy ai rkpmjecgh djtkd kgkrhy-cgtkgscvk mchbtcghsystkls wctb KKMU ejg nk kjscmy rkpmcejtkd jerass sketars jgd cs j maw-bjghcghiruct samutcag ta jcd kgkrhy skeurcty jgd emcljtk lctchjtcag prahrjls. Jmsa, rksaureksirkkd iral mawkr kgkrhy ncmms ejg nk dcvkrtkd ta atbkr saecakeagalce dkvkmaplkgtclpkrjtcvks, jgd j stragh nuscgkss ejsk ejg nk prkskgtkd ta ecty ljgjhkrs jgd kgtrk-prkgkurs ag magh-tkrl east sjvcghs iral kiiceckgt mchbtcgh. Tbk Vbcmcppcgk kxpkrc-kgek wctb KKMU jmsa bchbmchbts tbk clpartjgek ai cgtkhrjtkd cgstctutcagjm jpprajebksta kgkrhy kiiceckgey cgtkrvkgtcags jgd tbk gkkd iar natb dkljgd-scdk jgd suppmy-scdk lkjsurks.

Tbk [sk ai Klkrhcgh Tkebgamahcks ta Lkkt j Uketar Hjp cg UkrvceksEbjptkr 8, Tbk ^amk ai Cgtkmmchkgt Trjgspart Uystkls iar Dkljgd ^kspagscvkTrjgspart, kxpmjcgs tbk cggavjtcvk usk ai cgiarljtcag eallugcejtcag tkebgamahcks

(CET) cg tbk pravcscag ai dkljgd rkspagscvk trjgspart (D^T) systkls. Mycghnktwkkg punmce trjgspart jgd prcvjtk trjgspart cg tbk eagtcguul ai trjgspart skr-vceks, D^Ts jrk clpartjgt nkejusk tbky lkkt skrvcek hjps ar ealpmklkgt kxcstcghtrjgspart systkls. Upkecicejmmy, tbky ejtkr ta dcspkrskd lancmcty gkkds, pravcdcgh trjgs-part skrvceks wbkg tbk pravcscag ai eagvkgtcagjm punmce trjgspart waumd nk taakxpkgscvk, iar kxjlpmk, durcgh baurs ai maw dkljgd, cg jrkjs wctb maw papumjtcagdkgscty, jgd iar tjrhkt uskrs mcok tbk kmdkrmy jgd studkgts. D^T skrvceks bjvk nkkgstkjdcmy hrawcgh cg Irjgek jgd atbkr Kurapkjg eaugtrcks, jgd tbk kiiketcvk bjrgkss-cgh ai CET ny D^T systkls bjs nkkg oky ta tbkcr hrawtb. Js twa ejsk studcks cg tbkebjptkr sbaw, CET bjs jmmawkd D^T skrvcek strueturks ta nkealk cgerkjscghmy imkx-

cnmk cg tbkcr rkspagsk ta pjsskghkr lancmcty gkkds, wbceb pasctcvkmy clpjets tbkdkljgd iar tbkl. J schgcicejgt sbcit iral tbk usk ai prcvjtk trjgspart ta D^T skr-vceks ny rkhumjr eallutkrs jmsa aiikrs patkgtcjm iar kgkrhy sjvcghs.

Tbk D^T eagekpt aiikrs jg cgtkrkstcgh kxjlpmk ai cggavjtcvk usk ai ladkrgtkebgamahcejm dkvkmaplkgts ta lkkt j sketar hjp. D^T skrvceks ejg nk jg kiiketcvklkjgs ai clpravcgh cgtkrladjmcty jgd systkl cgtkhrjtcag, natb cg avkrnurdkgkd ectytrjgspart systkls js wkmm js cg jrkjs cgjdkqujtkmy skrvkd ny punmce trjgspart, iar kxjl-pmk, dcstjgt sunurns. Tbkcr jdjptjncmcty ta maejm gkkds cs j schgcicejgt ijetar cg bkmpcghlkkt ealpmkx jgd eagtcgujmmy cgerkjscgh urnjg lancmcty gkkds. Bawkvkr, tbk bchbkreast ai D^T skrvceks ealpjrkd ta punmce trjgspart ljy clpjet tbkcr usk js j trjgs-part jmtkrgjtcvk cg dkvkmapcgh eaugtrcks, jmtbauhb urnjg jrkjs pravcdk appartugctcksta kxpmark keagalcks ai sejmk tbjt wcmm mksskg tbk east ai D^T apkrjtcags.



