Electrical Energy Efficiency

& Energy TariffMr. Khem Raj Bhandari Energy Efficiency Expert

GIZ-IntegrationEEC/FNCCI

What is Electricity ???

ATOM ATOM

-e

-e

+pn

-e +p+p

n+p

-e

Materials that allow many electrons to move freely are called Conductors.

Materials that allow few free electrons to move are called Insulators.

- All matters are made up of atoms that have electric charges.

Electricity >> Flow of CurrentCurrent >> Flow of Electron

Current and electron flow in the opposite direction.

Current flows from positive to negative and electron flows from negative to positive.

Battery

ELECTRONE FLOW, CURRENT FLOW

DIFFERENT METHOD : ELECTRIC GENERATION BY BATTERY

Ammeter Voltmeter Multi-meter, Ω Meter

Voltage (V): The force required to make current flow through a conductor is called voltage.

Current (I): Electrons move through a conductor when electric current flows.

Resistance (R): Materials that Oppose the flow of electric current

Voltage = Current * Resistance

MAGNET SOUTH

MAGNET NORTH

MAGNETIC FIELDROTATING COIL

1.WHEN COIL ROTATES IN MAGNETIC FIELD CURENT IS GENERATED IN THE COIL

2. COIL IS ROTATED BY PRIME MOVER - TURBINE, BOILER

3. PRIME MOVER IS OPERATED BY WATER, STEAM, COAL, GAS, NUCLEAR, TIDAL, WIND ETC.

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPAL OF ELECTRIC GENERATION BY ELECTRIC GENERATOR

WATER TURBINE

GENERATORTURBINE

TO LOAD

TURBINE

PRINCIPAL OF HYDRO ELECTRIC

HOW WATER IS CONVERTED TO ELECTRICITY ??

Potential energy

Kinetic Energy

Electric Energy

Big Problem of Electricity !!

• Gas – can be stored in cylinder

• Diesel/Petrol – can be stored in a tank

• Coal – can be stored

• Electricity – can’t be stored except for small

demand in the battery storage.

MAJOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS USED IN INDUSTRY

Transformer

3-Phase Panels

Electric Motors

Air Compressor Unit FD Fan

Capacitor Bank Variable Speed Drive

HOW MUCH DOES ELECTRICITY COST TO ME

?

Electricity pricing

• There are different price structures for electricity users

• Two Part Tariff: Demand (kVA)and Consumption (kWh)

• Time of the Day (TOD) meters for effective utilization of the energy – by NEA

Consumer Classification

Tariff

Demand Rate per KVA per month

Energy Rate (NRs. Per unit)

High Voltage (66 KV or above)

Industrial 220 6.25

Medium Voltage (33 KV)

Industrial 230 7

Commercial 285 9

Non Commercial 220 9.5

Medium Low Voltage (11 KV)

Industrial 230 7.2

Commercial 285 9.2

Non Commercial 220 9.6

Source: NEA 2012

Other Consumers

230/400 Volts:

Particulars

Rate

Demand Rate Energy Charges

Nrs per KVA per Month Per Unit

Industry:

Rural and cottage industries 55 6.5

Small Industries 100 8

Commercial 295 9.35

Non commercial 195 10

Irrigation 3.6

Source: NEA 2012

Time of Day (TOD) Meter:

Consumer Category and Supply Level

Monthly Demand Charge

(Rs/KVA)

Energy Charge (NRs/unit)

Peak TimeOff

Peak Normal

17:00 - 23:00

23:00-5:00

5:00-17:00

High Voltage (66KV and Above) Industrial 220 7.75 3.3 6.25

Medium Voltage (33 KV)Industrial 230 8.5 4.2 7Commercial 285 10.25 5.4 9

Medium Voltage (11 KV) Industrial 230 8.75 4.3 7.1Commercial 285 10.5 5.5 9.25Non Commercial 220 11.25 5.7 10.2

Source: NEA 2012

Where are we in Terms of Electricity Use ?

Energy Situation of Nepal – Background(Energy Supply and Demand of 2009)

24(Source: MoF Nepal, Economic Survey FY 2009/10, p-152)

1 toe = 42.6217 GJ

Traditional energy (87.3%)

Commercial Energy (12%)

Renewable energy (0.7%)

Solar1.1%

Biogas95.6%

MHP3.3%

Petroleum 65.8%

Electricity 18 %

Coal 16.3%

Fuel Wood 89.2%

Agri. Residue

4.2%

Animal Dung 6.6%

25

Nepal

Bangladesh

India

China

Thailand

Vietn

am

Indonesia

Phillippin

esUK

Germ

anyUSA

Mexic

o

Argentin

a

Camero

un

Ghana

Kenya

World

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

103 274626

2,9442,335

1,035639 641

5,732

7,215

13,395

1,915

2,907

258 299 155

2,977

Per Capita Electricity Consumption (kWh), 2010, of Se-lected Countries

(Source: The World Bank Database, 2011)

