energy can be transformed from one form to another free energy (available for work) vs. heat (not...
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Energy can be transformed from one form to another
FREE ENERGY (available for work)
vs.HEAT
(not available for work)
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THE SUN: MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR LIFE ON EARTH
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THE FOOD WEB
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Different wavelengths of visible light are seen by the human eye as different colors.
WHYWHY ARE ARE PLA PLANTS NTS GREGREEN?EN?
Gammarays
X-rays UV Infrared Micro-waves
Radiowaves
Visible light
Wavelength (nm)
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Electromagnetic Spectrum and Visible Light
Gammarays X-rays UV
Infrared & Microwaves Radio waves
Visible light
Wavelength (nm)
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WHYWHY ARE ARE PLA PLANTS NTS GREGREEN? EN?
Plant Cells have Green Chloroplasts
The thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast is impregnated with photosynthetic pigments (i.e., chlorophylls, carotenoids).
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• Chloroplasts absorb light energy and convert it to chemical energy
LightReflected
light
Absorbedlight
Transmittedlight
Chloroplast
THE COLOR OF LIGHT SEEN IS THE COLOR NOT ABSORBED
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• Chloroplasts contain several pigments
Chloroplast Pigments
– Chlorophyll a – Chlorophyll b – Carotenoids
Figure 7.7
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Excitedstate
e
Heat
Light
Photon
Light(fluorescence)
Chlorophyllmolecule
Groundstate
2
(a) Absorption of a photon
(b) fluorescence of isolated chlorophyll in solution
Excitation of chlorophyll in a chloroplast
Loss of energy due to heat causes the photons of light to be less energetic.
Less energy translates into longer wavelength.
Energy = (Planck’s constant) x (velocity of light)/(wavelength of light)
Transition toward the red end of the visible spectrum.
e
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• Almost all plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, as are some bacteria and protists– Autotrophs generate their own organic matter through
photosynthesis– Sunlight energy is transformed to energy stored in the
form of chemical bonds
(a) Mosses, ferns, andflowering plants
(b) Kelp
(c) Euglena (d) Cyanobacteria
THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Light Energy Harvested by Plants & Other Photosynthetic Autotrophs
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
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• The location and structure of chloroplasts
LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL CELL
LEAF
Chloroplast
Mesophyll
CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
ThylakoidcompartmentThylakoidStroma
Granum
StromaGrana
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• Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Carbondioxide
Water Glucose Oxygengas
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis– Occurs in chloroplasts, organelles in certain
plants
– All green plant parts have chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis
• Leaves: most chloroplasts• Green color: from chlorophyll in chloroplasts• The pigments absorb light energy
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• The Calvin cycle makes sugar from carbon dioxide– ATP generated by the light
reactions provides the energy for sugar synthesis
– The NADPH produced by the light reactions provides the electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose
LightChloroplast
Lightreactions
Calvincycle
NADP
ADP+ P
• The light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy– Produce ATP & NADPH
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Cellular Respiration
• C6H12O6 + 6 O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
Compare this equation to the equation for photosynthesis.
• 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
How are they the same?
How are they different?
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This equation is essentially the opposite of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is a building process, while
respiration is a breaking-down process.
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Photosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis Respiration
1. produces food 2. stores energy 3. uses water 4. uses carbon
dioxide 5. releases oxygen
6. occurs in sunlight
1. uses food 2. releases energy 3. produces water 4. produces carbon
dioxide 5. uses oxygen 6. occurs in the dark as
well as light
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• The O2 liberated by photosynthesis is made from the oxygen in water (H+ and e-)
Plants produce OPlants produce O22 gas by splitting H gas by splitting H22OO
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• A Photosynthesis Road Map
Chloroplast
Light
Stack ofthylakoids ADP
+ P
NADP
Stroma
Lightreactions
Calvincycle
Sugar used for
Cellular respiration Cellulose
Starch
Other organic compounds
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Review: Photosynthesis uses light energy to make food molecules
Light
Chloroplast
Photosystem IIElectron transport
chains Photosystem I
CALVIN CYCLE Stroma
Electrons
LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE
Cellular respiration
Cellulose
Starch
Other organic compounds
• A summary of the chemical processes of photosynthesis