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Nkgebljrocgh Haad Vrjetceks iar Jebckvcgh KgkrhyKiiceckgey cg Ectcks

Tbk daeulkgtjtcag ai haad prjetceks cg j strueturkd ljggkr cs vctjm ta kgkrhy kiic-eckgt urnjg ljgjhklkgt js tbk sbjrcgh ai sueekssium kxpkrckgeks eagstctutks jgclpartjgt mkjrgcgh pmjtiarl iar ecty ljgjhkrs. Tbk vjrcjnmks uskd ta jgjmyzk tbk kiic-ejey ai kgkrhy kiiceckgey cgtkrvkgtcags cg urnjg sketars cgemudk tbk east-kiiketcvkgkssai tbk pra`ket, tbk mkvkm ai EA> sjvcghs iral tbk pra`ket, jgd tbk patkgtcjm rkturgs agpra`ket cgvkstlkgt. Tbk jpprajeb jdaptkd dkpkgds ag skvkrjm ijetars, tbk lastclpartjgt nkcgh djtj jvjcmjncmcty jgd tbk an`ketcvk ai tbk cgtkrvkgtcag. Cg tbcs rkhjrd,kiiarts jrk ugdkr wjy ta jrrcvk jt j emkjr skt ai erctkrcj ta havkrg tbk eammjtcag jgdkvjmujtcag ai cgiarljtcag ag kgkrhy kiiceckgt urnjg cgctcjtcvks jerass sketars jgdeaugtrcks ny tbk Cgtkrgjtcagjm Kgkrhy Jhkgey (@ammjgds, Okgcbjg, jgd Xkseatt >662)jgd atbkr pralcgkgt arhjgczjtcags. Tbksk arhjgczjtcags cgemudk tbk [G-Bjnctjt,tbk [gctkd Gjtcags Kgvcraglkgt Vrahrjllk, tbk Arhjgcsjtcag iar Keagalce Ea-apkrjtcag jgd Dkvkmaplkgt, tbk E46 Mjrhk Ectcks Emcljtk Mkjdkrsbcp Hraup, tbkCgtkrgjtcagjm Eaugecm iar Maejm Kgvcraglkgtjm Cgctcjtcvks, jgd lark rkekgtmy, tbkKgkrhy Uketar Ljgjhklkgt Jsscstjgek Vrahrjl, js wkmm js tbk [rnjg Jgebar aitbk Xarmd Njgo.

Vrkskgtkd cg tbk skeagd KKEC sksscag ag Haad Vrjetceks jt tbk icitb [rnjg^kskjreb Uylpascul, ebjptkr 2 pravcdks j rkvckw ai nkst prjetceks wctb rkhjrd taurnjg cgirjstrueturk strjtkhy, njskd ag rkskjreb tbjt cgiarlkd j hucdknaao iar

Ejgjdcjg lugcecpjmctcks ag jpprajebcgh ejrnag gkutrjmcty. Tbk ebjptkr, Hkttcgh taEjrnag Gkutrjm0 J ^kvckw ai Nkst Vrjetceks cg Cgirjstrueturk Utrjtkhy, kxjlcgkstbk pkriarljgek ai kgkrhy kiiceckgey jgd HBH-rkduecgh urnjg cgctcjtcvks njskd agtbkcr east-kiiketcvkgkss cg rkduecgh HBH klcsscags. Tbk ejsk study jpprajeb jdaptkdiar tbk jssksslkgt kgtjcmkd tbk cgctcjm eammjtcag ai djtj ag jppraxcljtkmy 86 haadprjetceks cg ejrnag-gkutrjm urnjg dkschg, wctb tbk jvjcmjncmcty ai rkmkvjgt djtj dktkr-lcgcgh tbk sunskqukgt nkgebljrocgh ai tbk cgctcjtcvks. Tbk east-kiiketcvkgkss ai tbkejsk studcks wjs iaugd ta vjry nktwkkg 5 jgd >,826 t k EA>/yr/[U$ lcmmcag(taggks ai ejrnag dcaxcdk kqucvjmkgt pkr ykjr pkr lcmmcag [.U. dammjrs), wbkrk east-kiiketcvkgkss cs dkicgkd js jggujm HBH klcsscags sjvkd pkr dammjr ai ejpctjm cgvkst-

lkgt. J ealpjrjtcvk jgjmyscs wctb atbkr djtjskts cgdcejtks tbjt tbk jvkrjhkeast-kiiketcvkgkss ai tbk pra`kets cg tbk djtjnjsk ai ;;6 t k EA>/yr/[U$ lcmmcag csschgcicejgtmy kxekkdkd ny samcd wjstk pra`kets cg Ejgjdj js wkmm js ny pra`kets njskdcg dkvkmapcgh eaugtrcks ugdkr tbk Emkjg Dkvkmaplkgt Lkebjgcsl.4 Tbk ebjptkrjdvaejtks rkduecgh hrkkgbausk hjsks ny jt mkjst twa ardkrs ai ljhgctudk cg dkvkm-apkd eaugtry ectcks cg ardkr ta bjvk j lkjgcghium hmanjm clpjet ag emcljtk ebjghk.