26(Source: NEA Annual Report, 2012/13)

2009 2010 2011 2012 20130

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Electricity Consumption Trend by Sector

Domestic

Industrial

Linear (Industrial)

Others

Commercial

Non-Commercial

Industry: 37%

(Source: http://ghampower.com)

The Problem: National Electricity Crisis

27

Consumption

Generation

Consumption

Generation

28

Diesel or Petrol Price Hike Trend

http://www.nepaloil.com.np/main/?opt1=sellingprice&opt2=previoussellingprice

Jan-

10

Mar

-10

Apr-1

0

Jun-

10

Aug-1

0

Oct-1

0

Dec-1

0

Feb-1

1

Apr-1

1

May

-11

Jul-1

1

Sep-1

1

Nov-1

1

Jan-

12

Mar

-12

Apr-1

2

Jun-

12

Aug-1

2

Oct-1

2

Dec-1

2

Feb-1

3

Mar

-13

May

-13

Jul-1

30

20

40

60

80

100

120

140Petrol Diese

DG Power Vs NEA Hydro-Power Cost

NEA Average Cost:

NRs 7 to 13 per Unit (or kWh)

Diesel Generator Average Cost:

NRs 35 to 40 per Unit (or kWh)

Group Work: PROBLEM 1

Given:

Power = 150 W * 10 (converted to kW = 10 x150W/1000 = 1.50 kW)

Time = 7 hours per day for 300 days = 2,100 hours

Cost of electricity = NRs 8/kWh

Annual cost to operate laptop = power used x time x cost of electricity

Hence, cost to operate = 1.50 * 2,100 * 8 = NRs 25,200

It would cost NRs 25,000 to operate 10 computers for 7 hours per day for 300 days.

A desktop computer uses a 150 Watt power when it is plugged in. NEA Electricity costs NRs 8/kWh. Calculate how much it would cost to operate 10 computers for 1 year for 7 hours per day.

Group Work: PROBLEM 2

Given:

Power = 50 W * 10 (converted to kW = 10 x50W/1000 = 0.50 kW)

Time = 7 hours per day for 300 days = 2,100 hours

Cost of electricity = NRs 8/kWh

Annual cost to operate laptop = power used x time x cost of electricity

Hence, cost to operate = 0.50 * 2,100 * 8 = NRs 8,400

It would cost NRs 8,400 to operate 10 Laptop computers for 7 hours per day for 300 days.

A Lap computer uses a 50 Watt power when it is plugged in. NEA Electricity costs NRs 8/kWh. Calculate how much it would cost to operate 10 Laptops for 1 year for 7 hours per day.

Energy Efficiency in Electrical System

Mr. Rajeeb ThapaEnergy Efficiency Expert

GIZ-IntegrationEEC/FNCCI

Electrical Power

Power

• The rate at which work is done

Types

• True power(active power)

• Reactive power

• Apparent power

Electrical Power (Contd.)

•True power(active power)

It is the power that actually powers the equipment and performs useful work.

It is the actual power used by the load.

True power =VICOSØ

Power Factor

• Power factor (pf) is the ratio between true power and apparent power.

• True power is the power consumed by an AC circuit

• Reactive power is the power that is stored in an AC circuit.

Power Factor

Alternate Current & Voltage

Nature of load on different parameter

• Resistor

• Inductor

• Capacitor

Fundamentals of Electrical Hazards• Introduction

An average of one worker is electrocuted on the job every day There are four main types of electrical injuries:– Electrocution (death due to electrical shock)– Electrical shock– Burns– Falls

Fundamentals of Electrical Hazards

Electrical Shock• Received when current passes through the body• Severity of the shock depends on:

– Path of current through the body– Amount of current flowing through the body– Length of time the body is in the circuit

• LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT MEAN LOW HAZARD

Fundamentals of Electrical Hazards

• To flow electricity must have a complete path.• Electricity flows through conductors

– water, metal, the human body• Insulators are non-conductors• The human body is a conductor.

Basic Rules of Electrical Action

• Electricity isn’t live until current flows

• Electrical current won’t flow until there is a complete loop, out from and back to the power source.

Preventing Accidental Electrical ContactPreventing Accidental Electrical Contact

Path

Ele

ctri

city

Time

Electrocution Prevention

Kee

p A

way

GFCI

Ground

ground-fault circuit-interrupters

Energy Efficiency

Energy Efficiency

The use of energy at the Right Place

at the Right Time

with Optimal Utilization.

Why Energy Efficiency?

• Energy prices are rising and becoming increasingly Unstable

• Energy brings prosperity and gives us a comfortable life

• In developed countries energy is needed to improve the quality of life and reduce costs, whereas for us it is a matter of survival

• Use of energy also has disadvantages like; environmental pollution, climate change

Why Energy Efficiency?

