energy balance and body composition

Energy Balance and Energy Balance and Body CompositionBody Composition

Studying = 1 or 2 kcalories/minute

Energy BalanceEnergy Balance

Food Composition Food Composition

• Bomb Bomb calorimeter-calorimeter-too much?too much?

Food Composition Food Composition

• Direct calorimetry (heat release) vs. Direct calorimetry (heat release) vs. indirect calorimetry (Oindirect calorimetry (O22 consumed) consumed)

• Physiological fuel valuePhysiological fuel value-what the body -what the body gets out of food. Value is lower than gets out of food. Value is lower than that measured by “the bomb.”that measured by “the bomb.”

Food Intake Food Intake

• Sustaining satiation and satietySustaining satiation and satiety– lower-fat foods can be eaten in lower-fat foods can be eaten in

larger portions for the same larger portions for the same number of kcaloriesnumber of kcalories



• HypothalamusHypothalamus– Neuropeptide Y-chemical compound Neuropeptide Y-chemical compound

that stimulateds appetite, increases that stimulateds appetite, increases fat storage*, decreases energy fat storage*, decreases energy expenditure.expenditure.

*Leptin: signals body to stop eating, *Leptin: signals body to stop eating, stop storing fat and increase energy stop storing fat and increase energy expenditure.expenditure.

Thermogenesis Thermogenesis

• Basal Basal thermogenesisthermogenesis (heat)-a measure (heat)-a measure of body’s energy expenditure!of body’s energy expenditure!

• Exercise-induced thermogenesisExercise-induced thermogenesis

• Diet-induced thermogenesisDiet-induced thermogenesis

• Adaptive thermogenesisAdaptive thermogenesis

Components of Energy Components of Energy Expenditure Expenditure

Components of Components of Energy ExpenditureEnergy Expenditure

• Basal metabolism-metabolic expendature Basal metabolism-metabolic expendature during basic life processes.during basic life processes.

• Basal metabolic rate (BMR)-metabolic rate Basal metabolic rate (BMR)-metabolic rate at rest following sleep (no food).at rest following sleep (no food).(males = 1 kcal/min, women = 0.8 kcal/min)(males = 1 kcal/min, women = 0.8 kcal/min)

• Resting metabolic rate (RMR)Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Components of Energy Expenditure

Running~14.1 kcal/minRunning~14.1 kcal/min@ 7.5 mph@ 7.5 mph

Sex burns >300 kcal/hr….if your Sex burns >300 kcal/hr….if your doing it right!doing it right!

REMOVING HER CLOTHES:REMOVING HER CLOTHES: With her consent........................ 12 Calories With her consent........................ 12 Calories Without it..................................187 Calories Without it..................................187 Calories OPENING HER BRA: OPENING HER BRA: With both hands........................ 8 Calories With both hands........................ 8 Calories With one hand.......................... 12 Calories With one hand.......................... 12 Calories With your teeth........................ 85 Calories With your teeth........................ 85 Calories PUTTING ON A CONDOM: PUTTING ON A CONDOM: With an erection.............................. 6 Calories With an erection.............................. 6 Calories Without an erection.................... 315 Calories Without an erection.................... 315 Calories POSITIONS: POSITIONS: Missionary................................... 12 Calories Missionary................................... 12 Calories Wheelbarrow............................ 216 Calories Wheelbarrow............................ 216 Calories Doggy Style............................... 326 Calories Doggy Style............................... 326 Calories Italian chandelier..................... 912 Calories Italian chandelier..................... 912 Calories

ORGASMING:ORGASMING: Real................................... 112 Calories Real................................... 112 Calories False.................................. 315 Calories False.................................. 315 Calories POST ORGASM: POST ORGASM: Lying in bed hugging................... 18 Calories Lying in bed hugging................... 18 Calories Getting up immediately................. 36 Getting up immediately................. 36 Calories explaining why you got out of bed immediately................ 816 CaloriesCalories explaining why you got out of bed immediately................ 816 Calories GETTING A SECOND ERECTION: GETTING A SECOND ERECTION: 20-29 years old......................36 Calories 20-29 years old......................36 Calories 30-39 years............................ 80 Calories 30-39 years............................ 80 Calories 40-49 years............................ 124 Calories 40-49 years............................ 124 Calories 50-59 years............................ 972 Calories 50-59 years............................ 972 Calories 60-69 years............................ 2916 Calories 60-69 years............................ 2916 Calories 70 and over............................ Still awaiting results! 70 and over............................ Still awaiting results! DRESSING UP AFTERWARDS: DRESSING UP AFTERWARDS: Calmly................................. 32 Calories Calmly................................. 32 Calories In a hurry............................. 98 Calories In a hurry............................. 98 Calories With her father knocking at the door... 1218 Calories With her father knocking at the door... 1218 Calories With your wife knocking at the door.... 3521 Calories! With your wife knocking at the door.... 3521 Calories!