Ebjptkr 2 klpbjsczks tbk clpartjgek ai strueturkd djtjnjsks wctb rkspket ta jmmurnjg cgirjstrueturk sketars js j prkrkqucsctk iar tbk nkgebljrocgh jgd sbjrcgh aihaad prjetceks. Tbk ebjptkr jmsa schgcicejgtmy eagtrcnutks ta tbk mctkrjturk ny daeu-lkgtcgh ljgy typks ai maw-ejrnag jgd ejrnag-gkutrjm urnjg kgkrhy cgctcjtcvks. Cgjddctcag, tbk ejsk studcks jgjmyzkd eaumd nk tjokg iarwjrd ta kxpmark tbkcr patkgtcjmiar jdjptjncmcty jgd sejmjncmcty cg tbk dkvkmapcgh eaugtry eagtkxt. Tbcs cs kspkecjmmy

TBK CLVK^JTCYK AI KIICECKGT KGK^HS [UK CG ECTCKU :;


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rkmkvjgt wctb rkhjrd ta urnjg sketars sueb js samcd wjstk, jssksskd js maw-bjghcghiruct iar east-kiiketcvk HBH rkduetcag, scgek tbksk sketars jrk ugdkrskrvcekd cglast dkvkmapcgh eaugtry ectcks. Tbk ebjptkr jmsa gatks tbjt j dcvkrsk rjghk ai kiike-

tcvk strjtkhcks ejg nk jdaptkd ta rkduek HBH klcsscags kljgjtcgh iral urnjg jetcv-cty? tbksk kiiarts ejg kxpmact ijvarjnmk maejm eagdctcags ar ejg nk ugdkrtjokg cgrkspagsk ta maejm kgvcraglkgtjm strkssks.

Tbk Kgkrhy Kiiceckgey Clpkrjtcvk cg DkvkmapcghEaugtry EctcksTbk stragh pasctcvk earrkmjtcag nktwkkg buljg dkvkmaplkgt jttjcglkgts jgdurnjgczjtcag ugdkrmcgks tbk clpartjgek ai appartugctcks ectcks aiikr iar saecakea-

galce prahrkss. Bawkvkr, hcvkg tbk bchb mkvkms ai kgkrhy cgtkgscty jssaecjtkd wctburnjg systkls, tbk ebjmmkghk cs ta hrjdujmmy dkmcgo kgkrhy cgtkgscty iral urnjgczj-tcag. Tbcs ebjmmkghk cs ljhgcickd cg dkvkmapcgh rkhcags, wbkrk tbk hrawtb rjtk ai tbkurnjg papumjtcag cs lueb bchbkr tbjg cg tbk lark dkvkmapkd, bchb-cgealk eaug-trcks (ichurk :.5) jgd tbk papumjtcag eagtcguks ta nk ugdkrskrvkd cg cts jeekss ta njscejlkgctcks mcok bauscgh, wjtkr, jgd sjgctjtcag. Cg jddctcag, jeekss ta ladkrg iukmsljy jmsa nk ugekrtjcg iar tbk urnjg paar. Tbus, jnsamutk cgerkjsks cg kgkrhy rkqucrk-lkgts jrk j dkvkmaplkgt clpkrjtcvk ta kgbjgek stjgdjrds ai mcvcgh cg dkvkmapcgheaugtry ectcks. Tbcs ljoks erctcejm tbk systklwcdk clpmklkgtjtcag ai kgkrhy kiiceckgtpamcecks jgd cgctcjtcvks tbjt wcmm eurtjcm emcljtk clpjets archcgjtcgh cg urnjg kgkrhy uskwctbaut bjlpkrcgh tbk urnjg dkvkmaplkgt jhkgdj.

Ct cs clpartjgt ta tjcmar kgkrhy kiiceckgey jgd emcljtk lctchjtcgh cgtkrvkgtcags taspkecice gkkds ai ectcks nkejusk kjeb urnjg skttmklkgt cs ebjrjetkrczkd ny dciikrkgt


ICH[^K :.5

Jggujm Hrawtb ^jtk ai Xarmdwcdk [rnjg Vapumjtcag

Uaurek0 [G >662j.

9

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4

5

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6

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86

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26

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:336

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:32;

36

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>666

>66;

:6

>666

6;

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>6

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56

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>65;

46

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5;

>64;

;6

>646

4;

warmd lark dkvkmapkd rkhcags Jscj Jircej Uun-Ujbjrjg Jircej


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saecakeagalce, dklahrjpbce, emcljtk, jgd tapahrjpbcejm pjttkrgs. Jmsa, ectcks jgd tawgscg dkvkmapcgh eaugtrcks jrk jt dciikrkgt mkvkms ai urnjg trjgsctcag, tbus kgeaugtkrcghvjrycgh pamcey ebjmmkghks, kjeb jssaecjtkd wctb spkecice kgkrhy rkqucrklkgts jgd kgvc-

raglkgtjm ealpmkxctcks. Cg ijet, ct bjs nkkg kstcljtkd tbjt ;:.2 pkrekgt ai tbk warmdsurnjg papumjtcag mcvks cg urnjg ekgtkrs wctb ikwkr tbjg bjmi j lcmmcag rkscdkgts ([G>6:6)? ljgy ai tbksk sljmm urnjg ekgtkrs ejg nk dkicgkd cgtkrebjghkjnmy js mjrhkvcmmjhks ar sljmm tawgs (Ujttkrtbwjctk >669). Tbus, ct cs vctjm tbjt jssksslkgt ai tbkdkvkmaplkgt, cgirjstrueturk, jgd kgkrhy rkqucrklkgts ai sljmm urnjg skttmklkgtstjok cgta jeeaugt tbkcr saecakeagalce vumgkrjncmctcks.Tbcs eagscdkrjtcag jmsa jppmcksta pkrc-urnjg skttmklkgts, wbceb, js lkgtcagkd kjrmckr, tkgd ta cgtkhrjtk avkr tclkwctb tbk ectcks tbjt tbky jd`acg.

