Energy Efficiency and Conservation

in Construction Industry

Prof. K.Nagendra Prasad

Department of Civil Engineering,

College of Engineering,

S.V.University : TIRUPATI -517 502

at

3-day Residential Training Program on Energy Subsidy Reforms

Andhra Pradesh State Human Resources Development Institute

Bapatla ,Guntur (Dist).

On 7-11-2016

ENVIRONMENT

CHALLENGES FACED BY THE

ENVIRONMENT

The rapid growing population

The uncontrolled growth of urbanization and industrialization,

Expansion and massive intensification of agriculture and

deforestation.

Resource depletion (water, mineral, forest, sand, rocks etc.).

Loss of biodiversity, loss of resilience in ecosystems, livelihood

security for the poor.

Similarly, the construction sector poses a major challenge to the

environment.

Globally, buildings are responsible for at least 40% of energy use.

Buildings consuming 42% of the global water consumption and 50%of the global consumption of raw materials.

Also building activities contribute an estimated 50% of the world’s airpollution, 42% of its greenhouse gases, 50% of all water pollution, 48%of all solid wastes and 50% of all Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to theenvironment.

India is the second fastest growing economy in the world.Construction is the second largest economic activity afteragriculture.

The Indian construction industry is an integral part of the economyand a conduit for a substantial part of its development investment, ispoised for growth on account of industrialization, urbanization,economic development and people's rising expectations for improvedquality of living.

Construction activities contribute annually about 10% of the GrossNational Product (GNP), thus playing a major role in thedevelopment of the national economy.

On an average 50% of the total expenditure of Five Year Plans isinvested in construction works because development plans for everysector of our economy involve construction activities.

The rapid growing construction sector in India poses a major

challenge to the environment. The gross built-up area added to

commercial and residential spaces was about 40.8 million square

meters in 2004–05, which is about 1% of annual average constructed

floor area around the world

Trends show a sustained growth of 10% over the coming years. With

a near consistent 8% rise in annual energy consumption in the

residential and commercial sectors, building energy consumption has

seen an increase, from a low 14% in the 1970s to nearly 33% in

2004–05. Energy consumption would continue to rise unless suitable

actions to improve energy efficiency are taken up immediately.

The situation warrants use of

sustainable technologies

Sustainable Technology

Sustainable architecture -minimize the harmful impact.

A green building

◦ Uses less energy, water and other natural resources

◦ Creates less waste and green house gases

Building green is not about a little more efficiency. It is about creating

buildings that optimize on the use of local materials, local ecology

and most importantly they are built to reduce power, water and

material requirements.

Thus, if these things are kept in mind, then we will realize that our

traditional architecture was in fact, very green.

FACT:

According to The Energy and Resources

Institute (TERI) estimates, if all buildings in

Indian urban areas were made to adopt green

building concepts, India could save more than

8,400 megawatts of power, which is enough to

light 550,000 homes a year.

What is Green Building ?

The Building which planned, designed, constructed and maintained by

following the green concepts and focussing on minimum utilization of

non-renewable energy and maximum utilization of renewable energy

to achieve visual and thermal comforts.

HOW TO DECIDE A BUILDING AS

A GREEN OR NOT

Five Fundamental Principles

1. Sustainable Site Design

2. Water Quality & Conservation

3. Energy & Environment

4. Indoor Environmental Quality

5. Materials and Resources

1. Sustainable Site Design

Create minimum urbansprawl and preventneedless destruction ofvaluable land, habitat andopen space

Encourage higher densityurban development as ameans to preservevaluable green space

Preserve keyenvironmental assetsthrough carefulexamination of each site

2. Water Quality & Conservation

Preserve the existing natural

water cycle and design the

site so that they closely

emulate the site’s natural

hydrological systems

Emphasis on retention of

storm water and on-site

infiltration as well as ground

water recharging

Minimize the inefficient use of

potable water on the site

while maximizing the

recycling and reuse of water,

including rainwater harvesting,

storm water, and gray water.

