energy conservation on main street
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Dr Brian Deal Building Research Council School of Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Energy Conservation on Main Street. Overview. Why is Energy an important issue? Main Street Programs and Strategies. Smart Energy?. Energy. World Energy Consumption - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Dr Brian DealBuilding Research Council
School of Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Energy Conservation on Main Street
Overview
Why is Energy an important issue? Main Street Programs and
Strategies
Smart Energy?
Energy World Energy Consumption
United States, Russia, China, Japan, and Germany consumed half of the world's energy in 1997.
United States, China, Russia, Japan, and India were responsible for half of the world's carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption of fossil fuels in 1997.
Asia recorded the largest absolute increase in consumption between 1988 and 1997, 33 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu). This was more than double the increase of 16 quadrillion Btu for North America, the second largest regional increase in consumption
Asia also had the largest absolute increase in energy production between 1988 and 1997, 22 quadrillion Btu. The Middle East had the second largest regional increase at 16 quadrillion Btu.
Source: DOE/EIA-0484(98) World Energy Consumption
World Energy Use
US Energy Use
Energy Information Administration 2000
Scientific American, March 98 (Jean H. LeHerrere)
World Oil Production
Worldwatch Institute
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World Oil Production
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1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Billions of Barrels per Year
Ultimate Resource (billions of barrels)
1800 2200 2600
Year of Peaking 2007 2013 2019
Global Oil Stocks
DOE/EIA-0383 2002
US Energy Use/Capita
US Net Oil Imports
US Oil Imports
EIA Weekly 2002
U.S. Energy Flows 1997
US Electrical Energy
250
270
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370
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Compiled by Worldwatch Institute
Atmospheric CO2
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0.40
0.60
0.80
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1.60
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1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050Compiled by Worldwatch Institute
Global Carbon Emissions/Person
The Built Environment A significant impact on available natural resources Globally, the building industry consumes
40% of the raw stone, gravel, and sand 25% of the virgin timber
In the United States, buildings consume 31% of the total energy expended each year 50% of the SO2 25% of the NOx 35% of the CO2 produced $ 210 billion for energy each year
120 billion for residential $90 billion for commercial buildings
Why Conserve Energy?
Stabilize atmospheric carbon Reduce global climate change impacts Reduce fossil fuels consumption
Finite supply world oil consumption will soon surpass
production in the next decade world oil production will peak
Curtail poor air quality and ozone depletion
The challenge is to modify current practices
SmartEnergy Solutions
Illinois Concerns
Annual energy expenditures in Illinois $30.1 billion
Commercial buildings $5.2 billion
The vitality of small businesses in Illinois is affected by these costs
Small Business $mart Energy Program Seeks to help Illinois businesses to identify
opportunities to save energy and money Create and save jobs
Energy and Historic Structures
Energy Conservation Two types
Embodied energy The energy that the building embodies
Operational energy The energy required to run the building
Energy code requirements Any permitted project typically requires
adherence to code Doesn’t apply to single family residences Historic buildings are exempt
Determination that you are eligible
Conservation Strategies Lighting HVAC Thermal Envelope
Lighting An important consideration for Main
Street buildings Energy savings through lighting choices
may occur directly or indirectly Directly, lowering the average number of
Watts used per fixture will lower energy consumption. Indirectly, lowering the number of Watts used will also lower the amount of heat added to the building. This reduction will assist with reducing cooling
efforts in warmer months.
Lighting Alternatives Incandescent versus Fluorescent lighting
Incandescent lighting a high-energy choice especially for the amount of light provided Color Considerations
Fluorescent Compact Fluorescent
No change in fixture or lumens 15,000 hours
three-times the average lifetime of an incandescent bulb Tube fluorescents
T12 bulbs 40-Watt and 32-Watt type 32-Watt reduces light levels by15%
T8 can used without replacing fixtures replacing only ballasts
Other considerations Color rendition, and luminance levels should be considered in
lighting choices, and may alter the amount of energy savings. new energy efficient bulbs realize desired color rendition and
luminance
Lighting Comparison
Lighting Comparison
Other Control Strategies Exit Signs
Light Emitting Diodes (LED) do not require bulb replacement. Average life is ten years Incandescent sign is less than one year
Lighting Controls Time-based controls
Where occupancy and lighting needs are predictable Light-based sensors
valuable in Main Street retail and office space, where large front windows allow natural light to enter the building
Occupancy-based controls Controlling light usage in rooms where occupancy is
unpredictable
Exit Lights Analysis Assuming exit lights per Main Street space
Operating 8,760 hours per year (24 hours a day, 365 days a year)
Incandescent 20 Watts per sign cost $35 a year for two signs
LED fixture, 2.5 Watts per sign Cost $4.40 per year Immediate savings of $30.60 per year
Lifecycle approach Ten-year period First cost + operational costs
two incandescent fixtures is approximately $365 two LED fixtures $125
HVAC
Air Based Systems Radiant Systems Ground Source Heat Pumps Controls
Air Based Systems Ducted systems
Can do heat and cool Use 90% condensing furnaces and SEER 14+ AC
units Avoid ducts in un-conditioned spaces (attics)
Define the thermal envelope Use high-low returns wherever possible
Downside Require extensive remodeling and may compromise
the existing space May encourage moisture problems Heat the air not necessarily the ‘stuff’ Moves dirt Stratification in high spaces
Radiant Systems Heat things not the air
CI Radiators Base board Floor based systems
Effective in historic structures Work well with typical envelope construction
techniques Keeps the wall dry
Work well in volume spaces Require alternative AC systems
Ground Source Heat Pumps Radiant based Heat and Cool Conserves energy Minimum retrofit required Drawbacks
Need space for wells Electric based
Controls Programmable Thermostats
help reduce energy consumption used for heating, cooling, and set back during non-business or unoccupied hours reducing the amount of energy used
For typical office use For operations of ten hours a day, five days a week Can reduce heating and cooling functions for 118
out of the 168 hours in a week—70% of the time For Retail
Hours of operation 9-9 (12 hours a day, 84 hours a week)
Setback 84 out of 168 hours of the week—50%!
Setback Thermostats
Envelopes Define the thermal
envelope Walls
Insulating walls R-20 minimum
assembly Rigid foam Fiberglass Dense packed
cellulose From interior Vapor barriers Moisture concerns
Windows LowE Don’t need to replace for
efficiency Poor paybacks on
replacement Wash U
Energy efficient storm windows
Need operable windows Roofs
R-40 minimum Green roofs High albedo (reflectance)