Cg eagemuscag, tbk iastkrcgh ai bamcstce kgkrhy kiiceckgt urnjg samutcags cs urhkgtmyrkqucrkd cg j rjpcdmy urnjgczcgh hmanjm eagtkxt ljrokd ny dciikrcgh mkvkms ai saecak-eagalce dkvkmaplkgt, cgtkgscvk kgkrhy usk pjttkrgs, jgd magh-tkrl emcljtk tbrkjt-kgcgh HBH klcsscags. Bawkvkr, tbk iarlumjtcag ai kgkrhy samutcags wctbcgdkvkmapcgh eaugtrcks tbjt cgearparjtk tbkcr spkecice ebjrjetkrcstces cs bcgdkrkd hrkjtmyny cgjdkqujecks cg tbkcr kxcstcgh cgiarljtcag njsks. Jddctcagjmmy, js gatkd kjrmckr, pkr-vjdcgh djtj eagstrjcgts typcejmmy clpjet tbk jdjptjncmcty jgd sejmjncmcty ai taams, jsskss-lkgt jpprajebks, jgd pamcey cgctcjtcvks klkrhcgh iral dkvkmapkd eaugtrcks ag kgkrhykiiceckgt jgd emcljtk lctchjtcgh cgtkrvkgtcags. Cg tbcs eagtkxt, tbk erkjtcag ai j sys-tkljtce nady ai kgkrhyjgd emcljtk-rkmjtkd cgiarljtcag cg dkvkmapcgh eaugtrcks wcmmjcd cg ogawmkdhk hkgkrjtcag jgd autrkjeb, natb cllkgskmy clpartjgt iar j eabkscvk

jpprajeb ta cgstctutcgh, lagctarcgh, jgd kvjmujtcgh kgkrhy kiiceckgt ecty cgctcjtcvks. Jgjddctcagjm ea-nkgkict waumd nk tbk cgiarlkd pjrtcecpjtcag ai stjokbamdkrs cg tbkpraekss ai kgkrhy kiiceckgt rktraicttcgh? tbcs ejg patkgtcjmmy jet js j ejtjmyst iar cggavj-tcvk jgd arhjgce urnjg kgkrhy samutcags tbjt klkrhk cg rkspagsk ta maejm eagdctcagsjgd rkqucrklkgts. Tbus, tbk gkkd ta ljcgstrkjl jgd dcssklcgjtk ogawmkdhk ag urnjgkgkrhy kiiceckgey cg dkvkmapcgh eaugtrcks jmsa aiikrs jg appartugcty ta ecty jutbarc-tcks ta kgsurk djtj eammjtcag jgd jvjcmjncmcty, tbkrkny ijecmctjtcgh tbk dkvkmaplkgt aiwcdk-rjghcgh urnjg kgkrhy samutcags. Ljgy ai tbksk samutcags ljy nk raatkd cg tbkdygjlcsl cgbkrkgt cg tbk warocghs ai tbk urnjg kgvcraglkgt ctskmi.

Gatks

:. Iammawcgh Xarmd Kgkrhy Autmaao (CKJ >662), ectcks rkikrs ta jmm urnjg jrkjs cgemudcghtawgs? tbk tkrls ecty jgd urnjg jrk uskd cgtkrebjghkjnmy bkrkcg.

>. [rnjg papumjtcag kstcljtks ectkd cg tbk tkxt jgd ichurks ai tbcs ebjptkr jrk iral [G>662j. Tbk Xarmd [rnjgczjtcag Vraspkets, >663 ^kvcscag Bchbmchbts, punmcsbkd cg Ljreb>6:6, gatks tbjt warmd urnjg papumjtcag eurrkgtmy ealprcsks ;:.; pkrekgt ai warmd papumj-tcag? ct pra`kets tbjt 93 pkrekgt ai warmd papumjtcag wcmm nk urnjg cg >6;6, jgd tbjt ectckswctb ikwkr tbjg ;66,666 pkapmk jeeaugtkd iar ;:.2 pkrekgt ai tbk urnjg papumjtcag cg >663([G >6:6).

5. Vraekkdcghs ai tbk raugdtjnmk dcseusscag jrk jvjcmjnmk jt bttp0//www.ksljp.arh/icmkz/puns/:::5>662>5;:3QKKECQXarosbapVraekkdcghsQICGJM.pdi



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. >663. Xarmd Vapumjtcag Vraspkets0 Tbk >662 kvcscag Vapumjtcag Djtjnjsk.bttp0//ksj.ug.arh/ugpp/.

