endocrine system human anatomy & physiology university of washington pmt
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Endocrine SystemEndocrine System
Human Anatomy & PhysiologyHuman Anatomy & Physiology
University of Washington PMTUniversity of Washington PMT
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The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System
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Endocrine SystemEndocrine System The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System
Regulates long-term processesRegulates long-term processes GrowthGrowth DevelopmentDevelopment ReproductionReproduction
Uses chemical messengers to relay information and Uses chemical messengers to relay information and instructions between cellsinstructions between cells Direct communicationDirect communication Paracrine communicationParacrine communication Endocrine communicationEndocrine communication
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Hormonal ActionHormonal Action
Target Cells Target Cells Are specific cells that possess receptors needed to Are specific cells that possess receptors needed to
bind and bind and ““readread”” hormonal messages hormonal messages
HormonesHormones Stimulate synthesis of enzymes or structural Stimulate synthesis of enzymes or structural
proteinsproteins Increase or decrease rate of synthesisIncrease or decrease rate of synthesis Turn existing enzyme or membrane channel Turn existing enzyme or membrane channel ““onon”” or or
““offoff””
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Hormone ActionsHormone Actions
““Lock and KeyLock and Key”” approach: describes the approach: describes the interaction between the hormone and its interaction between the hormone and its specific receptor.specific receptor. Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are
located on the cell membranelocated on the cell membrane Receptors for steroid hormones are found in Receptors for steroid hormones are found in
the cellthe cell’’s cytoplasm or in its nucleuss cytoplasm or in its nucleus
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Non Lipid Soluble Non Lipid Soluble Hormonal ActionHormonal Action
Hormones and Plasma Membrane Receptors Hormones and Plasma Membrane Receptors
Bind to receptors in plasma membraneBind to receptors in plasma membrane
Cannot have direct effect on activities inside target Cannot have direct effect on activities inside target
cellcell
Use intracellular intermediary to exert effectsUse intracellular intermediary to exert effects
First messenger:First messenger: leads to leads to second messengersecond messenger
may act as enzyme activator, inhibitor, or cofactor may act as enzyme activator, inhibitor, or cofactor
results in change in rates of metabolic reactionsresults in change in rates of metabolic reactions
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Lipid Soluble Hormonal Lipid Soluble Hormonal ActionAction
Steroid Hormones: Steroid Hormones: Lipid solubleLipid soluble Diffuse through cell membranesDiffuse through cell membranes Endocrine organsEndocrine organs
Adrenal cortexAdrenal cortex OvariesOvaries TestesTestes ThyroidThyroid
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Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland
A marble-sized gland A marble-sized gland at the base of the at the base of the brainbrain
Controlled by the Controlled by the hypothalamus or hypothalamus or other neural other neural mechanisms and mechanisms and therefore the middle therefore the middle man.man.
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Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland
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The Pituitary Gland and its The Pituitary Gland and its HormonesHormones
Posterior LobePosterior Lobe Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) OxytocinOxytocin
Anterior LobeAnterior Lobe Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) Growth hormone (GH)Growth hormone (GH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)Luteinizing hormone (LH) Prolactin (PRL)Prolactin (PRL)
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Endocrine ReflexesEndocrine Reflexes
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HypothalamusHypothalamus
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Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland
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Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland
Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland Located along the midline of the neckLocated along the midline of the neck Secretes two nonsteroid hormonesSecretes two nonsteroid hormones
Triiodothyronine (T3)Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4)Thyroxine (T4) Calcitonin: calcium metabolism (osteoblast)Calcitonin: calcium metabolism (osteoblast)
Regulates metabolismRegulates metabolism increases protein synthesisincreases protein synthesis promotes glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glucose uptakepromotes glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glucose uptake
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Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland
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Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland
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Parathyroid GlandsParathyroid Glands
Embedded in Embedded in posterior surface of posterior surface of the thyroid glandthe thyroid gland
Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone (PTH)(PTH) Produced by chief Produced by chief
cellscells In response to low In response to low
concentrations of Caconcentrations of Ca2+2+
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Parathyroid GlandParathyroid Gland
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Suprarenal (Adrenal) Suprarenal (Adrenal) GlandGland
Lie along superior border of Lie along superior border of
each kidneyeach kidney