3. Energy & Environment

Minimize adverse impact on the environment through

optimized building siting & design, material selection, and

aggressive use of energy conservation measures

Maximize the use of renewable energy and other low

impact energy sources

Building performance should exceed minimum

International Energy Code (IEC) compliance level by 30-

40%.

4. Indoor Environmental Quality

Provide a healthy, comfortable

and productive indoor

environment for building

occupants

Utilize the best possible

conditions in terms of indoor

air quality, ventilation, and

thermal comfort, access to

natural ventilation and day

lighting

5. Materials and Resources

Minimize the use of non-

renewable construction

materials through efficient

engineering and construction,

and effective recycling of

construction debris

Maximize the use of recycled

materials, modern energy

efficient engineered materials,

and resource efficient

composite type structural

systems as well as sustainably

managed, biomass materials

Why do we need green buildings

?

Green buildings

…….. minimal impact

on site and surroundings

Green buildings

…….. energy efficiency and

maximized use of renewable

sources of energy

Green buildings

….less water demand and recycling

and reuse of water

….solid waste segregation,

management and generation of

resources from wastes

Green buildings

….. minimal negative impact on people

….. healthy and productive work environment

Green building design integrates

coordinated design approach in

planning, design, construction

and management

CASE STUDY

NARL-National Atmospheric

Research Laboratory

SITE SELECTION

the existing nearby water body is more than 30m distance

The site is at a distance of approximately 500m from NARL request bus stop which is on well-connected Tirupati– Bangalore highway.

The employees, research scholars and student trainees in NARL are provided with departmental bus facilit

Points awarded: 1/1

PRESERVE AND PROTECT LANDSCAPE

DURING CONSTRUCTION:

Construction schedule has been prepared considering monsoon period into account

Site excavation schedule was prepared such that the activity is carried out in dry seasons without intervening in to monsoon.

The construction activity was confined to a pre-planned area and it is isolated by barricading without disturbing the existing rock outcrop in the area.

Points awarded: 4/5

SITE SELECTIONtop soil preservation and trees protection, sedimentation tank

SOIL CONSERVATION (till

post construction):

Vegetative cover is provided for conservation of top soil.

2. The disturbed soil is sprinkled with water to stabilize and

control the erosion.

DESIGN TO INCLUDE

EXISTING SITE FEATURES:

The building layout is such that the existing rock outcrop is not disturbed.

The site is located in sloping terrain with less obstruction to capture sun light, wind and hence solar panels are installed to harness solar energy.

The building is planned as stepped floor construction. This is done to accommodate the structure on steep slope varying from +109.400 to +111.322 with minimum excavations and alterations at the existing site.

Points awarded 4/4

Reduce hard paving on site-2/2

Enhance outdoor lighting system efficiency -3/3

Plan utilities efficiently and optimize on-site circulation efficiency -3/3

Provide at least minimum level of sanitation/safety facilities for Construction workers -2/2

Reduce air pollution during construction -2/2

Reduce landscape water treatment -2/3

Reduce building water use -2/2

Efficient water use during construction -1/1

Optimize building design to reduce conventional energy demand -7/8

Optimize energy performance of building within specified comfort Limits -14/16

Utilization of fly-ash in building structure -5/6

Reduce volume, weight and time of construction by adopting Efficient technology-4/4

Use low-energy material in interiors -3/4

Renewable energy based hot-water system –N/A

Waste water treatment –N/A

Water recycle and reuse –2/2

Reduction in waste during construction -1/1

Efficient waste segregation -1/1

Storage and disposal of wastes –N/A

Resource recovery from waste -2/2

Use of low VOC paints/adhesives/sealants-3/3

Minimize ozone depleting substances -1/1

Ensure water quality -2/2

Acceptable outdoor and indoor noise levels- 2/2

Tobacco and smoke control -1/1

Provide at least minimum level of accessibility for persons with disabilities- 1/1

Energy audit and validation -

Operation and maintenance -2/2

Innovation -3/4

RATING:

TOTAL SCORE - 82/95

As the building scores 86.31 percentage points (81-90), so the

building is provisionally awarded with ‘FOUR STAR’ rating.