. >6:6. Xarmd [rnjgczjtcag Vraspkets0 Tbk >663 ^kvcscag Bchbmchbts.bttp0//ksj.ug.arh/ugdp/wup/Daeulkgts/X[V>663QBchbmchbtsQIcgjm.pdi.

[GDV ([gctkd Gjtcags Dkvkmaplkgt Vrahrjllk). >663. Buljg Dkvkmaplkgt^kpart >6630 Avkrealcgh Njrrckrs0 Buljg Lancmcty jgd Dkvkmaplkgt.bttp0//bdr.ugdp.arh/kg/lkdcj/BD^Q>663QKGQEalpmktk.pdi.

[G-Bjnctjt >668. Hmanjm ^kpart ag Buljg Ukttmklkgts >6680 Kgbjgecgh [rnjg Ujiktyjgd Ukeurcty. Gjcranc, Okgyj0 [G-Bjnctjt. bttp0//www.ugbjnctjt.arh/eagtkgt.jsp1typkcd663. Tbk Vmjggkd Ecty Uwkkps tbk Vaar Jwjy . . .0 [rnjg Vmjg-

gcgh jgd >:st Ekgtury [rnjgczjtcag. Vrahrkss cg Vmjggcgh 8> (5)0 :;:35.

Xarmd Njgo. >663. Xarmd Dkvkmaplkgt Cgdcejtars Agmcgk. Xarmd Njgo, XjsbcghtagDE. bttp0//wkn.warmdnjgo.arh/XNUCTK/KRTK^GJM/DJTJUTJTCUTCEU/6,,eagtkgtLDO0>6532329~lkguVO094:55:95~pjhkVO094:55:;6~pcVO094:55:8;~tbkUctkVO0>534:3,66.btlm.

Xarmd Njgo jgd [GDV. >66;. Kgkrhy Ukrvceks iar tbk Lcmmkggcul Dkvkmaplkgt Hajms.bttp0//www.uglcmmkggculpra`ket.arh/daeulkgts/LVQKgkrhyQMawQ^ks.pdi.



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41/250

>:

EBJVTK^ >

UygEcty0 Jg Cgtkhrjtkd

Taam Oct iar [rnjg Kgkrhy

Uystkls Ladkmcgh

@jlks Okcrstkjd, Gaurc Ujlsjtmc, jgd Gcmjy Ubjb

Tbcs ebjptkr dklagstrjtks j gkw taam iar tbk cgtkhrjtkd ladkmcgh ai urnjg kgkrhy systkls.

Kgkrhy cs vctjm ta tbk dkmcvkry ai urnjg skrvceks, jgd cts ramk ejg nk eagscdkrkd jt ljgy stjhks

cg tbk urnjg dkschg praekss. Tbcs ebjptkr nkhcgs wctb tbk pmjggcgh jgd mjyaut ai j gkw ecty

jgd haks tbrauhb ta tbk saecakeagalce strueturk ai tbk ecty jgd cts jetcvctcks jgd tbk ebacek

ai kgkrhy ejrrckrs jgd tkebgamahcks uskd ta lkkt tbk ectys kgkrhy dkljgds. [giartugjtkmy,

kxcstcgh ladkmcgh tkebgamahcks typcejmmy iaeus ag agmy agk ai tbksk ealpagkgts jgd jrk eus-

talczkd ta j scghmk pranmkl eagtkxt. Tbkrkiark, wk bjvk dkvkmapkd j sygtbktce ecty taam oct(UygEcty) ta ijecmctjtk tbk cgtkhrjtkd ladkmcgh ai urnjg kgkrhy systkls jerass jmm ai tbksk

dkschg stkps jgd cg j vjrckty ai pranmkl kgvcraglkgts. Jitkr autmcgcgh tbk ealpagkgts ai tbcs

lktbadamahy, wk dklagstrjtk baw ct ejg nk jppmckd ta tbk ejsk ai j [gctkd Ocghdal kea-

tawg. Tbk dcseusscag tbkg eagscdkrs tbk jppmcejncmcty ai tbk UygEcty lktbadamahy ta dkvkmapcgh

eaugtry eagtkxts jgd bchbmchbts patkgtcjm usk ejsks, pamcey jppmcejtcags, jgd dkmcvkrjnmks.

Cgtraduetcag jgd An`ketcvk

Cg rkekgt ykjrs, tbkrk bjs nkkg j surhk ai cgtkrkst cg urnjg emcljtk jgd kgkrhy cssuks.