Subdivided into: Subdivided into: Superficial suprarenal cortexSuperficial suprarenal cortex
Stores lipids, especially Stores lipids, especially
cholesterol and fatty acidscholesterol and fatty acids
Inner suprarenal medullaInner suprarenal medulla Secretory activities controlled by Secretory activities controlled by
sympathetic division of ANSsympathetic division of ANS
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Suprarenal (Adrenal) Suprarenal (Adrenal) GlandGland
Adrenal MedullaAdrenal Medulla Contains two types of secretory cellsContains two types of secretory cells
EpinephrineEpinephrine (70-75% of mass) (70-75% of mass) Increase H.R. and B.P.Increase H.R. and B.P. Increase respirationIncrease respiration Increase metabolic rateIncrease metabolic rate Increase glycogenolysisIncrease glycogenolysis BronchodilationBronchodilation
Norepinephrine (20-25% of mass)Norepinephrine (20-25% of mass) VasoconstrictionVasoconstriction
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Suprarenal (Adrenal) Suprarenal (Adrenal) GlandGland
Adrenal CortexAdrenal Cortex Mineralocorticoids (Zona Glomerulosa)Mineralocorticoids (Zona Glomerulosa)
Aldosterone: maintains electrolyte balanceAldosterone: maintains electrolyte balance NaNa++ reabsorption by kidneys & reabsorption by kidneys & K K++ urinary loss urinary loss
Glucocorticoids (Zona Fasciculate)Glucocorticoids (Zona Fasciculate) Cortisol (Hydrocortisone): Cortisol (Hydrocortisone):
Stimulates gluconeogenisisStimulates gluconeogenisis Mobilization of free fatty acidsMobilization of free fatty acids Anti-inflammatory agentAnti-inflammatory agent
Androgens (Zona Recticularis)Androgens (Zona Recticularis) Bone growth, muscle growth & blood formationBone growth, muscle growth & blood formation
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Pineal GlandPineal Gland
Lies in posterior portion Lies in posterior portion of roof of third ventricleof roof of third ventricle
Contains pinealocytesContains pinealocytes Synthesize hormone Synthesize hormone
melatoninmelatonin Inhibits reproductive Inhibits reproductive
functionsfunctions Protects against Protects against
damage from free damage from free radicalsradicals
Setting circadian Setting circadian rhythmsrhythms
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PancreasPancreas
Exocrine / Endocrine Exocrine / Endocrine GlandGland
Endocrine Pancreas Endocrine Pancreas consists of consists of ““clustersclusters”” of of cells called Islets of cells called Islets of LangerhansLangerhans
4 types of cells of 4 types of cells of endocrine pancreasendocrine pancreas
Comprise only 1% of Comprise only 1% of entire pancreasentire pancreas
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PancreasPancreas
InsulinInsulin A peptide hormone released by beta cellsA peptide hormone released by beta cells
Affects target cells by:Affects target cells by: Accelerate glucose uptakeAccelerate glucose uptake Accelerate glucose utilization and enhances ATP Accelerate glucose utilization and enhances ATP
formationformation Stimulate glycogen formationStimulate glycogen formation Stimulate amino acid absorption and protein synthesisStimulate amino acid absorption and protein synthesis Stimulate triglyceride formation in adipose tissueStimulate triglyceride formation in adipose tissue
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PancreasPancreas
GlucagonGlucagon Released by alpha cellsReleased by alpha cells Mobilizes energy reservesMobilizes energy reserves
Affects target cells:Affects target cells: Stimulates breakdown of glycogen in skeletal Stimulates breakdown of glycogen in skeletal
muscle and liver tissuemuscle and liver tissue Stimulates breakdown of triglycerides in adipose Stimulates breakdown of triglycerides in adipose
tissuetissue Stimulates production of glucose in liverStimulates production of glucose in liver
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Sex Organs (Testes & Sex Organs (Testes & Ovaries)Ovaries)
Testes (Gonads)Testes (Gonads) Produce androgens in Produce androgens in
interstitial cells interstitial cells TestosteroneTestosterone is the is the
most important male most important male hormonehormone
Secrete Secrete inhibininhibin in in nurse nurse (sustentacular) cells(sustentacular) cells Support differentiation Support differentiation
and physical maturation and physical maturation of spermof sperm
Ovaries (Gonads)Ovaries (Gonads) Produce Produce estrogensestrogens
Principle estrogen is Principle estrogen is estradiolestradiol
After ovulation, follicle After ovulation, follicle cellscells Reorganize into corpus Reorganize into corpus
luteumluteum Release estrogens and Release estrogens and
progestinsprogestins, especially , especially progesteroneprogesterone
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ThymusThymus
Produces Produces thymosinsthymosins
(blend of thymic (blend of thymic
hormones) hormones)
That help develop and That help develop and
maintain normal maintain normal
immune defensesimmune defenses
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Endocrine Tissues of Endocrine Tissues of Other OrgansOther Organs
Kidneys:Kidneys: Produce calcitriol and erythropoietinProduce calcitriol and erythropoietin Produces enzyme reninProduces enzyme renin
Heart:Heart: Produces natriuretic peptides (ANP & BNP)Produces natriuretic peptides (ANP & BNP)
When blood volume becomes excessiveWhen blood volume becomes excessive Action opposes angiotensin IIAction opposes angiotensin II Resulting in reduction of blood pressure & volumeResulting in reduction of blood pressure & volume
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Hormone InteractionsHormone Interactions
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Also called Also called stress responsestress response How body responds to stress-causing How body responds to stress-causing
factorsfactors Is divided into three phases: Is divided into three phases:
1.1. Alarm phase Alarm phase
2.2. Resistance phaseResistance phase
3.3. Exhaustion phaseExhaustion phase
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