However the actual rating is given by conducting energy audit after

operation of building for one year.

CASE STUDY -2:Residential Building ,Tirupati.

S.No Materials

Volume of

materials

manufactured per

annum

Thermal

Energy (M.J

per Kg)

Total Energy

(GJ)

1 Bricks 150x1006 No’s 1.40 630 x 106

2 Cement 96 x 106 Tonnes 4.20 403 x 106

3 Aluminum 0.80 x 106 Tonnes 236.80 189 x 106

4 Structural Steel 11 x 106 Tonnes 42.00 462 x 106

Total 684 x 106

Table – 1 : Materials and Total Energy :

Projected demand for the building materials like brick,

steel and cement consumed in bulk quantities is

given table – 2.

S.No Materials 2000 2020

1 Bricks (No’s) 150 x 109 246 x 109

2Structural Steel

(Tonnes)11 x 106 30 x 106

3 Cement (Tonnes) 96 x 106 255 x 106

Table – 2: Projected demand of building materials :

Compounded growth rates of 2.5%, 5% and 10% has

been assumed for bricks, steel and cement respectively to

compute the projected demand. Transportation of raw and

finished building materials another key issue that the

contribute to cost of material, increased energy

requirements and environmental issues. Energy (fossil

fuel energy) spent in transportation of some of these

building materials using is given below table -3

S.NO Building Materials Unit

Energy in

transportation

for 100 km (MJ)

1 Bricks M3 200

2 Structural Steel M3 175

3 Cement Tonnes 100

4 Sand Tonnes 100

Table – 3 : Building material and energy in transportation :

ENERGY VALUES OF COMMON BUILDING

MATERIALS :

The energy values of various common building materials are

Sand 60 MJ/750 kg

Cement 1168.5 MJ/150 kg

Aggregate 20mm 0.1 MJ/ kg

Iron 57.44 MJ/kg

Wood 17.84 MJ/ KgBricks 18000 MJ/ 4000N0’sPaint 655.3 MJ/ 4.55 kgSteel 47.52 MJ/kg

PVC Pipes 1.5” dia 140.6 MJ/kg

GI Pipes 49.97 MJ/kg

SandCement

Aggregate

IronWood Paint

Bricks

Steel

PVC Pipes GI Pipes

COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS :

ALTERNATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS FOR

SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION :

Hallow Concrete Blocks 263 MJ/ Sq.m

Aerated Concrete Blocks 285 MJ/Sq.m

Solid Concrete Blocks 409 MJ/ Sq.m

FAL – G Bricks 330 MJ/Sq.m

Fired Bricks 30 cm 733 MJ/Sq.m

Fired Bricks 20 cm 489 MJ/Sq.m

These value are given by Dr. Sameer Maithel, Director, Greentech

Knowledge Solutions, New Delhi.

SMB filler slab

Composite slab

SMB Masonry

vault slab

Mangalore tile roof

Ferro concrete tile roof

ALTERNATIVE ROOFS :

CALCULATION OF EMBODIED ENERGY IN

BUILDINGS :

To estimate the possible reduction of embodied energy

in the construction of building when alternative building

materials are adopted.

A single storeyed building is considered for calculation

of embodied energy.

The quantities of building materials are estimated.

The quantity of energy is evaluated based on these

quantities when conventional as well as alternative

building materials are used.

The details are given below.