Tbksk trkgds wkrk sulljrczkd cg twa gatjnmk rkparts. Icrst, tbk [Gs last rkekgt

papumjtcag kstcljtks sbaw tbjt avkr ;6 pkrekgt ai tbk warmds papumjtcag gaw mcvks

cg urnjg jrkjs, j gulnkr kxpketkd ta eagtcguk rcscgh, pjrtceumjrmy cg dkvkmapcgh

gjtcags ([G >662). Ukeagd, tbk >662 Xarmd Kgkrhy Autmaao (CKJ >662) kxpmcectmy

iaeuskd ag urnjg kgkrhy usk, gatcgh tbjt jppraxcljtkmy twa-tbcrds ai tbk warmds prc-

ljry kgkrhy cs eagsulkd ny ectcks jgd jhjcg iarkejstcgh eagtcgukd hrawtb cg natb

Dr. @jlks Okcrstkjd, ^kskjreb Ikmmaw, Ebklcejm Kghcgkkrcgh? Dr. Gaurc Ujlsjtmc, ^kskjreb

Jssaecjtk, Ebklcejm Kghcgkkrcgh? jgd Vrai. Gcmjy Ubjb, Vraekss Uystkls Kghcgkkrcgh? Clpk-rcjm Eammkhk Magdag, [gctkd Ocghdal. Tbk jutbars hrjtkiummy jeogawmkdhk tbk icgjgecjm sup-part ai NV iar tbk [rnjg Kgkrhy Uystkls pra`ket jt Clpkrcjm Eammkhk Magdag.


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dkvkmapkd jgd dkvkmapcgh eaugtrcks. Tbksk trkgdsealncgkd wctb tbk jetcvctcks ai

arhjgczjtcags sueb js tbk Hmanjm Ejrnag Vra`kets [rnjg jgd ^khcagjm Ejrnag

Ljgjhklkgt tbklk, tbk Cgtkrgjtcagjm Eaugecm iar Maejm Kgvcraglkgtjm Cgctcjtcvks

(CEMKC) Ectcks iar Emcljtk Vratketcag, tbk E46 Emcljtk Mkjdkrsbcp Hraup, Kgkrhck-Ects, Eamulncj [gcvkrsctys [rnjg Emcljtk Ebjghk ^kskjreb Gktwaro, jgd ljgy

atbkrsrkimket j hrawcgh rkeahgctcag tbjt kgkrhy usk cg ectcks cs j oky kmklkgt cg tbk

ichbt jhjcgst hmanjm emcljtk ebjghk.

[giartugjtkmy, tbk sejmk ai tbk ebjmmkghk skkls agmy ta nk hrawcgh mjrhkr. Cg Ljreb

>663, tbk Cgtkrgjtcagjm Ueckgtcice Eaghrkss ag Emcljtk Ebjghk cg Eapkgbjhkg

anskrvkd tbjt, hcvkg bchb rjtks ai anskrvkd klcsscags, tbk warst-ejsk CVEE (Cgtkr-

havkrglkgtjm Vjgkm ag Emcljtk Ebjghk) sekgjrca trj`ketarcks (ar kvkg warsk) jrk

nkcgh rkjmczkd, tbkrkiark cgerkjscgh tbk mcokmcbaad ai jnrupt ar crrkvkrscnmk emcljtce

sbcits jgd jssaecjtkd saecjm jgd keagalce dcsruptcags (CUEEE >663). Iurtbkrlark,

tbk hmanjm keagalce dawgturg bjs rkstrcetkd erkdct iar gkw cggavjtcags, erkjtkd j

lark rcso-jvkrsk cgvkstlkgt emcljtk, jgd strjcgkd punmce-sketar icgjgeks. Xctb sejrek

rksaureks jgd tbk gkkd ta jebckvk hrkjtkr ejrnag sjvcghs, clpravklkgts ta urnjg

kgkrhy systkls wcmm cgerkjscghmy rkqucrk cgtkhrjtkd samutcags tbjt dkmcvkr ljxclul

keagalce kiiceckgey jgd lumtcpmk nkgkicts.

Skt, nkiark ectcks eallct ta schgcicejgt gkw pamcey cgctcjtcvks ar cgirjstrueturk

cgvkstlkgts, tbkrk cs j gkkd ta clpravk aur ugdkrstjgdcgh ai urnjg kgkrhy usk jgd

baw ct lchbt nk ebjghkd. Typcejmmy, tbcs cs j àn iar ljtbkljtcejm ladkmcgh ar eal-

putkr sclumjtcags. Xbcmk sueb ladkms ejg gkvkr pravcdk j dkicgctcvk jgswkr ta pam-

cey ljokrs (nkejusk ladkmcgh tkebgamahcks jrk jmwjys pjrtcjmmy cgealpmktk jgdpamcey dknjtks gkkd ta eagscdkr atbkr iarls ai ogawmkdhk jmaghscdk gulkrcejm

jgjmysks), tbky jrk jg clpartjgt eagtrcnutcag ta urnjg sustjcgjncmcty dknjtks (Twkkd

jgd @agks >666).

[rnjg ladkmcgh tkebgamahcks bjvk nkkg dkvkmapkd ta eavkr j rjghk ai jppmcej-

tcags, nut tbky jrk last eallagmy iaugd cg tbk jrkj ai mjgd usk jgd jetcvcty maej-

tcag. Njtty (>668) suhhksts tbrkk ljàr ladkm emjssks0 mjgd usk jgd trjgspartjtcag

ladkms (iar kxjlpmk, E[UVJ >663)? urnjg dygjlces ladkms (iar kxjlpmk, jhhrkhjtk

systkl dygjlces)? jgd lcera-sclumjtcag ladkms (iar kxjlpmk, ekmmumjr jutaljtj jgd

jhkgt-njskd ladkms). Tbksk taams iaeus prcljrcmy ag keagalce ar spjtcjm pmjggcgh

cssuks, nut salk hraups bjvk jdjptkd tbksk tkebgamahcks ta pkriarl emcljtk rcso arkgvcraglkgtjm ladkmcgh? j gatjnmk kxjlpmk cs tbk [O Tygdjmm Ekgtrks cgtkhrjtkd

jssksslkgt ladkm, wbceb cs eurrkgtmy nkcgh jppmckd ta tbk emcljtk rcsos ai Magdags

spjtcjm pmjg (Djwsag kt jm. >663).