Components of Components of Energy ExpenditureEnergy Expenditure

• Thermic effect of food (TEF)-heat Thermic effect of food (TEF)-heat created by food digestion.created by food digestion.

• Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)-Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)-heat gained from eating warm heat gained from eating warm (hot) food.(hot) food.

Estimating Energy Estimating Energy RequirementsRequirements

• GenderGender

• GrowthGrowth

• AgeAge

Estimating Energy Estimating Energy RequirementsRequirements

• Physical activityPhysical activity

• Body compositionBody composition

• Body sizeBody size

Body Weight, Body Composition, Body Weight, Body Composition, and Healthand Health

• Body composition: What is your’s?Body composition: What is your’s?

• Body weight =fat + lean tissue Body weight =fat + lean tissue

(including water)(including water)

Defining Healthy Body Defining Healthy Body WeightWeight

• The The criterion criterion of of fashion: fashion: BMI of BMI of Miss Miss AmericaAmerica

Defining Healthy Defining Healthy Body WeightBody Weight

• The criterion of healthThe criterion of health• Body mass index (BMI)Body mass index (BMI)

=weight (kg)/height (m)=weight (kg)/height (m)22

BMI BMI Values Values Used to Used to Assess Assess WeightWeight

Mike O’Hearn Mike O’Hearn (Mr. Universe, 1997)(Mr. Universe, 1997)

Height: 6’3’’ Height: 6’3’’ Weight: 245Weight: 245

BMI = 31BMI = 31

Too fat??Too fat??

Clearly not!Clearly not!

Michelle GutierrezMichelle Gutierrez(Ms. September, 2005)(Ms. September, 2005)

Height: 5’3’’ Height: 5’3’’ Weight: 112 lbs. Weight: 112 lbs. (on a bad day)(on a bad day)

BMI = 19BMI = 19

Too much...??Too much...??

Again...likely not!Again...likely not!

Distribution of Body Distribution of Body Weights in U.S. AdultsWeights in U.S. Adults

Body Fat and Body Fat and Its DistributionIts Distribution


• Some people Some people needneed less body fat. less body fat.

• Some people need more body fatSome people need more body fat


• Fat distributionFat distribution– Intra-abdominal fat (fat around Intra-abdominal fat (fat around

organs)organs)

– Central obesity (upper-body fat)Central obesity (upper-body fat)


• Waist circumferenceWaist circumference

” ”If it’s anything over 35 inches,If it’s anything over 35 inches,

it’s too much!it’s too much!

Methods Used to Assess Methods Used to Assess Body FatBody Fat

Health Risks Associated Health Risks Associated With Body Weight and With Body Weight and

Body FatBody Fat

• Health risks of underweightHealth risks of underweight

• Health risks of overweightHealth risks of overweight

BMI and BMI and MortalityMortality

Health Risks Associated Health Risks Associated With Body Weight and With Body Weight and

Body FatBody Fat

• Cardiovascular diseaseCardiovascular disease

• DiabetesDiabetes

• CancerCancer

• Fat and fit versus Fat and fit versus sedentary and slimsedentary and slim

Jennifer Portnick, aerobics instructorJennifer Portnick, aerobics instructor

The Latest and Greatest The Latest and Greatest Weight-Loss Diet - AgainWeight-Loss Diet - Again

• The claims and The claims and truths of diet truths of diet fadsfads

ATKIN’SATKIN’S

• High-protein, low carbohydrate High-protein, low carbohydrate dietsdiets– The diet’s appealThe diet’s appeal


• High-protein, low carbohydrate High-protein, low carbohydrate dietsdiets– Don’t count kcaloriesDon’t count kcalories– Satisfy (ies) hungerSatisfy (ies) hunger– Follow a plan (no decision)Follow a plan (no decision)– Limit choices (boring!)Limit choices (boring!)


• High-protein, low carbohydrate High-protein, low carbohydrate dietsdiets– Too much fatToo much fat– Too much proteinToo much protein– Too little everything elseToo little everything else– The body’s perspectiveThe body’s perspective

energy balance and body composition

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