A.SINGLE STOREYED BUILDING:

A typical single storeyed building plan of site area167.08 sq.m of size 18.28 m x 9.14 m and plinth area of108.24 sq.m is taken and the quantities are shown in table –4

S. No Description Quantities Units

1 Sand Filling 140.71 Cum

2 Concrete for foundation 3.31 Cum

3 RCC Work (1:2:4) 31.36 Cum

4 Brick work 64.25 Cum

5 Wood work 1.04 Cum

6 Iron Work 142.20 Kg

7 Plastering 396.80 Sq.m

8 Painting 396.80 Sq.m

9 PVC Pipes 23.5 R.m

Table – 4 : Quantities of building materials :

C. DETALED ESTIMATION AND THEIR ENERGY

VALUES OF BUILDING

S.

NoDescription Quantity Unit

Energy Measured

(MJ)

1 Sand Filling 140.71 Cum 20,262.40

2 Concrete for foundation 3.31 Cum 2,934.26

3 RCC Work (1:2:4) 31.36 Cum 2,05,357.56

4 Brick work 64.25 Cum 1,77,954.18

5 Wood work 1.04 Cum 1,5096.00

6 Iron Work 142.20 Kg 8,167.96

7 Plastering 396.80 Sq.m 2,829.76

8 Painting 396.80 Sq.m 5,713.92

9 PVC Pipes 23.5 R .m 2227.24

Total 4,35,583.31

Total energy consumed for a Plinth Area of 108.240 Sq m is 4,35,583.31 MJ

S.NoType of Brick

Masonry Used

Total Energy

(MJ)

Energy per

Sqm(MJ)

1 Conventional Type 4,35,583.31 3,993.50

2 Fired Bricks 4,14,662.99 3,800.80

3 Solid Concrete Bricks 3,45,264.00 3,164.70

4 Fal-G Bricks 3,28,310.00 3,009.30

5Aerated Concrete

Blocks3,18,674.03 2,920.90

6Hallow Concrete

Blocks3,13,977.22 2,877.90

E. ENERGY VALUES OF BRICK MASONRY IN

DETAILS :

S.No Type of slab usedTotal Energy

(MJ)

Energy per Sqm

(MJ)

1 Conventional Type 4,35,583.31 3,993.50

2 SMB Filler Roof Slab 4,15,791.25 3,811.10

3 Composite Panel Roof Slab 4,12,756.75 3,783.30

4 SMB Masonry Vault Roof 3,98,393.45 3,651.60

5 Mangalore Tile Roof 3,79,073.80 3,474.60

6 Ferro-Concrete Tile Roof 3,72,094.00 3,410.60

Total Energy in building with different types of slabs used :

E. CALCULATION OF TOTAL ENERGY VALUES FOR

DIFFERENT ROOF SLABS IS USED IN BUILDINGS AS SHOWN

BELOW :

Volume of roof slab = 12.13 Cum

Area of roof slab = 12.13/0.12 = 1011.15 Sqm

Table : 7 Energy Savings after sustainable materials are used in walls and slabs :

S.No Type of Brick MasonryTotal Energy

(MJ)

Energy Saving (MJ)

with reference S.No. 1

1 Conventional Type 4,35,583.31 ------

2 Fired Bricks 4,14,662.99 20,920.32

3 Solid Concrete Bricks 3,45,264.00 90319.31

4 Fal-G Bricks 3,28,310.00 1,06,909.28

5 Aerated Concrete Blocks 3,18,674.03 1,16,909.28

6 Hallow Concrete Blocks 313977.22 1,21,606.09

a.) Different types of brick masonry are used :

The embodied energy for the conventional construction of the

building with the alternative materials for walls and slabs, the

embodied energy is saved as shown in table - 7.

7. RESULT :

b. Different types of Slabs are used :

S.No DescriptionTotal Energy

(MJ)

Energy Saving (MJ)

with reference S.No. 1

1 Conventional Type 4,35,583.31 ------

2Stabilized Mud Blocks

(SMB) Filler Roof Slab4,15,791.25 19,792.06

3Composite Panel Roof

Slab4,12,756.75 22,826.56

4SMB Masonry Vault

Roof3,98,393.45 37,189.86

5 Mangalore Tile Roof 3,79,073.80 56,509.51

6 Ferro-Concrete Tile Roof 3,72,094.00 63489.31

Total energy value expressed as MJ for one storeyed

building are represented in the form of bar – chart as shown in the

fig,. below both conventional and alternative building materials. The

savings in embodied energy id found to be in the order of 35% -

50% by adopting hollow concrete blocks for brick masonry and

Ferro – concrete tile roof slab for RCC slab.