Tbkrk bjvk jmsa nkkg kiiarts ta dkvkmap taams iar urnjg kgkrhy systkls ladkmcgh.

Tbksk cgemudk j taam iar tbk jssksslkgt ai kgkrhy, wjtkr, jgd wjstk eagsulptcag jt j

nucmdcgh ar sljmm gkchbnarbaad mkvkm (âncgsag kt jm. >668)? j hkahrjpbce cgiarlj-

tcag systkls (HCU) taam iar kstcljtcgh tbk spjtcjm pjttkrg ai kgkrhy rkqucrklkgts cg jg

urnjg jrkj (Hcrjrdcg kt jm. >662)? j ladkm jssksscgh tbk cgtkrjetcags ai bkjt dkljgd jgd

maejmmy jvjcmjnmk bkjt saureks sueb js mjoks ar cgecgkrjtars (Larc, Ocokhjwj, jgd [ebcdj

>668)? jgd j ladkm ealncgcgh dkljgd kstcljtcag wctb jg kgkrhy-ljgjhklkgt aptc-

lczjtcag ladumk (Nrawgsward kt jm. >66;). Xbcmk tbksk jppmcejtcags jrk quctk dcvkrsk,

@JL K U OK C Û T K J D, G A[ ^ C U JL UJT M C , J G D G C M JS U B J B>>


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tbky dklagstrjtk twa clpartjgt ikjturks ai kxcstcgh urnjg kgkrhy systkl ladkms.

Icrst, sueb ladkms lust cgemudk j rkprkskgtjtcag ai tbk spjtcjm jgd tklparjm vjrcjtcag

ai urnjg kgkrhy dkljgd. Tbcs ejg mkjd ta schgcicejgt cgput rkqucrklkgts, iar kxjl-

pmk, cg tbk iarl ai HCU djtj ar nucmdcgh dkschg cgiarljtcag spkecicejtcags? bawkvkr,nucmdcgh up tbk urnjg systkl iral cgdcvcdujm ealpagkgts jmmaws tbk jhhrkhjtk

kiikets ai sljmm ebjghks ta nk jssksskd lark rkjdcmy. Ukeagd, tbksk ladkms kxpmark

natb tbk suppmy jgd dkljgd scdks ai urnjg kgkrhy usk, iar kxjlpmk, ny aptclczcgh

pravcscag strjtkhcks. Bawkvkr, cg jddctcag ta tbksk pasctcvk ebjrjetkrcstces, tbksk

kxjlpmks sbaw tbjt eurrkgt prjetcek eagscsts mjrhkmy ai dktjcmkd ladkms nucmt iar tbk

jssksslkgt ai j scghmk jspket ai kxcstcgh systkls (iar kxjlpmk, dalkstce sketar

dkljgds cg [O bauskbamds, bkjt dkljgd cg Hkgkvj, jgd sa ag). Tbcs lkjgs tbjt

tbksk taams bjvk mclctkd jppmcejncmcty nkyagd tbk spkecice pranmkl ejsk, tbus cgerkjs-

cgh tbk rksaureks rkqucrkd iar djtj eammketcag jgd vjmcdjtcag cg gkw eagtkxts. Iur-

tbkrlark, tbky jrk ugjnmk ta aiikr j trumy cgtkhrjtkd pkrspketcvk ag urnjg kgkrhy usk

jerass jmm sketars jgd stjhks ai tbk dkschg praekss.

Tbk hajm ai tbcs ebjptkr cs ta dklagstrjtk jg clpravkd tkebgcquk iar tbk ladkm-

cgh ai urnjg kgkrhy systkls. Tbcs sygtbktce ecty jpprajeb (gjlkd UygEcty) skkos

ta pravcdk jg cgtkhrjtkd, spjtcjmmy jgd tklparjmmy dcvkrsk rkprkskgtjtcag ai urnjg

kgkrhy usk, nut wctbcg j hkgkrjmczkd irjlkwaro. Ny dcvcdcgh urnjg kgkrhy usk cgta

j skrcks ai skpjrjtk nut cgtkhrjtkd ladkms, jgd tbrauhb tbk usk ai ljtbkljtcejm lad-

kmcgh tkebgcquks rjtbkr tbjg dktjcmkd djtjskts, aur an`ketcvk cs ta dkvkmap jg urnjg

kgkrhy ladkmcgh taam tbjt cs bchbmy partjnmk jgd jdjptjnmk, tbus pravcdcgh cgiarlj-

tcag ta dkecscag ljokrs cg j vjrckty ai pranmkl eagtkxts. Jitkr icrst hcvcgh jgavkrvckw ai tbk systkl (Lktbadamahy jgd Djtj sketcag), wk jppmy UygEcty ta tbk

ejsk ai j [O kea-tawg ta dklagstrjtk kjeb lj`ar ealpagkgt (Jgjmyscs jgd ^ksumts

sketcag). Cg tbk eagemudcgh dcseusscag, wk eagscdkr tbk mclctjtcags ai tbcs tkebgcquk

jgd autmcgk rkeallkgdjtcags iar cts usk.

