ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Smooth ERRough ERFlagellum

Centrosome

CYTOSKELETON:

Microfilaments

Intermediatefilaments

Microtubules

Microvilli

Peroxisome

MitochondrionLysosome

Golgiapparatus

Ribosomes

Plasma membrane

Nuclearenvelope

Nucleolus

Chromatin

NUCLEUS

Animal Cell

*not in plant cells

*

*

*

*

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Rough ER

Nuclear lamina (TEM)

Close-up of nuclear envelope

1 µm

1 µm

0.25 µm

Ribosome

Pore complex

Nuclear pore

Outer membraneInner membraneNuclear envelope:

Chromatin

Surface ofnuclear envelope

Pore complexes (TEM)

The NucleusWhere genetic material (DNA) is stored, gene expression begins.

Nucleolus

Region of nucleus where

ribosomes are made

Chromosomes

DNA molecules and

associated proteins

Cytosol

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Free ribosomes

Bound ribosomes

Large subunit

Small subunit

Diagram of a ribosomeTEM showing ER and ribosomes

0.5 µm

RibosomesCarry out protein synthesis by the process of translation.

Smooth ER

Rough ER Nuclear envelope

Transitional ER

Rough ERSmooth ER

Transport vesicle

RibosomesCisternae

ER lumen

200 nm

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough ER (RER)

• ribosomes on cytoplasmic side of

ER membrane synthesize proteins

across ER membrane into ER

Smooth ER (SER)

• where new lipids are made

beginning of the secretory pathway

cis face

(“receiving” side of Golgi

apparatus)Cisternae

trans face

(“shipping” side of Golgi

apparatus)TEM of Golgi apparatus

0.1 µm

The Golgi apparatus

• proteins destined to leave ER are transported to the Golgi where

they are modified, sorted and sent to various destinations.

• polysaccharides are produced in the Golgi apparatus as well

Nucleus 1 µm

Lysosome

Digestive

enzymesLysosome

Plasma

membrane

Food vacuole

(a) Phagocytosis

Digestion

(b) Autophagy

Peroxisome

Vesicle

Lysosome

Mitochondrion

Peroxisome

fragment

Mitochondrion

fragment

Vesicle containing

two damaged organelles1 µm

Digestion

Lysosomes

• acidic compartments full of enzymes for the

breakdown or digestion of foreign or waste material

Smooth ER

Nucleus

Rough ER

Plasma membrane

cis Golgi

trans Golgi

The Endomembrane System

aka the

“Secretory

Pathway”

Free ribosomesin the mitochondrial matrix

Intermembrane space

Outer membrane

Inner membrane

Cristae

Matrix

0.1 µm

Mitochondria

ATP production via cellular respiration

• convert energy from sugars, fatty acids, etc, to energy in ATP

Have

ribosomes

that resemble

those of

prokaryotes

NUCLEUS

Nuclear envelope

Nucleolus

Chromatin

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Central vacuole

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

CYTO-SKELETON

Chloroplast

Plasmodesmata

Wall of adjacent cell

Cell wall

Plasma membrane

Peroxisome

Mitochondrion

Golgiapparatus

Plant Cell*

*

*

*

*not in animal cells

Central vacuole

Cytosol

Central vacuole

Nucleus

Cell wall

Chloroplast

5 µm

Central Vacuole

Plant organelle that stores

water and various ions

Source of “turgor pressure”

that maintains rigidity of

plant cells

• swells when fresh water is

plentiful

• cell wall provides support,

prevents lysis

Chloroplast

Stroma

Inner and outermembranes

Granum

Intermembranespace

Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.

• production of glucose from CO2 and H2O using sunlight

• the basis of essentially all ecosystems