Rain Water Harvesting –An Illustration

Some other green buildings in india

Are green buildings more expensive ?

1. Green building costs about 30% more when

compared with conventional buildings.

2. Life cycle benefits must be considered to justify the

higher initial costs.

3. Annual energy savings up to 61 %.

First 5 star rated GRIHA building in IIT Kanpur

Co benefits :

Reduction in air conditioned spaces due to careful planning.

Reduction in window area and better utilization of daylight.

Good indoor air quality .

Minimised heat island effect .

Recent technologies

Creating and maintaining built spaces will always have some

impact on our natural environment, but changes in the way these spaces

are designed and built will allow for a softer “ecological footprint” which

meets human needs while minimizing pollution and impacts on land,

water and other natural resources. As a Civil Engineers, we should make

awareness the society about these concepts and educate towards

construction of Green buildings which are advantage to the universe in

view of global warming.

CONCLUDING

REMARKS :

Based on the analysis of a case study brought out

in the present paper the following concluding

remarks may be made

Considerable savings can be made by using

alternate materials apart from savings in the

energy.

Sustainable development is possible by using the

techniques adopted

Environmental effects using the conventional

materials can be mitigated by employing the

alternate materials and methodologies suggested.

Present status of proposed green building at NARL

Model of the Green building at

NARL

References :

1. www.grihaindia.org

2. www.teriin.org

3. GRIHA manual volume 1 to 5

4. www.mnre.gov.in

5. Www.Google.Co.in

6. Energy Conservation In Buildings

Through Sustainable Building Materials –

An Illustrative Study

What is GRIHA ?

GRIHA Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment

Tool to facilitate design, construction, operation of agreen building and in turn …. measure “greenness” of abuilding in India

What gets measured gets managed

Highlights

Set of 34 criterions

100 (+4 innovation points) points system

with differential weight-age on various

criterions

50 – 60

61 – 70

71 – 80

81 – 90

91 – 100

Criterion 1 : Site Selection (Partly mandatory)

The site plan must be in conformity with the development plan/master

plan/UDPFI guidelines (mandatory).

Site should be located within a radius of half km of an existing bus stop.

Points : 1

Proposed location of the site

Criterion 2 : Preserve and protect landscape during construction (Partly mandatory, if applicable)

Proper timing of construction.

Preservation and protection of trees, especially mature trees.

Replant on site in ratio of 3:1.

Erosion and sedimentation control.

Points : 5

Trees protected with guards

Sedimentation tank

Criterion 3 : Soil conservation (post construction)

Top soil is carefully excavated up to a depth of 20 cm and preserved.

Stabilization of preserved top soil.

This soil is then reused for landscaping once the building is completed.

Points : 2

Top soil being excavated from the site

Excavated top soil preserved for reuse in future

Criterion 4: Design to include existing site features

All site characteristics to be taken into account while designing building.

Landscape elements and natural site features such as slopes.

Minimise the disruption of the natural eco system.

Points : 4

Grid levels of the proposed site Planned in a stepped construction

Criterion 5: Reduce hard paving on site (Partly mandatory)

Minimize storm water run-off by reducing hard paving on-site.

Points : 2

Grass paverPervious pavement Shaded car parking

Criterion 6: Enhance outdoor lighting system efficiency

Luminous of efficacy of 100% of lamps used in outdoor lighting andto be controlled automatically.

Percentage of total outdoor lighting fixtures with solar lightingsystem should be a minimum of 25 % of total number.