Lktbadamahy jgd Djtj0Tbk UygEcty Taam Oct

Tbk UygEcty taam oct cs tbk ljcg jetcvcty ai tbk NV [rnjg Kgkrhy Uystkls pra`ket jt

Clpkrcjm Eammkhk Magdag. Nkhug cg >66;, tbk cgtkrdcsecpmcgjry pra`ket skkos tacdkgtciy tbk nkgkicts ai j systkljtce, cgtkhrjtkd jpprajeb ta tbk dkschg jgd apkrj-

tcag ai urnjg kgkrhy systkls, wctb j vckw ta jt mkjst bjmvcgh tbk kgkrhy cgtkgscty ai

ectcks (Ubjb kt jm. >669). Ta jebckvk tbcs hajm, tbk pra`ket klpmays rkskjrebkrs wctb j

rjghk ai kxpkrtcsk, cgemudcgh praekss systkls aptclczjtcag, urnjg jgd cgdustrcjm keam-

ahy, trjgspart jgd mjgd usk ladkmcgh, kgkrhy systkls ladkmcgh, kgkrhy pamcey, jgd

nuscgkss strjtkhy.

Jitkr rkvckwcgh tbk rkmkvjgt mctkrjturk cg tbksk ickmds, tbk tkjl nkhjg ta dkvkmap

UygEcty js jg cgtkhrjtcvk tkst nkd iar rkskjreb jetcvctcks. Ct wjs kgvcscagkd tbjt tbk

saitwjrk waumd kgjnmk kjeb tkjl lklnkr ta pkriarl jgjmysks spkecice ta bcs ar bkr

ickmd ai cgtkrkst, wbcmk trjgspjrkgtmy drjwcgh ag tbk eagtrcnutcags ai atbkr tkjl

lklnkrs. Tbk hajm, tbkrkiark, wjs ta nucmd j systkl tbjt dcd gat rkqucrk kxeksscvk

USGECTS0 JG CGTKH^JTKD TAAM OCT >5


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djtj eammketcag ar pjrjlktkrczjtcag iar kjeb ladkm rug jgd tbjt eaumd sclumjtk j

vjrckty ai urnjg kgkrhy ladkmcgh pranmkls. Ct wjs cg tbcs eagtkxt tbjt tbk strueturk

ai tbk UygEcty systkl wjs dkvkmapkd.

UygEcty Utrueturk

Tbk UygEcty taam oct eagscsts ai tbrkk lj`ar ealpagkgts0 j skrcks ai ladkms dkschgkd

ta bjgdmk spkecice urnjg kgkrhy dkschg pranmkls, j ugciycgh agtamahy jgd djtjnjsk ta

dksercnk jgd stark eark djtj an`kets, jgd jg kxkeutcvk ta jssklnmk jgd eaardcgjtk tbk

ruggcgh ai ladkmcgh sekgjrcas. Tbksk rkmjtcagsbcps jrk dkpcetkd cg ichurk >.: jgd

dksercnkd cg dktjcm nkmaw.

@JL K U OK C ^U T K J D, G A[ ^ C U JL UJT M C , J G D G C M JS U B J B>4

Eark djtj

an`kets (@jvj)LyUZM

djtjnjsk

UygEcty

kxkeutcvk (@jvj)

[skr

jppmcejtcagUunladkms

(@jvj jgd atbkr)

[KU

agtamahy

ICH[^K >.:

Avkrvckw ai tbk UygEcty Taam Oct

Uaurek0 Jutbars.

Gatk0 Tbk tap tbrkk ealpagkgts (tbk urnjg kgkrhy systkls agtamahy, LyUZM djtjnjsk, jgd @jvj eark

an`kets) dkicgk tbk nucmdcgh nmaeos ai jg urnjg kgkrhy systkl, sueb js rksaureks, praekssks, tkebgamahcks,

jgd hkahrjpby. Tbk uskr (nattal rchbt) tbkg jssklnmks tbksk ealpagkgts cgta j ladkm sekgjrca vcj tbkUygEcty kxkeutcvk. Tbk kxkeutcvk nucmds, sebkdumks, jgd kxkeutks tbk cgdcvcdujm sunladkms (iar kxjlpmk, tbk

mjyaut, jhkgt-jetcvcty, jgd rksaurek-tkebgamahy-gktwaro ladkms dksercnkd cg tbcs ebjptkr

energy efficient cities: assessment tools and benchmarking practices

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