energy conservation a major part of the solution to energy generation and global warming dennis...
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Energy Conservation
A Major Part of the Solution to Energy Generation and
Global WarmingDennis Silverman
U. C. Irvine Physics and Astronomy
Why Us (U.S.)?
With 5% of the world’s population, the U.S. uses 26% of the world’s energy.
A U.S. resident consumes 12,000 kWh of electricity a year, nine times the world’s avg.
The average American household emits 23,000 pounds of CO2 annually.
Two billion people in the world do not have electricity.
Using just using off the shelf technology we could cut the cost of heating, cooling, and lighting our homes and workplaces by up to 80%.
Scientists in Energy
James Joule
First Law of
Thermodynamics
Sadi Carnot
Second Law of
Thermodynamics
Carnot Cycle
Thomas Edison
Light Bulb, etc.
Alexander
Graham Bell
Telephone
Scientists in Energy
Albert Einstein
E=mc²
Enrico Fermi
First Nuclear
Reactor
William Shockley
Transistor
Bill Gates
Computers
Electric Energy Conservation in the Home
Some of the following slides are from a talk by John Wilson, Advisor to Commissioner Art Rosenfeld of the California Energy Commission
Annual Electricity Use Per California
Household (5,914 kWh per household)
Total Electricity Use, per capita, 1960 - 2001
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
19
60
19
62
19
64
19
66
19
68
19
70
19
72
19
74
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76
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80
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82
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84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
KW
h
12,000
8,000
7,000
California
U.S.
kWh
Average Energy Use per Refrigerator, 1947 to 2009
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1947
1949
1951
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
Ave
rage
En
ergy
Use
per
Un
it S
old
(k
Wh
per
yea
r)
Refrigerator kWh per Unit
1978 Cal Standard
1990 Federal Standard
1987 Cal Standard
1980 Cal Standard
1993 Federal Standard 2001 Federal
Standard
Estimated Standby kWh (per house)
Conservation Economic Savings If California electricity use had kept growing at
the US rate, kWh/person would have been 50% higher
California electric bill in 2004 ~$32 Billion… so we’ve avoided ~$16 B/yr of electricity bills. Net saving (accounting for cost of conservation
measures and programs) is ~$12 B/year, or about $1,000/family/yr.
Avoids 18 million tons per year of Carbon Appliance standards save ~$3B/year (1/4)
Lighting
Compact Fluorescents or Long Fluorescents using plasma discharges use only 1/3 of the energy and heat of incandescent lights, which derive their light from heating filaments hot enough to emit visible light.
If every home changed their five most used lights, they would save $60 per year in costs.
This would also be equal to 21 power plants. The fluorescents also last up to 10 times as long. Replacing one bulb means 1,000 pounds less CO2
emitted over the compact fluorescent’s lifetime. Traffic signal LEDs use 90% less energy and last 10
years rather than 2 years.
Household Energy Use for Entertainment Electronics
0 200 400 600
Plasma HDTV
DVD/VCR
HD set top box
Analog CRT
DVD/VCR
Digital cable set top box
Annual Energy Use (kWh)
Primary TV
Secondary TV
Combined energy use~ 1200 kWh per year
NRDC, "Tuning in to Energy Efficiency: Prospects for Saving Energy in Televisions," January 2005.
“Zero energy” new homes
Goals: 70% less electricity => down to ~2,000 kWh/yr 1 kW on peak
Electronics are a problem! 1,200 kWh/ yr for TVs, etc. 100-200 W for standby
TV Power Plasma TV (50”) 400 W Rear Projection TV (60”) 200 W Large CRT (34”) 200 W LCD (32”) 100 W
Information Technology in the Home Imagine the following conversations in the near future: Household Info System: I detect you are now in the
living room but left all of the lights on in six other rooms. I am turning them all off now, okay? OK
HIS: There is an electricity shortage due to the high demand for air conditioning in this heat. I cannot run the dishwasher until 10 pm. Overriding this will cost 10 times the average rate.
HIS: Your kids are playing computer games past their bedtimes. I am shutting them off now, okay? OK
HIS: I detect that you have put an old fashioned incandescent bulb in the bathroom. How dare you! I am cutting off all power for fifteen minutes as punishment. Change that bulb now!