Points : 3

High efficiency lamps Solar lights

Criterion 7: Efficient utilities and on-site circulation efficiency

Minimize road and pedestrian walkway length by appropriateplanning.

Consolidation of utility corridors along the previously disturbedareas to minimize unnecessary cutting and trenching.

Points : 3

Pedestrian walk way Utility corridors

Criterion 8: Provide at least minimum level of sanitation /safety facilities for construction workers (Mandatory)

Ensure cleanliness of work place with regard to disposal of wasteand effluent.

Minimum safety for labour force.

Provision of health and sanitation facility for labour force.

Provide clean drinking water.

Points : 2

Criterion 9: Reduce air pollution during construction (Mandatory)

Ensure proper screening i.e. barricades / dust screens.

Covering loads of dusty materials.

Water spraying facility, Wheel washing facility.

Cover the construction materials at site.

Points : 2

Providing barricades Covering of materials while transportation

Covering of material at site

Wheel washing bay

Criterion 10 : Reduce landscape water requirement

Minimize felling of existing trees (utilize existing resources first).

Minimization of lawn area.

Maximize plantation of native species.

Optimize irrigation system for landscape.

Points : 3

Criterion 11: Reduce water use in the building

Use of efficient plumbing fixtures, sensors and pressure reducingdevices for reduction in water consumption.

Water efficient fixtures such as water closets with dual flushingsystem, urinals with sensors/ waterless, taps with quarter turnand foam flow.

Aerators – reduce flow to 2 lpm.

Points : 2

Waterless urinals Low flow showerheads Aerators

Criterion 12: Efficient water use during construction

Use of pre mixed concrete for preventing loss of water during mixing.

Efficient curing methods for preventing loss of water.

Use recycled treated water for curing.

Points : 1

Efficient water curing at construction site

Criterion 13 : Optimize building design to reduce conventional energy demand (Mandatory)

The design is optimized to allow maximum natural light in to thebuilding and eliminating glare.

No direct solar radiation is allowed into occupied spaces.

Good quality glass are provided.

Skylights are provided.

Points : 8

Natural Lighting facility

Criterion 14: Optimize energy performance of building within specified comfort limits (Partly mandatory)

Detailed design approach is adopted based on hourly energysimulations for predicting EPI.

ECBC parameters are to be adhered for various components.

Design is to keep within specified benchmark levels.

Compliance to the different climate zones and building types.

Points : 16

Rat trap bond brick masonry

Under deck thermal insulation

Heat reflective paint

Terrace graden

Criterion 15: Utilization of fly ash in building structure

Use of fly-ash for reinforced cement concrete structures, loadbearing structures, mortars etc., (15 % to 40%).

Points : 6

Fly ash bricks Portland pozzolana cement

Criterion 16 : Reduce embodied energy of construction by

adopting efficient technologies and / or low-energy materials

Utilize regionally available materials.

Use of low-energy/ energy efficient technologies such as Precast

infill wall panels, composite ferro cement system etc.,

Points : 4

Precast infill wall panels Composite of bamboo and ferrocement

Precast flooring Precast roofing

Criterion 17 : Use low-energy material in interiors

Minimum 70% of each of the categories of interiors such asinternal partitions, joinery and flooring from low energy materials.

Minimize the usage of wood.

Points : 4

Use of low-finish local stone as shelves

Particle board finishing Rough stone finishing

Criterion 18 : Renewable energy utilization (Partly mandatory)

Use of renewable energy sources (solar, wind, biomass, fuel cellsetc.,)

Points : 5

Grid-connected photovoltaic system

Wind turbines Biomass Gasifier Fuel cells

Minimum of 1% of internallighting load should beconnected.

Criterion 19 : Renewable energy based hot-water system

Minimum 20% of the annual energy required for heating waterthrough renewable energy based water heating system.

Points : 3

Solar water heating system

Criterion 20 : waste water treatment

Provide necessary treatment of waste water for achieving thedesired concentrations for disposal/reuse.