• It is difficult for existing energy resources to meet the increasing energy demand

• New constructions for generation of power are cost intensive

• What can be done then? • We must reduce the energy demand, by using

energy as efficiently as possible• We must use fossil fuels in the cleanest possible

way

Measures Carried Out In Electrical SystemInstallation of Capacitor Bank to improve Power Factor

Reduce Peak Load / Load management

Use efficient Motors

Replace Old and Rewound Motors

Install optimal capacity of Equipments i.e. Transformer, Generator, Motors etc.

Measures Carried Out In Electrical System

Reduction in compressor pressure settingsArresting the compressed air leakage‘sReplacing low efficient pumps with high

efficient pumpsReplacement of Metal blades with FRP

blades in CT fan Use Efficient Lighting

Specific Electrical Energy consumption for Various Sectors

S. No. Sector Sub-sector / Product Electrical Energy

1 CementLimestone based

105 kWh/ T of cement

Clinker based 35 kWh / T of cement

2 Pulp & Paper Bleached Paper 1175 kWh/MT

3 Food

Beverage - Non-alcoholic Alcoholic

60 kWh/100 cases480 kWh/100 cases

Dairy 10 kWh/kL

Specific Electric Energy consumption for Various Sectors

S. No. Sector Sub-sector / Product Electrical Energy4 Metal Iron Rods/ Bars 120-200 kWh/MT

5 Hotel Room (kWh/room/day)116 for luxury

57 for budget, &40 for classified

Energy Cost and Energy Saving Potential (TERI)

Cement Sector:

Energy cost is 34.5% of cost of production

Saving potentials is 10 – 15%

Iron & Steel Sector:

Energy cost is 15.8% of the cost of production

Saving potentials is 8 – 10%

Pulp & Paper :

Energy Cost is 22.8% of the cost of production

Saving potential is 20 - 25%

Energy Cost and Energy Saving Potential (TERI)

Sugar:

Energy Cost is 3.4% of the cost of production

Saving potential is 25 – 30%

Fruit & Vegetable Processing Units :

Energy Cost is 5 – 7% of the cost of production

Energy Saving potential around 10%

Milk Product:

Energy Cost is 5 – 7% of the cost of production

Energy Saving potentials is above 15%

Potential Energy Saving for Various sector (ESPS)

S. N. SectorPotential energy Saving in %

Electrical Thermal1 Pulp & paper 2.49 22.522 Food 5.54 15.63 Metal 6.17 22.974 Soap & Chemical 9.71 39.465 Hotel 45.24 16.186 Cold storage 5.93

Potential Energy Saving for Food Sub-sectors (ESPS)

S. No. Sub-sectorPotential energy Saving in %

Electrical Thermal1 Biscuit 29.47 15.382 Brewery 9.09 19.253 Dairy 6.31 13.91

4 Vegetable Oil, ghee 5.49 11.07

5 Instant Noodle 6.15 11.38

6 Sugar 14.55 20.73

Baseline study of 200 industries

Saving Potential = 83,660 kWh

Case Study in Electrical System

• Power Factor Improvement

• Replacing Fluorescent Tube Lights (FTL) with

CFL

Power Factor ImprovementS. No. Parameter Units Value

1 Present Power Factor 0.8

2 Proposed Power Factor 0.95

3 Present Max. Demand KVA 4,375

4 Ref. connected load KW 3,500

5 Envisaged Max. Demand KVA 3,685

6 Potential Reduction in Max demand KVA 690

Power Factor ImprovementS. No. Parameter Units Value

7 Demand Charge KVA 220

8 Annual Demand Saving by

Improving P.F

NRs 1,821,600

9 Additional kVAr Required KVAR 1,505

10 Envisaged Investment for

Capacitors and APFC Panel

NRs 2,257,500

11 Simple Payback Period Months 14.87

Replacing Fluorescent Tube Lights (FTL) with CFL

No. of 40 watts FTLs 65 Nos

Total connected load of FTL 3.575 kW

Envisaged load after replacement by 20watt CFL 1.3 kW

Reduction in load 2.275 kW

Annual energy savings (300days & 12hrs) 8,190 kWh

Annual monetary savings (NRs10/kWh) 81,900 NRs/yr

Estimated investment (NRs 400/CFL) 26,000 NRs

Simple payback period 5 Months

Lighting

Case StudyLightingOption-1 60 watts -11 wattsNet saving: 49 watts per day Operation: 5 hours/dayNo. of bulbs : 10Total power saving per year = 735 unitsCost saving: Rs. 7350Investment: Rs.2000Pay back Period: 5 Month

Case Study

LightingOption -260 watts -5 wattsNet saving: 55 watts per day Operation: 5 hours/dayNo. of bulbs : 10Total power saving per year = 825 unitsCost saving: Rs. 8250Investment: Rs.8000Pay back Period: 12 Month

Electrical Panel Board

Cost• 45 watts• 1080 watts/days• 394 units/year

Insulated heaters

30% cost saving in Electricity bill

Thank you