(Interval meters and hourly px pricing)
Home Energy Conservation
Department of Energy: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Central resource for the following slides on home energy technology
We only select some topics of interest Other sources
California Consumer Energy Center California “Flex Your Power”
Heating and Cooling in the Home
Accounts for 45% of energy bill or $1,000 per year
HVAC – Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
SEER efficiency rating of AC Before 1992, typically 6.0 After 1992 required 10.0 Jan. 2006, required minimum 13.0
Annual Usage of Air Conditioning in New Homes in California
Annual drop averages 4% per year
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
197
0
197
2
197
4
197
6
197
8
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6
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199
2
199
4
199
6
199
8
200
0
200
2
200
4
200
6
kWh
/YE
AR
Source: CEC Demand Analysis Office
1992 Federal Appliance Standard
California Title 20 Appliance Standards1976-1982
Initial California Title 24 Building Standards
Estimated Impact of 2006 SEER 13 Standards
100%
33%
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000
Year
Ind
ex (
1972
= 1
00)
Effective Dates of National Standards
=
Effective Dates of State Standards
=
Refrigerators
Central A/C
Gas Furnaces
Impact of Standards on Efficiency of 3 Appliances
Source: S. Nadel, ACEEE, in ECEEE 2003 Summer Study, www.eceee.org
75%
60%
25%
Setback Thermostats
Program to lower temperature setting at night and if gone on weekdays.
Required in California Winter suggested: 55° at night, 68° when at
home Summer suggested: 85° when gone, 78°
when at home 20 to 75% energy savings
Solar Water Heating
Water heating uses 14-25% of energy use Solar water heating replaces the need for 2/3 of conventional water
heating. Virtually all homes in Greece and Israel (700,000) use solar water
heating. Japan has over 4 million units. The US over a million, with most systems in Florida and California,
and Hawaii has 80,000. Each saves 1.5 to 2.5 tons of CO2 a year. Typical cost is $3,000 for 50 square feet. DOE is trying to lower this to $1,000 to $1500. Energy saved would be about 3,000 kWh per year per household DOE would like to have 3 million new units by 2030. Current payback is 10-13 years (solar lobby says 4-8 years),
whereas for 50% market penetration, 5-6 years is needed.
Tankless Water Heaters
These heat water on demand with gas or electricity. With gas heating their energy efficiency is 0.69 to
0.84, compared to gas tank heaters that range from 0.55 to 0.86.
However, they require a start up time. They also have a limited volume flow compared to a
tank. And they may require larger gas lines to do more
heating in a short time.
Heat Insulation
Heat flow is proportional to the temperature difference across a material of thermal resistance R
Q / t = A ΔT / R Analogous to current I = Voltage / Relectrical
R is also the sum of all R’s in a series of materials Current FHA requirements:
Ceiling R38 Walls R19 Floors R22
Recommended Insulation
Building energy efficiency
Structural Insulated Panels are 4-8 inches thick and are foam filled. They can be faced with drywall and plywood. They give R-4 to R-8 per inch of thickness.
Insulation includes batts and rolls, loose fill (blown in), rigid and reflective.
Cool Roofs: white reflective roofs on a summer’s day lower roof temperature from 150-190° F to 100-120° F. Saves 20% on air conditioning costs.
Estimated savings for a typical home from
replacing single pane with ENERGY STAR qualified windows are significant in all regions of the country, ranging from $125 to $340 a year.
Window Ratings
Ratings include solar heat gain coefficient or SHGC which is the fraction transmitted, from 0 to 1.
U-value (which indicates how well the window insulates) is inverse of R value, so lower is better.
and visible transmittance (which indicates how well light passes through the window), lower means more shading, from 0 to 1.
High-tech efficiency options include windows with argon between the window panes and low-emissivity (low-e) coatings.
Reflective coatings and outside shades are also effective at less cost.
Additional Advantages of Energy Conservation (Moralizing)
Less need to secure oil overseas with attendant military and civilian casualties while costing hundreds of billions of dollars
Fewer power plants and liquid natural gas ports are needed
Less air pollution Less drilling for oil in Alaska and near national parks Less global warming and attendant environmental
destruction
Conclusions on Energy Conservation Energy conservation has saved the need for many power plants
and fuel imports. It has also avoided CO2 and environmental pollution. Energy conservation research is only funded at $306 million this
year at DOE, which is low considering the massive amounts of energy production that are being saved by conservation.
Regulations on efficiency work, but voluntary efforts lag far behind.
Much has been done, but much more can be done In this new era of global warming and high energy costs and
energy shortages, the public must be informed and politicians sought who are sensitive to these issues.