This criterion shall not apply to the projects that have wastewater generation on site less than 10kL / day.

Points : 2

Criterion 21 : Water recycle and reuse (including rainwater)

Provide necessary treatment of waste water and adopt rainwater harvesting measures.

Reuse the treated waste water and rainwater for meeting thebuilding water and irrigation demand.

Points : 5

Typical photograph showing recycle and reuse of water

Criterion 22 : Reduction in waste during construction

Employ measures to segregate the waste on-site into inert,chemical or hazardous wastes.

Recycling and safe disposal of segregated waste.

Points : 1

Disposal of inert wasteSegregation of waste

Criterion 23 : Efficient waste segregation

Points : 1

Use different coloured bins for collecting different categories ofwaste from the building.

Reduction of waste in site by using multi-colour bins

Criterion 24 : Storage and disposal of wastes

Allocate a separate space for the collected wasted beforetransferring it to the recycling / disposal stations.

Points : 1

Criterion 25 : Resource recovery from waste

Employ resource recovery systems for biodegradable waste.

Arrangement for recycling of waste through local dealers.

Points : 2

Criterion 26 : Use of low VOC paints / adhesives / sealants

Use only zero/low VOC paints in the interior of the building.

Prefer water - based rather than solvent - based sealants andadhesives.

100 % of composite wood products with no urea formaldehyderesins.

Points : 3

Criterion 27 : Minimise ozone depleting substances (Mandatory)

Employ 100% zero ODP (ozone depletion potential) insulation.

Install CFC - free equipment for refrigeration and airconditioning.

Install halon – free fire suppression systems and fireextinguishers in the building.

Points : 1

Criterion 28 : Ensure water quality (Mandatory)

Ensure water from all sources meets the quality norms asprescribed in the Indian Standards for various applications suchas drinking, irrigation and cooling tower purposes.

Provide necessary treatment for achieving desired concentrations.

Points : 2

Criterion 29 : Acceptable outdoor and indoor noise levels

Ensure outdoor noise level conforms to the CPCB (CentralPollution Control Board) – Environmental Standards and indoornoise level conforms to the NBC (National Building Code of India).

Points : 2

Criterion 30 : Tobacco and smoke control (Mandatory)

Zero exposure to tobacco smoke for non-smokers.

Exclusive ventilation for smoking rooms.

Points : 1

Criterion 31 : Universal accessibility

To ensure accessibility and usability of the building and its

facilities by employees, visitors, and clients with disabilities.

Points : 1

Criterion 32 : Energy audit and validation (Mandatory)

Energy audit report to be prepared by approved auditors of theBureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Government of India.

Points : Nil

ThermohygroMeter

Lux Meter

Criterion 33 : Operations and maintenance protocol for electrical and mechanical equipment (Mandatory)

Electrical meters to measure energy units purchased and

generated on site.

Sub meters for energy consumption by various equipments

in different areas.

BTU meters to measure cooling generated by chillers.

Water meter to measure total water consumption of the

building.

Operation and maintenance manual should be prepared by

the facility management group.

Points : 2

Criterion 34 : Innovation (beyond 100)

Four innovation points are available under the rating

system for adopting criteria which enhances the green intent of

a project, and one can apply for the innovation points. Some of

the probable points are as follows.

1. Alternative transportation.

2. Environmental education.

3. Life cycle cost analysis.

4. Any other criteria proposed by applicant.

Points : 4

D. CALCULATION OF TOTAL ENERGY WITH

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY

USED IN BUILDINGS AS SHOWN BELOW :

The calculation of energy values for different

materials of brick masonry is shown below.Volume of brick masonry wall = 64.25 Cum

Volume of 20 cm wall = 20..91 Cum

Volume of 30 cm wall = 43.34 Cum

Area of 20 cm wall =104.56 Sqm

Area of 30 cm wall = 144.48 Sqm

Energy for entire building expect

brick masonry = 2, 58,229.20 MJ